Alvarez 1

Leslie Alvarez
Dr. Charity Nelson
ENGL 1302 101
05 October 2022
Sexism: Discrimination, Necessity, or Power?
For too long, men have been given preeminence over women. Monarchies, religions, and
traditions present the women as the second, as the weak, as the inferiors. Sexism has become
commonplace in people's lives and has resulted in negative and to some extent discriminatory
results. Hardly any society is exempt from this gender bias (Quote). Despite many advances in
recent decades, gender-based disparities remain pervasive in economic opportunity and
participation, in educational attainment, in health and survival, and in political empowerment
(Quote) Seeing the impact of sexism from different perspectives such as children, men, players,
workers, and especially women. Scholars discovered two variants as they shared ideas for and
against the impact of sexism on society. This essay presents existing research from reports
presenting the impact of these two variants of sexism in the workplace, marriage, the gaming
community, and romantic relationships.
According to the ambivalent sexism theory, prejudice towards women has two forms: hostile
(i.e., antipathy towards women) and benevolent (i.e., condescending, and paternalistic attitudes
towards women). (Matthew D et al.) They also explain sexism as an ambivalent approval of
hostile sexism strongly positively associated with approval of benevolent sexism (Quote) Sexism
is ambivalent due to the strong positive associations between subjectivity and positivity and
negativity towards women.
Romantic/Sexual Relationships
Soledad de Lemus & Miguel Moya & Peter Glick investigated to examine how romantic
relationship experience and age predict ambivalent sexism in adolescents. Soledad et al.,
Housework
Shih-Yi Chao states that women do more housework than men. Doing a previous investigation to
understand the unequal sharing of housework between men and women, different arguments
were found regarding housework. Some arguments go from that because the woman depends
economically on the man, for this reason she would have to do the housework. Others
commented that since they earned less, they had to compensate by doing housework. In addition
to the fact that in some cases the work of mother is added. In addition, some investigation
revelated that Spanish girls still contribute more to housework than boys, especially if they score
highly on benevolent sexism (Soledad de Lemus et al.).
Gamer Community
(Still need work on it)
Work
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Cross-culturally, women, relative to men, are a disadvantaged group, as indicated, for example,
by differences in income and the low percentage of women in the most powerful roles in
business and government (Peter Glick) No However, they also reveal that women are more
positively stereotyped than men, with both men and women ascribing highly favorable traits
(e.g., warmth and caring) to women. However, this creates a problem, while women see
themselves as positive on some dimensions, like warmth, they see themselves as negative on
others, like competence. This is supported by Lauren C. Hindman and Nefertiti A. Walker where
they state that “Women remain the minority in sport organizations, particularly in leadership
roles, and prior work has suggested that sexism may be to blame” (64).
Conclusion

Works Cited
Chao, Shih-Yi. “Gender Inequality in Housework: Persistence and Change by Partnership and

Parenthood Status in the Early 2000s”, Journal of Family Issues, vol. 43, no. 10, 2022,

Academic Search Ultimate, pp. 2647-2671. Academic Search Ultimate,

10.1177/0192513X211031757.

Glick, Peter, et.al. “Beyond Prejudice as Simple Antipathy: Hostile and Benevolent Sexism

Across Cultures”, Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, vol. 79, no.5, 2000, pp.

763-775. Academic Search Ultimate, 10.1037//0022-3514.79.5.763.

Hammond, M.D., Cimpian, A. “Wonderful but Weak”: Children’s Ambivalent Attitudes Toward

Women”, Sex Roles, vol. 84, no. 1/2, 2020, Academic Search Ultimate,

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-020-01150-0

Goldman, Aura; Gervis, Misia. ““Women Are Cancer, You Shouldn’t Be Working in Sport”:

Hindman, Lauren C.; Walker, Nefertiti A. “Sexism in Professional Sports: How Women

Managers Experience and Survive Sport Organizational Culture” Journal of Sport

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Management, vol. 34, no. 1, 2021, pp. 64-76. Academic Research Ultimate,

10.1123/jsm.2018-0331.

Willi, Malachi, Jozkowski, Kristen N. “Ladies First? Not So Fast: Linguistic Sexism in Peer-

Reviewed Research”, The Journal of Sex Research, vol. 55, no. 2, 2020, pp. 273-277.

Taylor & Francis, https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2017.1346058

Kwisoon, Choe, et.al. “Adolescents’ Experiences and Coping with Sexism Affect both Female

and Male Online Gamers in South Korea”, Sex Roles, vol. 83, no. ½, pp. 43-53.

Academic Research Ultimate, 10.1007/s11199-019-01094-0.

Lemus, Soledad, et.al. “When Contact Correlates with Prejudice: Adolescents’ Romantic

Relationship Experience Predicts Greater Benevolent Sexism in Boys and Hostile Sexism

in Girls”, Sex Roles, vol. 63, no.3-4, 2010, pp. 214-225. Academic Search Ultimate,

10.1007/s11199-010-9786-2

Pacilli, Maria Giuseppina, et.al. “System justification moderates the relation between hostile (but

not benevolent) sexism in the workplace and state anxiety: An experimental study”,

Journal of Social Psychology, vol. 159, no. 4, 2019, pp. 474-481. Academic Research

Ultimate, 0.1080/00224545.2018.1503993.

Tompkins, Jessica E., et.al. “Kawaii Killers and Femme Fatales: A Textual Analysis of Female

Characters Signifying Benevolent and Hostile Sexism in Video Games”, Journal of

Broadcasting & Electronic Media, vol. 64, no. 2, 2020, pp. 236-254. Academic Research

Ultimate, 10.1080/08838151.2020.1718960.
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