TGr04TG General

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Mrpupau; topfhl;bAk;
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Kd;gps;isg; gUt tpUj;jp kw;Wk; Muk;gf; fy;tpj;Jiw

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
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,izaj;jsk; : www.nie.lk
kpd;dQ;ry; : info@nie.lk
mr;rpLjYk; tpepNahfKk; - fy;tp ntspaPl;Lj; jpizf;fsk;

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Mrpupau;; topfhl;bAk;;
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(2019 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhdJ.)
Kd;gps;i sg; gUt tpUj;j p kw;Wk; Muk;gf; fy;tpj;Jiw

Njrpa fy;t p epWtfk;
,yq;i f.
kpd;dQ;ry; : info@nie.lk
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Mrpupau; topfhl; b Ak;
juk; 4
Kjw; gjpg;G: 2018

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
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nkhopfs;> khDltpay; kw;Wk; r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
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kpd;dQ; ry; : info@nie.lk
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gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp
2007 Mk; Mz;L eilKiwapypUe;j cs;slf;fj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l

ghltpjhdj;ij etPdg;gLj;jp> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> Muk;g> ,ilepiy fy;tpg; gug;Gfspd;
vl;L tUl Row;rp Kiwahd> Gjpa Njrpakl;l ghltpjhdj;jpd; Kjy; ghfj;jpid
mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ. Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FOtpdhy; Kd;nkhopag;gl;l Njrpa fy;tp
,yf;Ffis mbg;gil Nehf;fhff; nfhz;L> ,J nraw;gLj;jg;gl;lJld; nghJj;
Nju;r;rpfis tpUj;jp nra;J te;jJ.
gy;NtWgl;l fy;tpahsu;fshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;TfspdJk;> fUj;Jf;fspdJk;

nghUj;jg;ghl;Lld; gFj;jwpT thjj;jpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ghltpjhdk;
eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. mjd; njhlu;r;rpahfg; ghltpjhdr; Row;rpapd; ,uz;lhk;ghfk;
2015 Mk; Mz;by; ,Ue;J fy;tp Kiwapy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.
,e;jg; gFj;jwpTthj eilKiwapd; fil epiyapy; ,Ue;J cau;epiy tiu

midj;Jg; ghlq;fspYk; xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;l Kiwapy; Nju;r;rpfis tsu;jn ; jLg;gjw;fhf>
fPopUe;J Nky;Nehf;fp eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; mZFKiw gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. xNu
ghlj;jpd; cs;slf;fj;jpid Vida ghlq;fspYk; kPzL ; k; ghtpgg
; jidf; Fiwg;gjw;fhfTk;>
ghlj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fis kl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfTk;> nraw;gLj;jf;$bajhd khztu; ikag;
ghltpjhdk; xd;iw cUthf;Fk; Nehf;fpYk; fpilahd xUq;fpizg;ghdJ nraw;gl;L
tUfpd;wJ.
Mrpupau;fspwF ; > mtu;fsJ tFg;giwf; fw;gpjj ; y;fis topgg

; Lj;Jtjw;F mtrpakhd
topfhl;Ljy;fis toq;Ftjw;fhfTk;> jq;fisf; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfspy;
nghUj; j g; g hl; L ld; <LgLj; j pf; n fhs; t jw; f hfTk; > tFg; g iw mstP L fisAk;
kjpg;gL
P fisAk; nghUj;jkhfg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjid Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;L Gjpa
Mrpupa topfhl;b E}y;fs; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j topfhl;b. E}y;fs;> Mrpupaiu
xU nghUj;jg;ghLila Mrpupauhf tFg;giwapy; nraw;gl itf;fpd;wJ.
,e;j topfhl;b E}y;fspD}lhf> Mrpupau;fs; jq;fs; khztu;fspd; Nju;r;rpfis

tsu;j;njLf;fj; Njitahd ju cs;sPLfisAk;> nraw;ghLfisAk; jhq;fshfNt
njupe; n jLf; F k; Rje; j puj; j pidAk; ngw; W f; n fhs; f pd; w du; . tpje; J iuf; f g; g l; l
ghlg;gug;Gf;fspd; ghupa Rikfs; ,y;yhnjhopf;fg;gLfpwJ. Mjyhy;> ,g;Gjpa Mrpupa
topfhl;b E}y;fs; KOg;gad;ghL cilaitahtjw;F> fy;tp ntspaPl;lhsu;fspdhy;;
ntspaplg;gLk; tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;l ghl E}y;fspd; cr;rg;gad; ghl;bid ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJ
mtrpakhfpd;wJ.
,g;Gjpa gFj;jwpTthj ghltpjhdj;jpdJk;> Gjpa Mrpupa topfhl;b E}y;fs;> Gjpa

ghlE}y;fspdJk; mbg;gilf; Fwpf;Nfhs;> khztu;fis Mrpupa ikaf; fy;tpapypUe;J
tpLtpj;J> nraw;ghLfSld; $ba khztu; ikaf;fy;tpapid eilKiwg;gLj;jf;$ba
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fy;tp Kiwikapdhy;> g+Nfhs njhopy; re;ijfSf;F Njitahd Nju;r;rpfSk;
jpwd;fSk; kpf;f kdpj tsj;jpid toq;ff;$ba khztu;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapid
tpUj;jp nra;af;$bajhapUj;jNyahFk;.
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rigapd; mq;fj;jtu;fSf;Fk;> ,t;thrpupau; topfhl;b E}y;fspd; cUthf;fj;jpw;Fg;
gq;fspg;Gr; nra;j tsthsu;fSf;Fk; kw;Wk; ,t;Taupa Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf mu;g;gzpg;Gld;
gzpahw;wpa midtUf;Fk; vdJ ed; wpfisAk; tho;j;J f;fisAk; njuptpj;Jf;
nfhs;fpd;Nwd;.
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fw;wy; vd;gJ gue;J tpupe;J nry;tnjhd;whFk;. mJ tho;f;ifia Nkk;gLj;jTk;

vspikg;gLj;jTk; ty;yJ. kdpjd; fw;Fk; Mw;wypy; cr;r epiyapy; cs;shd;. kdpj>
r%f mgptpUj;jpia ikakhff; nfhz;l ve;jnthU ehLk; mjd; r%fKk;
mwpthw;wypdhy; ,dq;fz;l> epahakw;wtw;iwf; fise;J> ey;ytw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp
Gj;Jyifg; gilg;gjw;fhd fUtpahf miktJ fy;tpahFk;.
fw;wYf;fhfg; ngWkjp kpf;fit vitNah mitAk; fw;wy; Kiwapay;fSk; trjpfSk;

fy;tpiar; #o cUthjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,t;tifapy;> fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; mlq;Ffpd;w
ghlj;jpl;lk;> Mrpupau; topfhl;b> trjp nra;J nfhLg;Nghu; (Facilitator) Nghd;wit
vy;yhk; fy;tpj;Jiwapy; Nru;e;J nfhs;fpd;wd.
,yq;ifapd; gz;ila mUQ; nry;tq;fisAk; etPd nry;newpfisAk; cs;thq;fp>

jdJ fy;tpf; Nfhyj;ij Nkk;gLj;jp tUfpd;wJ. rkfhyj; NjitfSf;F mika>
vl;lhz;LfSf;F xU jlit fy;tp kWrPuikg; GfspD}lhf ,w;iwg;gLj;jg; gLk;
fiyj;jpl;lj;Jf;Fupa xU fw;wy; tskhf ,e;j Mrpupau; topfhl;b jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Njrpa kl;lj;jpy; ghlf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fspd; xj;j jd;ik Ngzg;gLtJ mtrpakhFk;.

vdpDk;> Mrpupau; topfhl;bapy; jug;gl;Ls;s fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs; rw;NwDk;
khWglhJ> mr;nrhl;lhfg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F cupait my;y. ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Nju;r;rpfs;>
Nju;r ;rp kl; lq; fis miltjw;fhf ghl tplaq;fspd; %yk; fw;w w; NgWfis
mz;kpgg ; jw;fhf> fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfis Mf;fg+ut
; khdjhf khw;wp mikj;Jf;
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IaKkpy;iy. khztuJ milT kl;lj;ij cau; rjtPjj;Jf;F ,l;Lr; nry;y cjTk;
kw;Wk; mjw;fhd trjpfisr; nra;J nfhLf;Fk; MrpupauJ tfpghfj;jpw;F ce;Jjy;
mspg;gjw;fhfj; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,e;j Mrpupau; topfhl;bia Mrpupau;fs; kl;Lkd;wp>
khztUk; ngw;NwhUk; $lg; gad;gLj;j KbAk;. Fwpj;j ghlj;jpd; ghl E}Yf;Fj;
Jizahf mikAk; xU rhjdkhd ,e;j Mrpupau; topfhl;b> kw;WnkhU ghlE}y;
my;y vd;gij mwpe;J ghlE}y;> Mrpupau; topfhl;b Mfpa ,uz;ilAk; Mrpupau;fs;
gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
me;je;jg; ghlj;jpd; milT njhlu;ghf kjpg;gL P elj;Jk;> Njrpa kl;l guPl;rfu;fshy;

vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; milTfis mz;kpf;fr; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mt;tifapy; ghlj;ijf;
fw;gpgg
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; ghlj;Jf;Fupa
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjpapy; kjpg;gLP elj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mt;thwhd
fspg;g+l;lj;jf;f nrOikahd gz;ghl;ilf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhd xU fUtpahf ,e;j
Mrpupau; topfhl;b mika Ntz;Lnkdg; gpuhu;j;jpf;fpd;Nwd;.
fyhepjp tz. khGs;nfhl Rkzujd Njuu;

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2019 Mk; Mz;L %d;whk; Mz;by; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLk; ,e;j Mrpupau; topfhl;bahdJ>

2008 Mk; Mz;L mwpKfg;gLj;jpa Mrpupau; topfhl;bia 8 tUl fhyk; mKy;gLj;jpg;
ngw;Wf;nfhz;l mDgtq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L rPuhf;fk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
mj;NjhL Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jhy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l fiyj;jpl;l gpd;dha;T
gw;wpa nrayku;Tfspy; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l jfty;fs;> gy;NtW epWtdq;fs; %ykhf
Muk;gf; fy;tp njhlu;ghf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;Tfs; %ykhf ngwg;gl;l jfty;fs;>
Mrpupau;fs; kw;Wk; Mrpupa MNyhrfu;fs; %ykhf ngwg;gl;l jfty;fs; vd;gdTk;
,k;kWrPuikg;gpd;NghJ gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b vd;gJ Mrpupau;fs; jkJ tFg;giwapd; fw;wy; -

fw; gpj;j y; nraw; g hLfisj; jpl; l kpl;L f; nfhs; tjw;F topfhl; L k; mwpTWj; jy;
topfhl;bahFk;. ,t; mwpTWj;jy;fSf;F mikthfj; jkJ fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy;
nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpl;Lf; nfhs;tJ Mrpupau;fspd; nghWg;ghFk;. Muk;gf; fy;tp
khztu;fs; jkJ tsu;r;rpg; gUtj;jpy; kpf Kf;fpakhdnjhU fl;lj;jpy; ,Ug;gtu;fs;.
khztu; f spd; Mf; f r; rpe; jidj; jpwd; > r%fj; j pwd; > MSikj; j pwd; vd; g d
fl; b naOg; g g; g LtJ ,g; g Utj; j pNyahFk; . ,jdhy; khztu; f Sf; f hd fw; w y;
mDgtq;fisf; fl;bnaOg;Gk;NghJ ,t; topfhl;bapYs;s jfty;fSk; NkNy Fwpgg ; pl;l
gps;is tpUj;jpf; fhuzpfSk; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
khztu;fspd; fw;wYf;fhf mtu;fsJ mz;kpj;j Rw;whliy kpfTk; ntw;wpfukhfg;

gad;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s KbAk;. ,t;taJ khztu;fspd; fw;wy; ,lk;ngWtJ Kw;WKOjhf
#oNyhL ,ilj;njhlu;ig Nkw;nfhs;Sk; NghNjahFk;. ,jdhy; khztu;fSf;Ff;
fw;wy; mDgtq;fis toq;Fk;NghJ mz;kpj;j Rw;whliy kpf ntw;wpfukhfg;
gad;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j topfhl;bapYs;s fw;wy; - fw;gpjj ; y; nraw;ghLfis
xOq; f ikf; F k; N ghJ kfpo; r ; r pfukhd nraw; g hLfs; kw; W k; topfhl; l g; g l; l
tpisahl;LfSf;F Kf;fpa ,lk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. khztu;fSf;F jkJ gps;isg;
gUtj;jpy; kfpor; r
; pia mDgtpgg; jw;Fk; ntw;wpfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; re;ju;gg
; q;fs;
toq;f Ntz;baJ mtu;fsJ KOikahd tpUj;jpf;F mtrpakhdjhFk;. mt;thNw
mtu;fsJ vjpuf ; hy tho;fi; ff;F mtrpakhd Nju;rr ; pfis va;Jtjw;fhd tha;gG ; fisAk;
toq; f KbAk; . mjw; f hf tFg; g iwf; F s; KbAkhdtiu re; j u; g ; g q; f is
Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. jkJ tFg;gpy; fw;fpd;w fw;wy; re;ju;g;gq;fspd;NghJ
ve;jsTf;F kpfr; rpwg;ghf njhlu;GgLfpd;wdu; vd;gjpy; vg;nghOJk; Mrpupau; fz;Zk;
fUj;Jkhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. fzpg;gpLjy; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;w ,r;nraw;ghl;bd;
,Wjp tpisthf mika Ntz;baJ rfy khztu;fspdJk; fw;wiy tpUj;jp
nra;jyhFk;.mjhtJ khztuJ Kd;Ndw;wj;jpd; jd;ik njhlu;ghfj; jPu;khdnkLj;j
Yk; mjidr; rupahf mwpf;ifg;gLj;j Yk; mjw;F Vw;wthW me;j mwpf;ifg;gb
nraw;gLjYkhFk;.
,t; Mrpupau; topfhl;bia jahu;nra;AKfkhf Mrpupau;fs;> Mrpupa MNyhrfu;fs;>

mjpgu;fs;> Mrpupau; fy;Y}upfs;> Njrpa fy;tpf; fy;Y}upfs;> gy;fiyf;fof tpupTiuahsu;fs;
kw;Wk; fy;tp epu;thfpfs; gyuJk; cjtpfs; ngwg;gl;ld. ,t; midtUk; toq;fpa
gq;fspgG
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; wd;. mt;thNw vg;nghOJk; vq;fSf;F
topfhl;Lfpd;w Njrpa fy;tp epWtf gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; fyhepjp. jpUkjp. n[ae;jp
FzNrfumtu;fisAk;> gpujpg; gzpgg ; hsu; ehafk; tz.khk;Gs;nfhl Njuu; mtu;fisAk;
ed;wpAld; epidT$Ufpd;Nwd;. ,e;E}iy Mf;FKfkhf mu;g;gzpg;Gld; nrayhw;wpa
vkJ Jiwapd; rfy fy;tp rhu; gzpahau;fSf;Fk; fy;tprhuh Copau;fSf;Fk; vdJ
epiwthd ed;wpfs; cupj;jhfl;Lk;.
Mu; . vk; . Nf.j.rpy; t h

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Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
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Njrpa ,yf;Ffs;
Njrpa fy;tp KiwikahdJ> jdpegu;f;Fk; r%fj;jpw;Fk; nghUj;jkhd ngUk;ghyhd
Njrpa ,yf;Ffis miltjw;Fj; jdpegu;fSf;Fk; FOtpdUf;Fk; cjtp nra;jy;
Ntz;Lk;.
fle;j fhyq;fspy; ,yq;ifapd; ngUk;ghyhd fy;tp mwpf;iffSk; Mtzq;fSk;
jdpegu; NjitfisAk; Njrpa NjitfisAk; epiwT nra;tjw;fhf ,yf;Ffis
epu;zapj;Js;sd. rkfhy fy;tp mikg;GfspYk; nrad;KiwfspYk; ntspg;gilahff;
fhzg;gLk; gytPdq;fs; fhuzkhf> epiyNgWila kdpj tpUj;jpapd; vz;zf;fUj;jpl;l
tuk;gpDs; fy;tpapD}lhf milaf;$ba gpd;tUk; ,yf;Fj; njhFjpapid Njrpa fy;tp
Mizf;FO ,dq;fz;Ls;sJ.
1. kdpj nfsutj;ijf; fz;zpag;gLj;jy; vDk; vz;zf;fUTf;fs; Njrpag;gpizg;G>
Njrpa KOik> Njrpa xw;Wik> ,zf;fk;> rkhjhdk; vd;gtw;iw Nkk;gLj;jy;
%yKk; ,yq;ifg; gd;ikr; r%fj;jpd; fyhrhu NtWghl;bid mq;fPfupj;jy;
%yKk; Njrj;ijf; fl;b vOg;GjYk; ,yq;ifau; vDk; milahsj;ij
Vw;gLj;jYk;.
2. khw;wKWk; cyfj;jpd; rthy;fSf;Fj; jf;fthW Kfq;nfhLj;jNyhL> Njrpa
ghuk;gupaj;jpd; mjp rpwe;j mk;rq;fis mq;fPfupj;jYk; NgZjYk;.
3. kdpj cupikfSf;F kjpg;gspjj; y;> flikfs;> fl;Lg;ghLfs; gw;wpa tpopgG
; zu;T>
xUtu; kPJ xUtu; nfhz;Ls;s Mo;ej ; > ,ilawhj mf;fiwAzu;T vd;gtw;iw
Nkk;gLj;Jk; r%f ePjpAk; [dehaf tho;f;ifKiw epakq;fSk; cs;slq;fpa
Rw;whliy cUthf;FjYk; Mjupj;jYk;.
4. xUtuJ cs> cly; eyidAk; kdpj tpOkpaq;fSf;F kjpg;gspg;gij
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l epiyNgWila tho;fi
; ff; Nfhyj;ijAk; Nkk;gLj;jy;
5. ed;F xd;wpizf;fg;gl;l rkepiy MSikf;Fupa Mf;f rpe;jid> jw;WzpG>
Ma;e;J rpe;jpj;jy;> nghWg;G> tif$wy; kw;Wk; cld;ghlhd mk;rq;fis
tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
6. jdpeguJk; Njrj;jpdJk; tho;fi
; fj; juj;ijg; Ngh\pf;ff; $baJk; ,yq;ifapd;
nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspf;ff; $baJkhd Mf;fg; gzpfSf;fhd
fy;tpA+l;Ltjd; %yk; kdpjts mgptpUj;jpia Vw;gLj;jy;.
7. jdpegu;fspd; khw;wj;jpw;F Vw;g> ,zq;fp thoTk; khw;wj;ij Kfhik nra;aTk;
jahu;gLj;jTk; tpiuthf khwptUk; cyfpy; rpf;fyhdJk;> vjpu;ghuhjJkhd
epiyikfisr; rkhspf;Fk; jifikia tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
8. ePjp> rkj;Jtk;> gu];gu kupahij vd;gtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L> ru;tNjr
rKjhaj;jpy; nfsutkhdNjhu; ,lj;ijg; ngWtjw;Fg; gq;fspf;ff;$ba
kdg;ghq;FfisAk; jpwd;fisAk; tsu;j;jy;.
(Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO mwpf;if - 2003 bnrk;gu;)
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mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfs;
fy;tpapD}lhf tpUj;jp nra;ag;gLk; gpd;tUk; mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfs; Nkw;Fwpj;j Njrpa
,yf;Ffis miltjw;F toptFf;Fk;.
(i) njhlu;ghly; Nju;r;rpfs;

njhlu;ghly; gw;wpa Nju;r;rpfs; ehd;F Jizj; njhFjpfis mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;lit. vOj;jwpT> vz;zwpT> rpj;jpu mwpT> jfty; njhopy;El;gj; jifik
vOj;jwpT : ftdkhfr; nrtpkLj;jy;> njspthfg; NgRjy;>

fUj;jwpa thrpj;jy;> rupahfTk; nrk;ikahfTk;
vOJjy;> gad;jUtifapyhd fUj;Jg;
gupkhw;wk;.
vz;zwpT : nghUs;> ,lk;> fhyk; vd;gtw;Wf;F vz;fisg;

gad;gLj;jy;> vz;Zjy;> fzpj;jy;> xOq;F
Kiwahf msj;jy;.
rpj;jpu mwpT : NfhL> cUtk; vd;gtw;wpd; fUj;ij mwpjy;

tpguq;fs;> mwpTWj;jy;fs;> vz;zq;fs; Mfpa
tw;iwf; NfhL> cUtk;> tu;zk; vd;gtw;why;
ntspg;gLj;jYk; gjpT nra;jYk;.
jfty; njhopDl;gj; jifik : fzpdp mwpT> fw;wypy;> njhopy; Rw;whlypy;>

nrhe;j tho;tpy; jfty; njhlu;ghly; njhopy;
El;gq;fisg; (ICT) gad;gLj;jy;.
(ii) MSik tpUj;jp njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;

- Mf;fk;> tpupe;j rpe;jid> jw;WzpG> jPu;khdk; vLj;jy;> gpur;rpid tpLtpj;jy;>
EZf;fkhd kw;Wk; gFg;gha;Tr; rpej; id> mzpapduhfg; gzp nra;jy;> jdpahs;
,iltpidj; njhlu;Gfs;> fz;Lgpbj;jYk; fz;lwpjYk; Kjyhd jpwikfs;.
- Neu;ik> rfpg;Gj;jd;ik> kdpj nfsutj;ijf; fz;zpag;gLj;jy; Mfpa
tpOkpaq;fs;.
- kd vOr;rpfs;> Ez;zwpT
(iii) #oy; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;

