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In the beginning of 18th century Joseph Louis Proust stated that hydrogen atom is the building
material and atoms of all other elements are simply due to the combination of number of
hydrogen atoms. (It is to be noted that at his time the atomic weight of all elements were given
as whole numbers and the atomic weight of hydrogen was taken as one.)
DOBEREINER’S TRIADS
A German chemist Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner (1829) noted that there were groups of
elements with three elements known as triads. Elements in each group or a triad possess with
similar chemical properties. Dobereiner discovered that “the relative atomic mass of the middle
element in each triad was close to the average of the relative atomic masses of the other two
elements”. This statement is called the Dobereiner’s law of Triads.
In this table, atomic mass of sodium is equal to arithmetic mean of atomic masses of lihtium and
potassium. Similarly, atomic mass of strontium is equal to arithmetic mean of atomic masses of calcium
and barium.
Q1. Did Dobereiner’s triads also exist in the columns of Newlands’ Octaves? Compare
and find out.
Ans:
Yes. Lithium, sodium and potassium; beryllium; magnesium and calcium are two triads that
also exist in the columns of Newland’s octaves.
The elements in the first column, for example, react with oxygen to form compounds with the
general formula R2O. For example, Li, Na and K when react with oxygen form compounds like
Li2O, Na2O and K2O respectively.
Elements of the second column react with oxygen to form compounds with the general formula
RO. For example, Be, Mg and Ca when react with oxygen form BeO, MgO and CaO.
Mendeleef tried to explain the similarities of elements in the same group in terms of their
common valency.
1. Groups and sub-groups: There are eight vertical columns in Mendeleeff’s periodic table
called as groups. They are represented by Roman numerals I to VIII. Elements present in a
given vertical column (group) have similar properties. Each group is divided into two sub-
group ‘A’ and ‘B’. The elements within any sub-group resemble each other to great extent.
For example, sub-group IA elements called ‘alkali metals’ (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr) resemble
each other very much.
2. Periods: The horizontal rows in Mendeleeff’s periodic table are called periods. There are
seven periods in the table, which are denoted by Arabic numerals 1 to 7. A period
comprises the entire range of elements after which properties repeat themselves.
3. Predicting the properties of missing elements: Based on the arrangement of the elements in
the table he predicted that some elements were missing and left blank spaces at the
appropriate places in the table.
He named those elements tentatively by adding the prefix ‘eka’ (eka is a Sanskrit numeral
means one) to the name of the element immediately above each empty space. The predicted
the properties of elements namely eka-aluminium, eka-boron, eka-aluminium and eka-
silicon were close to the observed properties of Scandium, Gallium and Germanium
respectively which were discovered later.
It was the extraordinary thinking of Mendeleeff that made the chemists to accept the
periodic table and recognise Mendeleeff more than anyone else as the originator of the
periodic law.
Q1. Use Mendeléev’s Periodic Table to predict the formulae for the oxides of the
following elements:
K, C, AI, Si, Ba.
Ans:
Oxygen is a member of group VIA in Mendeleef’s Periodic Table. Its valency is 2. Similarly,
the valencies of all the elements listed can be predicted from their respective groups. This can
help in writing the formulae of their oxides.
(ii) Carbon (C) is a member of group IVA. Its valency is 4. Therefore, the formula of its oxide
is C2O4 or CO2.
(iii) Aluminium (Al) belongs to groups IIIA and its valency is 3. The formula of the oxide of
the element is Al2O3.
(iv) Silicon (Si) is present in group IVA after carbon. Its valency is also 4. The formula of its
oxide is Si2O4 or SiO2.
(v) Barium (Ba) belongs to group IIA and the valency of the element is 2. The formula of the
oxide of the element is Ba2O2 or BaO.
Q2. Besides gallium, which other elements have since been discovered that were left by
Mendeléev in his Periodic Table? (any two)
Ans:
Scandium and germanium are the two elements that had been left by Mendeleef.
Q3. What were the criteria used by Mendeléev in creating his Periodic Table?
Ans:
The criteria used by Mendeleef were
(i) Physical and chemical properties of the elements.
(ii) Atomic masses in increasing order.
Q4. Why do you think the noble gases are placed in a separate group?
Ans:
Noble gases are also called inert gases because they have a complete octet and hence, are very
stable. They do not react with other elements due to their stability. Since they all are
unreactive, have complete octet and similar behaviour so they are placed in a separate group .
