man pages section 1: User Commands

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Using This Documentation
Introduction
User Commands
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Language:
ksh(1)
Name
ksh, ksh93, rksh - Korn Shell, a standard and restricted command and programming
language
Synopsis

ksh [±abcefhikmnoprstuvxBCD] [-R file] [ ±o option] ...

[-] [arg ...]
rksh [±abcefhikmnoprstuvxBCD] [-R file] [±o option] ...
[-] [arg ...]

Description

ksh is a command and programming language that executes commands read from a
terminal or a file. rksh is a restricted version of the command interpreter ksh.
rksh is used to set up login names and execution environments whose capabilities
are more controlled than those of the standard shell.

See Invocation for the meaning of arguments to the shell.

Definitions

A metacharacter is defined as one of the following characters:

; & ( ) | < > NEWLINE SPACE TAB

A blank is a TAB or a SPACE.

An identifier is a sequence of letters, digits, or underscores starting with a

letter or underscore. Identifiers are used as components of variable names.

A vname is a sequence of one or more identifiers separated by a period (.) and

optionally preceded by a period (.). vnames are used as function and variable
names.

A word is a sequence of characters from the character set defined by the current
locale, excluding non-quoted metacharacters.

A command is a sequence of characters in the syntax of the shell language. The

shell reads each command and carries out the desired action either directly or by
invoking separate utilities. A built-in command is a command that is carried out by
the shell itself without creating a separate process. Some commands are built-in
purely for convenience and are not documented in this manual page. Built-ins that
cause side effects in the shell environment and built-ins that are found before
performing a path search (see Execution) are documented in this manual page. For
historical reasons, some of these built-ins behave differently than other built-ins
and are called special built-ins.
Commands

A simple-command is a list of variable assignments (see Variable Assignments) or a

sequence of blank-separated words which can be preceded by a list of variable
assignments. See the Environment section of this manual page.

The first word specifies the name of the command to be executed. Except as
specified in this section, the remaining words are passed as arguments to the
invoked command. The command name is passed as argument 0. See exec (2). The value
of a simple-command is its exit status. If it terminates normally, its value is 0-
255. If it terminates abnormally, its value is 256+signum. The name of the signal
corresponding to the exit status can be obtained by way of the –l option of the
kill built-in utility.

A pipeline is a sequence of one or more commands separated by |. The standard

output of each command but the last is connected by a pipe(2) to the standard input
of the next command. Each command, except possibly the last, is run as a separate
process. The shell waits for the last command to terminate. The exit status of a
pipeline is the exit status of the last command unless the pipefail option is
enabled. Each pipeline can be preceded by the reserved word!. This causes the exit
status of the pipeline to become 0 if the exit status of the last command is non-
zero, and 1 if the exit status of the last command is 0.

A list is a sequence of one or more pipelines separated by ;, &, |&, &&, or |, and
optionally terminated by ;, &, or |&. Of these five symbols, ;, &, and |& have
equal precedence, which is lower than that of && and ||. The symbols && and || also
have equal precedence.

A semicolon (;) causes sequential execution of the preceding pipeline. An ampersand

(&) causes asynchronous execution of the preceding pipeline, that is, the shell
does not wait for that pipeline to finish. The symbol |& causes asynchronous
execution of the preceding pipeline with a two-way pipe established to the parent
shell. The standard input and output of the spawned pipeline can be written to and
read from by the parent shell by applying the redirection operators <& and >& with
arg p to commands and by using –p option of the built-in commands read and print.
The symbol && (||) causes the list following it to be executed only if the
preceding pipeline returns a zero (non-zero) value. One or more NEWLINEs can appear
in a list instead of a semicolon, to delimit a command. The first item of the first
pipeline of a list that is a simple command not beginning with a redirection, and
not occurring within a while, until, or if list , can be preceded by a semicolon.
This semicolon is ignored unless the showme option is enabled as described with the
set built-in.

A command is either a simple-command or one of commands in the following list.

