PRACTICE 1

I. CHOOSE THE BEST ANSWER.

1. DNA was first __________ by Friedrich Miescher in 1869. DNA is used by

__________ as a molecular tool to explore physical laws and theories, such as the
ergodic theorem and the theory of elasticity.
A. isolate/ researcher B. isolate/ researches
C. isolated/ researchers D. isolated/ research

2. Judy, a 21-YO woman with chronic paranoid schizophrenia, was __________ to the
hospital with a __________ of pneumonia.
A. admitted/ diagnosis B. admitting/ diagnosis
C. admitting/ diagnose D. admitted/ diagnose

3. A chemical produced in the body will be called a hormone if it can affect processes in
a different part of the body. In fact, a hormone is a chemical produced by one tissue to
make things happen _________.
A. elsewhere B. nowhere C. in no place D. lately

4. The nervous system takes in information through our senses, __________ the
information and triggers reactions, such as __________ your muscles move or causing
you to feel pain.
A. processes/ making B. process/ making
C. processes/ make D. process/ make
5. The function of __________ is to give colour to an individual’s skin and to protect it
from the sun while __________ makes the skin tough and waterproof, so it prevents
water from entering the body through the skin.
A. keratin/ melanin B. melanin/ keratin
C. keratin/ keratin D. melanin/ melanin

6. Nutrients are the chemicals found within foods __________ the health of the human
body. Usually, nutrients __________ by the body via the gastrointestinal tract.
A. promoting/ receiving B. that promotes/ are received
C. promoting/ received D. that promote/ are received

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7. She was brought to the ER by her mother, who said Judy had been very
__________, had a temperature of 104°F, and had had __________ rigidity for three
days.
A. lethargic/ muscle B. lethargic/ muscular
C. lethargy/ muscle D. lethargy/ muscular

8. At the bottom of each nail, under the skin, is the nail root __________ layers of
keratin are formed and pushed out towards the __________.
A. where/ fingertips B. when/ nail bed
C. which/ lunula D. whose/ cuticle

9. Smooth muscle fibres within the prostate, which are __________ sympathetic control,
play a role __________ controlling urine flow through the bulbar urethra, and also
contract at orgasm to move seminal fluid __________ ejaculatory ducts into the bulbar
urethra (emission).
A. under/ with/ through B. with/ in/ through
C. under/ in/ through D. by/ in/ into

10. Efforts to prevent osteoporosis __________ a healthful diet, adequate intake of

calcium and vitamin D, and engaging in __________ weight-bearing exercises, such as
walking, running, aerobics, and weight training.
A. includes/ regular B. include/ regular
C. includes/ regularly D. include/ regularly

11. These exercises __________ bone growth and also __________ to the balance and
muscle strength needed to prevent falls.
A. stimulating/ contribute B. stimulate/ contributing
C. stimulate/ contribute D. stimulating/ contributing

12. Glands can be classified whether they secrete chemicals _________ the blood.
Some glands which make up the endocrine system secrete hormones directly into the
bloodstream. The exocrine system consists of organs and glands that produce
substances that are used outside the bloodstream.
A. on B. into C. with D. off

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13. The limbic system of the brain __________ memory, emotion, and behavior.
A. integrates B. integrate C. integrating D. integrated

14. A tumor __________ hypersecretion of GH in children __________ gigantism, in

which the child grows exceptionally fast and becomes extremely tall, often reaching 2.4
meters (8 feet).
A. that cause/ causes B. causing/ causes
C. causes/ causes D. that causes/ causing

15. The radius and ulna connect to the bones of the wrist, called ________. These
connect to ________ , which are the main long bones of the hand.

A. tarsals/ metatarsals B. metatarsals/ tarsals

C. metacarpals / carpals D. carpals/ metacarpals

16. The influence of many hormones is not easy to measure because they can have
effects that are less obviously urgent but can be more far-reaching and difficult to track.
They can also have an influence on people’s __________ and actions by modifying
moods and affecting human behavior.
A. psychological B. psychologist C. psychology D. psychologists

17. It generally takes up to 6 hours for digestion __________. During this process, solid
products of digestion __________ into the small intestine.
A. occurring/ transport B. to occur/ transport
C. occurring/ are transported D. to occur/ are transported.

18. Because rickets softens the areas of growing tissue at the ends of a child's bones
(growth plates), it can cause skeletal deformities such as bowed legs or knock knees,
_____________ wrists and ankles and breastbone projection.

A. thicken B. thickened C. thick D. thickness

19. Your child's body needs vitamin D _____________ calcium and phosphorus from
food.

A. absorbs B. absorbing C. absorbed D. to absorb

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20. The integument is the outer covering of the body, __________ all of the parts of the
body inside and __________ unwanted things from entering the body from outside.
A. that holds/ prevents B. holds/ preventing
C. holding/ prevent D. which holds / prevents

II. FIND THE MISTAKE.

1. Laboratory studies of stem cells enable scientists to learn about the cells’ essential
properties and which makes them different from specialized cell types.

