GP 111 –VALVE TIMING AND PORT

TIMING

S.NIRANJAN
E/20/270
GROUP C4
SEMESTER 01
18/08/2022
 GP 111- Elementary Thermodynamics
VALVE TIMING
AIM: To obtain the injection and valve timing diagrams for four stroke diesel engine.
APPARATUS: Ruston and Hornsby sectioned diesel engine.
DATA: Circumference of the flywheel (that rotate engine) – 1360mm
PROCEDURE:
1. Attach a 20 mm paper strip to the flywheel (on the circumference).

2. You start the practical when the piston is at the TDC (or call TC) and mark it on paper
strip (at the pointer) (1)
3. Rotate the flywheel till (clockwise) the exhaust valve closes (observe). Draw a line on the
flywheel (paper strip) in front of the pointer and take the reading. (2)
4. Continue to rotate the flywheel till the inlet valve closes and take the reading. (3)
5. Continue to rotate until the fuel pump starts, and take the reading. (4)
6. Continue to rotate until the fuel pump stops, and take the reading. (5)
7. Continue to rotate the flywheel till the exhaust valve opens, take the reading. (6)
8. Continue to rotate the flywheel till the inlet valve gets open and take the reading. (7)
9. Continue to rotate the flywheel till complete the cycle (TC) and take the reading. (1)

MEASUREMENTS:
• Remove the paper strip to take measurements.
• Take the respective distances on the paper strip using a measuring tape (Starts from the
TC).
OBSERVATIONS:
Timing Position Notation Distance from TDC (mm)
Top Dead Center TDC 0
Inlet Valve Closes IVC 22
Exhaust Valve Closes EVC 751
Fuel Pumping Starts FPS 1457
Fuel Pumping Ends FPE 1614
Exhaust Valve Opens EVO 1878
Inlet Valve Opens IVO 2684
CALCULATION PROCEDURE:
• The distances to the respective positions are divided by the circumference of the wheel
and multiplied by 360° to obtain the angle of rotation.
𝜋
𝑟 × 360 × (180) 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝜋 =
𝑟 × 𝜃 × (180) 𝐿

• A table with corresponding angular distances to the respective positions are plotted.
• With the angular distances a spiral diagram is drawn as shown below.
Timing Position (L / circumference) 𝜃/0
Top Dead Center 0 0
Exhaust Valve Closes 0.016 5.76
Inlet Valve Closes 0.552 198.72
Fuel Pumping Starts 1.071 385.56
Fuel Pumping Ends 1.187 427.32
Exhaust Valve Opens 1.381 497.16
Inlet Valve Opens 1.974 710.64

Exhaust Valve
TDC Closes

5.76º FPS
Exhaust FPE
Inlet
Valve 9.360
Opens
Suction

Compression

Power
42.840

Inlet 18.72º
Valve
Closes Exhaust Valve
Opens

BDC

Figure 1 : Valve timing diagram of Ruston and Hornsby sectioned diesel engine
 PORT TIMING
AIM: To obtain the port timing diagrams for two stroke engine.
APPARATUS: “Villiers Deluxe Junior B 5704” sectioned two stroke petrol engine
DATA: Circumference of the flywheel – 498 mm
PROCEDURE:
1. Attach a 20 mm paper strip to the flywheel (on the circumference).
2. You start the practical when the piston is at the TDC (or call TC) and mark it on paper
strip (at the pointer) (1)
3. Rotate the flywheel till (clockwise) the intake port closes (observe). Draw a line on the
flywheel (paper strip) in front of the pointer and take the reading. (2)
4. Rotate the flywheel till (clockwise) the exhaust port opens (observe). Draw a line on the
flywheel (paper strip) in front of the pointer and take the reading. (3)
5. Rotate the flywheel till (clockwise) the transfer port open (observe). Draw a line on the
flywheel (paper strip) in front of the pointer and take the reading. (4)
6. Rotate the flywheel till (clockwise) the transfer port closes (observe). Draw a line on the
flywheel (paper strip) in front of the pointer and take the reading. (5)

MEASUREMENTS:
• Remove the paper strip to take measurements.
• Take the respective distances on the paper strip using a measuring tape (Starts from the
TDC).

OBSERVATIONS:
Timing Position Notation Distance from TDC (mm)
Top Dead Center TDC 0
Inlet Port Closes IPC 76
Exhaust Port Closes EPC 160
Transfer Port Opens TPO 181
Transfer Port Closes TPC 310
Exhaust Port Opens EPO 328
Inlet Port Opens IPO 414
CALCULATION PROCEDURE:
• The distances to the respective positions are divided by the circumference of the wheel
and multiplied by 360° to obtain the angle of rotation
• A table with corresponding angular distances to the respective positions are plotted.
• With the angular distances a spiral diagram is drawn as shown below.

