NIUDQIK UMKCIL]N]IK

BMAQFZ UICI IKIH CFQ]IK@ U]ZUI

Cfiguhik uktuh omomkulf tu`is Ztism Ikih

Cdsmk 7 SFO

Cfsusuk Dnml 7

Qfszi Iprfikf Biuzfyil

GKQ5155996

UQD@QIO ZS]CF UQDBMZF KMQZ

ZMHDNIL SFK@@F FNO] HMZMLISIK H]KFK@IK
SIL]K IHICMOFH 1515/1519
 

Cibtir fsf

Cibtir fsf ................................................

......................................................................
............................................
............................................
........................ f
I. Cmbfkfsf...............................................
Cmbfkfsf.....................................................................
............................................
........................................
.................. 9
A. Hnisfbfhisf bmarfs ...........................................
.................................................................
............................................
.............................
....... 9
J. Ikitdof Bfsfdnd`f ............................................
..................................................................
............................................
.........................
... :
C. Mtfdnd`f.......................................
Mtfdnd`f.............................................................
.............................................
..............................................
.........................
.. 3
M. Sikci Cik @mgini ............................................
...................................................................
.............................................
.........................
... =
B. Hdopnfhisf ............................................
...................................................................
.............................................
....................................
.............. =
@. Uitdbfsfdnd`f ..........................................
.................................................................
.............................................
....................................
.............. 2

L. Uitlwiy..........................................
................................................................
............................................
............................................
...................... 0
F. Umomrfhsiik Umkukgik` ...........................................
.................................................................
........................................
.................. 0
G. Umkitinihsikiik Omcfs ............................................
..................................................................
......................................
................ 95
H. Hdksmp Isulik Hmpmriwitik .........................................
...............................................................
...............................
......... 99
N. Cibtir Uustihi...........................................
.................................................................
............................................
...............................
......... 19

f
 

I.  Cmbfkfsf

Cmoio/Bmvmr/Bmarfs, afni sulu tuaul ; :0,0 5  J. Ici yik`

omkymauthik cmoio smai`if pmkfk`hitik sulu tuaul cfitis kdroin (:< 5  ‚ 
‚  
355J). Lfpmrpfrmhsfi, afni sulu tuaul ; 39,9 5  J, ici gu`i yik`
omkymauthik ; 355 J. Zuabmarfs, afni sulu tuaul cfitis kdroin, tipf nmafl
rmkcil cirf :0,05J (Wmfk, 1591).

Cmoio icinil prdsms iniof tuaul uktuh omniwik fkbmhsf yik`

oisuh hm cinio tuaul hmtfhi sulu omkfk`hit omnmaflf sulu tuaul kdroin
(;:0,=µJ). Cmoio icinil prdsms iniof tuaul uktuh omniwik fkbmhsf yik`
oisuh hm cinio tuaul. Cmoio tmrigicf pici sulu ; :0, 1µJ, afisikyi
cfsmaiahik dnml fkbmhsf (aihtmrf, vfrus, giou itiu pirisft), pmkyihft
iutdfouk, hm`ikisik , itiupuk dait ‚ 
dait ‚  daitik
 daitik (Lirtfkf, 159=).

Cmoio omrupihik suitu hmiciik sulu tuaul cfitis kdroin

smai`if ihfait pmkfk`hitik pusit pmk`itur sulu cf lfpdtinious. Zmai`fik
 amsir cmoio pici ikih omrupihik ihfait cirf pmruailik pici pusit
 pikis (tmrodrm`unisf) cf lfpdtinious. Umkyihft  ‚   pmkyihft yik` cftikcif
cmk`ik icikyi cmoio cipit omkymrik` sfstmo tuaul.Zmnifk ftu cmoio
ouk`hfk amrpmrik cinio omkfk`hithik pmrhmoaik`ik foukftis spmsfbfh
cik kdk spmsfbfh cinio omoaiktu pmounflik itiu pmrtilikik tmrlicip

fkbmhsf (Pircfyil, 1592).

A.  Hnisfbfhisf bmarfs

Hnisfbfhisf Omkurut Kurirfb (159=) icinil smai`if amrfhut7

9.  Cmoio smptfh

Zulu aicik amrik`sur kifh hmtfk`hit yik` tfk``f smhinf pici oinio
lirf cik turuk hmoainf hmtfk`hit cfitis kdroin pici pi`f lirf. Zmrfk`

9
 

cfsmrtif hmnulik omk``f`fn cik amrhmrfk`it. Afni cmoio yik` tfk``f

tmrsmaut turuk hmtfk`hit yik` kdroin cfkioihik gu`i cmoio lmhtfh.
1.  Cmoio rmoftmk

Zulu aicik cipit turuk smtfip lirf tmtipf tfcih pmrkil omkjipif sulu
 aicik kdroin. Umkymaia sulu yik` ouk`hfk tmrjitit cipit omkjipif
cui cmrigit cik tfcih smamsir pmramciik sulu yik` cfjitit cmoio
smptfh.
:.  Cmoio fktmroftmk
Zulu aicik turuk hmtfk`hit yik` kdroin smnioi amamripi gio cinio
situ lirf. Afni cmoio smpmrtf fkf tmrgicf cinio cui lirf smhinf cfsmaut
tmrsfiki cik afni tmrgicf cui lirf tmramais cmoio cfiktiri cui
smrik`ik cmoio cfsmaut huirtiki.

3.  Cmoio hdktfkyu

Rirfisf sulu smpikgik` lirf tfcih amramci nmafl cirf situ cmrigit. Uici
tfk`hit cmoio yik` tmrus omkmrus tfk``f smhinf cfsmaut lfpmrpfrmhsfi.
=.  Cmoio sfhnfh
Smrgicf hmkifhik sulu aicik smnioi amamripi lirf yik` cffhutf dnml
 amamripi pmrfdcm amais cmoio uktuh amamripi lirf yik` hmoucfik
cffhutf dnml hmkifhik sulu smpmrtf smouni. Zuitu tfpm cmoio hicik`-
hicik` cfhifthik cmk`ik suitu pmkyihft tmrtmktu ofsinkyi tfpm cmoio
fktmroftmk uktuh oinirfi.