Unless otherwise stated, the value returned by a command is that of the last
simple-command executed in the command.

for vname [ in word ... ] ;do list ;done

Each time a for command is executed, vname is set to the next word taken from
the in word list. If in word ... is omitted, the for command executes the do list
once for each positional parameter that is set starting from 1. Execution ends when
there are no more words in the list. See Parameter Expansion.
(( [expr1] ; [expr2] ; [expr3] )) ;do list ;done

The arithmetic expression expr1 is evaluated first. The arithmetic expression

expr2 is repeatedly evaluated until it evaluates to zero and when non-zero, list is
executed and the arithmetic expression expr3 evaluated. If any expression is
omitted, then it behaves as if it evaluated to 1. See Arithmetic Evaluation.
select vname [ in word ... ] ;do list ;done

A select command prints on standard error (file descriptor 2) the set of words,
each preceded by a number. If in word... is omitted, the positional parameters
starting from 1 are used instead. See Parameter Expansion. The PS3 prompt is
printed and a line is read from the standard input. If this line consists of the
number of one of the listed words, then the value of the variable vname is set to
the word corresponding to this number. If this line is empty, the selection list is
printed again. Otherwise the value of the variable vname is set to null. The
contents of the line read from standard input is saved in the variable REPLY. The
list is executed for each selection until a break or EOF is encountered. If the
REPLY variable is set to null by the execution of list, the selection list is
printed before displaying the PS3 prompt for the next selection.
case word in [ [(] pattern [ | pattern ] ... ) list ;; ] ... esac

A case command executes the list associated with the first pattern that matches
word. The form of the patterns is the same as that used for file name generation.
See File Name Generation.

The ;; operator causes execution of case to terminate. If ;& is used in place

of ;; the next subsequent list, if any, is executed.
if list ;then list [ ;elif list ;then list ] ... [ ;else list ] ;fi

The list following if is executed and, if it returns a zero exit status, the
list following the first then is executed. Otherwise, the list following elif is
executed, and, if its value is zero, the list following the next then is executed.
Failing each successive elif list, the else list is executed. If the if list has
non-zero exit status and there is no else list, then the if command returns a zero
exit status.
while list ;do list ;done
until list ;do list ;done

A while command repeatedly executes the while list and, if the exit status of
the last command in the list is zero, executes the do list, otherwise the loop
terminates. If no commands in the do list are executed, then the while command
returns a zero exit status, until can be used in place of while to negate the loop
termination test.
((expression))

The expression is evaluated using the rules for arithmetic evaluation described
in this manual page. If the value of the arithmetic expression is non-zero, the
exit status is 0. Otherwise the exit status is 1.
(list;)

Execute list in a separate environment. If two adjacent open parentheses are

needed for nesting, a SPACE must be inserted to avoid evaluation as an arithmetic
command as described in this section.

list is simply executed. Unlike the metacharacters, ( and ), { and } are

reserved words and must occur at the beginning of a line or after a ; to be
recognized.
[[ expression ]]

Evaluates expression and returns a zero exit status when expression is true.
See Conditional Expressions for a description of expression.
function varname { list ;}
varname () { list ;}

Define a function which is referenced by varname. A function whose varname

contains a . is called a discipline function and the portion of the varname
preceding the last . must refer to an existing variable.

The body of the function is the list of commands between { and }. A function
defined with the function varname syntax can also be used as an argument to the .
special built-in command to get the equivalent behavior as if the varname() syntax
were used to define it. See Functions.
time [ pipeline ]

If pipeline is omitted, the user and system time for the current shell and
completed child processes is printed on standard error. Otherwise, pipeline is
executed and the elapsed time as well as the user and system time are printed on
standard error. The TIMEFORMAT variable can be set to a format string that
specifies how the timing information should be displayed. See Shell Variables for a
description of the TIMEFORMAT variable.

The following reserved words are recognized as reserved only when they are the
first word of a command and are not quoted:

case
do

done

else

elif

esac

for

fi

function

if

select

then

time

until

while

{ }

[[ ]]

!
Variable Assignments

One or more variable assignments can start a simple command or can be arguments to
the typeset, export, or readonly special built-in commands. The syntax for an
assignment is of the form:

varname=word
varname[word]=word

No space is permitted between varname and the = or between = and word.

varname=(assignlist)

No space is permitted between varname and the =. An assignlist can be one of

the following:

word ...

Indexed array assignment.

[word]=word ...

Associative array assignment. If prefixed by typeset –a, creates an indexed

array instead.
assignment ...

Compound variable assignment. This creates a compound variable varname with

sub-variables of the form varname.name, where name is the name portion of
assignment. The value of varname contains all the assignment elements. Additional
assignments made to sub-variables of varname are also displayed as part of the
value of varname. If no assignments are specified, varname is a compound variable
allowing subsequence child elements to be defined.