,j;Nju;r;rpfs; #oNyhL njhlu;GWfpd;wd. r%fk;> capupay;> ngsjpfk;
r%fr; #oy; : Njrpa ghuk;gupak; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;T> gd;ikr; r%fj;jpd;

mq;fj;jtu;fs; vd;w tifapy; njhlu;GWk; Ez;Zzu;Tj;
jpwd;fSk;> gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gLk; ePjp> r%fj; njhlu;Gfs;>
jdpegu; elj;ijfs;> nghJthdJk; rl;lG+ut ; khdJkhd
rk;gpujhaq;fs;> cupikfs;> nghWg;Gf;fs;> flikfs;>
flg;ghLfs; vd;gtw;wpy; mf;fiwAk;.
capupay; #oy; : thOk; cyF> kf;fs;> capupay; #oy; njhFjp - kuq;fs;>

fhLfs;> fly;> ePu;> tsp> capupd jhtuk;> tpyq;F>
kdpj tho;T.
viii
ngsjpfr; #oy; : ,lk;> rf;jp> vupnghUs;> rlg;nghUs;> nghUs;fs; gw;wpAk;
mit kdpj tho;f;if> czT> cil> ciwAs;>
Rfhjhuk;> nrsfupak;> Rthrk;> epj;jpiu> ,isg;ghWjy;>
Xa;T> fopTfs;> capupd fopTg; nghUl;fs; Mfpatw;Wld;
nfhz;Ls;s njhlu;G gw;wpa tpopgG ; zu;Tk;> Ez;Zzu;Tj;
jpwd;fSk; fw;wYf;Fk; Ntiy nra;tjw;Fk; tho;tjw;Fk;
fUtpfisAk; njhopy; El;gq;fisAk; gad;gLj;Jk;
jpwd;fSk; ,q;F cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
(iv) Ntiy cyfpw;Fj; jahu; nra;jy; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;

mtu;fsJ rf;jpia cr;r epiyf;Ff;nfhz;L tUtjw;Fk; mtu;fsJ Mw;wiyg;
Ngh\pg;gjw;Fk; Ntz;ba njhopy;rhu; jpwd;fs;
nghUshjhu tpUj;jpf;Fg; gq; fspj;jy;; mtu;f sJ njhopy; tpUg;GfisAk;

csr;r hu; G fisAk; fz; l wpjy; ; mtu; f sJ Mw; w y; f Sf; F g; nghUj; j khd
Ntiyiaj; njupT nra;j y; ; gadspf; f f; $baJk; epiyNgWilaJkhd
rPtNdhghaj;jpy; <Lgly;.
(v) rkaKk; xOfyhWk; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;

md;whl tho;f;ifapy; kpfg; nghUj;jkhdtw;iwj; njupT nra;aTk;> ehshe;j
tho;f;ifapy; xOf;fnewp> mwnewp> rkanewp njhlu;ghd elj;ijfisg;
nghUj; jKw Nkw;nfhs; sTk; tpOkpaq; fisj; jd;k akhf;fpf; nfhs;sYk;
cs;thq;fYk;.
(vi) Xa;T Neuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jy;> tpisahl;L gw;wpa Nju;r;rpfs;

mofpaw; fiyfs;> ,yf;fpak;> tpisahl;L> nka;ty;Yeu; Nghl;bfs;> Xa;T
Neug; nghOJNghf;Ffs;> kw;Wk; tho;tpd; Mf;fG+u;tr; nraw;ghLfs; %yk;
ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; ,d;g Efu;r;rp> kfpo;r;rp> kdntOr;rpfs; ,it Nghd;w kdpj
mDgtq;fs;.
(vii) “fw;wYf;Ff; fw;wy;|| njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;

tpiuthf khWfpd;w rpf;fyhd> xUtupy; xUtu; jq;fp epw;fpd;w cynfhd;wpy;
xUtu; RahjPdkhff; fw;gjw;fhd typikaspj;jYk; khw;wpaikf;Fk; nrad;Kiw
Clhf khw;wj;jpw;Nfw;g ,aq;fTk; mjid Kfhik nra;aTk; Ntz;ba
czu;itAk; ntw;wpiaAk; ngwr; nra;jy;.
ix
fiyj;jpl;lf; FO
MNyhridAk; mDkjpAk;: fy;tprhu; mYty;fs; rig> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
MNyhrid : fyhepjp. jpUkjp. [ae; j p FzNrfu

gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
tz.fyhepjp khk;G s;n fhl Rkzujd Njuu;

gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
gzpg; G : Mu;.vk;.Nf. j rpy;t h

gzpg;ghsu; (gjpy;)> Kd;gps;isg; gUt tpUj;jp
kw;Wk; Muk;gf; fy;tpj; Jiw
njhFg;G k; ,izg;g hf;f Kk;: tp.vd;. v];. cjare; j pud;

rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> Kd;gps;isg; gUt tpUj;jp
kw;Wk; Muk;gf;fy;tpj; Jiw
fiyj;j pl;lf; FO : Mu;.vk;.Nf. j rpy;th (gjpy; gzpg;ghsu;;)

tp.vd;.v];.cjare;j pud; (rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;)
lgps;A.[P.v];. Fkhu (rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;)
v]; . vk; . v];. Njrg;g pupa (tpupTiuahsu;)
vr;. lgp.lgp.vk;. r[Pt h uk;G f;n ty; y (tpupTiuahsu;)
uP. re;j pupf;fh gPup]; (tpupTiuahsu;)
N[.V.epu;k yh [arpq;f (cjtp tpupTiuahsu;)
vr;.[P. tdNrfu (cjtp tpupTiuahsu;)
Nf.Mu;.vk;. rFe;jyh uzrpq;f (cjtp tpupTiuahsu;)
jha; n khop (jkpo; ) : tp.vd; . v]; . cjare; j pud;

rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;
Kd;gps;isg; gUt tpUj;jp kw;Wk;
Muk;gf;fy;tpj; Jiw
nkhopngau; g ; G : vk;. vr;. vk;. ahf;$ j;

Xa;Tngw;w gpujk nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup
vk; . gp.vk; . vk; . rpg;y p
Xa;Tngw;w nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup
Nf. n[afhe;jd;
mur nkhopngau;g;ghsu;
fzpdp tbtikg;G : vg;. ep];a h mkPu;

Nf. n[afhe;jd;
r.rj; j parP y d;
nkhopr; nrk; i kahf;f Kk;

gjpg;Gk; : tp.vd; . v]; . cjare; j pud;
rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;
Kd;gps;isg; gUt tpUj;jp kw;Wk;
Muk;gf; fy;tpj; Jiw
x
Muk;g f; fy;tpj; jpl;lk; - 2016
Kjd;i k epiy 1 Kjd;i k epiy 2 Kjd;i k epiy 3
• njhlu;ghly; Nju;rr; pfs;
juk; 1 juk; 2 juk; 3 juk; 4 juk; 5
• MSik tpUj;jp • jha;nkhop • jha;nkhop • jha;nkhop
njhlu;ghd Nju;rr
; pfs; • ,uz; lhtJ • Mq;fpyk; • Mq;fpyk;
Njrpa nkhop
• ,uz; lhtJ • ,uz; lhtJ
• #oy; njhlu;ghd • fzpjk; Njrpa nkhop Njrpa nkhop
Nju;rr
; pfs;
• fzpjk; • fzpjk;
• Ntiy cyfpwF
; j; • rkak; • rkak; • rkak;
jahu; nra;jy;
njhlu;ghd Nju;rr
; pfs;
gps;isfis mwpeJ
• rkaKk; xOfyhWk; Rw;w hly; Rw;w hly; Rw;w hly;
va;jpaikia cWjpgg
va;jpaikia cWjpgg
va;jpaikia cWjpgg
njhlu;ghd Nju;rr
; pfs; r hu; e ; j r hu; e ; j r hu; e ; j
xi
n r a w ; g hLf s; n r a w ; g hLf s; n r a w ; g hL f s
mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfs;
; Lj;jy;
; Lj;jy;
; Lj;jy;
nraw;ghL rhu;e;j
nraw;ghL rhu;e;j
nraw;ghL rhu;e;j
• Xa;T Neuj;ijg; gad;
tha;nkhop Mq;fpyk;
; nfhs;Nthk;.
tha;nkhop Mq;fpyk;;
tha;nkhop Mq;fpyk;
gLj;jy;> tpisahl;L
gw;wpa Nju;rr
; pfs; gps;i sapd; tpUg; G f; F k;
Kjd;ik epiy 1 ,d; mj;jpahtrpaf; fw;wy; Nju;r

Kjd;ik epiy 3 ,d; mj;jpahtrpaf; fw;wy; Nju;r
; r
Kjd;ik epiy 2 ,d; mj;jpahtrpaf; fw;wy; Nju;rr
; r
rpe; j idf; F khd njupTg; g hlk ;

• ~~fw;wYf;Ff; fw;wy;||
; pfis
; pfis
; pfis
njhlu;ghd Nju;rr
; pfs; ,izg;ghltpjhdr; ,izg;ghltpjhdr; ,izg;ghltpjhdr;
nraw;ghLfs; nraw;ghLfs; nraw;ghLfs;
tpisahl;L> tpNehjr;
nray;f s;
nraw;g hLfs;
vOj;J Ntiy
n r a n yhO q ; F
fw;w y; - fw;g pj;jy;
juk; 1 juk; 5
Gjpa fy;;t pr;; rPPu; jpUj;;j q;;f s;;
Gjpa fy;tpr;rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;- kWrPuikg;gpd; fPo; Muk;gf;fy;tp fiyj;jpl;;lj;jpd; tpNrl

gz;Gfs;.
 Ie;J Mz;Lfisf; nfhz;l Muk;gf;fy;tpg; Gyk; fiyj;jpl;l tpUj;jpapdJk;

xOq;fikg;G eltbf;iffspdJk; trjp fUjp %d;W Kjd;ik epiyfshfg;
gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Kjd;ik epiy 1 - juq;fs; 1 ck; 2 ck;
Kjd;ik epiy 2 - juq;fs; 3 ck; 4 ck;
Kjd;ik epiy 3 - juk; 5
 juk; 1 ,y; gpuNtrpf;Fk; gps;isia ,dq;fhz;gjw;F trjpahd nraw;ghLfs;

,dq;fhzg;gl;Ls;sd.
 nghJf;fy;tp epiy ,Wjpapy; khztu;fsplk; tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;

vd tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;l mj;jpahtrpaf; fw;wy; Nju;r;rpfs; ntspaplg;gl;Ls;sd.
mj;Nju;r;rp fisf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd mbj;jsj;ij ,l;Lr; nry;Yk;
fiyj;jpl;lkhf> Nju;r;rp rhu;e;j fiyj;jpl;lkhf cs;sJ.
 ghl tplaq;fs; ehd;fhf tFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

- nkhop
- fzpjk;
- rkak;
- Rw;whly; rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfs;
 gps;isapd; G+uz tpUj;jpf;F nkhop> fzpjj; Nju;rr

; pfSld; NtW rpy Nju;r;rpfSk;
tpUj;jp nra;ag;glNtz;baJ mtrpakhFk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;L: mofpay;> Mf;fk;>
tpQ;Qhdk;> tpOkpak;> cly; tpUj;jp> Rfhjhuk; rhu;e;j Nju;r;rpfs;
 ,j;Nju;r;rpfisj; jdpj;jdpg; ghl myFfs; %yk; Kd;itg;gij tpl gps;is

fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd fUg;nghUs;fs; %yk; ntspfn ; fhzu;eJ
; va;JtNj rpwe;jnjd
Vw; Wf;n fhs;s g;gl; Ls;s J. 16 fUg; nghUs;fisf; nfhz;l Rw;w hly; rhu; e;j
nraw;ghLfs; vDk; ghlg;gug;G Kd;ig tpl xd;wpizf;fg;gl;l gz;igf; nfhz;ljhff;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
 juk; 1 ,ypUe;J nraw;ghLfs; rhu;e;j tha;nkhop Mq;fpyKk; ,uz;lhtJ

Njrpa nkhopAk; (rpq;fsk; / jkpo;nkhopg; ghlq;fs;) mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 Kjd;ik epiy 2 ,ypUe;J Kiwrhu Mq;fpyk;; Nru;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 juk; 1 ,ypUe;J njhlu;r;rpahf ghl ,izr; nraw;ghLfSf;Fk; juk; 5 ,y;

gps;isfspd; tpUg;Gf;Fk;> Njitf;FNkw;gg; nghUj;jkhd tpUg;Gg; ghlq;fisf;
fw;gjw;Fk; fhy ml;ltizapy; trjpfs; mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
 Muk;gf;fy;tpg; gUtj;jpdUf;Fg; nghUj;jkhf Nkw;nfhs;sf;$ba fw;wy; -
fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mit:
- tpisahl;Lf;fSk; tpNehjr; nraw;ghLfSk;
- nraw;ghLfs;
- vOj;J Ntiyfs;
xii
Kjd;ik epiy 1 ,y; tpisahl;Lf;fSf;Fk; nraw;ghLfSf;Fk; mjpf mtfhrk;
toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t;thW Kjd;ik epiyfs; %d;wpYk; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;
xOq;fikf;fg;gl;Lg; gbg;gbahf khwpr; nry;Yk; tpjj;jpy; mit tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
 gps;isapd; Kd;Ndw;wk;> fw;wy; ,lu;g;ghLfs; njhlu;ghf jfty; Nrfupg;gjw;F

Kiwrhuhj fzpg; gP L KiwfSf;F Kd;D upik toq;f g; gLfpd; w mjhtJ>
njhlu;r;rpahf Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba njhlu; fzpg;gPl;bw;fhf Kd;Dupik
ngWfpd;w fzpg;gPl;Lr; nray;Kiwia eilKiwg;gLj;jy;.
 ahtUf;Fk; fy;tpia cWjp nra;tij ,yf;fhff; nfhz;L mjw;Fj; juepuz; aKs;s

xt;nthU Kjd;ikepiy ,WjpapYk; khztu;fs; fl;lhakhf ghz;bj;jpak; mila
Ntz;ba mj;jpahtrpa fw;wy; Nju;r;rpfs; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
 xt;nthU Kjd;ikepiy ,WjpapYk; vjpug

; hu;ff
; pdw
; mj;jpatrpaf; fw;wy; Nju;rr
; pfspy;
rfy khztu;fSk; ghz;bj;jpak; mila Ntz;Lk; vd;gij ,yf;fhff; nfhz;L
xt;nthU Kjd;ikepiyAk; xNu MrpupauplNk xg;gilf;fg;gl;L s;sJ.
 xU gps;isapd; milit ,d;ndhU gps;isapd; milNthL xg;gpl;Lj; jPu;khdk;

vLf;Fk; Kiwikia tpLj;J> Fwpj;jnthU Nehf;Fld;> epajpAld; milit
xg;gpl;L jPuk
; hdk; Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F> epajprhu;ej
; mbg;gil fzpg;gL
P Kiw mwpKfk;
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
 Kjd;ik epiy 1 ,d; gps;isfs; juk; 6 ,d; gps;isfSld; Nru;e;J xOq;fike;J

nraw;ghLfspYk; tpisahl;Lf;fspYk; <LgLtjw;F xOq;F nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
 2007 Mk; Mz;L Kjy;> Kjd;ik epiy xd;W njhlf;fk; ,uz;lhtJ Njrpa
nkhopAk; mwpKfk; (rpq;fsk;/jkpo;) nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
 2007 Mk; Mz;L Kjy; nraw;ghL mbg;gilapyhd tha;nkhop Mq;fpyk; fzpj

ghlj;JlDk; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
xiii
Mrpupau; topfhl;biag; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fupa mwpTWj;jy;fs;
2019 Mk; Mz;by; eilKiwf;F tUfpd;w ,e;j (jpUj;jpaikf;fg;gl;l) Mrpupau;

topfhl;bahdJ> jkJ khztu;fF ; NkYk; gaDs;s tifapYk; jukpf;f tifapYk;
fw;gpf;f topfhl;Ltjw;F Vw;w tifapy; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
khztiuj; jukhd fw;wypd;ghy; topg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd ,e;j Mrpupau; topfhl;bia

Mrpupau;fs; vt;thW gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ ,q;F Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
jha;nkhop> Rw;whly; rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfs;> Mfpa gpujhd ghlq;fSk; ,uz;lhk;

Njrpa nkhop> nraw;ghLfs; rhu;e;j tha;nkhop Mq;fpyk;> khztuJ Kd;Ndw;wj;ijf;
fzpgg; L
P nra;jy;> tpisahl;L Kw;wj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jjy; MfpadTk; ,jpy; mlq;fpAs;sJ.
mj;NjhL> fzpjk;> rkak; Mfpa ghlq;fSf;nfd jdpj;jdpahfj; jahupff ; g;gl;l Mrpupau;
topfhl;bfs; cs;sd. juk; ehd;fpy; fw;Fk; khztu;fspd; fzpj ghlj;jpw;nfd fzpj
nray;E}y; xd;Wk; jha;nkhopg; ghlj;jpw;fhf ghlE}y; xd;Wk; rka ghlj;jpw;fhf xU
ghlE}Yk; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
khztiu ,dq; f hzy; %yk; fz;l wpag; g Lk; jfty; f isf; fUj; j pw;n fhz; L
khztu;fis> vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; Nju;r;rpfspd;ghy; ,l;Lr;nry;tjw;fhf tpidj;jpwdhd
fw;gpj;jypd;ghy; topg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ,e;j Mrpupau; topfhl;biag; gaDs;s tifapy;
gad;gLj;JtJ mtrpakhFk;. mjw;fhf> ,e;j Mrpupau; topfhl;bapy; jug;gl;Ls;s
rfy tplaq;fisAk; ed;F thrpj;J tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tJ mtrpakhFk;. NkYk;> me;je;jg;
ghlg;gFjpapd; fPo; ehshe;j fw;gpj;jy; eltbf;iffisj; jpl;lkpl;Lf; nfhs;tjw;Fk;
mJ cq;fSf;F JizahFk;.
jha;nkhopg; ghlj;jpy; me;je;jg; ghlrhiyj; jtizapy; fw;gpf;f Ntz;bait vit

vd;gJ njspthfj; jug;gl;Ls;sJ. jha;nkhopg; ghlj;jpy; nrtpkLj;jy; (Nfl;ly;)> NgRjy;>
thrpj;jy;> vOJjy; Mfpa gug;GfSf;F ,ilNa xd;wpizg;G epfOkhjyhy; mj;jifa
gug;Gf;Fupa gFjpfis ntt;Ntwhff; fw;gpj;jyhfhJ. jha;nkhopg; ghlf; fw;wy; -
fw;gpj;jy; nrad;KiwapdN ; ghJ me;je;jr; nraw;ghl;bw;Fg; nghUj;jkhdthW ghlE}iyj;
Jizahff; nfhs; t J ,d; w paikahjJ. mt; t hwpd; w pg; ghlE}iy khj; j puk;
njhlu;r;rpahfg; gad;gLj;jpr; nry;yyhfhJ. NkYk;> fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jypd; ntw;wpf;fhf
NkYk; mu;j;jG\;bahd nghUj;jkhd cgfuzq;fisg; gad;gLj;JtJ mtrpakhFk;.
Rw;whly; rhu;ej
; nraw;ghLfs; vDk; ghlk;> Muk;gf;fy;tpf; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; kw;WnkhU
gpujhd ghlkhFk;. khztu;fF ; kpf neUf;fkhf ngsjpf> capupay; kw;Wk; r%fr;
#oypd;ghy; ftdQ; nrYj;jp> 16 fUg;nghUs;fs; ,dq;fhzg;gl;Ls;sNjhL> mt;ntht;
nthd;Wf;FKupa gy nraw;ghLfSk; Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,g;ghlj;jpw;fhf Mrpupau;
trKs;s xNunahU %yhjhuk; ,e;j Mrpupau; topfhl;bapy; cs;slf;fk; khj;jpuNkahFk;.
#oypy; Njly;> tiujy;> mofpay; Mf;fq;fs;> clw;fy;tpr; nraw;ghLfs;> czTk;
NghrizAk; Nghd;w gy ghlg;gug;Gfis cs;slf;fpa ,g;ghlkhdJ Xu; xd;wpize;j
ghlKk; ,izg; g hf; f g; ghlKkhFk; . ,J ghu; j ; j tplag; g ug; g py; cs; s lf; f p
cUg;ngw;Ws;sJ. ,e;j vy;yhg; gFjpfs; njhlu;ghfTk; Mrpupau; G+uz tpsf;fj;Jld;
nraw;gLtJ Kf;fpakhdJ.
Mf;fG+u;tkhd Mrpupau; ,q;F jug;gl;Ls;s nraw;ghLfSf;F khj;jpuk; tiuaiwg;gl;buhJ

Gjpa nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpl;L khztu;fF ; NkYk; gaDs;s fw;wy; re;ju;g;gq;fis
cUthf;fpr; nraw;gLtjw;F ,e;j Mrpupau; topfhl;b jhuhskhf tha;g;gspf;fpwJ.
xiv
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; rhjdq;fisf; nfhs;tdT nra;tjw;Fg; gjpyhf jkJ Rw;Wg;Gwj;jpy;
ngwj;jf;f ,aw;ifahd tsq;fis cr;r mstpy; gad;gLj;jp mtw;iw Mf;fpf;
nfhs; t jpy; ftdQ; nrYj; J tJ Kf; f pakhdJ. NkYk; ,q; F jug; g l; L s; s
nraw;ghLfSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd gy;NtW fw;wy; Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp khztiu
nraY}f;fj;Jld; fw;wypy; gq;Fnfhs;sr; nra;J fspg;Gld; fw;f tif nra;tJk;
,d;wpaikahjjhFk;.
nraw;ghLfs; rhu;e;j tha;nkhop Mq;fpyj;ij> Rw;whly; rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfs; ghlj;jpy;

kl;Lkd;wp fzpj ghlj;jpd;NghJk; gad;gLj;jr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Mq;fpy
nkhopia khztu;fF ; guprr
; ag;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ehshe;j tho;f;ifapy; gad;gLk; nrhw;fs;
kw;Wk; nrhw;nwhlu;fisr; fw;wYld; rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfs; ghlj;jpy; mlq;fpAs;s
fUg;nghUs;fspy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
,uz;lhk; Njrpa nkhopia (rpq;fsk;) gad;gLj;JtJ njhlu;ghfTk; ,e;j Mrpupau;

topfhl;bapy; topfhl;ly; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mJ rhu;ej
; ghlj;jpll
; Kk; gy nraw;ghLfSk;
jug;gl;Ls;sNjhL mtw;iwg; nghUj;jkhdthW nghUj;jpaikj;J> xOq;fikj;J
khztu;fF ; toq;FtJ mtrpakhFk;. nraw;ghL rhu;e;j tha;nkhop Mq;fpyk;> ,uz;lhk;
nkhop (rpq;fsk;) Mfpa ghlg; gFjpfisf; fw;gpf;Fk;NghJ nghUj;jkhd fw;wy; -
fw;gpjj
; y; tsq;fisg; gad;gLj;JtJk; mtrpakhFk;. ,t;thwhf xt;nthU ghlg;gFjpapd;
%yKk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; fw;wy; Nju;r;rpfis khztu;fs; mile;Js;sduh vd;gij
Mrpupau; fzpg;gpl;Lj; Njitahd topfhl;liyAk; cjtpfisAk; toq;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.
Kiwikapy; tifapYk;> Kiwrhu;e;j tifapYk; elj;Jk; fzpg;gPl;Lr; nrad;Kiwapd;

%yk; ,dq;fhzg;gl;Ls;sthwhd khztupd; typT - eypTfs; njhlu;ghf ehshe;jk;
elhj;Jk; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiwapd;NghJ Njitahd topfhl;liy toq;Fjy;
Ntz;Lk;. khztu;fisf; fzpg;gpLtjw;fhf cupa fzpg;gPl;L epakq;fis cs;slf;fpa
fzpg;gPl;Lg; gbtq;fs; ,e;j Mrpupau; topfhl;bapy; jug;gl;Ls;sd.
,g;g zpia ntw;wpfukhfg; G+u;j ;jp nra; tjw;f hf me; je;jg; ghlj;j pw;fhf Neuk;
xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sNjhL me;Neuj;ij cr;rstpy; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F Mrpupau;fs; Mtd
nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
Kjd;ik epiy ,uz;ilr; Nru;e;j gps;isfspd; jd;ikf;Nfw;g ntt;NtWgl;l fw;wy;

fw;gpjj
; y; Kiwfisf; ifahs mtu;fspd; fw;wy; NfhyKk; jpll; kpll
; tpisahl;Lf;fSk;
nraw;ghLfs; ,Ug;gpl Ntiy Mfpa mZFKiwfs; njhlu;ghf ,ad;w msTf;F
rkkhd msT ftdQ; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. vdNt> mJ njhlu;ghf czu;jd;ikAld;
Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l xt;nthU tplak; njhlu;ghfTk; Muk;gf;fy;tp Mrpupau; xt;nthUtUk;
ftdQ; nrYj;jp khzt khztpaiu ed;F ,dq;fz;L nraw;gLtu; vd;gJ vkJ
vjpu;ghu;g;ghFk;.
fiyj;jpl;l ,izg;ghsu;.
xv
Neu xJf;fPL
Kjd;ik epiy ,uz;L
(juk; 4)
ghlq; f s; thuj;jpw;fhd Neu xJf;fPL
1. jha; nkhop 5 kzpj;jpahyq;fs;
2. fzpjk; 5 kzpj;jpahyq;fs;
3. Rw;whly; rhh;e;j nraw;ghLfs; 6 kzpj;jpahyq;fs;
4. Mq;fpyk; 3 kzpj;jpahyq;fs;
5. ,uz;lhk; Njrpa nkhop 1 kzpj;jpahyk;
6. rkak; 2 kzpj;jpahyq;fs;
7. fhiyf; $l;lKk; rka mDl;lhdKk; 1 kzpj;jpahyk; 15 epkplq;fs;
8. czT Ntis (,ilNtis) 1 kzpj;jpahyk;; 40 epkplq;fs;;
9. clypaf;fr; nraw;ghLfs; 2 kzpj;jpahyq;fs; 05 epkplq;fs;
10. ,izg;ghltpjhdr;; nraw;ghLfs; 30 epkplq;fs; (thuk; xUehs;)
thuj;j pw;f hd nkhj;jf; fhyk; 27 kzpj; j pahyq; f s; 30 epkplq;f s;
xiii
xvi
Kjd;ik epiy ,uz;by; gpuNtrpf;Fk; gps;isia
,dq;fhzy; (juk; %d;wpy;)
tUl Muk;gj;jpy; jk;kplj;Nj tUk; khzt> khztpaupd; ,aYikfs; - ,ayhikfs;>
tpUg;G - ntWg;Gfs;> ftu;r;rpfs; Nghd;wtw;iwg; gw;wpa tpsf;fj;ij Mrpupau;fs;
ngw;wpUg;gJ kpf Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. ,uz;lhk; Kjd;ik epiyapy; Kw;WKOjhf
,uz;L tUl fhyj;jpw;F MrpupaUf;Fk; khztUf;FkpilNa rPuhd ,ilj;njhlu;Gfisg;
NgZtjw;fhd mbj;jsj;ij ,yFthf ,l;Lf;nfhs;tjw;F ,J topNfhYk;. NkYk;
tpisjpwDila fw;wy; tha;g;Gfisj; jpl;lkpl;L cUthf;fpf;nfhs;tjw;Fk; mJ
Jizahf mikAk;.
Muk;gj;jpNyNa khztu;fSf;F “kfpo;r;rpfukhd Muk;gk; ” vd;gjid czuf;$ba