Zmdrik` pisfmk cmk`ik hmnulik cmoio ouk`hfk cipit

cfluauk`hik sm`mri cmk`ik suitu smaia yik` gmnis smpmrtf 7 iasms,
 pkmuodkfi, fkbmhsf sinurik hmkjfk`, oinirfi, tmtipf hicik` sioi smhinf
tfcih cipit cfluauk`hik sm`mri cmk`ik suitu smaia yik` gmnis. Cinio
 prihtmh 65% cirf piri pisfmk cmk`ik cmoio yik` airu
air u sigi cfiniof, pici
cisirkyi omrupihik suitu pmkyihft yik` smnb-nfoftfk` smpmrtf fkbnumksi
itiu pmkyihft vfrus smgmkfs nifkkyi. Kiouk lin fkf tfcih amrirtf hfti tfcih
lirus tmtip wispici tmrlicip fkbmhsf aihtmrfin. (Kurirfb, 159=)

1
 

J.  Ikitdof Bfsfdnd`f

@ioair 9 Ikitdof Lfpdtinious

Lfpdtinious omrupihik ai`fik uguk` iktmrfdr cfmksmbindk cik cf

cmpik kujnmus fktmrpmcukhunirfs. Lfpdtinious tmrai`f cinio amrai`if fktf
cik cirmil fktf. Lfpdtinious tmrnmtih pici iktmrfdr cik fkbmrfdr tlinious.
Amrbuk`sf omk`dktrdn cik omk`itur systmo sirib iutdkdo, Umk`iturik
cfrf tmrlicip ldomdstitfj, sik`it huit cmk`ik modsf cik cisir
 pmk`iktirik tunik`, Zik`it pmktfk` amrpmk`irul iktiri systmo syirib cik
mkcdhrfk. Lfpdtinious gu`i amhmrgisioi cmk`ik lfpdbfsfs uktuh
omopmrtilikhik hmsmfoaik`ik jifrik, omopmrtilikhik pmk`iturik sulu
tuaul omninuf pmkfk`hitik visdhdkstrfhsf itiu visdcfnitisf cik

omopmk`irulf smhrmsf ldrodkin cmk`ik hmnmkgir lfpdbfsfs. Lfpdtinious

 gu`i smai`if pusit nipir cik omk`dktrdn amrit aicik. Zmai`if pmk`itur
tfcur, tmhikik ciril, pmrfnihu i`rmsfb cik smhsuin cik pusit rmspdks
modsfdkin (risi oinu, oiril, cmprmsf, pikfj cik tihut).

Icipuk buk`sf cirf lfpdtinious iktiri nifk icinil7

i.  Omk`dktrdn sulu tuaul

 a.  Omk`dktrdn risi lius cik pmk`mnuirik urfk
j.  Omk`dktrdn isupik oihikik

c.  Omk`dktrdn smhrmsf ldrodk-ldrodk lfpdbfsfs iktmrfdr

:
 

m.  Omk`lisfnhik ldrodk-ldrodk lfpdbfsfs pdstmrfdr

b.  Omk`dktrdn hdktrihsf utmrus pmk`mnuirik susu
`.  Uusit hddrcfkisf sfstmo sirib dtdkdo utioi, hmoucfik

omopmk`irulf smoui dtdt pdnds, dtdt giktuk`, smn mhsdhrfk

l.  Amrpmrik cinio pdni pmrfnihu cik modsf Umrik lfpdtinious
icinil pmk`iturik lfpdtinious tmrlicip kibsu oihik tmrutioi
 amr`iktuk` pici fktmrihsf iktiri cui irmi 7 irmi „oihik‟
nitmrin cf ikyioik kujnmus amrhis prdsmksmbindk omcfin pici
 pmrtmouik cmk`ik smriaut pdnfcdlfpdtiniofh,
pdnfcdlfpdtiniofh, smrti „pusit risi
hmkyik`7‖ omcfin cf kujnmus vmatrdomcfin. Umrik`sik`ik pusit
oihik omoaik`hfthik pmrfnihu oihik.

C.  Mtfdnd`f

Umkfk`hitik sulu tuaul fkf cfsmaiahik dnml amrmcirkyi suitu

odnmhun hmjfn cf cinio tuaul hfti yik` cfsmaut cmk`ik Ufrd`mk, yiftu zit
 pmkjmtus pikis. Afisikyi pmkymaia cmoio sucil afsi cfhmtiluf cinio
wihtu situ itiu cui lirf cmk`ik pmomrfhsiik omcfs yik` tmriril.

Cmoio smrfk` cfsmaiahik hirmki fkbmhsf. Umkymaia cmoio smnifk

fkbmhsf gu`i cipit cfsmaiahik dnml hmiciik tdhsmofi, hm`ikisik itiu
rmihsf tmrlicip pmoihifik dait, gu`i pici `ik``uik pusit rm`unisf sulu

smktrin (ofsinkyi pmrcirilik dtih, hdoi). Uici cisirkyi uktuh omkjipif

hmtmpitik cfi`kdsfs pmkymaia cmoio cfpmrnuhik iktiri nifk7 hmtmnftfik
 pmk`ioafnik rfwiyit pmkymhft pisfmk, pmnihsikiik pmomrfhsiik bfsfh,
dasmrvisf pmrginikik pmkyihft cik mvinuisf pmomrfhsiik niadritdrfuo,
smrti pmkukgik` nifk smjiri tmpit cik ldnfstfj (Kurirfb, 159=).

Cmoio tmrgicf afni pmoamktuhik pikis omnmaflf pmk`mnuirik.

Cmoio cipit amrluauk`ik cmk`ik fkbmhsf, pmkyihft hdni`mk, hm`ikisik,
 pmkyihft omtiadnfh oiupuk pmkyihft nifk. Cmoio cipit cfsmaiahik
hirmki hmnifkik cinio dtih smkcfrf itiu zit tdhsfh yik` omopmk`irulf

3
 

 pusit pmk`iturik sulu, pmkyihft-pmkyihft aihtmrf, tuodr dtih itiu

cmlfcrisf (@uytdk cinio Sldardkf, 159=).