Timing Position (L / circumference) 𝜃/0

Top Dead Center 0 0
Inlet Port Closes 0.153 55.08
Exhaust Port Closes 0.321 115.56
Transfer Port Opens 0.364 131.04
Transfer Port Closes 0.623 224.28
Exhaust Port Opens 0.659 237.24
Inlet Port Opens 0.831 299.16

Figure 2 : Port Timing Diagram of Villiers Deluxe Junior B 5704 sectioned two stroke petrol engine
DISCUSSION:
1. What is valve timing diagram.?
The precise timing of the opening and closing of the valves for the intake and exhaust
process is known as ‘Valve Timing’. The graphical representation of the opening and
closing of the valves relative to the piston position (or the angle of rotation of the
crankshaft) is called valve timing diagram.
2. What is port timing diagram.?
Two stroke engines have ports instead of valves. Ports are opened and closed by the
moving piston. The graphical representation of the opening and closing of the ports
relative to the piston position (or the angle of rotation of the crankshaft) is called port
timing diagram.
3. Draw the valve timing diagram and tell the angle at which both the valves would be open.

Exhaust Valve
TDC Closes

5.76º FP
Exhaust
Inlet
S FPE
Valve 9.36
Open
s Suction

Compression

Power
42.840

Inlet 18.72º
Valve
Closes Exhaust Valve
Opens

BDC

4. What is the significance of clearance volume?

Clearance volume is also known as Bumping Clearance. It is the volume between the
cylinder head and the piston when the piston is at TDC. Clearance volume is important
since it will prevent the piston from banging with the cylinder head. But it should be
noted that this volume should be as low as possible because new gas will take long time
to enter so lesser volume of gas will be compressed, which will affect the efficiency of
the engine.
5. What is a stroke?
A stroke is when the piston moves from top-dead centre to bottom-dead centre of the
cylinder.

6. Difference between SI and CI?

•
Spark Ignition Engine (SI Engine) is a type of engine in which petrol is used as
fuel. The air-fuel mixture is inserted into the cylinder and is ignited by the spark
generated by the spark plug and combustion takes place.
• Compression Ignition Engine (CI Engine) is a type of engine in which diesel is
used as fuel. Only air enters the cylinder and the heat of the combust air when it is
under high compression, ignites the fuel inserted by the injector and combustion
takes place.
7. Difference between four stroke and two stroke?
The main difference between the two-stroke and four-stroke engines are, the four-stroke
engine has one power stroke for every two revolutions of the crankshaft but, the two-
stroke engine has only one power stroke for one revolution of the crankshaft.
8. Why four stroke is mostly preferred?
Four-stroke engines are most preferred since they are more fuel efficient because, fuel is
consumed once every four strokes. And since power is generated once every four strokes
and has no oil or lubricant added to fuel it is less pollutant. Also, four stroke engines are
more durable.
9. What is the function of piston rings?
Piston rings functions are
I. Sealing the combustion chamber to maintain the pressure of the combustion gas.
II. Transfer heat built up by the piston to the cylinder walls.
III. Controlling the oil balance in the system.

10. What are functions of camshaft and crankshaft?

Crankshaft functions to convert the reciprocating motion of the piston into rotational
motion by using the connecting rod. As the piston is pushed down by the high force due
to combustion of gas, the connecting rod moves down and rotates the crankshaft. The
inertia of the flywheel keeps the crankshaft rotating.
Camshaft is responsible for the opening and closing of the valves for intaking fuel and
removing exhaust fumes. As the camshaft rotates, ‘cams’ on the shaft rotate such that at
specific timing it opens and closes the inlet valves and the other cams opens and closes
the exhaust valves and keeps them closed at other times.
REFERENCES

1. Automotriz, I.Y.M. (2019). VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM OF TWO STROKE AND

FOUR STROKE ENGINES: THEORETICAL AND ACTUAL. [online] INGENIERÍA Y
MECÁNICA AUTOMOTRIZ. Available at:
https://www.ingenieriaymecanicaautomotriz.com/valve-timing-diagram-of-
two-stroke-and-four-stroke-engines-theoretical-and-actual/.

2. The Engineers Post. (2021). Crankshaft: Parts, Function, Types, Diagram &
More [PDF]. [online] Available at:
https://www.theengineerspost.com/crankshaft-parts-and-function/.

3. Kumar, E.A. (2021). Camshaft: Definition, Function, Construction, Working

Principle, Types in detail, Advantages, Application [Notes & PDF]. [online]
THEMECHANICALENGINEERING.COM. Available at:
https://themechanicalengineering.com/camshaft/ [Accessed 19 Sep. 2022].