tpjj;jpy; Ntiyj;j pl;lq;fis Kjy; thuj;jpNyNa eilKiwg;gLj;j y; Ntz;Lk;.
mt;Ntiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; mlq;fpapUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
1. RKfkhd ciuahly; : juk; ,uz;L tFg;gpd; Mrpupau; jkJ khztu;fis

juk; %d;W Mrpupauplk; xg;gilg;gJld; Gjpa ,U Mrpupau;fSf;Fk; tFg;G
khztu;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa kupahijahd elj;ijAk; RKfkhd ciuahlYk;
2. ,dq;fhzy; : juk; %d;wpd; Mrpupau; jd;id mwpKfk; nra;jy;. GJ khztu;fs;

jkJ ngaupy; jhd; tpUk;gpa gFjpiaf;$wp mwpKfk; nra;jy;. mj;NjhL jk;ikg;
gw;wpa jfty;fs; rpytw;iwf; $wy;
3. fUj;J ntspg;g hl;Lr; rpj;j puq;f s; : jkJ fUj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jk; rpj;jpuk;

xd;iw tiue;J> ntspg;gLk; fUj;ij tpgupj;jy;
4. $l;lhfg; ghLjy; : ,irAlDk; mirTlDk; $l;lhfg; ghlnyhd;iwg; ghLjy;
5. glq;fSld;$ ba vz; tpsf;fk; : gpuhzpnahd;wpd; glnkhd;W mlq;fpAs;s

jdpj; jhspy; toq;fg;gl;l gj;jpuj;jpy; jug;gl;Ls;s vz;Zf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdthW
Fwpj;j tbtj;jpDs; epwk; jPl;ly;
6. fijiar; nrtpkLj;j y; : Mrpupau; > gf; fg; ; Gul; b apd; Clhfj; jahupj; j
fijnahd;iwf; ftdkhfTk; tpsf;fj;JlDk; kfpo;r;rpAlDk; nrtpkLj;jy;
7. Mf;fr; nraw;ghLfs; : toq;fg;gl;Ls;s nghUl;fspy; Njitahdtw;iwj;

njupT nra;J tpUk;gpa Mf;fnkhd;wpid KbT tiu Mf;fp tpgupj;jy;
8. $l;lhf tpisahLjy; : ,yFthd fl; l isfs; nfhz; l Jk; ,yFthd

rl;ljpl;lq;fs; nfhz;lJkhd $l;lhf tpisahlf;$ba xU tpisahl;by; <Lgly;
9. nrhy;Yld; nrhy; Nru;j ;j y; : Mrpupau; $Wk; nrhy;ypy; fhzg;gLk; ,Wjp

vOj;ijf; nfhz;L nrhy;nyhd;wpid Kd;itj;jy;
10 . Nghyr; nra;jy; : jpwe;j ntspapy; ntt;NtW ghj;jpuq;fisg; Nghd;W Nghyr;

nra;jYk; rj;jq;fis vOg;gp Nghyr; nra;jYk; mjD}lhf ,urid ngwYk;
11 . epwk;> tbtk;> gUkd; Mfpatw;Wf;fika tifg;gLj;jy; : Nrfupj;j G+f;fs; /

tpj;Jfs; Clhf epwk;> tbtk;> gUkd; vd;gtw;Wf;Nfw;g tifg;gLj;jy;
xvii
12 . mwpTWj;j y;fisg; gpd;gw;wy; : vOj;JUtpy; mike;j mwpTWj;jy; nfhz;l
ml;ilnahd;wpid thrpj;J mjpy; $wg;gl;Ls;s ,yFthd nraw;ghl;by; <Lgly;
13 . $l;lYk; fopj;jYk; : $l;ly;> fopj;jy; mlq;fpa vz; gpizg;G ml;iliag;

ghu;j;J tpil $Wjy;
14 . fijiaj; njhlu;e;J nfhz;Lnry;yy; : Mrpupau; fijapd; Muk;g thf;fpaj;ijf;

$wp khztu;fs; mf;fijiaj; njhlu;e;J tsu;j;Jr; nry;yy;.
15 . vz; tpsf;fk; : 10 Kjy; 20 tiu vz;fs; vOjg;gl;l ml;ilj; njhFjpiag;

gad;gLj;jp FOthf vz;fis xOq;FKiwapy; itj;jy;.
16 . glk; ghu;j;J thf;fpak; vOJjy; : toq;fg;gl;l glj;ijg; ghu;j;J Mf;fG+u;tkhd

thf;fpankhd;iw vOJjy;.
17 . jputq;fis msj;jy; : vNjr;irahd Xu; myfpdhy; jputq;fis msj;jy;.
18 . fz;fhl;rp : ehd;F jpdq;fspYk; nra;j Mf;fq;fisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jy;
19 . kfpo;r;rpiag; gfpu;e ;J nfhs;sy; : juk; ,uz;by; tFg;ghrpupau;> mjpgu;> ngw;Nwhu;

MfpNahu; gq;Fnfhs;sf;$ba Fiwe;jsT nrytpyhd NjePu; tpUe;Jgrhuk;
xd;wpid elj;jy;. $basT tFg;G khztu;fs; nghWg;Gfisg; Vw;fr; nra;jy;.
Kjd;ik epiy ,uz;b y; gpuNtrpf;Fk; gps;i sia ,dq;f hZk;N ghJ NkYk;
ftdj;j py; nfhs;sf;$ba mZFKiwfs; :
 Kjd;ik epiy xd;wpd; mj;jpahtrpaf; fw;wy; Nju;r;rpfs; njhlu;ghd mwpf;if
 Kjd;ik epiy xd;wpd; MrpupaUld; fye;Jiuahly;
 ngw;Nwhu; / ghJfhtyu;fSld; fye;Jiuahly;
 khztu;fSld; fye;Jiuahly;
,t;thwhfg; gy;NtW El;gKiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp> khztu;fs; njhlu;ghfg; ngWk;

jfty;fisj; Jizahff;nfhz;L> fw;wy; - fw;gpjj ; y; nrad;Kiwia xOq;Fnra;tuP ;fs;
vd vjpug
; hu;ff
; g;gLfpwJ. ,jw;fhfj; jahupff
; g;gl;Ls;s mwpTWj;jy; gj;jpuj;ijf; ftdj;jpw;
nfhz;L nray;gLtJ kpfg; nghUj;jkhdjhf mikAk;.
xviii
juk; ehd;F - ghl cs;slf;f Kk;
Mrpupau; topfhl; b Ak;
1.0 jha;nkhop (jkpo;) - mwpKfKk; ghlj;jpl;lKk; xix

jha;nkhop Mrpupau; topfhl;b 1
2.0 Rw;whly; rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfs; - mwpKfKk; ghlj;jpl;lKk; 156
Rw;whly; rhu;e ;j nraw;g hLfs; - Mrpupau; topfhl;b
01. vkJ ey;tho;T 173
02. ehk; ,yq;ifau; 184
03. kuQ;nrbnfhbfs; 192
04. vk;ikr; #oTs;s gpuhzpfs; 198
05. ehk; gad;gLj;Jgit 206
06. vkJ czT 212
07. ghJfhg;Gk; fupridAk; 222
08. ePu; 229
09. Nghf;Ftuj;J 236
10. tPl;Lj;Njhl;lk; 242
11. Ntiyia ,yFgLj;jpf;nfhs;Sk; topfs;; 248
12. kdpj elj;ijfs; 255
13. epyKk; thDk; 263
14. vk;khy; nra;af;$ba khw;wq;fs; 271
15. kdpjDk; jfty;fSk; 276
16. vkJ gz;ila jfty;fs; 282
3.0 nraw;ghLfs; mbg;gilapyhd tha;nkhop Mq;fpyk; 292
4.0 ,uz;lhtJ Njrpa nkhop - ghlj;jpl;lKk; Mrpupau; topfhl;bAk; 305
5.0 khztu;; Kd;;Ndw;;wj;;ijf;; fzpg;;gply; 339
6.0 mj;jpahtrpaf; fw;wy; Nju;r;rpfs; 344
fzpjk;> rkaq;fs; njhlu;ghd ghlj;jpl;lq;fSk; Mrpupau; topfhl;bfSk;

jdpj;jdpahf Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
xix
1.0 jha; nkhop (jkpo;) - juk; 4
1. mwpKfk;
nrtpkLj;jy;. NgRjy;> thrpj;jy;> vOJjy; Mfpad nkhopapd; mbg;gilj; jpwd;fshFk;.
,it ,U tifg;gLk;. nrtpkLj;jy; thrpjj ; y; vd;gd cs;slP L
; j; jpwd;fshFk;. vOJjy;>
NgRjy; vd;gd ntspaPl;Lj; jpwd;fshFk;. cs;sPl;Lj; jpwd;fis tpUj;jp nra;jyhdJ>
khztupd; ntspaPl;Lj; jpwd;fspd; tpUj;jpapy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak;. ,j;jpwd;fspd;
tpUj;jpf;Fg; ghlrhiyr; #oYk; Gwr;#oYk; Jizepw;Fk;. vdNt mbg;gilahd
nkhopj; jpwd;fis tpUj;jp nra;tjpy; Muk;gf; fy;tpapd; tfpghfk; msg;gupajhFk;..
mbg;gilahd nkhopj;jpwd;fs; xOq;fhf Kd;itg;gjw;fhf mit ntt;Ntwhf
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s NghjpYk; xd;wpize;j tifapy; fw;gpf;fj;jf;fthwhf mtw;iw
Kd;itj;jy; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
Nju;r;rpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l mZFKiwapd; NghJ njhlu;ghly; jpwd;fspd;
Kjd;ikahd Xu; mk;rkhf vOj;jwpT ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ. ftdkhfr; nrtpkLj;jy;>
njspthfg; NgRjy;> tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf thrpj;jy;> rupahfTk;> njspthfTk;
vOJjy;> tpisjpwDilathW fUj;Jg; gupkhWjy; Mfpa Nju;r;rpfspd;ghy; khztiu
,l;Lr; nry;tJ vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. gpujhdkhf Nkw;gb njhlu;ghly; Nju;r;rpfSf;F
Nkyjpfkhf> Rw;whly; rhu;e;j Nju;r;rpfs;> NtiyAyFf;F Maj;jkhjy; Nju;r;rpfs;>
xOfyhW kw;Wk; rkak; rhu;e;j Nju;r;rpfs;> tpisahl;L kw;Wk; Xa;T Neuj;ijg;
gad;gLj;Jjy; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;> Nghrhf;F kw;Wk; tsu;r;rp njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;>
fw;ff; fw;wy; njhlu;ghd Nju;rr
; pfs; Mfpa Vida Nju;rr
; pfSk; tpUj;jpailAk; tifapy;
ghlj;Jf;Fupa fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nra;Kiwia tpUj;jp nra;a vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
;Kjd;ik epiy xd;wpy; capNuhl;lkhd mbg;gil nkhopj;jpwd;fshfpa nrtpkLj;jy;
kw;Wk; NgRjYf;Fupa fspg;g+l;lj;jf;f fw;wy; nraw;ghLfspy; <Lgl;Lg; gbg;gbahf
thrpj;jy; vOJjy; Mfpa mbg;gil nkhopj;jpwd;fis tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;tJ
mtrpakhFk;.
,uz;lhk; Kjd;ik epiyapd; NghJ mbg;gil nkhopj;jpwd;fis tpUj;jp nra;jthW>
Fwpg;ghf nrk;ikahf nkhopia tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;tjw;fhd nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLtJ
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. %d;whk; Kjd;ik epiyapd; ,Wjpapy;> Fwpg;ghf Mf;fg+u;tkhfg;
NgRjy; kw;Wk; Mf;fg+u;tkhf vOJjy; njhlu;g hd cau;k l;lg; ghz;baj;j pak;
vjpu;ghu;ff
; g;gLfpd;wJ. vdNt jha;nkhopia Nerpf;Fk; gpuirfspd; Kjd;ikahd nkhop
mj;jpthuj;ijAk;> ,ilepiyg; gUtj;jpy; jha;nkhopiag; gapy;tjw;Fj; Njitahd
Kjd;ik mbj;jsj;ijAk; ,LtJ vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
Muk;gf; fy;tpg; Gyj;jpy; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; nkhoprhu;e;j Nju;r;rpfs;

• md;whlj; NjitfSf;fhfr; nrtpkLj;jy;> Ngr;R> thrpg;G> vOj;J Mfpa
jpwikfis ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
• ftpij> ghly;> fij Nfl;Lk; thrpj;Jk; ,urpg;ghu;.
• gpioapd;wp cr;rupj;J cuj;J thrpg;ghu;.
• njspthfTk; gpioapd;wpAk; vOJthu;.
• nrtpkLj; jy;> Ngr; R> thrpg;G > vOj;J rk;g e; jkhd ey; y gof; f q; fis
ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
• Gj;jfq;fis thrpj;J tpsq;fpf;nfhs;thu;> ,urpg;ghu;.
• jkJ jpwikfisAk; vz;zq;fisAk; ntspg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.
• rKjhaj;jpd; kj;jpapy; jkJ vz;zq;fis md;dpNahd;dpakhf gz;Gld;
rku;g;gpg;ghu;
xx
2. juk; 1 - 5 ,w;fhd nkhopj; Nju;r;rpfs;
• fpufpj;Jj; Jyf;Ftjw;fhfr; nrtpkLg;ghu;.

• nrtpkLj;jy; jpwid tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhfr; nrtpkLg;ghu;.
• tpUg;GlDk; ,uridAlDk; nrtpkLg;ghu;.
• ehshe;jj; Njitfis epiwT nra;tjw;fhfr; nrtpkLg;ghu;.
• nrhw;fsQ;rpa tpUj;jpf;fhfr; nrtpkLg;ghu;.
• njhlu;ghlYf;fhfr; nrtpkLg;ghu;.
• nkhopahl;rpj; jpwid tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhfr; nrtpkLg;ghu;.
• fw;wy; tpUj;jpf;fhfr; nrtpkLg;ghu;.
• fpufpj;jYf;fhfTk; Mf;fj;jpwid ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfTk; fUj;J}d;wpr;
nrtpkLg;ghu;.
• epak nkhopg; gpuNahfj;jpw;fhfr; nrtpkLg;ghu;.
• tpsf;fj;Jld; njspthd cr;rupg;Gld; fUj;Jg; Gyg;glg; NgRthu;.
• NgRjy; jpwid tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhfg; NgRthu;.
• tpUg;GlDk; ,uridAlDk; ,ay;ghfg; NgRthu;.
• ehshe;jj; Njitfis epiwT nra;tjw;fhfg; NgRthu;.
• nrhw;fsQ;rpa tpUj;jpf;fhfg; NgRthu;.
• njhlu;ghlYf;fhfg; NgRthu;.
• nkhopahl;rpj; jpwid tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhfg; NgRthu;.
• fw;wy; tpUj;jpf;fhfg; NgRthu;.
• fpufpj;jtw;iw Mf;fj;jpwDlDk; re;ju;g;gj;jpw;F Vw;wthW nghUj;jKwTk;
NgRthu;.
• epak nkhopg; gpuNahfj;jpw;fhfg; NgRthu;.
• thrpg;Gg; nghwpKiwfis mDrupj;J thrpg;ghu;.
• thrpj;jy; jpwid tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhf thrpg;ghu;.
• tpUg;GlDk; ,uridAlDk; ,ay;ghf thrpg;ghu;.
• ehshe;jj; Njitfis epiwT nra;tjw;fhf thrpg;ghu;.
• nrhw;fsQ;rpa tpUj;jpf;fhf thrpg;ghu;.
• njhlu;ghlYf;fhf thrpg;ghu;.
• nkhopahl;rpj; jpwid tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhf thrpg;ghu;.
• fw;wy; tpUj;jpf;fhf thrpg;ghu;.
• fpufpj;jYf;fhfTk; Mf;fj;jpwid ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfTk; fUj;J}d;wp
thrpg;ghu;.
• epak nkhopg; gpuNahfj;jpw;fhfTk; nkhopg; gapw;rpf;fhfTk; thrpg;ghu;.
• vOj;Jg; nghwpKiwfis mDrupj;J vOJthu;.
• vOj;Jj; jpwid tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhf vOJthu;.
xxi
• tpUg;GlDk; ,uridAlDk; vOJthu; / tiuthu;.
• ehshe;jj; Njitfis epiwT nra;tjw;fhf vOJthu;.
• nrhw;fsQ;rpa tpUj;jpf;fhf vOJthu;.
• njhlu;ghlYf;fhf vOJthu;.
• nkhopahl;rpj; jpwid tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhf vOJthu;.
• fw;wy; tpUj;jpf;fhf vOJthu;.
• fpufpj;jYf;fhfTk; Mf;fj;jpwid ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfTk; vOJthu;.
• epak nkhopg; gpuNahfj;jpw;fhfTk; nkhopg; gapw;rpf;fhfTk; vOJthu;.
3. fw;wy; - fw;g pj;j y; mZFKiwfs;

nkhopj;jpwd; xt;nthd;wpYk; tpjpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l tplaf; $Wfspy; khztu;fs; cupa
Nju;r;rp miljy;fis cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhff; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; mZFKiwfs;
mikjy; Ntz;Lk;.
juk; 4 ,y; fw;w y; - fw;g pj;j y; nraw;g hLfspd;N ghJ tpisahl;L> tpNehjr;
nraw; g hLfs; > nraw; g hLfs; > vOj; J Ntiy Mfpatw; W f; F r; rk tha; g ; G
mspf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. jkpo;nkhopg; ghlk; fw;gpf;fg;gLk;NghJ mjw;Fupa ghlE}iyAk;
cupathW gad;gLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mjw;fhd topfhl;lYf;F Mrpupau; topfhl;b Jiz
GupAk;.
fij $wy;> ghLjy;> ebj;jy;> ghtid nra;jy;> nra;J fhl;Ljy;> thrpj;jy;> NgRjy;>
ciuahLjy;> gupkhWjy;> vOJjy;> tiujy;> tpsf;fk; $Wjy; Nghd;wtw;iw cs;slf;fpa
nraw;ghLfspYk; tpisahl;Lf;fspYk; khztu;fis <LgLj;jyhk;.
ghlE}iyg; gad; g Lj; J tjw; f hd MNyhridfs;

1. fw;gpj;jiy Muk;gpg;gjw;F Kd;du; Mrpupau; ghlE}iy ed;F EZfp Muha;e;J
fw;wy; Ntz;Lk;.
2. ghlE}ypYs;s ghlq;fis khztu;fSf;F Kd;itf;Fk;NghJ vkJ ehL> vkJ

tpOkpaq;fs;> tpQQ
; hdf; fz;Lgpbg;Gfs;> cs;ehl;L kw;Wk; cyfshtpa tplaq;fs;>
Rw;Wr;#oy; moF kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G> tptrhak;> ,yf;fpa eak;> cyfshtpa
,yf;fpak; Nghd;w gy;NtW Jiwfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l jj;Jtq;fSld;
khztu;fSf;F toq;f Ntz;baJ cq;fsJ flikahFk;.
3. tUlhtUlk; gps; i sapd; nkhopj; N ju; r ; r p tpUj; j pAWk; tifapy; ghlE}y;

jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gijf; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sTk;.
4. nrtpkLj;jy;> Ngr;R> thrpg;G> vOj;J Mfpa mbg;gil nkhopj;jpwd;fs; ehd;fpidAk;

khztu;fs; tpUj;jpnra;J nfhs;sf;$ba tifapy; ghlE}iy thrpg;gjw;F khj;jpuk;
gad;gLj;jhky; Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l jpwd;fSld; xd;wpizf;Fk; tifapy; gad;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk;.
5. juk; ehd;F Mrpupau; topfhl;bapy; jug;gl;Ls;s Nju;r;rpfis mile;J nfhs;tjw;fhf
Kd;n khopag;gl;Ls;s VNjDk; nraw;ghLfSf;Fr; rkdhd nraw;ghLfisg;
ghlE}ypy; ,Ue;Jk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;. mt;thNw Mrpupau; topfhl;bapy;
cs;s VNjDk; nraw;ghLfSf;F ghlE}iyAk; crhj;Jizahfg; gad;gLj;j
KbAk; . mt; thwhd re; ju; g; gq; fs; vit vd;g ijg; ghlE}iyAk; Mrpupau;
topfhl;biaAk; ed;F EZfp Muha;e;J fw;Fk;NghJ tpsq;fpf;nfhs;s KbAk;.
6. xxii
NgRtjw;fhd re;ju;g;gj;ij
Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;F
ebj;J f; fhl; Lk;

re;ju; g;gj;jpw;fhfg; cuj;J thrpg;gjw;F
gad;gLj;J tjw;F
rpj;jpuq;fis Mf;Ftjw;F
nksdkhf thrpg;gjw;F
ftpij> ghly; ,urpj;jy;

Mfpatw;Wf;f hf fzpg;gPL nra;J
ghlE}ypypUe; J
nfhs;tjw; F
ngwf; $ ba gad; f s;
ciueilia
thrpj;jy;> vOJjy;
ngau;r;nrhy;> tpidr;nrhy;>
xj;jfUj;J> vjpu;f; fUj;J
Nghd;wtw;iw mwpe;J
nrtpkLj;jy; jpwid nfhs;tjw; F
tpUj;jp nra;tjw;F
epWj;jf;Fwpfs;> capu;f;Fwpfs;
thf;fpaq;fis
Mfpatw;iw mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;F
mikg;gjw;F
Rw;whly;rhu;e ;j nraw;ghLfisg;
ghlj;Jld; njhlu;GgLj;Jtjw;F
4. ghlrhiyf; nfhs;i fAk; Ntiyj;j pl;lKk;
jkpo;nkhopg; ghlj;Jld; ,ize;j gy nraw;ghLfis ghlrhiyapy; eilKiwg;gLj;j

KbAk;.
• fhiyf; $l;lKk; ew;rpe;jidAk;

• tFg;Gf; $l;lk;
• fiy epfo;r;rpfs;
• fz;fhl;rpfs;
• rpWtu; epfo;r;rpfs; - re;ij> Rw;Wyh Nghd;wit
• rka epfo;r;rpfs;
• khztu; kd;wk;
• Mrpupau; jpdk;> ngw;Nwhu; jpdk; Nghd;wit
• Ngr;R
• jdp my;yJ FOg; ghly;
• ebg;G> mgpeak; njhlu;ghd nraw;ghLfs; Nghd;witahFk;.
Nkw;gb ghlrhiy Ntiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;J khztu;fspd; nkhopj;jpwd;fis tpUj;jp

nra;tjw;fhfg; gpd;tUk; nraw;ghLfis Mf;fG+u;tkhd tifapy; gad;gLj;j KbAk;.
xxiii
juk; 4 khztu;fs; nkhopf; fw;wy; Nju;r;rpfis milAk; nghUl;L gpd;tUk;
nfhs;iffisg; ghlrhiy kl;lj;jpy; filg;gpbj;jy; ed;W.
• tFg;giwia tsKs;sjhf;fy;
• nkhopf; fw;wYf;fhd tsq;fisAk; trjpfisAk; mspj;jy;
• khztu; gyjug;gl;l nraw;ghLfspy; <Lglf;$bathwhd trjpfis toq;fy;
• ,izg;ghlj;jpl;lr; nraw;ghLfis xOq;fikj;jy;
• nghUj;jkhd MrpupaUf;F ,t;tFg;ig xg;gilj;jy;
• MrpupaUf;Fj; Njitahd Nritf;fhyg; gapw;rp ngwr; re;ju;g;gkspj;jy;
• ngw;NwhUld; rhjfkhd njhlu;Gfis Vw;gLj;Jjy;
• Nkw;ghu;it nra;jy;> MNyhrid topfhl;ly;
5. khztu;f spd; Kd; N dw; wj;i jf; fzpg;g ply;
juk; ehd;fpy; jha;nkhopg; ghlj;jpy; vOj;Jg; guPl;irfistpl khztu;fSld; ,ize;J

