CHAPTER 3 The Visual and Plastic Arts Lesson 1 THE DIFFERENT MEDIUMS OF PAINTING WHAT IS PAINTING? Painting is the creation of a two-dimensional visual language with certain aesthetic qualities, which expresses ideas and emotions. The elements of art such as shapes, lines, colors, tones, and textures are used in different ways to produce sensations of volume, space, movement, and light on a flat surface. These elements are organized into expressive style to represent realistic or supernatural subjects, unravel historical or narrative themes, or make entirely unique visual relationships. The following are the different mediums of painting: 1. Oil Painting. This is done with the use of ground pigments (from minerals, coal tar, vegetable matter, etc.) Oil paintings are long-lasting, slow in drying, easy to handle. Oil painting creates luminous colors and blends well with surrounding paints however it is hard to move to the next stage in painting because of slow drying, Fishermen by Ang Kiukok ‘Ang Kiukok’s work combined the hope and struggle of fishermen working together for their haul, the crimson sun hovering above them, representing perpetual energy. https://www.spot.ph/arts-culture/63814/10-expensive-filipino-paintings2. Fresco (Italian for Fresh). A method of painting water-based pigments on freshly applied plaster, usually on wall surfaces. The colors, which are made by grinding dry-powder pigments in pure water, dry and set with the plaster to become a permanent part of the wall. The Fresco paintings are durable. It is quick to dry. Fresco paintings are not movable because they are permanently attached to the walls; and fresco paintings are subject to loss in the event that the walls are destroyed. ‘Two kinds of Fresco: a. When the plaster is wet, it is described as buon fresco or true fresco. b. When the plaster is dry, it is described as fresco seco or dry fresco. The Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci heps://www britonnica.com/topic/Last-Supper-fresco-by-teonardo-da-Vinc 3. Water Color. It is one of the most popular painting mediums for fine artwork Water color is done with the use of pigments mixed with water and applied to fine white paper. Liquid colors are more suitable for mixing larger amounts of paint. Watercolors dry quickly which can be both an advantage and disadvantage Watercolor Painting Balut Vendors by Vicente Manansale https://www pinterest. ph/pin/35550296431 1051509/‘Tempera. Its name stems from the Latin word temperare, meaning to mix in proportion. A tempera painting is done with the use of ground pigments mixed with an albuminous or colloidal vehicle (egg yolk, gum, glue, or casein). Unlike oil paint, tempera cannot be applied to thickly, and thus lack the deep coloration of oil. Tempera paintings are very long lasting and colors do not deteriorate overtime. Master of the Codex of Saint George: The Crucifixion hetps:/www britonnico.com/art/tempera-painti Pastel. Pastel painting is done with the use of pastel colors closely resembling dry pigments bound to form crayons, which are directly applied to the surface. It brings vibrant and lively color. However, the color may get dirty sometimes and the works fragile Self-Portrait by William Merritt Chase, ca. 1884 art-history/pastel-drawings-famous-ortists-time/ /www artistsnetwork.co ”42 2 Acrylic. Acrylic painting is done with the use synthetic paints called acrylics mixed with a vehicle capable of being thinned with water. Wet paint can be cleaned off using just soap and water. As compared to other synthetics, acrylics are less strong and are not resistant to matting. i: Waheed nn Net Bones EA Woterfront by Hanna MacNaughtan, acrylic on canvas hetps://www.ortistsnetwork.com/art-mediums/acrylic/25-acrylic-paintings-25-top-artists/ 7. Encaustic. Encaustic painting is done with the use of hot wax as a vehicle to bind pigments to a wooden panel or a wall. It has a range of textural and color advantages that makes it an excellent alternative to oil painting. Encaustic painting needs to be kept in molten state to maintain its good quality. Fayum funerary Portraits: Man with a beard, 2 century, Part of the Myers Collection, Eton College, Windsor; Portrait of the Boy Eutyches AD 100-150, The Met Museum; A portrait from the late 1" century CE, Walters Art Museum, Baltimore. https://www.widewalls.ch/magazine/ encaustic-ancient-painting-techniqueLesson 2 ARCHITECTURE WHAT IS ARCHITECTURE? It is the art of designing structures. Architecture comes from the Latin term, architectura and ultimately from Greek, architekton meaning chief, builder, carpenter, and mason. Roles of the Architect Fletcher gives a definite definition of the role of the architect: construction, articulation, and aesthetics. Theory of Architecture The theory of Architecture was the accepted translation of Latin term ratiocinatio as used by Vitruvius, a Roman architect-engineer of the 1" century CE. This was acknowledged to distinguish theoretical from practical knowledge in architectural education 1. Durability (firmitas). It should stand up robustly and remain in good condition. 