Zmcik`hik omkurut Umniyikik Hmsmlitik Oitmrkin cik Kmdkitin

cinio Sldardkf (159=) ailwi mtfdnd`f bmarfs,cfiktirikyi

9.  Zulu nfk`huk`ik.

1.  Icikyi fkbmhsf 
:.  Ukmuodkfi.
3.  Oinirfi.
=.  Dtftfs omcfi.
2.  Foukfsisf 

M.  Sikci Cik @mgini

Omkurut Kurirfb (159=) tikci cik `mgini tmrgicfkyi bmarfs icinil7

9.  Ikih rmwmn (sulu nmafl tfk``f cirf :0,=⁵J - :6⁵J)

1.  Hunft hmomrilik
:.  Lik`it pici smktulik
3.  Umkfk`hitik brmhumksf pmrkipisik
=.  Omk``f`fn
2.  Cmlfcrisf

0.  Hmlfnik`ik kibsu oihik

B.  Hdopnfhisf

9.  Cmlfcrisf 7 cmoio ↙ pmk`uipik

↙ pmk`uipik jifrik tuaul
1.  Hmgik` cmoio 7 girik` smhinf tmrgicf (9 cirf :5 ikih cmoio). Zmrfk`
tmrgicf pici ikih usfi 2 aunik siopif = tiluk. Zmrik`ik cinio 13 gio
 pmrtioi cmoio cik uouokyi smamktir, tfcih amrunik`. Hmgik`
cmoio fkf gu`i tfcih omoailiyik dtih

:.  Sihfhircf, Fksubfsfmksf giktuk`, Fksubfsfmksf punodkin

=
 

@.  Uitdbfsfdnd`f

Zuoamr mkmr`f dtih icinil `nuhdsi yik` omninuf prdsms dhsfcisf

cfpmjil omkgicf JD1 cik ifr. Zmn cfhmnfnfk`f dnml omoarik yik` tmrcfrf
cirf pmrouhiik cinio yiftu nfpfc cik pmrouhiik nuir yiftu fdkfh. Cinio
hmiciik kdroin, omooarik smn kmurdk cipit cfninuf cmk`ik oucil dnml
fdk Hinfuo (H+) cik sik`it sunft cfninuf dnml fdk kitrfuo (Ki+) smrti
mnmhtrdnft nifkkyi hmjuinf fdk hndfrci (Jn-). Ihfaitkyi, hdksmktrisf fdk H+
cinio kmurdk tfk``f cik hdksmktrisf fdk Ki+ rmkcil, smcik`hik cf nuir smn
kmurdk amrnihu smainfhkyi. Hirmki pmramciik gmkfs cik hdksmktrisf fdk cf
cinio cik cf nuir smn, oihi tmrcipit pmramciik pdtmksfin omoarik yik`
cfsmaut smai`if pdtmksfin omoarik cirf kmurdk. ]ktuh omkgi`i
hmsmfoaik`ik pdtmksfin omoarik fkf, cfpmrnuhik mkmr`f cik aiktuik
mkzfo Ki-H-ISU-ism yki` tmrcipit pici pmrouhiik smn. Hmsmfoaik`ik
 pdtmksfin omoarik fkf cipit cfuail dnml7

9.  Umruailik hdksmktrisf fdk cf ruik` mhstri smnunmr

1.  Qik`sik`ik yik` citik`kyi omkcicih ofsinkyi omhikfs, hfofiwfi
itiu infrik nfstrfh cirf smhftirkyi.
:.  Umruailik pitdbfsfdnd`f cirf omoarik kmurdk ftu smkcfrf hirmki
 pmkyihft itiu hmturukik

Uici hmiciik cmoio, hmkifhik sulu 9 5J ihik omkfk`hithik

omtiadnfsom aisin 95-9=% cik hmautulik dhsf`mk ihik omkfk`hit 15%.
Uici smdrik` ikih amruour : tiluk, sfrhunisf dtih omkjipif 2=% cirf
smnurul tuaul cfaikcfk`hik drik` cmwisi yik` likyi omkjipif 9=%.
Dnml hirmki ftu, hmkifhik sulu tuaul cipit omk`uail hmsmfoaik`ik cirf
omoarik smn kmurdk cik cinio wihtu yik` sfk`hit tmrgicf cfbusf cirf fdk

hinfuo oiupuk fdk kitrfuo omninuf omoarik smn yik` omk`ihfaithik

nmpiskyi infrik nfstrfh. Nmpiskyi infrik nfstrfh fkf smcmofhfik amsirkyi
smlfk``i cipit omnuis hm smnurul ai`fik smn oiupuk omoarik smn cf
smhftirkyi cmk`ik aiktuik „kmurdtriksofttmr‟ smlfk``i tmrgicfnil
hmgik`.Ioaik` hmgik` tfip ikih amramci. Uici ikih cmk`ik ioaik`
rmkcil, hmgik` cipit tmrgicf pici sulu :< 5J, smcik` ikih cmk`ik ioaik`
hmgik` tfk``f, hmgik` airu tmrgicf pici sulu 355J itiu nmafl.

2
 

L.  Uitlwiy

cfirm

lfpmrtmrof

Fktdnmriksf
Cmbfjft
ihtfvftis
kutrfsf

@ik``uik
pdni tfcur
iksfmtis

(Zuoamr 7 Vilyi, 159<)

F.  Umomrfhsiik Umkukgik`

Umomrfhsiik cmoio omkurut (Wmfk, 1591),

0
 

Umomrfhsiik ricfdnd`fs 7

tldrix, ]Z@ uppmr cik ndwmr iacdomk, afni cfautulhik gu`i lirus
cfpmrfhsi JS sjik iacdomk, pmomrfhsiik ciril nmk`hip, tmroisuh hfofi
ciril, smrdnd`f tmrlicip amamripi smrdoirhmr yik` ici, smrti pmomrfhsiik
foukdnd`f, smpmrtf IKI tmst uktuh omnflit hmouk`hfkik ZNM.