Nkw; n fhs; S k; nraw; g hLfspd; N ghJ fz; f hzpg; g pd; Clhf Nkw; n fhs;s g; g Lk;
fzpgg ; lP b
; w;Nf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; toq;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;. tpisahl;L - tpNehjr; nraw;ghLfs;>
nraw;ghLfs;> vOj;JNtiy> fye;Jiuahly;> tha;nkhop%y tpdhf;fs; Nghd;w
Kiwfspd; Clhf xt;nthU nkhopj;jpwdpYk; khztu; milaNtz;ba Nju;r;rpfis
,dq;fz;L mtw;iw mile;Js;sduh vd;gijf; fzpg;gPL nra;jy; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
fzpgg ; PL Kiwrhu;ej ; Jk; KiwrhuhjJkhf mikjy; ed;W. gpdt ; Uk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfis
mDrupj;Jf; fzpg;gPLfis Nkw;nfhs;syhk;.
• mtjhdpj;Jr; nrtpkLj;jy;> Jyq;Fjy;> fpufpj;jy; vd;gtw;iw mtjhdpj;jy;

• fUj;Jf;fis ntspg;gLj;jpg; NgRjiy mtjhdpj;jy;
• fij $wy; / ghNthjy; vd;gtw;iw cw;WNehf;Fjy;
• vOj;Jf;fis ,dq;fz;L cr;rupj;jiy mtjhdpj;jy;
• njspthf cr;rupj;J thrpj;jiy mtjhdpj;jy;
• cWg;gika vOJjiyg; ghu;itaply;
• nghwpKiwia mDrupj;J vOJjiyg; ghu;itaply;
• Mf;fp vOJjiyr; rupghu;j;jy;
tP l ; L Ntiy
• ghlrhiyapNy ehs;NjhWk; <LgLk; Ntiyfis cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf

tPl;LNtiyfshf fij> ftpij Nghd;wtw;iwg; ngw;Nwhu; my;yJ taJ te;Njhuplk;
Nfl;Lj; njupe;J nfhs;sf;$ba tifapy; toq;Fq;fs;.
• nra;aNtz;batw;iwAk; nra;aNtz;ba tpjj;ijAk; khztu;fs; njspthf
tpsq;fpf;nfhs;Sk; tifapy; mwpTWj;jTk;.
• ngw;Nwhu; / ghJfhtyu; cq;fisr; re;jpg;ghuhapd; mJ njhlu;ghf mtu;fSf;F
mwpTiu toq;fTk;.
• vOj;J> thrpg;Gj; njhlu;ghd fw;gpj;jYf;F Mrpupau;fs; nghWg;Ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;
Ntz;Lk;. mit njhlu;ghf tPl;LNtiyfis toq;Ftjhapd; vOj;J %ykhf
toq;FtJld; cr;rupgG; g; Nghd;wtw;iwr; rupahd Kiwapy; gpsi
; sfSf;Fr; nrhy;ypf;
nfhLg;gjw;Fk; mwpTiu toq;fTk;.
• xg;gilf;fg;gl;Ls;s tPl;LNtiyfisr; nra;Ak; tpjj;ijf;nfhz;Lk; gps;isiaf;
fzpg;gpl KbAk;.
xxiv
ghlj;jpl;lk;
xxv
jpwd;f s; Nju; r ; r pfs; tpla cs;s lf;f k;
L1 S1 L1 fpufpj;Jj; L1  NgRtijr; nrtpkLj;jy;

Jyq;;Ftjw;fhfr;  glk; ghu;j;Jg; NgRtijr;
nrtpkLg;ghu;. nrtpkLj;jy;
 fij nrhy;tijr; nrtpkLj;jy;
 fhl;rpg;glq;fs;> fijg;
glq;fisg; ghu;j;J
nrhy;tijr; nrtpkLj;jy;
 xyp NtWghl;Lr; nrhw;fs; /
thf;fpaq;fs;
 xUik> gd;ikr; nrhw;fs; /
thf;fpaq;fs;
S1 tpsf;fj;JlDk; S1  Rakhfg; NgRjy;

njspthd  glk; ghu;j;Jg; NgRjy;
cr;rupg;GlDk;  Rakhff; fij nrhy;yy;
fUj;Jg; Gyg;glg;  fhl;rpg; glq;fs; / fijg;
NgRthu;. glq;fisg; ghu;j;Jr; Rakhfg;
NgRjy;
 xyp NtWghl;Lr; nrhw;fs; /
thf;fpaq;fs;
 xUik> gd;ikr; nrhw;fs; /
thf;fpaq;fs;
R1 W1 R1 thrpg;Gg; R1  thrpg;G Kiwfs;

nghwpKiwfis - cuj;J thrpg;G
mDrupj;J - nksd thrpg;G
thrpg;ghu;.  rpwpa thf;fpaq;fis thrpj;jy;
 xyp NtWghl;Lr; nrhw;fis /
thf;fpaq;fis thrpj;jy;
 xUik> gd;ikr; nrhw;fis /
 ,we;jfhy / epfo;fhy
W1 vOj;Jg; W1  vOJtjw;fhd El;gg; gapw;rpfs;

nghwpKiwfis - rupahd nfhz;zpiyapy;
mDrupj;J mkUk; gapw;rp
vOJthu;. - rupahfg; ngd;rpy; gpbf;Fk;
gapw;rp
- rupahf mg;gpahrf;nfhg;gpia
itj;jpUe;J vOJk; gapw;rp
 fhl;rpg; glq;fisg; ghu;j;J
thf;fpaq;fis epfo;fhyj;jpy;
vOJjy;
xxvi
 xspg;glq;fisg; ghu;j;J
thf;fpaq;fis epfo;fhyj;jpy;
vOJjy;
 fijg;glq;fisg; ghu;j;J
thf;fpaq;fis ,we;fhyj;jpy;
vOJjy;
 xyp NtWghl;Lr; nrhw;fis /
thf;fpaq;fis vOJjy;
 xUik> gd;ikr; nrhw;fis /
thf;fpaq;fis vOJjy;
L2 S2 RR2 W2 nrtpkLj;jy;  xj;j fUj;Jr; nrhw;fs;

L2 L2
2
jpwid tpUj;jp  vjpu;f; fUj;Jr; nrhw;fs;
nra;tjw;fhfr;  vjpu;g;ghw; nrhw;fs;
nrtpkLg;ghu;.  jpiz>ghy;> vz;> ,lk;> fhyk;
 vOtha;> gadpiy>
nrag;gLnghUs;
 milnkhopfs; (vOtha;>gadpiy)
 ngau;r;nrhy;> tpidr;nrhy;
 epWj;jf; Fwpfs;(Kw;Wg;Gs;sp>
fhw;Gs;sp> tpdhf;Fwp>
tpag;Gf;Fwp)
S2 NgRjy; jpwid  xj;j fUj;Jr; nrhw;fs;

S2
tpUj;jp  vjpu;f; fUj;Jr; nrhw;fs;
nra;tjw;fhfg;  vjpu;g;ghw; nrhw;fs;
NgRthu;.  jpiz>ghy;> vz;> ,lk;> fhyk;
 vOtha;> gadpiy>
nrag;gLnghUs;
tpag;Gf;Fwp)
thrpj;jy; jpwid R2  xj;j fUj;Jr; nrhw;fs;

R2
tpUj;jp  vjpu;f; fUj;Jr; nrhw;fs;
nra;tjw;fhf  vjpu;g;ghw; nrhw;fs;
thrpg;ghu;.  jpiz>ghy;> vz;> ,lk;> fhyk;;
 vOtha;> gadpiy>
nrag;gLnghUs;
milnkhopfs; (vOtha;>gadpiy)
tpag;Gf;Fwp)
xxvii
vOJjy; jpwid W2  xj;j fUj;Jr; nrhw;fs;

W2
tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhf  vjpu;f; fUj;Jr; nrhw;fs;
vOJthu;.  vjpu;g;ghw; nrhw;fs;
 jpiz>ghy;> vz;> ,lk;> fhyk;
 vOtha;> gadpiy>
nrag;gLnghUs;
tpag;Gf;Fwp)
tpUg;GlDk;  rpWtu; ghly;fs;

L33 SS33 L3 L3
,uridAlDk;;  rpWtu; fijfs;
nrtpkLg;ghu;.  ciuahly;fs;
 Nghyr; nra;jy;
 tpflj; JZf;Ffs;
tpUg;GlDk;  rpWtu; ghly;fs;

S3 S3
,uridAlDk;  rpWtu; fijfs;
,ay;ghfg; NgRthu;.  ciuahly;fs;
 Nghyr; nra;jy;
 tpflj; JZf;Ffs;
R3 W3 R3 tpUg;GlDk; R3  rpWtu; ghly;fs;

,uridAlDk;  rpWtu; fijfs;
thrpg;ghu;.  ciuahly;fs;
 ehlfq;fs;
 rpj;jpuf; fijfs;
 tpflj; JZf;Ffs;
 rpj;jpuq;fs;
W3 tpUg;GlDk;  rpWtu; ghly;fs;

W3 rpWtu; fijfs;
,uridAlDk; 
vOJthu; / tiuthu;.  ciuahly;fs;
 ehlfq;fs;
 rpj;jpuf; fijfs;
 tpflj; JZf;Ffs;
 rpj;jpuq;fs;
ehshe;jj;  mwptpj;jy;fs;
L4 S4 RR42 W4 L4 L4
Njitfis epiwT  mwpTWj;jy;fs;
nra;tjw;fhfr;  fl;lisfs;
nrtpkLg;ghu;.  jfty;fs; / Fwpg;Gfs;
 Ra tpguk; / gbtq;fs;
 fbjk; (ghuk;gupa / etPd)
 kpd;dQ;ry; / FWQ;nra;jp
xxviii
S4 ehshe;jj; S4  mwptpj;jy;fs;
nra;tjw;fhfg;  fl;lisfs;
NgRthu;.  jfty;fs; / Fwpg;Gfs;
R4 ehshe;jj;  mwptpj;jy;fs;
R4
nra;tjw;fhf  fl;lisfs;
thrpg;ghu;.  jfty;fs; / Fwpg;Gfs;
ehshe;jj; W4
 mwptpj;jy;fs;
W4
nra;tjw;fhf  fl;lisfs;
vOJthu;.  jfty;fs; / Fwpg;Gfs;
nrhw;fsQ;rpa  rpwpa fl;Liufs;

L5 S5 RR5 W5 L5 L5
2 tpUj;jpf;fhfr;  kuGr; nrhw;fs;
nrtpkLg;ghu;.  ,iznkhopfs;
 ,ul;ilf;fpstp
 tpLfijfs;
 gonkhopfs;
 FwpaPLfs; / RUf;ff; FwpaPLfs;
 njhlu;nkhopf;F xU nkhop
 Nru;j;njOJjy;
 nrhy;tnjOJjy;
nrhw;fsQ;rpa  rpwpa fl;Liufs;

S5 S5
tpUj;jpf;fhfg;  kuGr; nrhw;fs;
NgRthu;.  ,iznkhopfs;
 ,ul;ilf;fpstp
 tpLfijfs;
 gonkhopfs;
 Nru;j;njOJjy;
 nrhy;tnjOJjy;
xxix
R5  rpwpa fl;Liufs;
R5 nrhw;fsQ;rpa
 kuGr; nrhw;fs;
tpUj;jpf;fhf
 ,iznkhopfs;
thrpg;ghu;.
 ,ul;ilf;fpstp
 tpLfijfs;
 gonkhopfs;
 Nru;j;njOJjy;
 nrhy;tnjOJjy;
nrhw;fsQ;rpa
W5  rpwpa fl;Liufs;
tpUj;jpf;fhf W5
 kuGr; nrhw;fs;
vOJthu;.
 ,iznkhopfs;
 ,ul;ilf;fpstp
 tpLfijfs;
 gonkhopfs;
 Nru;j;njOJjy;
 nrhy;tnjOJjy;
L6 S6 njhlu;ghlYf;fhfr;
L6 L6  ciuahly;fs;(nghJ ,lq;fs;)
nrtpkLg;ghu;.
 thndhyp / njhiyf;fhl;rp /
(Neu;Kf tu;zid)
 miog;Gr; nra;jpfs;
njhlu;ghlYf;fhfg; S6  ciuahly;fs;(nghJ ,lq;fs;)

S6
NgRthu;.  thndhyp / njhiyf;fhl;rp /
(Neu;Kf tu;zid)
 miog;Gr; nra;jpfs;
njhlu;ghlYf;fhf
R6 W6 R6 R6  mYtyfq;fs; (ngau;fs;)
thrpg;ghu;.
 thdpiy mwpf;if
 xl;bfs; (Nygy;fs;)
 tpsk;guq;fs;
 Jz;Lg;gpuRuk;
 miog;gpjo;fs;
 Rtnuhl;bfs;
 mYtyfq;fs; (ngau;fs;)
W6 njhlu;ghlYf;fhf W6
vOJthu;.  thdpiy mwpf;if
 xl;bfs; (Nygy;fs;)
 tpsk;guq;fs;
 Jz;Lg;gpuRuk;
 miog;gpjo;fs;
 Rtnuhl;bfs;
xxx
jpwd;f s; Nju;r;rpfs; tpla cs;slf;fk;
nkhopahl;rpj;jpwid  fhl;rpg; glq;fs; / fijg;glq;fs;

L7 S7 RR72 W7 L7 L
tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhfr; 7  Rarupij
nrtpkLg;ghu;.  %Jiu (tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;l
Ie;J ghly;fs;)
 fpuhkpa tpisahl;Lf;fs; (rpwpa)
 gz;biffs; (,irf;fUtpfs;)
nkhopahl;rpj;jpwid  fhl;rpg; glq;fs; / fijg;glq;fs;

S7
tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhfg; S7  Rarupij
NgRthu;.  %Jiu (tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;l
Ie;J ghly;fs;)
R7 nkhopahl;rpj;jpwid  fhl;rpg; glq;fs; / fijg;glq;fs;

R7
tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhf  Rarupij
thrpg;ghu;.  %Jiu (tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;l
Ie;J ghly;fs;)
W7 nkhopahl;rpj;jpwid  fhl;rpg; glq;fs; / fijg;glq;fs;

W7
tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhf  Rarupij
vOJthu;.  %Jiu (tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;l
Ie;J ghly;fs;)
L8 S8 RR82 W8 fw;wy; tpUj;jpf;fhfr;  xspg;glq;fs;/ fhl;rpg;glq;fs;

L8 L8
nrtpkLg;ghu;.  mDkhdpj;jy; / njhlu;GgLj;jy; /
vjpu;T$wy;;
 topfhl;lw; Fwpg;Gfs; (fij)
 jpdrupf; Fwpg;Gfs; (ehl;Fwpg;G)
 Rw;Wyh
 gRik cyF
fw;wy; tpUj;jpf;fhfg;  xspg;glq;fs;/ fhl;rpg;glq;fs;

S8 S8
NgRthu;.  mDkhdpj;jy; / njhlu;GgLj;jy; /
vjpu;T$wy;;
 Rw;Wyh
 gRik cyF
xxxi
R8 fw;wy; tpUj;jpf;fhf R8  xspg;glq;fs;/ fhl;rpg;glq;fs;

thrpg;ghu;.  mDkhdpj;jy; / njhlu;GgLj;jy;
/ vjpu;T$wy;;
 Rw;Wyh
 gRik cyF
W8 fw;wy; tpUj;jpf;fhf W8  xspg;glq;fs;/ fhl;rpg;glq;fs;

vOJthu;.  mDkhdpj;jy; / njhlu;GgLj;jy;
/ vjpu;T$wy;;
 Rw;Wyh
 gRik cyF
L9 S9 RR92 W9 L9 fpufpj;jYf;fhfTk; L9  rpWtu; fijg;ghly;fs;

Mf;fj;jpwid  rpWtu; fijfs; (eifr;Rit)
ntspgg ; Lj;Jtjw;fhfTk;  tpQ;Qhdpfs;;/ nra;Kiw
fUj;J}d;wpr; tpsf;fk;
nrtpkLg;ghu;.  jfty;fs; (gpuhzpfs;)
 rpWtu; ,izaj;jsq;fs;
 rpWtu; rQ;rpiffs;
 rpWtu; E}y;fs;
fpufpj;jtw;iw  rpWtu; fijg;ghly;fs;

S9 S9
Mf;fj;jpwDlDk;  rpWtu; fijfs; (eifr;Rit)
re;ju;g;gj;jpw;F  tpQ;Qhdpfs;;/ nra;Kiw
Vw;wthW tpsf;fk;
nghUj;jKwTk;  jfty;fs; (gpuhzpfs;)
NgRthu;.  rpWtu; ,izaj;jsq;fs;
 rpWtu; E}y;fs;
R9 fpufpj;jYf;fhfTk; R9  rpWtu; fijg;ghly;fs;

fUj;J}d;wp thrpg;ghu;. tpsf;fk;
 jfty;fs; (gpuhzpfs;)
 rpWtu; E}y;fs;
xxxii
W9 fpufpj;jYf;fhfTk; W9  rpWtu; fijg;ghly;fs;

vOJthu;. tpsf;fk;
 jfty;fs; (gpuhzpfs;)
 rpWtu; E}y;fs;
epak nkhopg;  xspg; glq;fs;

L10 S10 RR102 W10 L10 L10
gpuNahfj;jpw;fhfr;  gbg;gpid jUk; fijfs;
nrtpkLg;ghu;.  ,izaj;jsq;fs;
 nkhopg; gapw;rpfs;
S10 epak nkhopg; S10  xspg; glq;fs;

gpuNahfj;jpw;fhfg;  gbg;gpid jUk; fijfs;
NgRthu;.  ,izaj;jsq;fs;
R10 epak nkhopg; R10  xspg; glq;fs;

gpuNahfj;jpw;fhfTk;  gbg;gpid jUk; fijfs;
nkhopg;  ,izaj;jsq;fs;
gapw;rpf;fhfTk;  nkhopg; gapw;rpfs;
thrpg;ghu;.
W10 epak nkhopg; W10  xspg; glq;fs;

gpuNahfj;jpw;fhfTk;  gbg;gpid jUk; fijfs;
nkhopg;  ,izaj;jsq;fs;
gapw;rpf;fhfTk;  nkhopg; gapw;rpfs;
vOJthu;.
xxxiii
jha;nkhop jkpo;
Mz;Lj; jpl;lk;
Kjyhe; jtiz
Nju;r;rpfs; cj;Njr fhyk;
01. L1 S1
R1 W1
02. L2 S2 R2 W2
03. L3 S3
R3 W3
kPl ;l w; gapw;r p;
,uz;l he; jtiz
04. L4 S4 R4 W4
05. L5 S5 R5 W5
06. L6 S6
R6 W6
07. L7 S7 R7 W7
kPl ;l w; gapw;r p;
%d;w he; jtiz
08. L8 S8 R8 W8
09. L9 S9 R9 W9
10. L10 S10 R10 W10
xxxiv
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw;
nrad;Kiwf;Fupa topfhl;ly;
xxxv
1 L1 S1
Nju;r;r pfs; :
L1 - fpufpj;Jj; Jyq;Ftjw;fhfr; nrtpkLg;ghu;.
S1 - tpsf;fj;JlDk; njspthd cr;rupg;GlDk; fUj;Jg;Gyg;glg; NgRthu;.
cs;slf;fk; :
 Rakhfg; NgRjy;
 kw;wtu;fs; NgRtijr; nrtpkLj;jy;
 glk; ghu;j;Jg; NgRjy;
 glk; ghu;j;Jg; NgRtijr; nrtpkLj;jy;
 fijg; glq;fisg; ghu;j;Jr; Rakhff; fij nrhy;yy;
 fijg; glq;fisg; ghu;j;Jf; fij nrhy;tijr; nrtpkLj;jy;
 xyp NtWghl;Lr; nrhw;fs; / thf;fpaq;fs;
 xUik> gd;ik nrhw;fs; / thf;fpaq;fs;
fw;ww;N gWfs; :
 Rakhfg; NgRtjw;Fj; jhkhf Kd;tUthu;.
 kw;wtu;fs; NgRtijr; nrtpkLg;ghu;.
 glk; ghu;j;Jg; NgRtJld; kw;wtu;fs; glk; ghu;j;Jg; NgRtijAk; nrtpkLg;ghu;.
 jhk; nrtpkLj;j fijfisg; Gupe;J nfhz;L Kd;itg;ghu;.
 fijg; glq;fisg; ghu;j;J> jkJ ghzpapy; Rakhff; fij nrhy;thu;.
 xyp NtWghLfisg; Gupe;J nfhz;L> fUj;Jf;fis thf;fpaq;fspy; cupa
Kiwapy; ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
 xUik> gd;ik NtWghLfis ,dq;fz;L> thf;fpaq;fspy; cupa Kiwapy;
gpuNahfpg;ghu;.
tsq;fs; :
 fhl;rpgg
; l ml;ilfs;> fijg;gl ml;ilfs;> thf;fpa ml;ilfs;> nrUfy; ml;ilg;
gyiffs;> ngl;bfs;> fhl;Nghl; jl;Lf;fs;> ml;ilf; fPyq;fs;> xyp NtWghl;Lr;
nrhy; mlilfs; / xyp NtWghl;L thf;fpa ml;ilfs;> xUik> gd;ik nrhy;
ml;ilfs; / xUik> gd;ik thf;fpa ml;ilfs; nrNyhNug; (,Ugf;f)> epwg;
Ngdhf;fs;> epwg; ngd;rpy;fs;
1
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; mZFKiwfs;
nraw;g hL 1
 fhl;rpg; glk; xd;iw xl;Lg; gyifapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
 fhl;rpia ed;whf mtjhdpf;fr; nra;Aq;fs;.
mf;fhl;rpia rpwpJ Neuk; khztu;fs; mtjhdpj;j gpd;du; fz;fis %lr;
nrhy;Yq;fs;. khztu;fs; fz;fis %ba gpd;du; xl;Lg;gyifapy; ghu;j;j
fhl;rpia kdf;fz; Kd;nfhz;L tur;nra;Aq;fs;. rpwpJ Neuk; fz;fis %b
mf;fhl;rpia epidf;fr; nra;Aq;fs;. mjd; gpdd
; u; fz;fisj; jpwf;fr; nra;Aq;fs;.
khztu;fSld; fhl;rpg; glk; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
vLj;J f; f hl;L :
 khztu;fis Itu; nfhz;l FOf;fshf;Fq;fs;. FOf;fspd; vz;zpf;iff;Nfw;g

fhl;rpg;glj;ijg; gpujp vLj;J ml;ilfspy; xl;b FOf;fSf;F toq;Fq;fs;.
(fhl;rpgg
; lj;ij Kd;$l;bNa gpujp vLj;J itj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij epidtpw;
nfhs;Sq;fs;.)
 khztu;fs; FOthff; fhl;rpg;glk; gw;wp fye;Jiuahlr; rpwpJ Neuk; toq;Fq;fs;.
 mjd; gpdd
; u; xt;nthU FOthf mioj;J> fhl;rpgg
; lj;ijg; ghu;jJ
; epfo;fhyj;jpy;
thf;fpaq;fisf; $w topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
 khztu;fs; $Wk; thf;fpaq;fisf; fUk;gyifapy; / ntz;gyifapy; ngupjhf
vOJq;fs;.
1. .................................................................................................................................
2. .................................................................................................................................
3. .................................................................................................................................
4. .................................................................................................................................
5. .................................................................................................................................
2
 vy;yhf; FOf;fSk; fhl;rpg;glj;ijg; ghu;j;J thf;fpaq;fisf; $wpa gpd;du;>
Mrpupau; fhl;rpg;glj;ijg; ghu;j;J rpy thf;fpaq;fisf; $w Ntz;Lk;. $wpa
gpdd
; u;> Mrpupau; $wpa thf;fpaq;fisj; jdpahff; fUk;gyifapy/; ntz;gyifapy;
vOJq;fs;.
 mjd; gpd;du; khztu;fs; $wpa thf;fpaq;fs; njhlu;ghff; fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
Mrpupau; $Wk; thf;fpaq;fisf; FOf;fspilNa gupkhw cw;rhfg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
 khztu;fs; gpioapd;wp thf;fpaq;fisf; $Wfpd;whu;fsh vd mtjhdpAq;fs;.
,lu;g;gLk; khztu;fSf;F mr; re;ju;g;gj;jpNyNa cjTq;fs;.
nraw;g hL 2
 xspg;glf;fUtp %yk; vLf;fg;gl;l xspgg
; lk; xd;iwf; fhl;rpgg
; Lj;Jq;fs;. mg;glj;ij
khztu;fs; ghu;itapl topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
vLj;Jf;f hl;L :
 xt;nthU khztdhf mioj;Jf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jpa fhl;rpg; glj;ijg; ghu;j;J