Long form of the periodic table is a chart of elements in which the elements have been
arranged in the increasing order of their atomic numbers. This table consists of horizontal
rows called periods and vertical columns called groups.
The modern periodic table has also been divided into four blocks known as s,p,d and f
blocks.
STUDY OF GROUPS
Vertical columns in the periodic table starting from top to bottom are called groups. There
are 18 groups in the periodic table.
First group elements are called alkali metals.
Second group elements are called alkaline earth metals.
Groups three to twelve are called transition elements .
Group 1, 2 and 13 - 18 are called normal elements or main group elements or
representative elements .
Group 16 elements are called chalcogen family (except polonium).
Group 17 elements are called halogen family.
Group 18 elements are called noble gases or inert gases.
Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 167 -
The lanthanides and actinides which form part of the group 3 are called inner transition
elements.
CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUPS
The elements present in 2 and 18 groups differ in atomic number by 8,8,18,18,32.
The elements present in 13 – 17 groups differ in atomic number by 8,18,18,32.
The elements present in 4 – 12 groups differ in atomic number by 18,32,32.
The elements present in a group have the same number of electrons in the valence shell of
their atoms.
The elements present in a group have the same valency.
The elements present in a group have identical chemical properties.
The physical properties of the elements in group such as melting point, boiling point,
density vary
gradually.
Atomic radii of the elements present in a group increases downwards.
Q1. How could the Modern Periodic Table remove various anomalies of Mendeléev’s
Periodic Table?
Ans:
1. The fundamental basis for Modern Periodic Table is atomic number and not atomic mass
and hence, it is more accurate.
2. Properties of elements could be well explained when they were arranged according to their
increasing atomic number in the Modern Periodic Table.
3. A separate group for noble gases could be created when noble gases were discovered.
4. Hydrogen has been given a unique position in the Modern Periodic Table at the top left
corner because of its unique properties.
Q2. Name two elements you would expect to show chemical reactions similar to
magnesium. What is the basis for your choice?
Ans:
Magnesium (Mg) belongs to group 2 of Modern Periodic Table, known as alkaline earth metal
family. The two other elements belonging to the same group are beryllium (Be) and calcium
(Ca).
Calcium and magnesium; Beryllium and magnesium - This is because both of them have
electronic configuration similar to Mg
Mg K L M
2 8 2
Ca K L M N
2 8 8 2
Be K L
2 2
These elements belong to the same group and hence, will show similar properties.
Q3. Name
(a) three elements that have a single electron in their outermost shells.
(b) two elements that have two electrons in their outermost shells.
(c) three elements with filled outermost shells.
Ans:
(a) Li Na K
2, 1 2, 8, 1 2, 8, 8,1
(b) Mg Ca
2, 8, 2 2, 8, 8, 2
(c) He Ar Ne
2 2,8 2, 8, 8
(b) Helium is an unreactive gas and neon is a gas of extremely low reactivity. What, if
anything, do their atoms have in common?
Ans:
(a) Li, Na, and K have one electron in their outermost shell.
Li 2, 1 (Atomic number 3)
Na 2, 8, 1 (Atomic number 11)
K 2, 8, 8, 1 (Atomic number 19)
(b) They both have completely filled outer shell.
K L
He 2 (Atomic number 2)
Ne 2 8 (Atomic number 10)
Q5. In the Modern Periodic Table, which are the metals among the first ten elements?
Ans:
Metals among the first ten elements are lithium and beryllium.
Q6. By considering their position in the Periodic Table, which one of the following
elements would you expect to have maximum metallic characteristic?
Ga Ge As Se Be
Ans:
The position of the given elements in the Periodic Table is as.
Ga Ge As Se Br
(Most metallic) → (Least metallic)
On moving from left to right in a period, size decreases due to increase in effective nuclear
charge and hence, tendency to lose electron, i.e., metallic character decreases. Thus Ga has
maximum metallic characteristic or metallic nature.
Q1. Which of the following statements is not a correct statement about the trends when
going from left to right across the periods of periodic Table.
(a) The elements become less metallic in nature.
(b) The number of valence electrons increases.
(c) The atoms lose their electrons more easily.
(d) The oxides become more acidic.