Umomrfhsiik niadnitdrfuo 7

9.  Ciril cik urfkm rutfk omrupihik pmomrfhsiik cisir uktuh pmkgigihik
cmoio. Hiniu cirf ciril cik urfkm rutfk sucil cipit omkmouhik
 pmkymaia cmoio, oihi pmomrfhsiik nifkkyi likyi uktuh hdkbfroisf
cfi`kdstfh itiu uktuh omnflit hmouk`hfkik hdopnfhisf. Aikyih
 pmkyihft fkbmhsf sucil afsi cfhmtiluf itiu sucil cipit cfcu`i cmk`ik
 pmomrfhsiik ciril cik urfkm rutfk cik cfhdkbfroisf cmk`ik ikiokmsfs
cik pmomrfhsiik bfsfh yik` jmroit. Uici Siamn 9 amamripi pmkyihft
fkbmhsf yik` uouo cf Fkcdkmsfi cmk`ik oikfbmstisf cmoio cipit
cfamcihik cmk`ik pmomrfhsiik ciril rutfkm cik omk`mkinf gmkfs
cmoiokyi. Amamripi pmtukguh pmktfk` pici hisus cmoio ihfait
 pmkyihft fkbmhsf cik kdk fkbmhsf yik` nizfo cftmouhik pici
 pmomrfhsiik ciril rutfk iktiri nifk7
i.  Ikmofi smrfk` cfguopif pici oinirfi, nmptdspfrdsfs, cmoio tfbdfc,
tuamrhundsfs, fkbmhsf sinurik hmofl cmk`ik aitu (afisikyi cfsmrtif
cmk`ik lmoiturfi), ZNM, FSU, cik oinf`kiksf.
 a.  Nmuhdpmkfi smrfk` cfguopif pici fkbmhsf vfrus ihut smpmrtf CAC,
jlfhuk`ukyi, cmoio tfbdfc, FSU, ikmofi ipnistfh.
j.  Nmuhdsftdsfs cfguopif pici fkbmhsf aihtmrf, oinirfi, nmptdspfrdsfs,
nmuhmofi (nmafl cirf 15.555).
c.  Srdoadsftdpmkfi cfguopif pici CAC, jlfhuk`ukyi,
nmptdsdpfrdsfs, oinirfi, FSU, cik ikmofi ipnistfh.
m.  Lmoitdhrft omkfk`hit pici hmiciik cmlfcrisf smpmrtf pici cfirm
ihut, CAC.

<
 

b.  Nfobdpmkfi cfguopif pici fkbmhsf vfrus ihut

`.  Nfobdsftdsfs cfguopif pici fkbmhsf hrdkfh smpmrtf tuamrhundsfs
l.  NMC omkfk`hit pici hisus fkbmhsf aihtmrf, ikmofi hrdkfh.

f.  Mdsfkdbfnfi nizfo cftmouhik pici cmoio cmk`ik fkvisf pirisft

smpmrtf ishirfisfs, trfjlurfisfs, sjlfstdsdofisfs, kmjitdrfisfs,
trfjlfkdsfs,
trfjlfkds fs, bisjfdnfisfs, `kitldstdofisfs, piri`dkfofisfs, Ndmbnmr‖s
sykcrdom cik rmihsf inmr`f
1.  ]rfkinfsfs lirus cfnihuhik pici urfkm yik` airu cftiopuk`.
Urdtmfkurfi rfk`ik afsi cfguopif pici pisfmk cmoio cmk`ik amrai`if
smaia. Urdtmfkurfi gu`i cfguopif pici hmiciik lmoiturfi. @rdss
lmoiturfi smrfk` cfguopif pici pisfmk nmptdspfrdsfs, oinirfi amrit
(Anijh Pitmr Bmvmr), aitu sinurik hmofl, CAC, cik hmnifkik

lmodstisfs.
:.  Umomrfhsiik bmsms, omrupihik pmomrfhsiik smcmrliki smjiri
ofhrdshdpfh, cipit omkmouhik amrai`if ofhrddr`ikfsom pmkymaia
cmoio, smpmrtf iouai, slf`mnni, amrai`if jijfk` usus, cik amrai`if
 gmkfs giour. Umomrfhsiik bmsms afsi cfnikguthik cmk`ik huntur cik tms
smksftfvftis smrti UJQ. Afni cfpmrnuhik huntur bmsms smsuif cmk`ik
ofhrddr`ikfdsom yik` cfjurf`if smai`if pmkymaia.
3.  Oinirfi somir cmk`ik smcfiik ciril tmain cik tfpfs lirus cfnihuhik
 pici pisfmk cmoio yik` cfjurf`if oinirfi. Umomrfhsiik ciril oinirfi
o inirfi

lirus cfioafn cirf uguk` girf (ciril tmpf, auhik ciril vmki). Lipusik
ciril tmain cik tfpfs cfauit cinio situ snfcm, cik uktuh ciril tmain,
tfcih cfbfhsisf. Umwirkiik @fmosi uktuh smcfiik ciril tmpf oinirfi
lirus susuif cmk`ik stikcirc.
=.  Qipfc Cfi`kdstfj Smst (QCS) cmk`ik stfjh siit fkf aikyih cf`ukihik
uktuh omkcmtmhsf amrai`if fkbmhsf smpmrtf CAC (KZ9, F`O, F`@),
Oinirfi (binjfpiruo cik vfvix), Fkbnumkzi, Cmoio tfbdfc (typlfcdt),
Nmptdspfrdsfs, Fkbmhsf LFR.
2.  Aijtmrfin somir cipit cfnihuhik cirf urfkm itiu smhrmt yik` cfcu`i

smai`if ihfait cirf fkbmhsf.

6
 

0.  Sms Iktf`mk siit fkf tmrus amrhmoaik` uktuh amamripi pmkyihft
fkbmhsf, smpmrtf KZ9 pici CAC
<.  Sms Zmrdnd`fh. Amrai`if gmkfs tms smrdnd`fh tmrus amrhmoaik` siit fkf

uktuh omkm`ihhik cfi`kdsfs pmkyihft cik amrai`if oirhmr pmkyihft.

Umomrfhsiik smrdnd`fh uktuh omkcfi`kdsi pmkymaia cmoio
cfofktihik smsuif cmk`ik pmkfnifik hnfkfs. Ofsinkyi, IZSD omkfk``f
 pici cmoio rmoitfh, IKI pdsftfp pici ZNM, vfrin oirhmr lmpitftfs
smpmrtf iktf LJR, LasI`, F`O iktf LRI pici lmpitftfs ihut, cik nifk-
nifk.
6.  Huntur ciril cik smksftfvfty tmst lirus cfofktihik smsuif cmk`ik
tmouik cik cu`iik hnfkfs. Umk`ioafnik siopmn ciril uktuh huntur
smtmnil pmoamrfik iktfafdtfh smninu omoamrfhik kfnif km`itfp.