epfo;fhyj;jpy; thf;fpaq;fisf; $w topg;gLj;Jq;fs;. (xU khztd; ,uz;L
thf;fpaq;fis epfo;fhyj;jpy; $wpdhy; NghJkhdJ.) vy;yh khztu;fSf;Fk;
re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fq;fs;.
 xUtu; $Wk;NghJ kw;wtu;fs; mikjpahf ,Ue;J nrtpkLf;Fk; gz;ig
khztu;fsplk; tsu;jn
; jLf;f Ntz;baJ Mrpupau;fs; nghWg;G vd;gij epidtpw;
nfhs;Sq;fs;.
 thf;fpaq;fis vy;yh khztu;fSk; $Wk;NghJ> khztu;fs; kdjpy; kPs
typAWj;jy; epfo;tNjhL> nrhw;fsQ;rpaKk; ngUf;fkilfpdw
; J vd;gij epidtpw;
nfhs;Sq;fs;.
 khztu; f s; thf; f paq; f isr; rupahd vOtha; > gadpiyfSld; $w
,lu;g;gLk;NghJ Mrpupau; mr;re;ju;gg
; j;jpNyNa khztu;fSf;F cjt Ntz;baJ
mtrpakhFk;.
3
nraw;g hL 3
 fijg;glq;fisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jq;fs;. fijg;glq;fisg; ghu;j;J khztu;fs;
Rakhff; fijiaf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;F khztu;fisj; jahu;gg
; Lj;Jq;fs;. Kjypy;
Mrpupau; fijg; glq;fisg; ghu;j;Jf; fijiaf; fl;bnaOg;g Ntz;Lk;. mjd;
gpd; d u; khztu; f is vOkhwhf mioj; J > fijiaf; fl; b naOg; g
topg;gLj;Jq;fs;. Rakhf Kd;te;J fijiaf; fl;bnaOg;g khztu;fis
Cf;fg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
nraw;g hL 4
 khztu;fis Itu; nfhz;l FOf;fshf;Fq;fs;. fijg;glq;fisg; gpujp vLj;J
ml;ilfspy; xl;b xt;nthU FOTf;Fk; toq;Fq;fs;. FOthf fijg;glq;fs;
gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahl tha;gG
; toq;Fq;fs;. fijg;glq;fisg; ghu;j;Jf; fijiaf;
$Wtjw;F xt;nthU FOTf;Fk; re;ju;gg ; k; toq;Fq;fs;. jdpahfTk; NrhbahfTk;
FOthfTk; glq;fisg; ghu;j;Jf; fijiaf; $Wtjw;F Cf;fg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
4
vLj;J f; f hl;L :
thj;Jf;fspd; jhahfpa jha;
5
 cz;ikr; rk;gtg; glq;fs; vd;gjid khztu;fSf;Ff; $Wq;fs;. mjd; gpd;G
gpd;tUk; cz;ikr; rk;gtj;ijf; $Wq;fs;.
,q;fpyhe;jpd; ];lhd;]l
; l; Nfhl;ilapy; xU
thj; J xd; g J FQ; R fisg; nghupj; j J.
thj; J k; FQ; R fSk; ,iu Njb Rw; w pj;
jpupe;jij mq;fpUe;j eha; xd;W ftdpj;J
te;jJ. jpBnud;W jha; thj;J fhzhky;
Ngha; tpl;lJ. eup J}f;fpr; nrd;Wtpl;lJ.
jha; ,d;w pj; jtpj;j thj;Jf; FQ;R fis
eh a; mut izj ; J f ; nf hz; l J. eh a;
nry;Yk; ,lnky;yhk; FQ;RfSk; $lNt
nrd;wd. ehapd; jiy kPJ Vwp epd;wd.
ehapd; KJfpy; tupirahf mku;e;Jnfhz;L
tyk; te;jd. ehapd; kPJ Vwp tpisahbd.
jha; thj;J ,y;yhjij mwpe;J> FQ;Rfis
xU j hiag; Nghd;W mf;fiw ahf>
nghWikahf eha; ftdpj;jJ.
 ,t; cz;ikr; rk;gtk; cyfj; njhiyf;fhl;rpfspYk; gj;jpupiffspYk; Kf;fpa
nra;jpahf ,lk;ngw;wnjd;gijAk; khztu;fSf;Ff; $Wq;fs;.
 ,f;fijia Vw;fdNt mwpe;jtu;fs; ahuhtJ ,Uf;fpd;wPuf ; sh? vd tpdTq;fs;.
mwpe;jtu;fs; ,Ug;gpd;> mtu;fs; fUj;Jf; $wr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fq;fs;.
 cyfpy; ,t;t hwhd mjprar; rk;gtq;fs; epfo;e;j tz;zk; cs;sd. mr;
rk;gtq;fspy; ,JTk; xd;whFk; vd;W khztu;fSf;Ff; $Wq;fs;. ePq;fs; ,J
Nghd;W mwpe;j rk;gtq;fspUg;gpd; mtw;wpy; xd;iwf; fij tbtpy; Ritglf;
$Wq;fs;.
 ,q;F fijg;glq;fs; Clhf mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;l fijapy; tUk; ehapd; ghr
czu;T gw;wp khztu;fs; Rakhff; $w newpg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
 thj; J f; FQ; R fs; gw; w p khztu; f s; midtupdJk; fUj; J f; f isAk;
Nfl;lwpAq;fs;.
6
 fijg;glq;fis xOq;FgLj;jp> fijia khztu;fs; Rakhff; $Wtjw;F
topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
xw;Wik
7
nraw;g hL 5
 juk; %d;wpy; fw;w yfu> sfu> ofu xypNtWghl;Lr; nrhw;fis kPzL
; k; mwpKfk;
nra;J epidT+l;Lq;fs;.
1. gyk;> gok; 5. xyp> xsp> xop
2. kiy> kio 6. typ> tsp> top
3. myF> moF 7. thy;> ths;> tho;
4. fpyp> fpsp> fpop 8. nty;yk;> nts;sk;
 Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l xyp NtWghl;Lr; nrhw;fis thf;fpaq;fspy; mikj;Jf;$w topg;

gLj;Jq;fs;. xyp NtWghl;Lr; nrhw;fis thf;fpaq;fspy; mikj;Jf; $Wk;NghJ
rupahf cr;rupf;fpd;whu;fsh? vd mtjhdpAq;fs;. khztu;fs; jtWtpLk;NghJ
mr;re;ju;gg
; j;jpNyNa jtWfisr; Rl;bf;fhl;b> rupahf cr;rupff
; topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
kiy : ehq;fs; kiyapy; VwpNdhk;.
ki o : New;W ,uT kio nga;jJ.
 juk; %d;wpy; fw;w xyp NtWghl;Lr; nrhw;fis thf;fpaq;fspy; mikj;Jf;
$Wk; gapwr
; pia Nkw;nfhz;ljd; gpdd
; u;> gpdt
; Uk; yfu> sfu> ofu xypNtWghl;Lr;
nrhw;fis ml;ilf; fPyq;fspy; vOjpf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp> cr;rupff
; topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
yfu> sfu> ofu NtWghL
1. cyT coT 5. Gyp Gsp
2. fiy fis 6. tiy tis
3. jiy jio 7. this thio
4. ePyk; ePsk; 8. Ntiy Ntis
 khztu;fSf;F mwpKfg;gLj;jpa nrhw;fspd; fUj;Jf;fisAk; A3 jhspy; vOjp

mwpKfQ; nra;Aq;fs;.
1. cyT - cyTjy; coT - gapu;j;njhopy;

2. fiy - tpj;ij/Mz;khd; fis - ePf;F/gad;glhj Ntw;Wg;gapu;
3. jiy - rpuR (cly; cWg;G) jio - jhtunkhd;wpd; ,iy
4. Ntiy - njhopy; Ntis - nghOJ
5. ePyk; - xU epwk; ePsk; - msitf; Fwpf;fpwJ
6. Gyp - xU kpUfk; Gsp - fwpf;Fg; gad;gLtJ
7. tiy - kPd;gpbf;Fk; tiy tis - Gw;W> tPl;Ltis
8. this - xU tifkPd; thio - xU kuk;
8
 khztu;fSf;F yfu> sfu> ofu> NtWghl;Lr; nrhw;fspd; fUj;jpid tpsf;fpa
gpdd
; u; thq;fpaq;fspy; mikj;Jf; $Wk; gapwr
; papid khztu;fSf;F toq;Fq;fs;.
vLj;J f; f hl;L :
tiy : kPdtu;fs; tiy tPrp kPdfisg;; gpbj;jdu;.
tis : vWk;Gfs; tisf;Fs; cztpidr; Nrfupj;J itf;fpd;wd.
 khztu; f s; RakhfTk; Nrhb Nru; e ; J k; thf; f paq; f s; mikj; J f; $w

Cf;fg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
nraw;g hL 6
 khztu;fs; juk; %d;wpy; fw;w ufu> wfu NtWghl;Lr; nrhw;fis mwpKfk;
nra;Aq;fs;.
1. muk; mwk; 5. $iu $iw
2. miu miw 6. epiu epiw
3. fup fwp 7. ghiu ghiw
4. fiu fiw 8. ciu ciw
 Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l ufu> wfu NtWghl;Lr; nrhw;fisAk; mtw;wpd; fUj;Jf;fisAk;

epidTgLj;jp> thf;fpaq;fspy; mikj;Jf; $w Mu;t%l;Lq;fs;.
vLj;J f; f hl;L :
fiu : ehq;fs; Qhapw;Wf;fpoik flw;fiuf;Fr; nrd;Nwhk;.
fiw : mtdJ rl;ilapy; fiw gbe;jpUe;jJ.
 khztu;fs;> jhkhfr; Nrhb Nru;e;J> thf;fpaq;fis mikj;J tFg;gpd; Kd;
$Wtjw;F cw;rhfg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
 mjd; gpd;du; khztu;fSf;F gpd;tUk; ufu> wfu NtWghl;Lr; nrhw;fisAk;
mr;nrhw;fspd; fUj;jpidAk; ml;ilf; fPyq;fspy; vOjp> xl;Lg; gyifapy;
xl;bf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
ufu> wfu NtWghL
1. mup mwp 5. $upaJ $wpaJ
2. mUF mWF 6. njup njwp
3. ,uf;fk; ,wf;fk; 7. gup gwp
4. Cup Cwp 8. nghup nghwp
 fhl;rpg;gLj;jpa nrhw;fisr; rupahf cr;rupj;Jf; $Wk; gapw;rpia toq;Fq;fs;.
9
 mjd; gpd;du; ufu> wfu NtWghl;Lr; nrhw;fisAk; mtw;wpd; fUj;jpidAk; A3
jhspy; ngupjhf vOjpf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
ufu NtWghL wfu NtWghL
1. mup - mupj;jy; mwp - njup> czu;
2. mUF - tpspk;G mWF - xU Gy;
3. ,uf;fk; - kdTUf;fk; ,wf;fk; - ,wq;Fif> rupT
4. Cup - xUtifr; rq;F Cwp - frpe;J
5. $upaJ - $u;ikAs;sJ $wpaJ - $wg;gl;lJ
6. njup - njupe;njL njwp - Jspj; Jspahf tprpWjy;> nghj;jhd;
7. gup - Fjpiu gwp - gpLq;Fjy;
8. nghup - tW/jhdpag;nghup nghwp - nrJf;F> jPgn
; ghwp> vypg; nghwp
 ufu> wfu NtWghl;Lr; nrhw;fspd; nghUis khztu;fs; mwpe;j gpd;du;

mr;nrhw;fis thf;fpaq;fspy; mikj;Jf; $Wk; gapw;rpia toq;Fq;fs;. gapw;rp
ngw;w gpd;du; khztu;fs; Nrhb Nru;e;J gapw;rpapy; <Lgl topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
vLj;J f; f hl;L :
nghup : mk;kh fj;jupf;fhia ntl;bg; nghupj;jhu;.
nghwp : mtd; nghwpitj;J vypiag; gpbj;jhd;.
nraw;g hL 7
 khztu;fs; juk; %d;wpy; fw;w dfu> zfu xyp NtWghl;Lr; nrhw;fis
ml;ilf; fPyq;fspy; vOjpf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp epidT+l;Lq;fs;.
vLj;J f; f hl;L :
1. md;dk; mz;zk; 5. gdp gzp
2. Mdp Mzp 6. ghdk; ghzk;
3. Cd; Cz; 7. kdk; kzk;
4. fid fiz 8. thdk; thzk;
 Vw;fdNt fw;w dfu> zfu xyp NtWghl;Lr; nrhw;fspd; fUj;Jf;fisAk;

epidTgLj;Jq;fs;. mtw;iw thf;fpaq;fspy;; mikj;Jf; $w cw;rhf%l;Lq;fs;.
vLj;J f; f hl;L :
Mdp : ehd; Mdp khjk; CUf;Fg; NghNdd;.
Mzp : ehd; filapy; Mzp thq;fpNdd;.
 epidT+l;LQ; nraw;ghL epiwT ngw;wjd; gpd;du;> gpd;tUk; dfu> zfu xyp
NtWghl;Lr; nrhw;fis ml;ilf; fPyq;fspy; vOjp> xl;Lg; gyifapy; fhl;rpg;
gLj;Jq;fs;. mjd; gpd;du; dfu> zfu NtWghl;Lr; nrhw;fis rupahf cr;rupff
; g;
gapw;rpaspAq;fs;.
10
dfu> zfu NtWghL
1. fdp fzp 4. jpid jpiz
2. fid fiz 5. gd; gz;
3. jd;ik jz;ik 6. Ngd; Ngz;
 khztu;fs; NkNy jug;gl;Ls;s dfu> zfu NtWghl;Lr; nrhw;fisr; rupahf

cr;rupf;fg; gapw;rp ngw;w gpd;du;> mtw;wpd; fUj;Jf;fis A3 jhspy; ngupjhf
vOjpf; fhl;rpgg
; Lj;Jq;fs;. mjd; gpd;du; dfu> zfu xyp NtWghl;Lr; nrhw;fspd;
fUj;jpid tpsf;Fq;fs;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
dfu NtWghL zfu NtWghL
1. fdp - goj;ijf; FwpfFk; fzp - fzpj;jy;
2. fid - fidj;jy; fiz - xu; MAjk; (mk;G)
3. jd;ik - Fzk;> %tplg;ngau; jz;ik - Fspu;ik
4. jpid - XU jhdpak; jpiz - rhjp> xOf;fk;
5. gd; - xUtifg; Gy; gz; - ghlYf;Fupa ,uhfk;
6. Ngd; - jiyg;Ngd; Ngz; - fhg;ghw;W
 mjd; gpd;du; dfu> zfu NtWghl;Lr; nrhw;fisf; nfhz;L thf;fpaq;fis

mikf;fg; gapw;rpaspAq;fs;. khztu;fs; gapw;rp ngw;w gpd;du; Nrhb Nru;e;J
thf;fpaq;fis mikj;J tFg;gpd; Kd; $Wtjw;F Mu;t%l;Lq;fs;.
 mjd; gpd;du; xt;nthU FOtpw;Fk; nrd;W> dfu> zfu NtWghl;Lr; nrhw;fisr;
rupahf cr;rupf;fpwhu;fsh vd mtjhdpAq;fs;.
 dfu> zfu NtWghl;Lr; nrhw;fisr; rupahf cr;rupf;f ,lu;g;gLk; khztu;fSf;F
cjTq;fs;.
nraw;ghL 10:
 khztu;fSf;Fg; gpd;tUk; xUik> gd;ikr; nrhw;fis mwpKfQ; nra;Aq;fs;.
1. gj;jpupif gj;jpupiffs; 5. ahid ahidfs;
2. tpuy; tpuy;fs; 6. kPd; kPd;fs;
3. Nfhop Nfhopfs; 7. epwk; epwq;fs;
4. fbjk; fbjq;fs; 8. rpj;jpuk; rpj;jpuq;fs;
11
 jug;gl;Ls;s xUik> gd;ikr; nrhw;fis ml;ilfspy; vOjp> xl;Lg; gyifapy;
fhl;rpg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
 mtw;iw khztu;fSf;F thrpj;Jf; fhl;Lq;fs;.
 khztu;fSld; Nru;e;J mr;nrhw;fis cr;rupAq;fs;.
 mjd; gpd;du; mr;nrhw;fis itj;J thf;fpaq;fs; mikj;Jf; fhl;Lq;fs;.
 ePq;fs; mikj;j thf;fpaq;fis ml;ilf; fPyq;fspy; vOjpf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
vLj;J f; f hl;L :
rpj; j puk; - mtd; rpj;jpuk; tiue;jhd;
rpj; j puq; f s; - mtd; rpj;jpuq;fis tiue;jhd;.
 ,t;thW khztu;fs; xUik> gd;ikr; nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;jp thf;fpaq;fis

mikj;Jf; $w topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
 khztu;fSld; Nru;e;J thf;fpaq;fs; mikAq;fs;.
 khztu;fis vOkhwhf mioj;J> mtu;fSld; Nru;e;J xUik> gd;ik
thf;fpaq;fis mikAq;fs;.
 NkNy jug;gl;Ls;s xUik> gd;ikr; nrhw;fisf; nfhz;L thf;fpaq;fs; mikf;f
khztu;fis Cf;fg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
fzpg; g P L :
 Rakhfg; Ngr Kd;tUjy;
 kw;wtu;fs; NgRtijr; nrtpkLj;jy;
 glk; ghu;j;Jg; NgRjy;
 Rakhff; fij nrhy;yy;
 fijg; glq;fisg; ghu;j;Jf; fij nrhy;yy;
 xyp NtWghl;Lr; nrhw;fis / thf;fpaq;fisf; $Wjy;
 xUik> gd;ikr; nrhw;fis / thf;fpaq;fisf; $Wjy;
 tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspj;jy;
Mfpatw;iwf; fzpg;gPL nra;f.
12
1 R1 W1
Nju; r ; r pfs; :
R1 - thrpg;Gg; nghwpKiwfis mDrupj;J thrpg;ghu;.
W1 - vOj;Jg; nghwpKiwfis mDrupj;J vOJthu;.
cs; s lf; f k; :
 thrpg;G Kiwfs;
 cuj;J thrpg;G
 nksd thrpg;G
 vOJtjw;fhd El;gg; gapw;rpfs;
 rupahd nfhz;zpiyapy; mkUk; gapw;rp
 rupahfg; ngd;rpy; gpbf;Fk; gapw;rp
 rupahf mg;gpahrf; nfhg;gpia itj;jpUe;J vOJk; gapw;rp
 fhl;rpg; glq;fisg; ghu;j;J thf;fpaq;fis vOjp thrpj;jy; (epfo;fhyj;jpy;)
 xspg;glq;fisg; ghu;j;J> thf;fpaq;fis vOjp thrpj;jy; (epfo;fhyj;jpy;)
 fijg; glq;fisg; ghu;j;J thf;fpaq;fis vOjp thrpj;jy; (,we;j fhyj;jpy;)
 xyp NtWghl;Lr; nrhw;fis/thf;fpaq;fis thrpj;jYk; vOJjYk;
 xUik> gd;ikr; nrhw;fis/thf;fpaq;fis thrpj;jYk; vOJjYk;
fw; w w;N gWfs; :

 thrpg;G Kiwfisj; njupe;J nfhz;L> cupa re;ju;g;gq;fspy; gpuNahfpg;ghu;.
 rupahd nfhz;zpiyapy; mku;e;J Kiwg;gb ngd;rpiy/Ngidiag; gpbj;J>
rupahd Kiwapy; nfhg;gpia itj;J vOJthu;.
 fhl;rpg; glq;fisg; ghu;j;J> thf;fpaq;fis epfo;fhyj;jpy; gpioapd;wp vOjp
thrpg;ghu;.
 xspg; glq;fisg; ghu;j;J> thf;fpaq;fis epfo;fhyj;jpy; gpioapd;wp vOjp
thrpg;ghu;.
 fijg;glq;fisg; ghu;j;J thf;fpaq;fis ,we;j fhyj;jpy; vOjp thrpg;ghu;.
 xyp NtWghl;Lr; nrhw;fis ,dq;fz;L cupa Kiwapy; gpuNahfpg;ghu;.
 xUik> gd;ikr; nrhw;fis ,dq;fz;L thf;fpaq;fspy; cupa Kiwapw;
gpuNahfpg;ghu;.
tsq; f s;:
 fhl;rpg;glq;fs;> xspg;glq;fs;> fijg;gl ml;ilfs;> xyp NtWghl;Lr; nrhy;
ml;ilfs;> xUik> gd;ikr; nrhw;fs; /thf;fpa ml;ilfs;> rpwpa ngl;bfs;.
ml;ilf; fPyq;fs;> A4 tbtpyhd ntz;gyiffs;
13
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; mZFKiwfs;:
nraw;g hL 1
 thrpj;jy;> cuj;J thrpg;G> nksd thrpg;G vd ,uz;L tifg;gLk;.
 Gj;jfj;jpypUf;Fk; vOj;Jf;fisf; fz;zhy; ghu;j;J> thapy; xyp ntspg;gLkhW
cr;rupj;J> nghUSzu;tij cuj;J thrpj;jy; vdyhk;.
 thrpj; jypd; N ghJ nrhw;f is milahsk; fhzy; > Kiwahf xypj; j y; >
nghUSzu;jy; Mfpa %d;Wk; xU Nru eilngWfpd;wJ vd;gjid Mrpupau;
Kjypy; tpsq;fpf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
 cuj;J thrpf;Fk;NghJ nghUSzu; Mw;wy; kpFjpahfpd;wJ.
 khztu;fis Itu; nfhz;l FOf;fshf;Fq;fs;. njupT nra;ag;gl;l thrpg;Gg;
gFjpia khzt FOf;fspd; vz;zpf;iff;Nfw;g gpujp vLj;J ml;ilfspy;
xl;b xt;nthU FOTf;Fk; Xu; ml;il tPjk; toq;Fq;fs;. FOtpy; cs;s
xt;nthUtUk; Row;rp Kiwapy; cuj;J thrpf;f topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
 cuj;J thrpj;jypd; Clhf

 rupahd cr;rupg;Gld; jpUj;jkhf thrpf;f
 njspthfTk; tpiuthfTk; thrpf;f
 nghUs; czu;e;J thrpf;f
 cs;sij cs;sthW thrpf;f
 czu;Tfis czu;e;J thrpf;f
 epWj;jf; Fwpfis mDupj;J thrpf;f
 rupahd Fuypy;> Vw;w ,wf;fq;fSld; thrpf;f
khztu;fSf;Fg; gapw;rpaspf;f Ntz;baJ Mrpupaupd; nghWg;ghFk;. vdNt
khztu;fSf;F ghly;fs;> rpwpa fijfs;> njupT nra;ag;gl;l thrpg;Gg; gFjpfs;>
ciuahly;fs;> Nghd;wtw;iwf; nfhLj;J khztu;fs; thrpf;fr; rpwg;Gg; gapw;rp
mspAq;fs;.
nraw;g hL 2
 khztiu cuj;J thrpf;fg; gapw;rpaspj;jjd; gpd;du; nksdkhf thrpf;fg;
gapw;rpaspf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjid epidtpw; nfhs;Sq;fs;.
14
 Gj;jfnkhd;iw thrpf;Fk;NghJ> tha;tpl;L cuj;J thrpf;fhky; kdjpw;Fs;NsNa
tha;jpwf; fhky;> cjLfs; rpwpJk; mirtpy; yhky;> fUj;ij cs; thq; fp
nghUSzu;e;J nfhs;Sk; thrpg;G ~~nksd|| thrpg;ghFk; vd;gjid Mrpupau;
kdjpy; epiy epWj;jpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
 cuj;J thrpj;jypy; ed;F gapw;rp ngw;w gpd;du;> nksd thrpg;gpy; <Lgl
Ntz;Lk; vd;gjidf; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;Sq;fs;.
 khztu;fs; vy;NyhUf;Fk; fpilf;ff;$ba tpjj;jpy; thrpg;Gg; gFjp xd;iwj;
njupT nra;J my;yJ gpujp vLj;J ml;ilfspy; xl;b toq;Fq;fs;. khztu;fs;
Rakhf nksd thrpg;gpy; <Lgl Mu;t%l;Lq;fs;. nksd thrpg;gpd;NghJ
filg;gpbf;f Ntz;ba Kiwfis khztu;fSf;Ff; $Wq;fs;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
rpq;fk;> khd;Fl;biag; gpd; njhlu;e;J

rpwpJ J}uk; nrd;w gpd;> “vq;Nf mtd;?
mt d; vq;Nf x sp e;J nf hz ;b
Uf;f pwhd;? || vdr; rpq;f k; Nfhgkhff;
Nfl;l J.
“ehk; mUfpy; te;J tpl;Nlhk;” vdf; $wpa

khd;Fl;b rpq;fj;ij xU Fopf;F mUfpy;
$l;br; nrd;w J. “cq;fSila rNfhjud;
,jw;Fs;j hd; tho;fpwhd;! || vdf;$wpaJ.
~~ehd; mtDf; f Ufpy; nry; Y k; N ghJ

rj;j k; Nghlhky; mikjpahf ,U|| vdr;
rpq;fk; fl;lis ,l;lJ. NkYk; ~~ehk;
,q;Nf ,Uf;fpd;Nwhk; vd;gJ mtDf;Fj;
njupa Ntz;lhk;|| vdf; $wpa rpq;fk;
Fopf;F mUfpy; Kd;Ndwpr; nrd;w J.
 thrpg;Gj;jpwid tsu;f;Fk; gapw;rpfs; khztu;fspd; Kjpu;r;rpf;Nfw;g mikjy;