2. Utility (utilitas). It should be useful and function well for the people using it. 3. Beauty (venustas). It should delight people, and raise their spirits BRIEF HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1. Greck Architecture. Architectural structures during this period are best seen on a hill, the “Acropolis.” Three Orders of Columns of Greek Architecture a. Doric, No base, simple capital and grooved shaft. b. Ionic, With base, scrolled capital and grooved shaft. c. Corinthian, With base, acanthus-leaf and fluted shaft. Tonic Corinthianfom sea Sr Doric order Ionic order Corinthian order Greek Orders by Pearson Scott Foresman ttps://aww.ducksters.com/history/ancient_greece/erchitecture.phott:~text=Greek%20Columns,down%20 the%20sides%20called9620fluting. 2. Roman Architecture. First to use bricks and cement can be seen in their public buildings: Coliseum, basilicas (Pantheon), arches, aqueducts (Nimes), and amphitheaters. Tit PT tie: iit weak tik The Alexander Column in Palace Square, outside the Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg. The granite structure is 165 feet (50 metres) tall and weighs 600 tons. Attos//www.britannica.com/technology/column-orchitecture 46Roman Order of Columns a, Tuscan. Doric capital with base and plain shaft b. Composite. Combined Ionic-Corinthian capital with base and fluted shaft. Doric onic Corinthian © freydopmda Brtunica. Ine Comparison of three of the main Greek column styles—Doric, lonic, and Corinthian. hetps://www.britannica.com/technology/order-orchitecture 3. Byzantine Architecture. A typical feature found in practically all Byzantine churches was the iconostasis and floor plan was based on the Greek cross. Istanbul: Basilica Cistern httos://www.britannica.com/technology/Basilica-Cistern 474, Romanesque Architecture. This is an architectural style of medieval Europe characterized by semi-circular arches. West facade of the cathedral in Santiago de Compostela, Spain tos://www.britonnica.com/art/Western-orchtecture/Romanesque 5. GothicArchitecture. The Gothic architectural style in Europe actually lasted from the mid-12" century to the 16" century, Its masonry building is characterized by huge spaces with overlaid tracery of broken walls. Chartres Cathedral, France hetps:/Avww.britennica.com/art/Gothic-orchitecture 486. Renaissance Architecture. The European architecture of the period between the early 14**and early 16" centuries in different regions, demonstrating a conscious revival and development of certain elements of ancient Greek and Roman thought and material culture. Lantern on top of the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore (the Duomo) of Florence by Filippo Brunelleschi, 1436. htos://www britannica.com/art/Western 7. 19 Century Architecture. Use of new construction materials, hydraulic and steel cable elevators made higher structures possible, and concentration of business in urban areas resulted in higher coats. Bibliotheque Nationale by Henri Labrouste v.britannica.com/art/Western-architecture/20th-century-orchitectureTHE ARCHITECTURAL PLANNING 1 2. Orientation. The control of the effects of sun, wind and rainfall. Design. The modification of the effects of the natural forces. For example, porches, eaves, roofs, etc. Fenestration. The control and distribution of windows for light, ventilation, and hearing Walls. The insulation and heating control. Color. It should be chosen for the practical and expressive qualities: reflection and absorption of light. Material and techniques. It depends on the nature of the materials used and the intention for them. TYPES OF ARCHITECTURE ACCORDING TO FUNCTION 1. Domestic. It provides shelter and security for the basic physical functions of life and at times also for commercial, industrial, or agricultural activities that involve the family unit rather than the community.2. Recreational. Buildings used for sports, leisure activities, adventure and thrill activities. Aerial view of the Colosseum, Rome hetpsi//www britannica.com/technology/stadium 3. Commercial. These include offices, retail outlets, and other facilities where commercial business is conducted. NCCC Mall, Maa, Davao City https://edgedavao.net/atest-news/2017/08/23/dt-awards-16-ncce -stores-gold-seal/4. Religious. Thisis the construction of places of worship, suchas churches, mosques, stupas, synagogues, and temples. San Pedro Cathedral, Davao City htp://davoocitybybattad. blogspot.com/2011/11/san-pedro-cathedral-of-davao: 5. Military or Defense. This is the art of fortifications. United States established first permanent military base in the heart of the Negev in Israel httos://www.middleeastmanitor.com/20170920-us-builds-permanent-military-base-in-israel/ Factories. Manufacturing plant ora production plant where workers manufacture goods or operate machines