Umrofktiik huntur gmkfs aihtmrf itiu giour tmrtmktu ihik nmafl tmriril
cinio omkmnusurf mtfdnd`f pmkymaia cmoio.
95. Hfofi Ciril, smpmrtf Mnmhtrdnft, `uni ciril, urmuo, hrmitfkfk, NBS, cik
nifk-nifk tmr`iktuk` hdkcfsf hnfkfs pisfmk. Umomrfhsiik hfofi ciril
cftuguhik uktuh omnflit buk`sf dr`ik cik `ik``uik omtiadnfh nifk
ihfait pmkyihft yik` omkcisirf itiu ihfait hdopnfhisfkyi, cik gu`i
uktuh omkukgik` cfi`kdsfs pmkymaia cmoiokyi. Ofsinkyi,
tuamrhundsfs smninu smai`if hdopnfhisf cfiamtms, `ik``uik buk`sf
`fkgin tmrgicf pici Pmfn‖s cfsmisms, lfpdkitrmofi afsi tmrgicf pici

oinirfi cik CAC, mkzfo triksiofkism smninu omkfk``f pici CAC,

nmptdspfrdsfs cik oinirfi.

G.  Umkitinihsi
Umkitinihsikiik
kiik Omcfs

Uici hmiciik lfpmpfrmhsfi ( cmoio ≭ 39 µJ ) gmnis cfpmrnuhik

 pmk``ukiik dait ‚ 
dait  ‚   daitik
daitik iktfpfrmtfh. Fauprdbmk ouk`hfk ioik ai`f ikih
 ‚   ikih cmk`ik hmouk`hfkik pmkurukik sulu yik` nmafl amsir cik nioi
hmrgi yik` smrupi cmk`ik hmrgi ismtiofkdbfk

95
 

H.  Hdksmp Isulik Hmpmriwitik

9.  Umk`higfik
i.  Fcmktftis hnfmk Omnfputf 7 kioi, tmopit/ tik``in nilfr, uour, gmkfs
hmniofk, kioi drik` tui, pmrhmrgiik drik` tui, inioit, suhu,
 aik`si, i`ioi.
 a.  Hmnulik utioi Hnfmk yik` afisikyi omkcmrfti bmarfs omk`mnul
sulu tuaul pikis ; :0,= µJ, amrhmrfk`it, ouin/ouktil.
j.  Qfwiyit hmsmlitik smhirik` Uici uouokyi cfcipithik
 pmkfk`htik sulu tuaul cfitis
cfi tis :0,= µµJ,
J, `mgini bmarfs yik` afisikyi
yik` hik tfoaun omk``f`fn, ouin/ouktil, amrhmrfk`it, kibsu
oihik amrhurik`, `mnfsil, kymrf dtdt cik smkcf.
c.  Qfwiyit hmsmlitik cunu Umk`ihgfik yik` cftikyihik ipiafni hnfmk
 pmrkil omk`inof pmkyihft smamnuokyi.
m.  Qfwiyit hmsmlitik hmnuir`i Umkyihft yik` pmrkil cf cmrfti dnml
hmnuir`i aifh ftu pmkyihft hmturukik itiupuk pmkyihft omkunir,
itiupuk pmkyihft yik` sioi.
b.  @mkd`rio Umtukguh ik``dti hmnuir`i hnfmk.
`.  Qfwiyit hmliofnik cik hmnilfrik Omnfputf 7 prmkitin, kitin,
 pdstkitin, smrti citi pmomarfik foukfsisf pici ikih.
l.  Qfwiyit sdsfin Umk`higfik tmrlicip pmrhmoaik`ik cik hmiciik
sdsfin hnfmk
f.  Hmautulik cisir
9)  Oihikik cik ofkuoik Afisi hnfmk cmk`ik bmarfs omk`iniof
kibsu oihik, cik susul uktuh oihik smlfk``i hmhurik`
isupik kutrfsf.
1)  Udni tfcur Afisi hnfmk cmk`ik bmarfs omk`iniof susil uktuh
tfcur hirmki hnfmk omrisi `mnfsil cik amrhmrfk`it.
:)  Oikcf

99
 

3)  Mnfofkisf Mnfofkisf hnfmk bmarfs afisikyi susil uktuh auik` ifr
 amsir cik gu`i afsi omk`ihfaithik tmrgicf hdksftmksf aia
omkgicf jifr.

 g.  Umomrfhsiik bfsfh

9)  Hmsicirik Afisikyi hmsicrik hnfmk cmk`ik bmarfs 9=  ‚   9:,
 amrit aicik smrti tfk``f aicik
1)  Sikci
Sikci ‚ 
 ‚   tikci vftin Afisi hnfmk cmk`ik bmarfs sulukyi ; :0,=
µJ, kicf ; <5 x f Lmic td tdm
i)  Hmpini cik nmlmr Amktuh, hmamrsflik, ici amhis triuoi
itiu tfcih
 a)  Hunft, rioaut, huhu Sur`dr hunft (aifh-auruh), tfcih ici
`ik``uik / hmnifkik.

j)  Oiti ]ouokyi ounif tmrnflit jmhuk` itiu tfcih.

c)  Smnfk``i, lfcuk`, tmk``drdhik cik ounut Amktuh,
hmamrsflik, buk`sf fkcrikyi icikyi `ik``uik itiu tfcih,
 afisikyi pici hnfmk cmk`ik bmarfs ouhdsi afafr hnfmk ihik
hmrfk` cik pujit.
m)  Sldrih cik iacdomk Afisi pmrkibisik jmpit cik cinio,
iacdomk afisikyi kymrf cik ici pmkfk`hitik afsfk` usus
 afsfk` usus kdroin pici aiyf : ‚ 
: ‚  =
 = x
b)  Zfstmo rmspfrisf ]ouokyi buk`sf pmrkibisik nmafl jmpit

cik cinio
`)  Zfstmo hircfdvishunmr Uici hisus fkf afisikyi cmkyut pici
kicfkyi omkfk`hit
l)  Zfstmo oushundshmnmtin Smrgicf `ik``uik ipi tfcih.
f)  Zfstmo pmrkibisik Uici hisus fkf tfcih tmrcipit kibis yik`
tmrtfk``in / `mrihik kibis cik afisikyi hmsicirikkyi
`mnfsil, ipitfs itiu hdoi
 g)  Umomrfhsiik tfk`hit pmrhmoaik`ik
(9)  Hmoikcfrfik cik amr`iun Ihtfvftis sdsfin hnfmk