Ntz;Lk;. vy;yh khztu;fSf;Fk; xNu tpjkhd gapw;rpfis toq;fhky;
mtu;fspd; Mw;wy;fSf;F vw;g> gapw;rpfisj; jahupj;J toq;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;
vd;gjid epidtpw; nfhs;Sq;fs;.
Kjd;ikepiy ,uz;by; cuj;J thrpj;jy; 60 tPjKk; nksd thrpj;jy;
40 tPjKk; mikjy; rpwg;ghdjhFk;.
nraw;g hL 3
 Kjd;ik epiy xd;wpy;> khztu;fSf;F mku;tjw;Fk; ngd;rpiyg; gpbg;gjw;Fk;
nfhg;gpiar; rupahd Kiwapy; Nkirapy; itj;J vOJtjw;Fk; Kjd;ik
epiy xd;wpw;Fg; nghWg;ghd Mrpupau; gapw;rpaspj;jpUg;ghu;. vdNt mg;gapw;rpia
Kjd;ikepiy ,uz;bw;Fg; nghWg;ghd MrpupaUk; nraw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
khztu;fis mtjhdpAq;fs;. rupahd nfhz;zpiyapy; mkuhj khztu;fis
mioj;J tpNrl gapw;rpfis toq;Fq;fs;. vy;yh khztu;fSf;Fk; gapw;rpfis
Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;gij epidtpw; nfhs;Sq;fs;.
15
gapw;rp 1 rupahd nfhz;z piyapy; mku;j y;
KJF Neuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. Kfk; fljhrpfF

; kpf
mz;kpjJ
; ,Ue;jyhfhJ.
tapW Nkirapy;
Kl;LjyhfhJ.
gps;is jd; fhy; ghjj;ij epyj;jpy; KOikahf itf;fj; jf;fjhff;

fjpiuapd; cauKk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
gapw;rp 2 ngd;rpiy cupathW gpbj;jy;
vOJ $upypUe;J rpy

nrd;upkwP w
; u; J}uj;jpy;
ngd;rpypd; Nkw;gf;fj;jpy;
Rl;L tpuy; jupjj ; pUj;jy;
ngd;rpypd; fPog
; ;gf;fj;jpy; njhLk; ngd;rpypd; Kd;gf;fj;jpy;
tpuy;fsplkpUe;J eLtpuy; ngUtpuy; Rl;Ltpuiyj;
kiwe;jpUj;jy; njhLjy;
ngd;rpiy eLtpuy;> Rl;Ltpuy;> ngUtpuy; Mfpa %d;W tpuy;fshYk; gpbf;f

Ntz;Lk; vd;gij typAWj;JtNjhL mjw;fhd gapw;rpiaAk; toq;Fq;fs;.
gapw;rp 3 mg;g pahrf; nfhg;g pia itj;j pUf;F k; Kiw
 khztu; f s; vt; t hW mg; g pahrf; nfhg; g pia itj; j pUf; f pwhu; f s; vd

mtjhdpAq;fs;. rupahd Kiwapy; mg;gpahrf; nfhg;gpfis itj;J vOJtjw;F
khztu;fis topg;gLj;Jq;fs;. Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l %d;W gapw;rpfSk; khztu;fspd;
vOJk; jpwid tpUj;jp nra;a cWJizahf mikAk; vd;gij epidtpw;
nfhs;Sq;fs;.
16
nraw;g hL 4
 khztu;fs; FOf;fspd; vz;zpf;iff;Nfw;gf; fhl;rpg;glnkhd;iw A4 jhspy;
gpujpnaLj;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs;. mf;fhl;rpg; glq;fis ml;ilfspy; xl;b khztu;
FOf;fSf;F toq;Fq;fs;.
vLj;Jf;f hl;L :
 fhl;rpg;glj;ijg; ghu;j;J epfo;fhyj;jpy; thf;fpaq;fs; $w topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.

 khztu;fs; $wpa thf;fpaq;fis fUk;gyifapy; / ntz;gyifapy; vOJq;fs;.
1. ..................................................................................................................................
2. ..................................................................................................................................
3. ..................................................................................................................................
 fUk;gyifapy; / ntz;gyifapy; vOjg;gl;l thf;fpaq;fisg; ghu;jJ
; mg;gpahrf;
nfhg;gpapy; gpioapd;wp vOjp thrpf;f khztu;fis topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
 vOjpa thf;fpaq;fis thrpg;gjw;F Mu;t%l;Lq;fs;. ,lu;gg ; Lk; khztu;fSf;F
mr;re;ju;g;gj;jpNyNa gupfhuf; fw;gpj;jiy Nkw;nfhs;Sq;fs;.
 mjd; gpd;du; fhl;rpg;glj;ijg; ghu;j;J epfo;fhyj;jpy; thf;fpaq;fis vOj
topgg
; Lj;Jq;fs;. thf;fpaq;fis vOjp Kbj;jJk; Kw;Wg;Gs;sp ,l topfhl;Lq;fs;.
 thf;fpak; xd;iw vOjpajd; gpd;du; NjitNaw;gbd; fhw;Gs;sp ,lNtz;Lk;
vd;gijAk; mtrpak; Kw;Wg;Gs;sp ,lNtz;Lk; vd;gijAk; typAWj;jpf; $Wq;fs;.
1. ..................................................................................................................................
2. ..................................................................................................................................
3. ..................................................................................................................................
 khztu;fs; vOjpa thf;fpaq;fSf;F Kw;Wg;Gs;sp ,lg;gl;Ls;sjh vd;gij

mtjhdpAq;fs;.
 mg;gpahrf; nfhg;gpapy; vOjpa thf;fpaq;fisg; gpioapd;wp cuj;J thrpjJ
; f;fhl;l
khztu;fis topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
17
nraw;g hL 5
 xspg;glf; fUtp %yk; gpbj;j xspg;glq;fis (fhl;rpfis) my;yJ ,izaj;jpy;
,Ue;J ngw;w xspg;glq;fis (fhl;rpfis) khztu;fSf;Ff; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
vLj;J f;fhl;L :
 fhl;rpg;gLj;jpa xspg;glq;fisg; ghu;jJ

; epfo;fhyj;jpy; thf;fpaq;fisf; $wTk;
vOjTk; thrpf;fTk; topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
1. ....................................................................................................................................
2. ....................................................................................................................................
3. ....................................................................................................................................
nraw;g hL 6
 fijg;glq;fisg; ghu;jJ
; thf;fpaq;fis vOj topgg
; Lj;Jq;fs;. fijg;glq;fisg;
gpujpnaLj;J ml;ilfspy; xl;b> khztu; FOf;fSf;F toq;Fq;fs;. xt;nthU
FOtpYk; Itu; ,lk;ngWjy; Ntz;Lk;.
 FOthff; fye;Jiuahba gpdd ; u; jkJ mg;gpahrf; nfhg;gpfspy; fijg;glq;fisg;
ghu;j;J ,we;j fhyj;jpy; thf;fpaq;fis vOj topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
vLj;J f;fhl;L :
18
 fijg;glq;fis xOq;FgLj;jp> fijia khztu;fs; Rakhff; $Wtjw;Fk;
vOJtjw; Fk; topg; gLj; Jq;f s; . vOjpa gpd;d u; fijia thrpg; gjw; Fk;
Mu;t%l;Lq;fs;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
xw;Wik
19
Fwpg;G : ,J Nghd;w NtW fijg;glq;fis Mf;fp khztu;fSf;F toq;Fk; Rje;jpuk;
MrpupaUf;F cz;L. njupT nra;Ak; fijg;glq;fs; juk; ehd;F khztu;fspd;
taJ kl;lj;jpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhdjhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gjid epidtpw;
nfhs;Sq;fs;.
nraw;g hL 7
 juk; %d;wpy; fw;w yfu> sfu> ofu NtWghl;Lr; nrhw;fis kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk;
epidTgLj;jp> mr;nrhw;fisg; gapw;rp ml;ilahfj; jahupj;Jg; gpujp vLj;J>
vy;yh khztu;fSf;Fk; toq;Fq;fs;. gapw;rp ml;ilapy; cs;s yfu> sfu>
ofu NtWghl;Lr; nrhw;fisf; nfhz;L thf;fpaq;fis mikf;f topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
vLj;J f; f hl;L :
gapw;rp ml;il
1. gyk; : ......................................................................................................................
gok; : ......................................................................................................................
2. kiy : ......................................................................................................................
kio : ......................................................................................................................
3. fpyp : ......................................................................................................................
fpsp : ......................................................................................................................
fpop : ......................................................................................................................
4. xyp : ......................................................................................................................
xsp : ......................................................................................................................
xop : ......................................................................................................................
5. myF : ......................................................................................................................
msF : ......................................................................................................................
moF : ......................................................................................................................
6. typ : ......................................................................................................................
tsp : ......................................................................................................................
top : ......................................................................................................................
7. thy; : ......................................................................................................................
ths; : ......................................................................................................................
tho; : ......................................................................................................................
8. nty;yk; : ......................................................................................................................
nts;sk; : ......................................................................................................................
 gapw;rp ml;ilapy; vOjpa thf;fpaq;fis tFg;gpd; Kd; gpioapd;wp cuj;J

thrpf;f topg;gLj;Jq;fs;. ,lu;g;gLk; khztu;fSf;F mr;re;ju;g;gj;jpNyNa
cjTq;fs;.
20
 ,g;gapw;rpapd; gpd;du; gpd;tUk; yfu> sfu> ofu NtWghl;Lr; nrhw;fis ml;ilf;
fPyq;fspy; vOjpf; fhl;rpgg; Lj;Jq;fs;. mjd; gpdd
; u; khztu;fSf;F mr; nrhw;fis
cr;rupj;Jf; fhl;Lq;fs;. mjd; gpd;du; mtw;w pd; fUj;Jf;fisAk; vOjpf;
fhl;rpg;gLj;Jq;fs;. (fUj;J gf;fk; 8 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;sJ.)
yfu> sfu> ofu xyp NtWghL
1. cyT coT 2. fiy fis
3. jiy jis 4. ePyk; ePsk;
5. Gyp Gsp 6. tiy tis
7. this thio 8. Ntiy Ntis
 Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;l nrhw;fspd; fUj;Jf;fis khztu;fSf;F tpsf;Fq;fs;. mjd;

gpd;du; yfu> sfu> ofu NtWghl;Lr; nrhw;fisAk; mtw;wpd; fUj;Jf;fisAk;
mg;gpahrf; nfhg;gpapy; vOjp thrpf;f topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
 mjd; gpdd; u; jug;gl;Ls;s yfu> sfu> ofu NtWghl;Lr; nrhw;fspd; fUj;Jf;fis
tpsq;fp thf;fpak; mikf;f topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
vLj;Jf;f hl;L :
ePy k; : mtDila rl;il ePy epwkhdJ.
eP s k; : me;jg;ghyk; kpfTk; ePskhdJ.
thf;fpaq;fis mikj;J vOjpa gpd;du; Kw;Wg;Gs;sp ,lg;gl;L ,Uf;fpd;wjh
vd mtjhdpAq;fs;.
nraw;g hL 8
 khztu;fs; juk; %d;wpy; fw;w ufu> wfu NtWghl;Lr; nrhw;fis kPz;Lk;
kPz;Lk; epidTgLj;jp> mr;nrhw;fisg; gapw;rp ml;ilahfj; jahupj;Jg; gpujp
vLj;J> vy;yh khztu;fSf;Fk; toq;Fq;fs;. gapw;rp ml;ilapy; cs;s ufu>
wfu NtWghl;Lr; nrhw;fisf; nfhz;L thf;fpaq;fis mikf;f topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
vLj;J f; f hl;L :
gapw;rp ml;il
1. muk; : ...............................................................................................................
mwk; : ...............................................................................................................
2. miu : ...............................................................................................................
miw : ......................................................................................................................
3. fup : ......................................................................................................................
fwp : ......................................................................................................................
21
4. fiu : ...............................................................................................................
fiw : ...............................................................................................................
5. $iu : ...............................................................................................................
$iw : ......................................................................................................................
6. epiu : ...............................................................................................................
epiw : ...............................................................................................................
7. ghiu : ......................................................................................................................
ghiw : ......................................................................................................................
8. ciu : ......................................................................................................................
ciw : ......................................................................................................................
 gapw;rp ml;ilapy; vOjpa thf;fpaq;fis tFg;gpd; Kd; te;J thrpj;Jf;fhl;l

topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
 mjd; gpd;du; khztu;fSf;Fg; gpd;tUk; ufu> wfu NtWghl;Lr; nrhw;fisg;
gpd;tUkhW ml;ilf; fPyq;fspy; vOjp mwpKfQ; nra;Aq;fs;.
1. mup mwp 2. mUF mWF
3. ,uf;fk; ,wf;fk; 4. Cup Cwp
5. $upaJ $wpaJ 6. njup njwp
7. gup gwp 8. nghup nghwp
 Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l nrhw;fspd; fUj;Jf;fis A3 jhspy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp khztu;fs;

Gupe;J nfhs;Sk; tifapy; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf;fSld; tpsf;Fq;fs;.
 mjd; gpd;du; ufu> wfu nrhw;fisAk; mtw;wpd; fUj;Jf;fisAk; mg;gpahrf;
nfhg;gpapy; vOjp> thrpf;f topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
 mjd; gpd;du; ufu> wfur; nrhw;fis thf;fpaq;fspy; mikj;Jf; fhl;Lq;fs;.
vLj;J f;fhl;L :
gup - Nrtfu;fs; gupfSld; nrd;wdu;.
gw p - mts; g+f;fisg; gwpj;jhs;.
 ,JNghd;w thf;fpaq;fis khztu;fSf;F mwpKfk; nra;Aq;fs;. khztu;fs;
ufu> wfu NtWghl;Lr; nrhw;fisf; nfhz;L thf;fpaq;fs; mikf;f topg;
gLj;Jq;fs;.
 khztu; fisr; Nrhbahf;fp jhk; vOjpa thf;f paq;fis thrpj;Jf; fhl;l
Cf;fkspAq;fs;.
 khztu;fs; vOjpa thf;fpaq;fSf;F Kw;Wg;Gs;sp ,Lfpd;whu;fsh vdTk;>
thf;fpaq;fisg; gpioapdw
; p vOjpAs;shu;fsh vdTk; mtjhdpAq;fs;. ,lu;gg
; Lk;
khztu;fSf;F cjTq;fs;.
22
nraw;g hL 9
 khztu;fs; Vw;fdNt juk; %d;wpy; fw;w dfu> zfu xyp NtWghl;Lr; nrhw;fis
epidTgLj;jp> mr;nrhw;fisg; gapw;rp ml;ilahfj; jahupj;Jg; gpujp vLj;J>
vy;yh khztu;fSf;Fk; toq;Fq;fs;. gapw;rp ml;ilapy; cs;s dfu> zfu>
NtWghl;Lr; nrhw;fisf; nfhz;L thf;fpaq;fis mikf;f topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
gapw;rp ml;il
1. md;dk; : ..................................................................................................................
mz;zk; : ..................................................................................................................
2. Mdp : ..................................................................................................................
Mzp : ..................................................................................................................
3. Cd; : ..................................................................................................................
Cz; : ..................................................................................................................
4. fid : ..................................................................................................................
fiz : ..................................................................................................................
5. gdp : ..................................................................................................................
gzp : ..................................................................................................................
6. kdk; : ..................................................................................................................
kzk; : ..................................................................................................................
 gapw;rp ml;ilapy; vOjpa thf;fpaq;fis tFg;gpd; Kd; gpioapd;wp thrpf;f

topg;gLj;Jq;fs;. ,lu;g;gLk; khztu;fSf;F mr;re;ju;g;gj;jpNyNa cjTq;fs;.
 ,g;gapw;rpapd; gpd;du; dfu> zfu NtWghl;Lr; nrhw;fis ml;ilf; fPyq;fspy;
vOjp mwpKfk; nra;Aq;fs;.
1. fdp fzp 2. fid fiz
3. jd;ik jz;ik 4. jpid jpiz
5. gd; gz; 6. Ngd; Ngz;
 Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l nrhw;fspd; fUj;Jf;fisAk; vOjpf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jq;fs;. (fUj;J

gf;fk; 9 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;sJ.)
23
 Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;l nrhw;fspd; fUj;Jf;fis khztu;fSf;F tpsf;Fq;fs;. mjd;
gpd;du; dfu> zfu NtWghl;Lr; nrhw;fisAk; mtw;wpd; fUj;Jf;fisAk;
 mjd; gpd;du; dfu> zfu NtWghl;Lr; nrhw;fis thf;fpaq;fspy; mikj;J
vOj topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
vLj;J f;fhl;L :
fdp - fpsp fdpfis tpUk;gp cz;Zk;.
fzp - Nrhjplu;fs; fzpj;Jf; $Wtu;.
 ,JNghd;w thf;fpaq;fis khztu;fSf;F mwpKfk; nra;Aq;fs;. khztu;fs;

dfu> zfu NtWghl;Lr; nrhw;fisf; nfhz;L thf;fpaq;fs; mikf;f topg;
gLj;Jq;fs;.
 khztu; f isf; FOthfTk; NrhbahfTk; jhk; vOjpa thf; f paq; f is
thrpj;Jf;fhl;l Cf;fkspAq;fs;.
nraw;g hL 10
 khztu;fSf;Fg; gupr;rakhd xUik - gd;ikr; nrhw;fis ml;ilfspy; vOjpf;
fhl;rpg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
1. gj;jpupif gj;jpupiffs; 2. ahid ahidfs;
3. tpuy; tpuy;fs; 4. kPd; kPd;fs;
5. Nfhop Nfhopfs; 6. epwk; epwq;fs;
7. fbjk; fbjq;fs; 8. rpj;jpuk; rpj;jpuq;fs;
 NkNy jug;gl;Ls;s xUik - gd;ikr; nrhw;fis khztu;fs; thrpg;gjw;F

topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
 mtu;fs; rupahf cr;rupj;J thrpf;fpd;whu;fsh vd mtjhdpAq;fs;.
 mr;nrhw;fisg; gpioapd;wp mg;gpahrf; nfhg;gpapy; vOj fhl;l Mu;t%l;Lq;fs;.
 mjd; gpd;du; xUik - gd;ikr; nrhw;fisf; nfhz;L> thf;fpaq;is mikj;J
ml;ilf;fPyq;fspy; vOjpf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
vLj;J f;fhl;L :
1. gj;jpupif : mg;gh gj;jpupif thq;fpdhu;.

gj;jpupiffs; : mg;gh gj;jpupiffis thq;fpdhu;.
2. ahid : ahid Mb mire;J te;jJ.

ahidfs; : ahidfs; Mb mire;J te;jd.
24
3. tpuy; : khyh tpuiy kbj;jhs;.
tpuy;fs; : khyh tpuy;fis kbj;jhs;.
4. rpj;jpuk; : jk;gp rpj;jpuk; tiue;jhd;.

rpj;jpuq;fs; : jk;gp; rpj;jpuq;fs; tiue;jhd;.
 khztu;fis Itu; nfhz;l FOf;fshf;Fq;fs;.

 mf;FOf;fSf;F ml;ilf;fy P q;fis toq;Fq;fs;. mtw;iwj; jkJ FOf;fspilNa
thrpj;Jf;fhl;l Mu;t%l;Lq;fs;.
 mjd; gpdd; u; ml;ilf;fyP q;fspy; vOjg;gl;Ls;s xUik - gd;ik thf;fpaq;fis
mg;gpahrf; nfhg;gpapy; vOj Mu;t%l;Lq;fs;.
 vOJk;NghJ thf;fpaq;fSf;F Kw;Wg;Gs;sp ,Lfpwhu;fsh vd mtjhdpAq;fs;.
 mjd; gpd;du; gpd;tUkhwhd gapw;rpfspy; <LgLj;Jq;fs;.
gbKiw 1
 Gs;spf; Nfhbl;l ,lq;fspy; nghUj;jkhd xUik - gd;ikr; nrhw;fis vOjp
thf;fpaq;fisg; G+u;j;jp nra;Aq;fs;.
vLj;J f; f hl;L :
khd; Js;spg; gha;e;jJ.
khd;fs;
............... Js;spg; gha;e;jd.
1. gUe;J caug; gwe;jJ.

............. caug; gwe;jd.
2. fhfk; fiue;jJ.
............ fiue;jd.
3. fOF thdpy; tl;lkpl;lJ.

............... thdpy; tl;lkpl;ld.
4. ehd; mofhf tiue;Njd;.

............... mofhf tiue;Njhk;.
5. NgUe;J Ntfkhfr; nrd;wJ.

................ Ntfkhfr; nrd;wd.
 ,J Nghd;w NkYk; gapw;rpfis khztu;fSf;F toq;Fq;fs;.
25
gbKiw 2
 fPNo jug;gl;Ls;s xUik thf;fpaq;fisg; gd;ik thf;fpaq;fshf khw;wp
vLj;J f; f hl;L :
rpl;Lf; FUtp gwe;jJ.
rpl;L f; FUtpfs; gwe;j d.

............................................
1. Fapy; ,dpikahff; $tpaJ.

..............................................................................................
2. kuk; fhw;wpy; Mb mire;jJ.

..............................................................................................
3. Fjpiu Ntfkhf XbaJ.

..............................................................................................
4. thj;J ePupy; ePe;jpaJ.

..............................................................................................
5. gwit thdpy; gwe;jJ.

