Test 4 Name:

1. Does the series

(1)
n

n
2
4
converge absolutely, converge conditionally, or
diverge? Explain your reasoning.
Solution.

n
2
4

n
2
=

1
n
so this diverges and the original
series does not converge absolutely. On the other hand, the original series is an
alternating, decreasing series with terms going to zero, so that series converges by the
alternating series test. All together, the original series converges conditionally.
2. For what x does the power series

n=2
(x 4)
n
(n
2
n)3
n
converge? Bonus. What
does it converge to? (Hint for the bonus: n
2
n = n(n 1).)
Solution. Consider

|x 4|
n
(n
2
n)3
n
and apply the root test:
n

|x 4|
n
(n
2
n)3
n
=
|x 4|
n

n
2
n3

|x 4|
3
so this series will converge whenever
|x 4|
3
< 1 or equivalently |x 4| < 3
3 < x 4 < 3 1 < x < 7. Now we check the endpoints: if x = 7, the series is

3
n
(n
2
n)3
n
=

1
n
2
n

1
n
2
so converges by comparison with a p-series; if
x = 1, the series is

(3)
n
(n
2
n)3
n
=

(1)
n
n
2
n
which converges by the alternating
series test. All together, the series converges if 1 x 7.
Bonus. The series is f(x) =

n=2
(x 4)
n
n(n 1)3
n
=
(x 4)
2
2 1 3
2
+
(x 4)
3
3 2 3
3
+
(x 4)
4
4 3 3
4
+
. . . . Thus f

(x) =
1
3
2
+
(x 4)
3
3
+
(x 4)
2
3
4
+ . . . . This is a geometric series with
a =
1
9
and r =
(x4)
3
. Thus it converges to
a
1r
=
1/9
1(x4)/3
=
1
93x+12
=
1
213x
. Since
f

(x) =
1
213x
, f

(x) =
ln |7x|
3
and f(x) =
x
3
+
1
3
(7 x) ln |7 x|.
3. Given that cosh x =

x
2n
(2n)!
= 1+
x
2
2!
+
x
4
4!
+
x
6
6!
+
x
8
8!
+. . . , nd lim
y0
cosh y cos y
y
2
.
Solution. cosh y cos y = (1 +
y
2
2!
+
y
4
4!
+
y
6
6!
+ . . . ) (1
y
2
2!
+
y
4
4!

y
6
6!
+ . . . ) =
2
y
2
2!
+ 2
y
6
6!
+ . . . . Thus
cosh ycos y
y
2
= 2
1
2!
+ 2
y
4
6!
+ = 1 + 2
y
4
6!
+ . . . which goes to 1 as
y 0. Thus the limit is 1.
Choose and complete 4 of the remaining 5 questions. Please indicate clearly which
question you wish to omit.
4. Find the rst 5 terms of a power series for

x centered at x = 1.
Solution. Using the binomial series

1 + x = (1 + x)
1/2
= 1 +
1
2
x +

1/2
2

x
2
+

1/2
3

x
3
+

1/2
4

x
4
+ . . .
where

1/2
2

=
(1/2)(1/2)
2
=
1
8
,

1/2
3

=
(1/2)(1/2)(3/2)
32
= 1/16 and

1/2
4

=
(1/2)(1/2)(3/2)(5/2)
432
=
5
128
. Thus

1 + x = 1 +
1
2
x
1
8
x
2
+
1
16
x
3

5
128
x
4
+ . . .
Replacing x with x 1, we have

1 + (x 1) =

x = 1 +
1
2
(x 1)
1
8
(x 1)
2
+
1
16
(x 1)
3

5
128
(x 1)
4
+ . . .
Alternatively, you could compute several derivatives and plug in to the Taylor
series formula directly.
5. Find a power series for

e
x
2
dx.
Solution. You know
e
x
=

n=0
x
n
n!
= 1 + x +
x
2
2!
+
x
3
3!
+
x
4
4!
+ . . .
Replacing x with x
2
, we have
e
x
2
=

n=0
(x
2
)
n
n!
=

n=0
(1)
n
x
2n
n!
= 1 x
2
+
x
4
2!

x
6
3!
+
x
8
4!
. . .
And integrating, we have

e
x
2
dx =

n=0
(1)
n
x
2n+1
(2n + 1) n!
= x
x
3
3
+
x
5
5 2!

x
7
7 3!
+
x
9
9 4!
. . .
6. Consider the power series

n=0
(n+1)x
n
= 1+2x+3x
2
+4x
3
+5x
4
+. . . . What
function does this series represent?
Solution. Let f(x) be this power series. Note that

f(x) dx = x + x
2
+ x
3
+
x
4
+ x
5
+ =
1
1x
1. Thus f(x) =
d
dx
(
1
1x
1) = (1 x)
2
(1) =
1
(1x)
2
.
7. Find a power series for cos

x + 1.
Solution. You know
cos x =

n=0
(1)
n
x
2n
(2n)!
= 1
x
2
2!
+
x
4
4!

x
6
6!
+
x
8
8!
. . .
Replacing x with

x 1, we have
cos

x 1 =

n=0
(1)
n
(x + 1)
n
(2n)!
= 1
x + 1
2!
+
(x + 1)
2
4!

(x + 1)
3
6!
+
(x + 1)
4
8!
. . .
8. Find a power series for ln |1 + x|.
Solution. Let f(x) = ln |1+x|. f

(x) =
1
1+x
=
1
1(x)
= 1x+x
2
x
3
+x
4
=

n=0
(1)
n
x
n
. Thus f(x) = C+x
x
2
2
+
x
3
3

x
4
4
+
x
5
5
. . . and f(0) = C = ln |1| = 0.
Bonus. State and prove the triple angle identities (that is, express cos(3x) and
sin(3x) in terms of cos x and sin x).
Solution. Using e
ix
= cos x + i sin x, we can write
e
i(3x)
= cos(3x) + i sin(3x)
or
e
i(3x)
= (e
ix
)
3
= (cos x + i sin x)
3
= cos
3
x + 3i cos
2
x sin x + 3i
2
cos x sin
2
x + i
3
sin
3
x
= cos
3
x+3i cos
2
x sin x3 cos x sin
2
xi sin
3
x = (cos
3
x3 cos x sin
2
x)+i(3 cos
2
x sin xsin
3
x)
Comparing real and imaginary parts, we have
cos 3x = cos
3
x 3 cos x sin
2
x
sin 3x = 3 cos
2
x sin x sin
3
x