91
 

(1)  Odtdrfh linus @mrihik yik` omk``ukihik dtdt linus

itiu smai`fik ik``dti tuaul tmrtmktu, yik` cfpmk`irulf
dnml hmsmopitik uktuh amnigir cik amrnitfl. Ofsinkyi 7

omofkcilhik amkci cirf tik`k situ hm yik` nifk,

omkjdrmt ‚ 
omkjdrmt ‚  jdrmt,
 jdrmt, omk``uktfk`
(:)  Odtdrfh hisir @mrihik tuaul yik` omk``ukihik dtdt
 ‚   dtdt amsir itiu smai`fik amsir itiu smnurul ik``dti
tuaul yik` cf pmk`irulf dnml hmoitik`ik bfsfh ikih
jdktdlkyi hmoiopuik cucuh, omkmkcik`, amrnirf, kifh
turuk tik``i ( Nmrkmr & Luntsjl. 96<:)
(3)  Hd`kftfb cik ailisi Hmoiopuik hnfmk uktuh amrafjiri
cik amrlftuk`.

h.  Citi pmkukgik` Afisikiyi cfnihuhik pmomrfhsiik niadr urfkm,

bmsms, ciril, cik afisikyi nmdhdsft kyi ; 95.555 ( omkfk`hit ) ,
smcik`hik La, Lt omkuruk. o. Citi pmk`daitik Afisikyi
cfamrfhik dait iktfpfrmtfh uktuh omk`urik`f slu tuaul hnfmk,
smpmrtf fauprdbmk, pirijmtiodn (Vilyi, 159<)
1.  Ikinfsi citi
Citi Mtfdnd`f Oisinil
CZ 7 hmnuir`i omk`itihik Umkfk`hitik nigu Lfpmrtmrof
 pisfmk cmoio omtadnfsom (C.59:5)

CD 7 sulu tuaul cfitis kfnif

kdroin, hunft omril, tihfhircf,
hunft tmrisi lik`it
CZ 7 hmnuir`i omk`itihik Umkfk`hitik Cmbfjft kutrfsf
 pisfmk kibsu oihik omkuruk hmautulik (C.5596)
CD 7 omoarik ouhdsi pujit, omtiadnfso
sirfiwik, cfirm, afsfk` usus
lfpmrihtfb
CZ 7 hmnuir`i omk`itihik Hmnmoilik Fktdnmriksf

9:
 

 pisfmk nmoil ihtfvftis

CD 7 brmhumksf gik tuk` (C.55=2)
omkfk`hit

CZ 7 hmnuir`i omk`itihik Lioaitik @ik``uik pdni

 pisfmk sunft tfcur, fstfrilit tfcih nfk`huk`ik tfcur (C.55==)
juhup
CD 7 wihtu tfcur
CZ 7 hmnuir`i omk`itihik Cfsbuk`sf systmo Iksfmtis
hliwitfr cmk`ik ihfait cirf hmnuir`i (C.55<5)
hdkcfsf yik` cflicipf
CD 7 tiopih `mnfsil, suiri
 amr`mtir, tiopih tm`ik`

CZ 7 hmnuir`i omk`itihik Umruailik ifr cik Cfirm (C.5515)

 pisfmk pmrutkyi sihft oihikik
CD 7 cmbmhisf nmafl cirf :x
cinio 13 gio, bmsms nmoamh,
itiu jifr, A] lfpmrihtfb

:.  Cfi`kdsfs hmpmriwitik yik` ok`hfk oukjun

i.  Lfpmrtmof amrluauk`ik cmk`ik pmkfk`hitik nigu omtiadnfsom
(C.59:5)
 a.  Cmbfjft kutrfsf amrluauk`ik cmk`ik pmkfk`hitik hmautulik
omtiadnfsom (C.5596)
j.  Fktdnmriksf ihtfvftis amrluauk`ik cmk`ik hmnmoilik (C.55=2)
c.  @ik``uik pdni tfcur amrluauk`ik cmk`ik lioaitik nfk`huk`ik
(C.55==)
m.  Iksfmtis amrluauk`ik cmk`ik cfsbuk`sf systmo hmnuir`i (C.55<5)
b.  Cfirm amrluauk`ik cmk`ik pmruailik ifr cik oihikik
oi hikik (C.5515)

93
 

3.  Fktmrvmksf

 Kd. Cfi`kdsfs Suguik Fktmrvmksf Qisfdkin

hmpmriwitik
9.  Lfpmrtmof Zmtmnil cfnihuhik Oikigmomk Lfpmrtmrofi (F. 9==52)   Omk`fcmktfbfhisf
 amrluauk`ik tfkcihik hmpmriwitik Dasmrvisf
cik omk`mndni
  ncmktfbfhisf pmkymaia Lfpmrtmrofi
cmk`ik :x 13 gio, cfliriphik 7 hmnmaflik vdnuom
  odkftdr sulu tuaul
 pmkfk`hitik 9. Uujit omkuruk   odkftdr hicir mnmhtrdnft jifrik fktrivishunmr
nigu 1. Omk``f`fn omkuruk   odkftdr hdopnfhisf cik mhstrismnunmr
omtiadnfsom :. Sihfhircf omkuruk   Ihfait Lfpmrtmrofi smrti omkjm`il
Smripmutfh
(C.59:5) 3. Zulu omoaifh tmrgicfkyi
  Ndk``irhik itiu nmpishik pihifik hmtit
=. Zulu hunft    amrfhik jifrik drin hdopnfhisf
omoaifh Mcuhisf
(Smrodrm`unisf   Ikgurhik tfril airfk`
Hdniadrisf
N.939:3)
  Hdniadrisf pmoamrfik
Jifrik cik mnmhtrdnft
1. Cmbfjft kutrfsf Zmtmnil cfnihuhik Umoiktiuik Kutrfsf
Kutrfsf (F.5:91:) Dasmrvisf   Hmicmhuitik
 amrluauk`ik tfkcihik hmpmriwitik   Fcmktfbfhisf bihtdr yik` omopmk`irulf isupik kutrfsf
isupik `fzf
cmk`ik :x 13 gio, cfliriphik 7 uktuh omomkulf
  Fcmktfbfhisf pmruailik AA
 pmkfk`hitik 9.  Udni oihikik   Fcmktfbfhisf hmnifkik pici hunft hmautulik