..............................................................................................
 ,J Nghd;w Nkyjpfg; gapw;rpfis khztu;fSf;F toq;Fq;fs;.
fzpg; g P L
 thrpg;G Kiwfis mwpe;J thrpj;jy;
 vOJtjw;fhd El;gq;fis mDrupj;J vOJjy;
 fhl;rpg; glq;fisg; ghu;j;J thf;fpaq;fs; vOJjy;
 xspg; glq;fisg; ghu;j;J thf;fpaq;fs; vOJjy;
 fijg; glq;fisg; ghu;j;J thf;fpaq;fs; vOJjy;
 xyp NtWghLfis mDrupj;J vOJjy;
 xUik> gd;ik thf;fpaq;fis vOJjy;
26
2 L2 S2 R2 W2
Nju;r;r pfs; :
L2 – nrtpkLj;jy; jpwid tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhfr; nrtpkLg;ghu;.
S2 – NgRjy; jpwid tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhfg; NgRthu;.
R2 – thrpj;jy; jpwid tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhf thrpg;ghu;.
W2 – vOJjy; jpwid tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhf vOJthu;.
cs;slf;fk; :
 xj;jfUj;Jr; nrhw;fs;
 vjpu;f;fUj;Jr; nrhw;fs;
 vjpu;g;ghw; nrhw;fs; (Mz;ghy;> ngz;ghy;)
 jpiz> ghy;> vz;> ,lk;> fhyk;
 vOtha;> gadpiy> nrag;gLnghUs;
 vOtha;> gadpiy milnkhopfs;
 ngau;r;nrhy;> tpidr;nrhy;
 epWj;jf;Fwpfs; (Kw;Wg;Gs;sp> fhw;Gs;sp> tpdhf;Fwp> tpag;Gf;Fwp)
fw;ww;N gWfs; :
 xj;jfUj;Jr; nrhw;fs;> vjpu;ff
; Uj;Jr; nrhw;fs;> vjpug
; g
; hw; nrhw;fs;> Mfpatw;iw
,dq;fz;L nfhs;thu;. mtw;iw cupa tifapy; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
 jpiz> ghy;> vz;> ,lk;> fhyk; Mfpatw;iw mwpe;J cupa tifapy;
gad;gLj;Jthu;.
 vOtha; > gadpiy> nrag; g LnghUs; Mfpatw; i w mwpe; J mtw; i w
thf;fpaq;fspw; nghUj;jKwg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
 ngau; r; n rhw; fs; > tpidr;n rhw; f s; Mfpatw; wpd; NtWghLfis mwpe; J
gpuNahfpg;ghu;.
 milnkhopfis mwpeJ
; > mtw;iwg; nghUj;jKw thf;fpaq;fspy; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
 thf;fpaq;fspy; epWj;jf;Fwpfis (Kw;Wg;Gs;sp> fhw;Gs;sp> tpdhf;Fwp> tpag;Gf;
Fwp) ,Ltjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij czu;e;J nghUj;jKwg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
tsq;fs; :
 xj;jfUj;J> vjpu;f;fUj;J> vjpu;g;ghw; nrhy; ml;ilfs;> tz;z vOJNfhy;
(epwg; Ngdh)> vOtha;> gadpiy milnkhop thf;fpa ml;ilfs;> xl;Lg;gyif>
BLU TACK, ,we;jfhy> epfo;fhy> vjpu;fhy thf;fpa ml;ilfs;. fhfpjj;
jl;Lfs;> rpwpa kuf;Fw;wpfs; / rJug; ngl;bfs; (jhaf;fl;il) epWj;jf;Fwpfs;
(Kw;Wg;Gs;sp> fhw;Gs;sp> tpdhf;Fwp> tpag;Gf;Fwp ) ml;ilfs;> ngau;r;nrhy;>
tpidr;nrhy; ml;ilfs;.
27
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; mZFKiwfs; :
nraw;ghL 1
 juk; %d;wpy; fw;w xj;jfUj;Jr; nrhw;fis khztu;fSf;F epidTgLj;jpf;
$Wq;fs;.
 mjd; gpd;du; khztu;fSf;Fg; gpd;tUk; xj;jfUj;Jr; nrhw;fis ml;ilfspy;
vOjpf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp mwpKfQ; nra;Aq;fs;.
gbKiw 1
vLj;Jf;fhl;L :
xj;jfUj;Jr; nrhw;fs;
moF - tbT> tdg;G rpdk; - Nfhgk;> rPw;wk;

mwpT - Qhdk;> Gj;jp Rj;j k; - J}a;ik> Gdpjk;
cly; - nka;> ruPuk; Jd; g k; - Jf;fk;> ,lu;
cz; i k - rj;jpak;> tha;ik epj; j piu - Japy;> cwf;fk;
fspg; G - ctif> kfpo;r;rp czT - Mfhuk;> cz;b
 khztu; f s; mtw; i w thrpg; g jw; F Cf; f g; g Lj; J q; f s; . mjd; gpd; d u;

khztu;fisf; FOf;fshf;fp xt;nthU FOtpw;Fk; xj;jfUj;Jr; nrhw;fs;
vOjg;gl;l ml;ilfs; xt;nthd;W tPjk; toq;fp> mtw;iwj; jkJ FOf;fspilNa
thrpj;Jf;fhl;Ltjw;F topg;gLj;Jq;fs;. mjd; gpdd; u; ml;ilapy; vOjg;gl;Ls;s
nrhw;fis mg;gpahrf; nfhg;gpapy; vOjp> Rakhf thrpf;f Mu;t%l;Lq;fs;.
nraw;g hL 2
 Vw;fdNt mwpKfg;gLj;jpa xj;jfUj;Jr; nrhw;fis khztu;fs; kdjpy; gjpar;
nra;tjw;fhfg; gpdt; Uk; gapwr
; p ml;ilfisj; jahupjJ
; khztu; vz;zpfi
; ff;F
Vw;gg; gpujpnaLj;Jf;nfhs;Sq;fs;. mtw;iw vy;yh khztu;fSf;Fk; toq;Fq;fs;.
G+u;j;jp nra;a Cf;fg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
gbKiw 2
xj;jfUj;J r; nrhw;f s;
moF - .................... rpdk; - .................
mwpT - ................... .................. - cz;b
............... - nka; ................ - ctif
.............. - tha;ik czT - .................
Rj;jk; - .................. .................. - ,lu;
28
 mjd; gpd;du; NkNy fhl;lg;gl;lthW xj;jfUj;Jr; nrhw;fisg; G+u;j;jpnra;Ak;
ml;il xd;iwj; jahupj;Jf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jq;fs;. (mt;tl;ilapy; fl;lkplg;gl;l
,lq;fspy; xj;jfUj;Jr; nrhw;fisr; nrUff; $bathW jahupf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;gij epidtpw; nfhs;Sq;fs;.)
xj;jfUj;Jr; nrhw;fs;
1. moF - 6. rpdk; -
2. mwpT - 7. Rj;jk; -
3. cly; - 8. Jd;gk; -
4. cz;ik- 9. epj;jpiu -
5. fspg;G - 10. czT -
ctif Gj;jp cwf;fk; rPw;wk; ,lu;
tbT tha;ik nka; Gdpjk; Mfhuk;
 khztu; FOf;fis mioj;J> fl;lq;fspy; tuNtz;ba xj;jfUj;Jr; nrhw;fisj;

njupTnra;J fl;lj;jpy; nrUf topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
Fwpg; G : ,JNghd;W juk; ehd;F khztu;fspd; taJ kl;lj;jpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd
xj;jfUj;Jr; nrhw;fis khztu;fSf;F mwpKfQ; nra;Aq;fs;.
nraw;g hL 3
 khztu;fs; juk; 3 ,y; Vw;fdNt fw;w vjpuf; f
; Uj;Jr; nrhw;fisf; Nfl;lwpAq;fs;.
mjd; gpd;du; gpd;tUk; vjpu;f;fUj;Jr; nrhw;fis ml;ilapy; vOjpf; fhl;rpg;
gLj;Jq;fs;.
vjpu;f;fUj;Jr; nrhw;fs;
1. mz; i k - Nra;ik 7. Vw; W kjp- ,wf;Fkjp
2. Mf;f k; - mopT 8. xsp - ,Us;
3. ,yhgk; - el;lk; 9. rhjfk; - ghjfk;
4. ,sik - KJik 10. Qhgfk; - kwjp
5. cau; T - jho;T 11. ez;g d; - giftd;
6. cwT - gif 12. Rj;j k; - mRj;jk;
29
 fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s nrhw;fis mg;gpahrf; nfhg;gpapy; vOjp thrpj;Jf;fhl;l
Mu;t%l;Lq;fs;.
nraw;g hL 4
 Nkw;Fwpg;gpll
; vjpu;f;fUj;Jr; nrhw;fis khztu; FOf;fspd; vz;zpf;iff;Nfw;g
ml;ilfspy; jdpj;jdpahf vOjp (24 nrhw;fs;) fljhrpj; jl;by; ,l;L f;
nfhs;Sq;fs;.
 khztu;fis mWtu; nfhz;l FOf;fshf;Fq;fs;.
 xt;nthU FOTf;Fk; 24 nrhw;fs; nfhz;l fljhrpj; jl;il toq;Fq;fs;.
FOtpYs;s xt;nthUtUk; xt;nthU nrhy; ml;ilia vLf;fNtz;Lk;.
mr;nrhy;ypwf
; hd vjpu;f;fUj;Jr; nrhy; ml;iliaf; fljhrpj; jl;by; NjbnaLj;J
glj;jpy; fhl;bathW Nkirapy; itf;f khztu;fis topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
mz;ik Nra;ik xsp ,Us;
Qhgfk; kwjp ez;gd; giftd;
 xt;nthU FOTk; jk;kplKs;s vjpu;f;fUj;Jr; nrhw;fis thrpj;Jf;fhl;l

topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
 mjd; gpd;du; gpd;tUkhW gapw;rpj;jhs; xd;iwg; gpujpnra;J vy;yh khztu;
fSf;Fk; toq;Fq;fs;. fl;lq;fspy; vOjg;glNtz;ba vjpu;ff
; Uj;Jr; nrhw;fisr;
rupahf vOj topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
vjpu;f;fUj;Jr; nrhw;fs;
mz;ik
NfL
,yhgk;
KJik
cwT
ghjfk;
 khztu;fs; tpUg;Gld; fw;ff; $ba tifapyhd NtW gapw;rpfisj; jahupj;J

toq;Fq;fs;.
30
nraw;ghL 5
 khztu;fSf;F vjpu;f;fUj;Jr; nrhw;fis> jhaf;fl;il tpisahl;L %yk;
mwpKfk; nra; A q; f s; . khztu; FOf; f spd; vz; z pf; i ff; F Vw; g
jhaf;fl;ilfis fhl;Nghl; ml;ilfs; my;yJ kuf;Fw;wpfisg; gad;gLj;jp
cUthf;fpf; nfhs;Sq;fs;.
 jhaf;fl;ilfspd; MW Kfq;fspYk; MW nrhw;fis vOjpf;nfhs;Sq;fs;.
mjd; gpd;du; fhfpj;jl;Lf;fspy; jhaf;fl;ilapy; vOjpa nrhw;fSf;Fupa
vjpuf
; f
; Uj;Jr; nrhw;fisj; jdpj;jdpahf ml;ilfspy; vOjp ,Lq;fs;. (khztu;
FOf; f spd; vz; z pf; i ff; F Vw; g vjpu; f ; f Uj; J r; nrhw; f s; nfhz; l
fhfpj;jl;Lf;fisAk; jhaf;fl;ilfisAk; jahupj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lnkd;gij
epidtpw; nfhs;Sq;fs;.)
 jhaf;fl;ilia cUl;Lq;fs;. jhaf;fl;ilapd; Nkw; gf;fj;jpy; vOjg;gl;Ls;s
nrhy;Yf;Fupa vjpu;f;fUj;Jr; nrhy;iy jhaf;fl;ilia cUl;batu; jkJ
FOTf;F toq;fg;gl;l fhfpj;jl;bypUe;J rupahd ml;ilia vLj;J thrpf;f
Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW tpisahl;il mwpKfQ; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
 rupahd ml;ilia vLj;J thrpj;jgpd; jhaf;fl;ilapy; cs;s nrhy;iyAk;
mjw;fhd vjpuf; f
; Uj;Jr; nrhy;iyAk; jhaf;fl;ilia cUl;batUk; mf;FOtpy;
cs; s tu; f Sk; m g; g pa hrf; nfhg; g pa py; vOj pf; n fhs; s Nt z; L k; .
,t;tpisahl;ilf; FOtpYs;s vy;yh khztu;fSk; tpisahl Ntz;Lk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L :
nraw;ghL 6
 khztu;fsplk; juk; %d;wpy; fw;w vjpu;g;ghw; nrhw;fisf; Nfl;lwpAq;fs;.
mjd; gpdd
; u; fPot
; Uk; vjpu;g;ghw; nrhw;fisg; ngupa ml;ilapy; vOjp mwpKfk;
nra;Aq;fs;.
vjpu;g;ghw; nrhw;fs;
1. rpWtd; - rpWkp 7. gz; b jd; - gz;bij
2. nry; t d; - nry;tp 8. rP k hd; - rPkhl;b
3. Nrtfd; - Nrtfp 9. ehafd; - ehafp
4. jk; g p - jq;if 10. khztd; - khztp
5. Gj; j pud; - Gj;jpup 11. tP u d; - tPuhq;fid
6. ez;g d; - ez;gp 12. kUkfd; - kUkfs;
 vjpu;g;ghw; nrhw;fis khztu;fSf;F thrpj;Jf; fhl;Lq;fs;.
 gpd;du;> khztu;fSld; Nru;e;J thrpAq;fs;. mjd; gpd;du;> khztu;fis
vOkhwhf mioj;Jr; nrhw;fis thrpf;f topg;gLj;Jq;fs;. thrpj;J Kbe;jJk;
mg;gpahrf; nfhg;gpapy;> vjpu;g;ghw; nrhw;fis vOj topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.vOjpa
gpd;du;> ,Utu; ,Utuhfr; Nrhb Nru;e;J thrpf;f Mu;t%l;Lq;fs;.
31
nraw;ghL 7
 khztu;fSf;F vjpu;g;ghw; nrhw;fisf; nfhz;l thf;fpaq;fis ml;ilf;
fPyq;fspy; vOjp mwpKfk; nra;Aq;fs;.
1. mtd; xU tPud;.
mts; xU tPuhq;fid.
2. mtd; vd;Dila jk;gp

mts; vd;Dila jq;if.
3. ehd; ey;y Nrtfd;.

ehd; ey;y Nrtfp.
4. mtuJ kUkfd; tPl;bw;F te;jhu;.

mtuJ kUkfs; tPl;bw;F te;jhu;.
5. vdJ Gj;jpud; tPl;bw;F te;jhd;.

vdJ Gj;jpup tPl;bw;F te;jhs;.
 NkNy jug;gl;l thf;fpaq;fisf; FOf;fspd; vz;zpf;iff;Nfw;g ml;ilf;

fPyq;fspy; vOjpf;nfhs;Sq;fs;.
 xt;nthU FOtpYk; Itu; ,lk;ngWjy; Ntz;Lk;. ml;ilf; fPyq;fisf; fljhrpj;
jl;by; ,l;L FOf;fSf;F toq;Fq;fs;. ml;ilf; fPyq;fspy; vOjg;gl;Ls;s
vjpu;g;ghw; nrhw;fisf; nfhz;l thf;fpaq;fisf; FOf;fspYs;s vy;yh
khztu;fSk; thrpf;f topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
 mjd; gpd;du;> ml;ilf; fPyq;fspy; vOjg;gl;Ls;s thf;fpaq;fis mg;gpahrf;
nfhg;gpapy; vOjp> Kw;Wg;Gs;sp ,l topg;gLj;Jq;fs;. vOjpa thf;fpaq;fisr;
Rakhf thrpf;f Mu;t%l;Lq;fs;.
nraw;ghL 8
 khztu;fSf;F Vw;fdNt vjpu;f;fUj;Jr; nrhw;fisf; jhaf;fl;il tpisahl;L
%yk; mwpKfk; nra;jJ Nghd;W vjpu;gg
; hw; nrhw;fisAk; mwpKfk; nra;Aq;fs;.
 jhaf;fl;ilfspd; MW Kfq;fspYk; MW nrhw;fis vOjpf;nfhs;Sq;fs;.
mjd; gpd;du; fhfpj;jl;Lf;fspy; jhaf;fl;ilapy; vOjpa nrhw;fSf;Fupa
vjpu;f;fUj;Jr; nrhw;fis jdpj;jdpahf ml;ilfspy; vOjp ,Lq;fs;.
 jhaf;fl;ilfisAk; fhfpj;jl;Lf;fisAk; khztu; FOf;fSf;F toq;Fq;fs;.
FOf;fspYs;s xt;nthUtUk; jhaf;fl;ilia cUl;l cw;rhfg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
jhaf;fl;ilia cUl;ba gpd; Nkw;gf;fj;jpYs;s nrhy;Yf;Fupa vjpu;g;ghw;
nrhy;iyj; jkJ FOTf;F toq;fg;gl;l fhfpj;jl;bypUe;J rupahd ml;ilia
vLj;J thrpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
32
 mjd; gpd;du;> jhaf;fl;ilapd; Nkw;gFjpapy; vOjg;gl;Ls;s nrhy;iyAk;
mjw;Fupa vjpu;g;ghw; nrhy;iyAk; mg;gpahrf; nfhg;gpapy; vOj Ntz;Lk;.
FOtpYs;s vy;yh khztu;fSk; cUl;Lk;NghJk; jhaf;fl;ilapd; Kfj;jpYs;s
nrhy;iyAk; mjw;Fupa vjpu;g;ghw; nrhy;iyAk; vOj Ntz;Lk; vd;gij
epidtpw; nfhs;Sq;fs;.
 ,t;tpisahl;il khztu;fs; tpUk;Gk;tiu tpisahlr; re;ju;gg
; k; toq;Fq;fs;.
nraw;g hL 9
 khztu;fSf;F jpiz> ghy;> vz;> ,lk;> fhyk; vd;gtw;iw ,yFthfg;
GupAk; tifapy; mwpKfQ; nra;Aq;fs;.
jpiz
jkpopy; jpiz vd;Dk; nrhy; rhjp> xOf;fk; vdg; gy;NtW nghUs;fisj;
jUfpd;wJ. jpiz ,Utifg;gLk;.
jpiz
cau;jpiz m/wpiz
cau;jpiz: kf;fs;> Njtu;> eufu; Mfpatu;fs; cau;jpizapd; ghw;gLthu;fs;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: khyd;> Nkup> ghj;jpkh> je;ij
m/wpiz: kf;fs;> Njtu;> eufu; my;yhj kw;w capu; cs;s> capu; mw;w
vy;yhk; m/wpizapd; ghw;gLk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: kuk;> ML> fjpiu> ,iy
 khztu;fSf;F ~,yf;f zk;| vd;w nrhy;i yg; gad;gLj;j hky; jpiz>
ghy;> vz;> ,lk;> fhyk; Mfpatw;iw mwpKfk; nra;Aq;fs;.
 khztu;fSf;F cau;jpiz> m/wpiz Mfpatw;iw tpsf;Ftjw;F nrUfy;
ml; i l Kiwiag; gpd; g w; W q; f s; . ml; i lf; fP y q; f spy; cau; j piz>
m/wpizr; nrhw;fis vOjp ml;ltizapy; nrUfp tpsf;Fq;fs;.
cau; j piz m/wpiz
md;id fly;
rq;fud; ,iy
ryPk; ahid
gPw;wu; Nkir
 mjd; gpd;d u; khztu;fis Itu; nfhz;l FOf;fshf;Fq;fs;. xt;nthU

FOTf;Fk; Ie;J cau;jpizr; nrhw;fs;> Ie;J m/wpizr; nrhw;fs; nfhz;l
ml;ilf; fPyq;fis toq;Fq;fs;. mjd; gpd;du; vy;yhf; FOf;fSf;Fk; ,uz;L
fhfpjj; jl;Lf;fis toq;Fq;fs;. mf;fhfpjj; jl;by; cau;jpiz> m/wpiz
vd vOjg;gl;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. xt;nthU FOtpdUk; jkf;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gl;l
gj;J ml;ilfspy; ,Ue;J nghUj;jkhd ml;ilfis cupa fhfpjj;jl;by;
,l Ntz;Lk;. vy;yhf; FOf;fSk; rupahf ,l;Ls;sduh vd Mrpupau; mtjhdpff
;
Ntz;Lk;. mjd; gpd;du; mg;gpahrf; nfhg;gpapy; fPo;tUkhW ml;ltizia
tiue;J g+u;j;jp nra;a topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
33
jpiz
cau;j piz m/wpiz
1. .................... 1. ..................
2. .................... 2. ..................
3. .................... 3. ..................
4. .................... 4. ..................
 ,JNghd;w NtW gapw;rpfisAk; toq;Fq;fs;.
nraw;g hL 10
 khztu;fSf;F ghy; vd;why; vd;d vd;gjid ,yFthfg; Gupa itAq;fs;.
ghy;
ghy; vd;why; gpupT vd;W nghUs;. cyfpy; cs;s nghUs;fs; midj;ijAk;
jpiz mbg;gilapy; ,U ghy;fshfg; gpupf;fyhk;. mitahtd:
1) cau;jpizg; ghy;
2) m/wpizg; ghy;
vd;git MFk;.
1. cau;jpizg; ghy;
cau;jpizg; gpuptpdiuf; Fwpg;gJ cau;jpizg; ghy; vdg;gLk;. cau;jpizg;
ghy; %d;W tifg;gLk;. mitahtd:
1. Mz;ghy; 2. ngz;ghy; 3. gyu;ghy;
 Mz;g hy;
cau;jpizg; nghUs;fspy; Mz;fspy; xUikiaf; Fwpg;gJ
Mz;ghy; vdg;gLk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: rq;fud;> fuPk;
 ngz; g hy;
cau;jpizg; nghUs;fspy; ngz;fspy; xUikiaf; Fwpg;gJ
ngz;ghy; vdg;gLk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: ahopdp> ghj;jpkh
 gyu; g hy;
cau;jpiziar; Nru;e;j vy;yhg; gd;ikr; nrhw;fSk; gyu;ghy; vdg;gLk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: kf;fs;> Mz;fs;> ngz;fs;
,e;j vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfspy; kf;fs; vd;Dk; nrhy; Mz;> ngz;fspy; gyiuf;
Fwpf;fpwJ.
Mz;fs; vd;Dk; nrhy; Mz;fspy; gyiuf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
ngz;fs; vd;Dk; nrhy; ngz;fspy; gyiuf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
34
2. m/wpizg; ghy;
m/wpizg; nghUs;fisf; Fwpg;gJ m/wpizg; ghy; vdg;gLk;. m/wpizg;
ghy; ,Utifg;gLk;. mitahtd:
1) xd;wd;ghy;
2) gytpd;ghy;
 xd;w d;g hy;
m/wpizg; nghUs;fspy; VNjDk; xd;iwf; Fwpg;gJ xd;wd;ghy; vdg;gLk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: mJ> ahid> tPL
 gytpd; g hy;
m/wpizg; nghUs;fspy; gytw;iwf; Fwpg;gJ gytpd;ghy; vdg;gLk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: mit> tPLfs;> ahidfs;
cau;j pizg; ghy;> m/wpizg; ghy; Mfpa ,uz;ilAk; Nru;j;Jg;

ghy;fspd; vz;zpf;if Ie;jhFk;.
1) Mz;ghy;
2) ngz;ghy;
3) gyu;ghy;
4) xd;wd;ghy;
5) gytpd;ghy; vd;git MFk;.
 fPNo jug;gl;Ls;s gltiuig khztu;fSf;Ff; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
jpiz
cau;jpiz m/wpiz
Mz;ghy; ngz;ghy; gyu;ghy; xd;wd;ghy; gytpd;ghy;
 khztu;fis tl;lkhf epw;fr; nra;Aq;fs;. tl;lj;jpd; eLNt Mrpupau; epd;W

nfhz;L xU khztid mioAq;fs;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
Fkzd; Mz;ghy; vd;W $Wq;fs;

,d;ndhU khztpia mioAq;fs;.
rq;fup ngz;ghy; vd;W $Wq;fs;.
mjd; gpd;du; Ie;J Mz; khztu;fis mioAq;fs;.
,tu;fs; Mz;fs; gyu;ghy; vd;W tpsf;Fq;fs;.
35
 mjd; gpd;du; xt;nthU khztDk; jd; ngaiuf; $wp> jhd; Mz;ghy;
vdTk; xt;nthU khztpAk; jkJ ngaiuf; $wp> ngz;ghy; vdTk; $w
topg;gLj;Jq;fs;. mjd; gpd;du; Mz; khztu;fs; xU FOthfTk; ngz;
khztpfs; xU FOthfTk; NrUkhW $Wq;fs;. mjd; gpd;du; Mz;fs; -
ehq;fs; midtUk; Mz;fs; vdNt gyu;ghy; vdf; $wr; nra;Aq;fs;. ngz;fSk;
ehq;fs; midtUk; ngz;fs; vdNt gyu;ghy; vdf; $wr; nra;Aq;fs;.
 mjd; gpd;du; Mz;fisAk; ngz;fisAk; xNu FOthf;Fq;fs;. mjd; gpd;du;
ehq;fs; midtUk; gyu;ghy; vdf; $wr; nra;Aq;fs;.
 ,r;nraw;ghl;bd; %yk; Mz;ghy;> ngz;ghy;> gyu;ghy; vd;w vz;zf;fUit
khztu; kdjpy; Rygkhf tpijAq;fs;.
 m/wpizf;Fupa xd;wd;ghy;> gytpd;ghy; Mfpa ghy;fis tpsf;Ftjw;Fg;
gpd;tUk; nraw;ghl;il Nkw;nfhs;Sq;fs;.
 xd;wd; ghypw;Fupa glq;fisAk; gytpd; ghypw;Fupa glq;fisAk; njupTnra;J
gpujp vLj;J ml;ilfspy; xl;b ngl;bnahd;wpy; ,Lq;fs;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
 khztu;fis tl;lkhf epw;fr; nra;Aq;fs;. vOkhwhf rpy khztu;fis

mioj;J ml;ilg; ngl;bapy; ,Ue;J xt;nthU gl ml;ilfis vLf;FkhW
$Wq;fs;. mtu;fs; vLj;j ml;ilfis cau;j;jp kw;wtu;fSf;Ff; fhl;LkhW
$Wq;fs;.
vLj;Jf;f hl;L :
 mtu;fs; itj;jpUf;Fk; glq;fspy; vit xd;wd;ghypw;;Fupait> vit gytpd;

ghypw;Fupait vd tpsf;Fq;fs;. khztu;fs; Gupe;J nfhz;lNghJk; ,jid
tpisahl;lhf Nkw;nfhs;Sq;fs;. xd;wd;ghypwF
; upa glq;fis itj;jpUg;gtu;fs;
xU FOthfTk; gytpd;ghypw;F upa glq;fis itj;jpUg;gtu;fs; kw;iwa
FOtpYk; ,izj;Jf;nfhs;s topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
xd;w d;g hy; gytpd; g hy;
36
 mjd; gpd;du; Mz;ghy;> ngz;ghy;> gyu;ghy; nrhw;fs; Ie;J tPjk; vOjg;gl;l
ml;ilfis (nkhj;jk; 15) fhfpjj;jl;by; ,l;L> Itu; nfhz;l FOf;fSf;F
toq;Fq;fs;. ml;ilapy; cs;s ngau;fis thrpj;J mg;gpahrf; nfhg;gpapy;
gpd;tUk; ml;ltizia tiue;J g+u;j;jp nra;AkhW $Wq;fs;.
Mz;ghy; ngz;ghy; gyu;ghy;
 mLj;J xd;wd;ghy;> gytpd;ghy; nrhw;fs; Ie;JtPjk; vOjg;gl;l ml;ilfis

(nkhj;jk; 10) fljhrpj;jl;by; ,l;L xt;nthU FOTf;Fk; toq;Fq;fs;. (FOtpy;
Itu; ,lk;ngWjy; Ntz;Lk;.)
 ml;ilapy; cs;s ngau;fis thrpj;J mg;gpahrf; nfhg;gpapy; gpd;tUk;
ml;ltizia tiue;J g+u;j;jp nra;a khztu;fis topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
xd;wd;ghy; gytpd;g hy;
 mg;gpahrf; nfhg;gpiag; ghu;itapl;L ,lu;g;gLk; khztu;fSf;F cjTq;fs;.