processing one product into another. A factory taken from Bratislava, Slovakia htps://unsplosh.com/photos/PAfgEDLOQH4Lesson 3 SCULPTURE WHAT IS SCULPTURE? The art of forming solid objects that represent a thing, person, idea, etc. out of a material such as wood, clay, metal, or stone, or an object made in this way. Two Processes of Sculpture 1. Subtraction. The artist uses chisels, hammers, and other tools, for example in stone sculpture. The famous Easter Island Moai Stone Sculptures (c.1250-1500 CE) hntto://www.visual-arts-cork.com/sculpture/stone. htm 2. Addition. The artist puts together bits of clay or by welding together the metal parts Jo Taylor's clay sculpture htips://ceramicartsnetwork.org/daily/ceramic-ort-ond-artists/ceramic-sculpture/a-couple-of- clay-sculpture-techniques/ 87CLASSIFICATION OF SCULPTURES ACCORDING TO MATERIALS AND METHODS OF TREATMENT 1, Stone Sculpture. This is a sculpture in a restricted sense, which for its noblest and most excellent works made use of marble. Mandarin Duck with Scrolls, Jade Sculpture psi//www.britannica.com/art/sculpture/Materials 2. Wood Sculpture. This flourished in the middle ages. Encasing the carved work with cloth covered with chalk in order to facilitate polychromy. Pietd by Michelangelo Buonarroti housed in St. Peter's Bai httos//www.wikiart.org/en/michelangelo/pie' ica, Vatican City,3. Sculpture in Metal. This is the most lasting work. The oldest metal sculpture pieces are made out of copper alloys and bronze. Other metals such as gold and silver are softer, enabling the artisan to shape the metal with tools by hammering. Cherkes and a Woman on Horse by Eugene Alexandrovich Lanceray fetpsi//weldguru.com/metar-sculpture/ 4. Repousse Sculpture. It refers to metal working technique in which malleable metal is beaten into form by hammer and puncheon. This is used for smaller subjects only, Silver Mask, Gerhard Herbst, by Weimar https://wwa.ganoksin.com/article/goldsmithing-repousse-chasing/ 505. Sculpture in Clay. This is a sculpture produced by molding. A good example for this is Terracotta. The clay is molded in a soft substance and it hardens either by firing or drying Terracotta Statuette, Nok culture of Nigeria hetp://www.visual-arts-cork.com/sculpture/terracotta htm 6. Sculpture in Ivory. This is the carving of ivory, generally by using sharp cutting tools, This is often used for small proportions and suitable for delicate and pathetic subjects. triumphant emperor. http://www.visuat-arts-cork.com,sculpture/ivory-carving.htm7. Glyptic. The art of cutting gems e.g. engraving of medals, coins, and seals which have a cultural importance rather than an artistic and aesthetic Elephant subject, glyptic art bnetps://alypticorts.in/ REDISCOVERING THE ROOTS OF PHILIPPINE SCULPTURE 1. Isabelo Tampico Y Lakandola. He is considered tobe the greatest Filipino sculptor of the 19" century. Isabelo's entry to the Exposicién Regional de Filipinas (inaugurated in Manila in 1895) was a carving of an altar with a crucifix enclosed, used with native plant motifs manifesting art nouveau sensibilities. Frame designs of this sort were later known as “Tampinco frames.” Three-Seater Setter, Narra and Rattan sculpted by Isabelo Tampico (1909) htips://ww. liveauctioneers.com/item/57750215,_ isabelo-tampinco-18501933 62 Guillermo Tolentino. He represented the National Artist Awards for Sculpture in 1973. He is considered as the “Father of Philippine Arts” because of his great works like the famous “Bonifacio Monument” symbolizing Filipinos cry for freedom located in intersection of EDSA and Rizal Avenue and “The Oblation” in UP signifying academic freedom. Eduardo Castrillo. He was an award-winning Filipino sculptor. He was among the youngest TOYM Awardees, having received the prestigious award at the age of 29. In the 1970, he was generally considered the most avant garde sculptor and was labeled by a publication as “the Phenomenon of Philippine Art”. He was also a jewelry artist and designer. Some of his major works are People Power Monument (1993), The Redemption (1974), and Paghimud-os (1975). The Redemption Paghimud-os People Power Monument hetps://philippinecenterny.com/artists/pNapolean Abueva. In 1976, he was proclaimedas National Artist of the Philippines for Visual Arts by then President Ferdinand Marcos. He was the youngest recipient of the title at age 46. Some of his major works include Kaganapan (1953), Kiss of Judas (1955), Thirty Pieces of Silver, The Transfiguration, Eternal Gardens Memorial Park (1979), UP Gateway (1967), Nine Muses (1994), UP Faculty Center, Sunburst (1994)-Peninsula Manila Hotel. His Sandugo or Blood Compact shrine in Bohol, Tagbilaran City is a landmark at the site of the first international treaty of friendship between Spaniards and Filipinos. Siyam na Diwata ng Sining sculpture by Abueva (9 Fairies of Theatre) 1991, University of the Philippines College of Arts and Letters https://peoplepill com/people/napoleon-abueva/ 63