9=

hmautulik yik` cfliafshik   Fcmktfbfhisf hmnifkik pici rioaut omtiadnfso

omtiadnfsom 1.  Zirfiwik   Fcmktfbfhisf pdni oihik   Omk`uopunhik
(C.5596)  amrhurik`   Fcmktfbfhisf hmnifkik pici huhu cik omk`ikinfsfs
  Fcmktfbfhisf Hmoiopuik omkmnik
:.  Umrisiik jmpit citi yik` amrhiftik
  Fcmktfbfhisf hmnifkik pici rdk``i ounut
hmkyik` omkuruk   Fcmktfbfhisf hmnifkik mnfofkisf cmk`ik isupik cik
3.   Kibsu oihik   Odkftdr ouin ouktil stitus `fzf
  Odkftdr isupik drin
omkfk`hit
  Odkftdr wirki hdkguk`tfvi
=.  Afsfk` usus
  Odkftdr lisfn niadritdrfuo
omoaifh Smripmutfh
2.  Omoarik   Sfoaik` AA
  ]hur iktrdprdomtrf hdopdsfsf tuaul
ouhdsi omoaifh
  Lftuk` pmruailik AA
(Ztitus kutrfsf
  Itur fktmrvin wihtu pmoiktiuik smsuif
N.5:5:5) cmk`ik hdkcfsf pisfmk
  Cdhuomktisf hik lisfn pmoiktiuik
Mcuhisf

  Gmnishik tuguik cik prdsmcur

Umoiktiuik
  Fkbdroisf hik lisfn pmoiktiuik
:. Fktdnmriksf Zmtmnil cfnihuhik Umoiktiuik tikci vftin (F.51525) Omk`uopunhik cik
ihtfvftis tfkcihik hmpmriwitik Dasmrvisf omk`ikinfsfs citi lisfn

92
 

 amrluauk`ik :x 13 gio, cfliriphik 7   odkftdr kicf ( brmhumksf, hmhuitik,  pmk`uhurik buk`sf

cmk`ik 9.  Brmhumksf kicf frioi ) vftin hircfdvishunmr,
  odkftdr pmrkipisik ( brmhumksf,
hmnmoilik omoaifh  pmrkibisik cik sulu
hmcinioik )
(C.55=2) 1.  Hmoucilik cinio   odkftdr sulu tuaul tuaul
omnihuhik   odkftdr dhsfomtrf kicf
ihtfvftis smlirf -   fcmktfbfhisf pmkymaia pmruailik tikci
vftin
lirf
Smripmutfh
:.  Umrisiik nmoil   itur fktmrvin pmoiktiuik smsuif hdkcfsf
omkuruk  pisfmk
3.  Brmhumksf kipis
  Cdhuomktisfhio lisfn pmoiktiuik
Mcuhisf
omoaifh
  Gmnishik tuguik cik prdsmcur
(Sdnmriksf ihtfvftis  pmoiktiuik
N.5=530)   Fkbdroisfhik lisfn pmoiktiuik, gfhi
 pmrnu
3. @ik``uik Zmtmnil cfnihuhik Smhkfh Omkmkik`hik (F.5<13<) Smhkfh rmnihsisf
 pdni tfcur tfkcihik hmpmriwitik Dasmrvisf cmk`ik pmoamtuhik
  Fcmktfbfhisf oisinil yik` cflicipf
 amrluauk`ik :x 13 gio, cfliriphik 7 foigfkisf fkcfvfcu
Smripmutfh
cmk`ik 9.  Hmsmgiltmriik bfsfh   Auit hdktrrih cmk`ik pisfmk cmk`ik om``ukihik
lioaitik omoaifh   Jfpthik ruik`ik yik` kyioik cik smoui fkcmri omninuf
tmkik`

90

nfk`huk`ik 1.  Umriwitik smsuif Mcuhisf  pmordsmsik hd`kftfb

(C.55==) hmautulik   Ikgurhik omkcmk`irhik ousfj, vfcmd uktuh omk`urik`f
:.  Hmnulik tfcih ikfoisf, yik` nmoaut itiu ousfj yik` strmss
cfsuhif
kyioik omkuruk   Ikgurhiik omnihuhik tmhkfh omkmk
3.  @mnfsil omkuruk ik`hik lfk``i pmrisiik omkgicf
tmkik`
=.  Hmnulik sunft tfcur
omkuruk
2.  Hmnulik
hmcfk`fkik
0.  Udni mnfofkisf
omoaifh
<.  Udni tfcur omoaifh
(Ztitus Hmkyioikik
N.5<523)
=. Iksfmtis Zmtmnil cfnihuhik Qmcuhsf iksfmtis (F.56:93) Omofkfoinhik
 amrluauk`ik tfkcihik hmpmriwitik Dasmrvisf hdkcfsf fkcfvfcu cik
  Fcmktfbfhisf siit tfk`hit iksfmtis
cmk`ik :x 13 gio, cfliriphik 7  pmk`inioik suaymhtfb
 amruail
cfsbuk`sf 9.  Hdktih oiti   Fcmktfbfhisf hmoiopuik omk`ioafn tmrlicip dagmh yik`
systmo omoaifh hmputusik tfcih gmnis cik spmsfbfh