2. In osteomalacia there is a softening of bone tissue because diminished calcium salt

formation.

3. The main function of the heart is pumped the blood (to function as the engine of the
cardiovascular system), beginning the process of circulation.

3. Possibly causes include deficiency of vitamin D, needed to absorb calcium and

phosphorus from the intestine; renal disorders; liver disease; and certain intestinal
disorders.

4. The dermis contain the glands, such as sweat glands, mammary glands, and
sebaceous glands which produce oil to make the skin and hair elastic.

6. Surgery to remove the appendix, which is called appendicitis, is the standard

treatment for almost all cases of appendicitis.

7. When osteomalacia occurs in children, the disease is called as rickets. Rickets is

usually caused by a vitamin D deficiency.

8. After her stroke, Rosita was unable to understand writing or spoken words.

9. Bones located in the nasal cavity includes the vomer - a triangular bone in the nasal
septum, the palatine, which is situated at the back part of the nasal cavity and the
inferior nasal concha, which extends horizontally along the wall of the nasal cavity.

10. Osteoporosis causes bones to become weak and brittle — so brittle that a fall or
even mild stresses such as bending over or cough can cause a fracture.

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III. READING COMPREHENSIION

Read the article and choose the best answer to each question. Write TRUE, FALSE
or NOT GIVEN for each of the following statements below.

TRUE if the statement agrees with the text

FALSE if the statement contradicts the text

NOT GIVEN if no information is given

Chronic kidney failure, as opposed to acute kidney failure, is a slow and gradually
progressive disease. Even if one kidney stops functioning, the other can carry out normal
functions. It is not usually until the disease is fairly well advanced and the condition has
become severe that signs and symptoms are noticeable; by which time most of the
damage is irreversible. It is important that people who are at high risk of developing kidney
disease have their kidney functions regularly checked. Early detection can significantly
help prevent serious kidney damage.

Kidney dialysis is the removal of waste products and excessive fluids from blood when
the kidneys cannot do the job properly any more. Dialysis has some serious risks,
including infection. There are two main types of kidney dialysis. Each type also has
subtypes. The two main types are hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.

Hemodialysis: Blood is pumped out of the patient's body and goes through a dialyzer (an
artificial kidney). The patient undergoes hemodialysis about three times per week. Each
session lasts for at least 3 hours. Experts now recognize that more frequent sessions
result in a better quality of life for the patient, but modern home-use dialysis machines are
making this more regular use of hemodialysis possible.

Peritoneal dialysis: The blood is filtered in the patient's own abdomen; in the peritoneal
cavity which contains a vast network of tiny blood vessels. A catheter is implanted into
the abdomen, into which a dialysis solution is infused and drained out for as long as is
necessary to remove waste and excess fluid.

A kidney transplant is a better option than dialysis for patients who have no other
conditions apart from kidney failure. Even so, candidates for kidney transplant will have
to undergo dialysis until they receive a new kidney. The kidney donor and recipient should
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have the same blood type, cell-surface proteins and antibodies, in order to minimize the
risk of rejection of the new kidney. Siblings or very close relatives are usually the best
types of donors. If a living donor is not possible, the search will begin for a cadaver donor
(dead person).

QUESTIONS 1-10

1. Once one kidney stops functioning, the other cannot function normally.

A. TRUE B. FALSE C. NOT GIVEN

2. People at high risk of developing kidney disease should have their kidney functions
regularly checked.
A. TRUE B. FALSE C. NOT GIVEN

3. Kidney dialysis is the removal of waste products and excessive fluids from blood
when the kidneys cannot function properly any more.
A. TRUE B. FALSE C. NOT GIVEN

4. There are two main types of kidney dialysis, including hemodialysis and peritoneal
dialysis.
A. TRUE B. FALSE C. NOT GIVEN

5. Patients with serious kidney damage can save a lot of money using modern home-
use dialysis machines.
A. TRUE B. FALSE C. NOT GIVEN

6. With peritoneal dialysis, blood is pumped out of the patient's body and goes through a
dialyzer.
A. TRUE B. FALSE C. NOT GIVEN

7. Peritoneal dialysis is more efficient than hemodialysis in dealing with kidney failure.
A. TRUE B. FALSE C. NOT GIVEN

8. A kidney transplant is a better option than dialysis for every patient with kidney
failure.
A. TRUE B. FALSE C. NOT GIVEN

9. Candidates for kidney transplant will have to undergo dialysis until they receive a new
kidney.
A. TRUE B. FALSE C. NOT GIVEN

10. The kidney donor and recipient don’t need to have the same blood type, cell-surface
proteins and antibodies, in order to minimize the risk of rejection of the new kidney.
A. TRUE B. FALSE C. NOT GIVEN