Ans:
(c) On moving from left to right, the atomic number increases and hence, the nuclear charge
increases. With the increase of nuclear charge, the force binding the electron increases so the
atom lose the electrons with more difficulty, not easily.
Q2. Element X forms a chloride with the formula XCl2, which is a solid with a high
melting point. X would most likely be in the same group of the Periodic Table as
(a) Na (b) Mg (c) AI (d) Si
Ans:
(b) The formula of chloride is XCl2 that means the valency of the element X is 2. The element
having valency 2 will present in group 2. Out of given choices magnesium (Mg) belongs to
group 2.
(d) Element with two shells with 3 electrons in the valence shell will exist in second period and
will have the electronic configuration 2,3. The atomic number of this element will be 5 (2 + 3).
So, it will be bron (B).
(e) The element has two shells. we know that first shell can have only 2 electrons, so according
to the question there will be 4 electrons (double the number of electrons in first shell). The
electronic configuration will be 2, 4 , so the atomic number is 6. Hence, the element is carbon
(C).
Q4. (a) What property do all elements in the same column of the Periodic Table as boron
have in common?
(b) What property do all elements in the same column of the Periodic Table as fluorine
have in common?
Ans:
(a) All elements of 13th group, in which boron is present, have 3 electrons in their valence
shell (2, 8, 3).
(b) Fluorine belongs to 17th group. All elements of this group have 7 electrons in their valence
shell (2, 8, 7). They all show a valency of 1 in their compounds.
Q6. The position of three elements A, B and C in the Periodic Table are shown below –
Group 16 Group 17
--- ---
--- A
--- ---
B C
(a) State whether A is a metal or non-metal.
(b) State whether C is more reactive or less reactive than A.
(c) Will C be larger or smaller in size than B?
Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 172 -
(d) Which type of ion, cation or anion, will be formed by element A?
Ans:
(a) Since, A belongs to group 1 valence electrons so it is a non-metal because it will gain
electron to complete its octet.
(b) C lies below A and in the same group. As we move down in a group, the size increases and
electronegative character decreases. With the increase in electronegative character, the electron
adapting tendency and hence the reactivities decrease so, C is less reactive than A.
(c) C is smaller than B in size because as we move left to right in a period atomic size
decreases.
(d) As discussed in part (a) that element A has a tendency to gain electron to complete its octet.
It needs to take up one electron, so it will form anion (A−).
Q7. Nitrogen (atomic number 7) and phosphorus (atomic number 15) belong to group 15
of the Periodic Table. Write the electronic configuration of these two elements. Which of
these will be more electronegative? Why?
Ans:
(a) Electronic configuration of nitrogen and phosphorus:
K L M
N 2, 5
P 2, 8, 5
(b) N will be more electronegative than P as electronegativity decreases on going down a group
in case of non-metals.
Q8. How does the electronic configuration of an atom relate to its position in the Modern
Periodic Table?
Ans:
The number of valence electrons in an atom of an element tells us the group number. e.g., Na
has atomic number 11
Electronic configuration of Na (11) = K L M
2 8 1
It has one electron in its last shell, thus it belongs to group I of the Periodic Table.
The number of shells in its electronic configuration tells the period number e.g., Na shows 3
shells K, L, M so it belongs to 3rd period of the Periodic Table.
Q9. In the Modern Periodic Table, calcium (atomic number 20) is surrounded by
elements with atomic numbers 12, 19, 21 and 38. Which of these have physical and
chemical properties resembling calcium?
Ans:
Q10. Compare and contrast the arrangement of elements in Mendeléev’s Periodic Table
and the Modern Periodic Table.
Ans:
Mendeleev’s periodic table Modern periodic table
1. Elements are arranged in the increasing 1. Elements are arranged in the increasing
order of their atomic masses. order of their atomic numbers.
2. There are a total of 7 groups (columns) 2. There are a total of 18 groups
and 6 periods (rows). (columns) and 7 periods (rows).
3. Elements having similar properties 3. Elements having the same valence shell
were placed directly under one another. are present in the same period while
elements having the same number of
valence electrons are present in the
same group.
4. The position of hydrogen could not be 4. Hydrogen is placed above alkali metals.
explained.
5. No distinguishing positions for metals 5. Metals are present at the left hand side
and non-metals. of the periodic table whereas non-
metals are present at the right hand
side.