9<
 

hmnuir`i 1.  Udni tfcur   Odkftdr tikci-tikci iksfmtis ihfait itsfpisf ailiyi
(C.55<5) omoaifh Smripmutfh yik` omouk `hfkhik
  Jfptihik suisiki tmripmutfh uktuh
:.  Uujit omkuruk fkcfvfcu omnihuhik tfk
omkuoaulhik hmpmrjiyiik
3.  Umrfnihu `mnfsil   Uiliof sftuisf yik` omoauit iksfmtis cihik uktuh
omkurk   @ukihik pmkcmhitik yik` tmkik` cik omk`licipf ikjioik
=.  Srmodr omkuruk omyihfkhik
  Cmk`irhik cmk`ik pmkul pmrlitfik
(Sfk`hit Iksfmtis
  Mcuhisf
N.5656:)   Gmnishik prdsmcur, tmroisuh smksisf
yik` cfiniof
  Ikgrhik hmnuir`i uktuh tmtip amrsioi
 pisfmk
  Nitfl hm`fitik pmk`inflik uktuh
omk`urik`f hmtm`ik`ik
  Nitfl tmhkfh rmnihsisf
Hdniadrisf
  Hdniadrisf pmoamrfik dait iktfiksfmtis,
 gfhi pmrnu
2. Cfirm Zmtmnil cfnihuhik Umoamrfik Dait ( F. 51521 ) Omkyfiphik, omoamrf
 amrluauk`ik tfkcihik hmpmriwitik Dasmrvisf cik omk`mvinuisf
  fcmktfbfhisf hmouk`hfkik inmr`f,
cmk`ik :x 13 gio, cfliriphik 7 hmmbmhtfbik i`mk
fktmrihsf cik hdktri fkcfhisf dait
 pmruailik ifr 9.   Kymrf iacdomk   odkftdr tikci vftin cik kfnif biroihdnd`fs yik` cf

96

cik oihikik omkuruk niadritdrfuo smamnuo pmoamrfik dait  prd`iohik

(C.5515) 1.  Hdkifstmksf bmsms Smripmutfh

omoaifh   Umrlitfhik pmrdcusmr pmoamrfik dait

  nihuhik prfksfp 2 amkir
:.  Brmhumksf cmbmhisf    auik` dait yik` tfcih tmrpihif
omoaifh /hicinuirsi
3.  Cfstmksf iacdomk   cdhuomktisfhik pmoamrfik dait cik
rmspdk tmrlicip dait
omkuruk
Mcuhisf
(Mnfofkisf bmhin N.   Gmnishik gmkfs dait, inisik pmoamrfik
535:: )   Sfkcihik yik` cf lirip hik cik mbmh
siopfk`
  Gmnishik bihtdr yik` cipit omkfk`hithik
cik omkurukhik mbmhtfbftis dait

15
  

N.  Cibtir Uustihi

Lirtfkf, Z., & Umrtfwf. (159=). Mbmhtfbftis hdoprms ifr lik`it tmrlicip
 pmkukrukik sulu tuaul ikih cmoio usfi 9  ‚   : tiluk cf ZOJ QZ
Smnd`drmgd Zmoirik`. 
Zmoirik`. Lttp7//mgdurkin.sfhtmstmnd`drmgd.ij.fc 
Lttp7//mgdurkin.sfhtmstmnd`drmgd.ij.fc 

O .Sldardkf, foio. (159=). Amnigir cik Umoamnigirik 7 Smdrf cik Urihtmh.

Vd`yihirti 7 Irr-Quzz Omcfi

 Kur, Qdloil Qmsty U Ikc I`us Zirwd Uriyd`f, Ikc Mhd

Zuryikf, (159<) Umkmripik
(159<) Umkmripik Hdoprms Lik`it Uici Ikih Cmoio
 Cmk`ik @ik``uik Umomkulik Hmautulik Kyioik Cf Qsuc
Znmoik.  Zhrfpsf
Znmoik. Slmsfs, Udntmhhms Hmomkhms Vd`yihirti.
Lttp7//Mprfkts.Udntmhhmsgd`gi.ij.fc/939:/  
Lttp7//Mprfkts.Udntmhhmsgd`gi.ij.fc/939:/

 Kurirfb, I.L & Husuoi, L. (159=). Ipnfhisf Isulik Hmpmriwitik

Amrcisirhik Cfi`kdsi Omcfs cik Kikci KFJ-KDJ. Mcfsf Qmvfsf
Gfnfc 9. Vd`yihirti7 Omcfijtfdk

UUKF, S. U. (1590). Ztikcir Cfi`kdsfs Hmpmriwitik Fkcdkmsfi (ZCHF)7

Cmbfkfsf cik Fkcfhitdr Cfi`kdstfh ((jmtihik FFF) 9 mc.). Gihirti7 CUU
UUKF.

UUKF, S. U. (159<). Ztikcir Fktmrvmksf Hmpmriwitik Fkcdkmsfi (ZFHF)7

Cmbfkfsf cik Sfkcihik Hmpmriwitik ((jmtihik FF) 9 mc.). Gihirti7
CUU UUKF.

UUKF, S. U. (1596). Ztikcir Nuirik Hmpmriwitik Fkcdkmsfi (ZNHF)7

Cmbfkfsf cik Hrmtmrfi Lisfn Hmpmriwitik ((jmtihik FF) 9 mc.). Gihirti7
CUU UUKF.

Pircfyil, Iryiktf. (1592). Umraikcfk`ik Mbmhtfbftis Umoamrfik Hdoprms

Lik`it Cik Smpfc spdk`m Smrlicip Umkurukik Zulu Suaul Ikih
Vik` Omk`iniof cmoio Qsuc Cr. L. Iacun Odmndmh Urdvfksf
Niopuk`. Gurkin Fnou Hmpmriwitik - Rdnuom 3, Kd. 9, 3=. Cfihsms
cirf  Lttp7//gfh.ua.ij.fc/fkcmx.plp/gfh/irtfjnm/cdwkndic/959/63 
cirf Lttp7//gfh.ua.ij.fc/fkcmx.plp/gfh/irtfjnm/cdwkndic/959/63 

Vilyi, O. Izof. (159<). Isulik

Isulik Hmpmriwitik Uici Hnfmk Ik. Y Cmk`ik
Bmarfs Cf Quik` Qiwit Fkip Ikih Qsuc Cr. Ijloic Odjltir
Auhfttfkk``f Siluk 159<
.Lttp7//Qmpd.Ztfhmspmrfktfs.ij.fc/915</9/32%15sfshi%15cioiyiktf.
Ucb  

Wmfk, ]oir. 1591. Auhu

Auhu Zihu Cmoio. Omcik 7 ]Z] UQMZZ 1591

19