 ,JNghd;w NtW gapw;rpfisAk; toq;Fk; Rje;jpuk; MrpupaUf;F cz;L.
nraw;g hL 11
 khztu;fSf;F vz; vd;gij ,tFthd Kiwapy; mwpKfk; nra;Aq;fs;.
vz;
nghUs;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiaf; Fwpg;gJ vz; vdg;gLk;. vz; ,uz;L tifg;gLk;.
mit>
1) xUik 2) gd;ik
xUik
VNjDk; xU nghUisf; Fwpg;gJ xUik vdg;gLk;. nghUs;fisf; Fwpf;Fk;
gpupTfspy; Mz;ghy;> ngz;ghy;> xd;wd;ghy; vd;Dk; %d;Wk; xUikf;Fupa
ghy;fs; MFk;.
Mz;ghy;: KUfd;> gPw;wu;> mtd;
ngz;ghy;: rptuQ;rdp> rfhdh> mts;
xd;wd;ghy;: khd;> fy;> mJ
37
gd;ik
nghUs;fspy; gytw;iwf; Fwpg;gJ gd;ik vdg;gLk;. nghUs;fisf; Fwpf;Fk;
gpupTfspy; gyu;ghy;> gytpd;ghy; vd;Dk; ,uz;Lk; gd;ikf;Fupa ghy;fs;
MFk;.
gyu;ghy;: mtu;fs;> Mz;fs;> ngz;fs;
gytpd;ghy;: mit> MLfs;> goq;fs;
 khztu; fSf; F > gpd; t Uk; ml; ltiziag; g+u; j; jp nra; Ak; gapw;r pia
toq;Fq;fs;.
gapw;rp 1:
xUik
xUik - Mz;ghy; xUik - ngz;ghy; xUik - xd;wd;ghy;
gapw;rp 2:
gd;ik
gd;ik - gyu;ghy; gd;ik - gytpd;ghy;
gapw;rp 3:
 khztu; f is Mz; g hy; xUik thf; f paq; f isAk; ngz; g hy; xUik
thf;fpaq;fisAk; xd;wd;ghy; xUik thf;fpaq;fisAk; vOj Mu;t%l;Lq;fs;.
vLj;J f; f hl;L :
Mz;ghy; xUik thf;fpak;:
..................................................................................................................................
ngz;ghy; xUik thf;fpak;:
..................................................................................................................................
xd;wd;ghy; xUik thf;fpak;:
....................................................................................................................................
38
gapw;rp 4:
 khztu;fSf;F gyu;ghy; - gd;ik thf;fpaq;fisAk; gytpd;ghy; - gd;ik
thf;fpaq;fisAk; vOj topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
vLj;J f;f hl;L :
gyu;ghy; gd;ik thf;fpak;:
..................................................................................................................................
gytpd;ghy; gd;ik thf;fpak;:
..................................................................................................................................
 ,t;thwhd gapw;rpfis khztu;fSf;F toq;Fq;fs;.
nraw;g hL 12
 khztu;fSf;F ,lk; vd;gij ,yFthd Kiwapy; mwpKfk; nra;Aq;fs;.
,lk;
 ehk; ciuahLk; N ghJ> NgRfpd; w ehKk; Nfl;f pd; w tu; f Sk; Ngrg; g Lk;
nghUs;fSk; vd;W %d;W epiyfs; cs;sd. mk; %d;W epiyfisAk;
Rl;LtJ ,lk; vdg;gLk;.
 ,lk; %d;W tifg;gLk;. vdNt ,ij %tplk; vd;W $Wthu;fs;. mitahtd:
1. jd;ik 2. Kd;dpiy 3. glu;f;if
jd;i k
NgRgtu; jd;idg;gw;wpf; Fwpg;gJ jd;ik vdg;gLk;.
vLj;J f; f hl;L : ehd; NgrpNdd;.
ehq;fs; NgrpNdhk;.
Kd;d piy
Kd;dhy; ,Ug;gtiuf; Fwpg;gJ Kd;dpiy vdg;gLk;.
vLj;J f; f hl;L : eP te;jha;.
ePq;fs; te;jPu;fs;.
glu;f ; if
jd;idAk; Kd;dpiyAk; my;yhj gpwu; my;yJ gpw nghUisf; Fwpg;gJ
glu;f ;if vdg;gLk;.
vLj;J f; f hl;L : mts; te;jhs;.
mtu; te;jhu;.
mJ te;jJ.
mit te;jd.
 khztu;fis tl;lkhf mkur; nra;J> gpd;tUkhW thf;fpaq;fisf; $w
khztu;fis Mu;t%l;Lq;fs;.
vLj;J f;fhl;L :
ehd; ghbNdd;. ehd; gbj;Njd;. ehd; rpupjN

; jd;. ehd; mONjd;.
39
 khztu;fis vjpu; vjpNu epWj;jp> gpd;tUkhW Ngr itj;J Kd;dpiyia
tpsf;Fq;fs;.
A eP ghbdha; C eP mOjha; E eP Xbdha;
B eP Mbdha; D eP rpupj;jha; F eP Fjpj;jha;
 khztu;fis glu;f;ifia $Wtjw;fhf tupirahf epw;f itj;Jg; gpd;tUkhW

$w topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
x x x x
mts; te;jhs;. mts; ghbdhs;. mtu; Xbdhu;. mJ XbaJ.

 ,t;thW jd;ik> Kd;dpiy> glu;f;if njhlu;ghfg; gapw;rp mspj;j gpd;du;
jd;ik> Kd;dpiy> glu;f;if thf;fpaq;fisr; Rakhf mg;gpahrf; nfhg;gpapy;
 ,lu;g;gLk; khztu;fSf;F cjTq;fs;.
nraw;g hL 13
 khztu;fSf;F fhyk;; vd;gij ,yFthd Kiwapy; mwpKfQ; nra;Aq;fs;.
fhyk;
tpidr;nrhy; nray; epfo;itAk;> mJ epfOk; fhyj;ijAk; czu;jJ ; k; vd;gij
mwptPu;fs;. nray; epfo;e;J Kbe;jjh? epfo;e;J nfhz;Ls;sjh? epfo cs;sjh?
vd;gjid> tpidr;nrhy;ypd; fhyk; fhl;Lk; jd;ikahy; mwpayhk;.
 fhyj;jpd; tiffs;
fhyk; %d;W tifg; gLk;. mit> ,we;jfhyk;> epfo;fhyk;> vjpu; fhyk;
vd;gdthFk;.
• ,we; j fhyk;
nray; epfo;e;J Kw;Wg; ngw;wijf; Fwpg;gJ ,we;jfhyk; vdg;gLk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: cz;lhd;.
,J> cz;Zjyhfpa nray; epfo;e;J Kw;Wg; ngw;wijf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
• epfo; f hyk;
nray; njhlq;fp> Kw;Wg; ngwhj epiy epfo;fhyk; MFk;. nray;
njhlu;e;J epfo;e;J nfhz;bUf;fpwJ vd;gJ ,jd; nghUshFk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: cz;fpd;whd;.
,J> cz;Zjy; njhopy;> njhlq;fg; ngw;W> Kw;Wg;ngwhky; epfo;e;J
nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ.
40
• vjpu; f hyk;
nray; njhlq;fg; ngwhj epiy vjpu;fhyk; vdg;gLk;. nray; ,dp epfo
cs;sJ vdr; Rl;LtJ ,jd; epiyahFk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: cz;ghd;
,J> cz;Zjy; nray; epfohj epiyia> ,dp epfo cs;s epiyiar;
Rl;Lfpd;wJ.
 nrt;tf tbtpyhd ml;ilf; fPyq;fis ntl;bf;nfhs;Sq;fs;. khztu;fis
Itu; nfhz;l FOf;fshf;Fq;fs;. xt;nthU FOTf;Fk; Ie;J ml;ilfs;
tPjk; toq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjid epidtpw; nfhs;Sq;fs;. xt;nthU FOTf;Fk;
toq;f Ntz;ba ml;ilfspy; gpd;tUk; nrhw;fis vOjpf; nfhs;Sq;fs;.
gb th mio epy; XL
 xt;nthU FOtpw;Fk; NkNy jug;gl;Ls;sthwhd Ie;J ml;ilfis fljhrpj;

jl;by; ,l;L toq;Fq;fs;.
 khztu;fs; midtUk; xt;nthU ml;il tPjk; vLj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
 khztu;fs; jkf;Ff; fpilj;j nrhy;iyf; nfhz;L %d;W fhyq;fspYk;
thf;fpaq;fis mikj;Jf;$w Ntz;Lk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
gb
m. ehd; ghlk; gbj;Njd;.
ehd; ghlk; gbf;fpNwd;.
ehd; ghlk; gbg;Ngd;.
th
M. mts; vdJ tPl;Lf;F te;jhs;.
mts; vdJ tPl;Lf;F tUfpwhs;.
mts; vdJ tPl;Lf;F tUths;.
 ,t;thW %d;W fhyq;fspYk; khztu;fs; thf;fpaq;fis mikf;fTk; mikj;j

gpd;du; mg;gpahrf; nfhg;gpapy; mt;thf;fpaq;fis vOjp> tFg;gpd; Kd; thrpj;Jf;
fhl;lTk; khztu;fis topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
 ,lu;g;gLk; khztu;fSf;Fj; jdpahfg; gapw;rp toq;Fq;fs;.
nraw;g hL 14
 vOtha;> gadpiy> nrag;gLnghUs; Mfpa %d;Wk; thf;fpaj;jpd; ,d;wpaikahj
cWg;Gf;fshFk;.
 vOtha; vd;why; fUj;J vOtjw;F ,lkhf ,Ug;gjhFk;.
 gadpiy vd;why; vOthapdJ gaidj; jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;bUg;gjhFk;.
 nrag;gLnghUs; vd;why; nrag;gLtjw;F cupajhf cs;s nghUs; vdg;gLk;.
41
 vOtha;> nrag;gLnghUs; Mfpatw;iw gpd;tUtd Nghd;w tpdhf;fis
tpdTtjd; %yk; ,yFthff; fz;Lnfhs;s KbAk; vd khztu;fSf;Fg;
GupaitAq;fs;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: vOthiaf; fhzy;
gadpiy cau;jpiz ahu; ?
gadpiy m/wpiz xUik vJ?
gadpiy m/wpiz gd;ik vit?
nrag;gLnghUisf; fhzy;
ahiu?
vij?
vtw; i w?
 gpd;tUk; thf;fpaq;fis ml;ilf; fPyq;fspy; vOjpf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
jhj;jh Nguid tho;j;jpdhu;.
khztu;fs; ghly;fisg; ghbdu;.
Mrpupau; Gj;jfj;ij vLj;jhu;.

 ahu;?> vij?> vit? vd;w tpdhf;fisf; Nfl;gjd; %yk; vOthiaf; fhz
KbAk;. ahiu?> vij?> vtw;iw? vd;w tpdhf;fisf; Nfl;gjd; %yk;
nrag;gLnghUisf; fz;Lgpbf;f KbAk;. thf;fpaj;jpd; ,Wjpapy; tUk; tpidr;
nrhy; ngUk;ghYk; gadpiyahf tUk;. gadpiy(tpid)ia khztu;fs;
,yFthff; fz; Lgpbj; J tpLthu; f s;. vdNt tpdhf; Nfl; f Ntz;b a
mtrpakpy;iy.
 fPo;tUtd Nghd;w gapw;rpfis khztu;fSf;F toq;Fq;fs;.
???????? ???
gapw;rp: 1
khjpupr; nrayl;il
 jug;gl;Ls;s thf;fpaq;fspy; cs;s vOtha;> gadpiy> nrag;gLnghUs;
vd;gtw;iw ,dq;fz;L> mt;thf;fpaj;jpd; fPNo vOJf.
1. gR ghiyj; jUk;.
vOtha;: .................. gadpiy: ............... nrag;gLnghUs;: ..................
2. Fkzd; Gj;jfk; thq;fpdhs;.
3. fuPk; ghlk; gbf;fpd;whd;.
4. Nkup gupR ngw;whs;.
5. ehd; fhe;jidg; ghu;j;Njd;.
42
gapw;rp 2:
 gpd;tUtd Nghd;w thf;fpa ml;iliag; ngupjhf vOjp> tFg;gpw; fhl;rpg;
gLj;Jq;fs;.
thf;fpa ml;il
m M ,
1. jhj;jh New;W te;jhu;. jhj;jh ,d;W tUfpwhu;. jhj;jh ehis tUthu;.
2. New;W rpj;jpug; Nghl;b ,d;W rpj;jpug; Nghl;b ehis rpj;jpug; Nghl;b
eilngw;wJ. eilngWfpwJ. eilngWk;.
3. New;W ey;y ,d;W ey;y kio ehis ey;y kio
kio nga;jJ. nga;fpwJ. nga;Ak;.
4. fzpj ghlk; ele;jJ. jkpo;g; ghlk; elf;fpwJ. rka ghlk; elf;Fk;.
5. New;wpuT tPl;bNy ,g;NghJ ghlk; ehisAk; ghlk;
ghlk; gbj;Njd;. gbf;fpNwd;. gbg;Ngd;.
 %d;W njhFjpfspYKs;s thf;fpaq;fspd; gadpiyfis mtjhdpf;fr; nra;j

gpd;du;> Nfhbl;l ,lj;ijg; g+u;j;jp nra;J vOJkhW mwpTWj;jy; toq;Fq;fs;.
(milg;Gf;Fs; jug;gl;l nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;JkhW $Wf.)
vLj;J f; f hl;L : New;W Fkud; (gb) gbj;jhd;.
1. khkh Nghd tUlk; fdlhTf;Fg; (Ngh) .................................
2. vd; jq;if ,g;NghJ tFg;gpy; (,U) .................................
3. mk;kh ehisf;Fg; Gj;jfk; (thq;F) .................................
4. kio tuf; fz;lhy;; kapy; (ML) .................................
5. New;W fLk; kio (nga;) .................................
tpNrl Fwpg;G :
(,yf;fzg; gFjpfisf; fw;gpfF
; k; NghJ mit ,yf;fzk; vd ntspgg ; Lj;jhky;
cupa ,lq;fspy; mt;tt;NghJ gy thf;fpaf; Nfhyq;fis (Sentence Patterns)
nfhLj;J> mjd; gpd;du; nghUj;jkhd NfhbLk; gapw;rpiaf; nfhLg;gjd; %yk;
khztu; jhkhfNt rupahd KbTf;F tUk; tifapy; ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkplyhk;.
,yf;fzk; njhlu;ghd ve;jnthU tplaj;Jf;Fk; tiutpyf;fzq; $whJ>
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; %yk; fw;gpj;jy; ed;W vd;gijf; fUj;jpw; nfhs;Sq;fs;.)
nraw;g hL 15
 vOtha; milnkhop> gadpiy milnkhop
vOtha; milnkhop
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: fWg;Gg; g+id ghy; Fbj;jJ.
vOtha; milnkhop
43
gadpiy milnkhop
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: Nkup tPl;bw;F tpiuthf ele;jhs;.
gadpiy milnkhop
 khztu;fis Itu; nfhz;l FOf;fshf;Fq;fs;. xt;nthU FOTf;Fk; Ie;J
thf;fpa ml;ilfs; fpilf;Fk; tifapy; thf;fpaj;ij ml;iilfspy; vOjp
toq;Fq;fs;.
vLj;J f; f hl;L : gUe;J gwe;jJ.
eha; XbaJ.
ahid gpspwpaJ.
 ,t;thf;fpaq;fspy; vOtha; milnkhopfisr; Nru;j;J cuj;Jf; $wTk;

mg;gahrf; nfhg;gpapy; vOjTk; topgg
; Lj;Jq;fs;. mjd; gpdd
; u; mNj thf;fpaj;ij
gadpiy milnkhop Nru;j;Jf; $wTk; vOjTk; topg;gLj;Jq;fs;. mjd;gpd;du;
vOtha; milnkhop> gadpiy milnkhop Nru;j;J thf;fpaq;fisf; $wTk;>
vOjTk; topg;gLj;Jq;fs;. ,JNghd;w NtW gapw;rpfis toq;Fq;fs;.
 khztu;fSf;F milnkhopfs; cs;s thf;fpaq;fisg; gpujp vLj;Jf; nfhLj;J
mt; thf;f paq;f spy; cs;s vOtha; milnkhop> gadpiy milnkhop
Mfpatw;iw ,dq;fz;L vOj topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
nraw;g hL 16
 ngau;r ;n rhy; tiffs;
ngau;r;nrhy;iy MW tifahfg; gpupf;fyhk;. mitahtd:
1) nghUl;ngau; 2) ,lg;ngau;
3) fhyg;ngau; 4) rpidg;ngau;
5) Fzg;ngau; 6) njhopw;ngau;
1. nghUl; n gau;
capu; cs;s> capu; ,y;yhj nghUs;fspd; ngau;fisf; Fwpg;gJ nghUl;ngau;
vdg;gLk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: mKjd;> rpq;fk;> fjpiu> fpsp
Nkw;F wpg;gpl; l vLj; Jf; fhl;Lfspy; cau;jpizg; nghUs;f Sk; cs;s d.
m/wpizg; nghUs; f Sk; cs; s d. vdNt> cau; j pizg; nghUs; f s; >
m/wpizg; nghUs;fs; Mfpa midj;Jg; nghUs;fSk; nghUl;ngau; vdg;gLk;
2. ,lg;n gau;
VNjDk; Xu; ,lj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; ngau; ,lg;ngau; vdg;gLk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: Gj;jsk;> fz;b> kl;lf;fsg;G> fjpu;fhkk;
Cu;fspd; ngau;fSk; Cupy; cs;s epyg;gpupTfspd; ngau;fSk; ,lg;ngau;fs;
MFk;.
44
3. fhyg;n gau;
VNjDk; xU fhyj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; ngau; fhyg;ngau; vdg;gLk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: jpq;fl; fpoik> ij> fhiy> khiy
4. rpidg;n gau;
nghUs;fspd; cWg;Gfisf; Fwpf;Fk; ngau; rpidg;ngau; vdg;gLk;. rpid
vd;why; cWg;G vd;W nghUs;. cau;jpizg; nghUs;fspd; cWg;GfisAk;
m/wpizg; nghUs;fspd; cWg;GfisAk; ,J Fwpf;Fk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: if> fz;> fpis> ,iy
5. Fzg;n gau;
xU nghUspd; Fzj;ij czu;j;Jk; ngau; Fzg;ngau; vdg;gLk;. epwk;>
Rit> tbtk;> msT Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; Fzg; ngau; tUk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: rptg;G> ,dpg;G> fUik> rJuk;
6. njhopw;n gau;
VNjDk; xU njhopiy czu; j;Jk; (njhopypd; ngauhf tUk; ) ngau;
njhopw;ngau; vdg;gLk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: gbj;jy;> XLjy;> tpisahLjy;
 mW tifg; ngau;fisAk; nfhz;l nrhw;fis ml;ilf;fPyq;fspy; vOjpg;

ngl;b xd;wpy; ,Lq;fs;. vy;yh khztu;fSf;Fk; 2 ml;ilfs; tPjk; vLf;ff;$ba
tifapy; ml;ilf; fPyq;fs; ngl;bapy; ,lg;gl;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
 xl;Lg; gyifapy; gpd;tUk; ml;ltiziaf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
vLj;J f; f hl;L :
nghUl;ngau; ,lg;ngau; fhyg;ngau; rpidg;ngau; Fzg;ngau; njhopw;ngau;

Gwh fz;b epkplk; jiy ,dpg;G XLjy;
 khztu;fs; jhk; njupT nra;j ml;ilfis ml;ltizapy; nghUj;jkhd

,lj;jpy; xl;l topg; gLj; Jq; fs;. vy;NyhUk; xl; b Kbj; j gpd;d u; ,t;
ml;ltiziag; ghu;j;J> mg;gpahrf; nfhg;gpapy; vOj topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
,JNghd;w NtW gapw;rpfis khztu;fSf;F toq;Fq;fs;.
45
nraw;g hL 17
 tpidr;nrhy;
xU nghUspd; mirit> nra;ifia my;yJ njhopiyf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhy;
tpidr; nrhy; MFk;. mJ fhyj;ijf; fhl;Lk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: #upad; fpof;fpy; cjpj;jJ.
tpidr;nrhy;yhFk;.
 ml;ilf; fPyq;fspy; thf;fpaq;fis vOjpf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
vLj;J f; f hl;L :
ahidfs; $l;lkhfr; nrd;wd.
ehq;fs; czit cz;Nlhk;.
 mf;fPyq;fspy; cs;s thf;fpaq;fis vOj khztu;fis topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.

topg;gLj;jpa gpd;du; tpidr;nrhw;fis mt;thf;fpaj;jpd; fPo; vOJkhW
topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
 ,JNghd;w NtW gapw;rpfisAk; toq;Fq;fs;.
gapw;r p I:
 ge;jp xd;iwg; gpujp vLj;J khztu;fs; vy;NyhUf;Fk; toq;Fq;fs;. mg;ge;jpapy;
cs;s tpidr; nrhw;fis khztu;fs; ,dq;fz;L mg;gpahrf; nfhg;gpapy;
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
kpf mjpfkhd gug;gstpy; kzy; kw;Wk; kzw;Fd;Wfs; epiwe;j gFjp

ghiytdk; vdg;gLk;. cyfpd; nkhj;jg;gug;gpy; Ie;jpy; xU gFjp ghiytdk;;
MFk;. ,J capupdq;fs; tho;tjw;F kpfTk; fbdkhd gFjpahFk;. ,e;jg;
gFjpfspy; kzy;> GOjpg; Gay;fs; mbf;fb Vw;gLfpd;wd. ,jd; fhuzkhf
kzw;Fd;Wfs; cUthfpd;wd.
ghiytdq;fs; Mz;Lf;F ,UE}w;iwk;gJ kpy;yp kPw;w Uf;Ff; Fiwthf
kioiag; ngWfpd;wd. mjpf twl;rpiaj; jhq;fp tsUk; fs;sp> gid Nghd;w
rpy jhtuq;fs; kl;LNk ,q;F tsu;fpd;wd. fq;fhU> vyp> Mik> rpy tifg;
ghk;Gfs;> gy;ypfs;> xl;lfq;fs; Nghd;wit ghiytdr;#oiyr; rkhspj;J
capu;thOk; capupdq;fs; MFk;.
gapw;r p II:
 gpd;tUk; thf;fpaq;fspy; cs;s ngau;r;nrhw;fisAk; tpidr; nrhw;fisAk;
,dq;fz;L vOJq;fs;.
1. jk;gpAk; jq;ifAk; filf;Fg; Nghdhu;fs;.
2. khztu;fs;; ghlrhiyf;Fr; nrd;W ghlk; gbj;jdu;.
3. fz;fspy; ,Ue;J fz;zPu; frpe;jJ.
4. Kghuf; Ntiy Njbf; nfhOk;Gf;Fr; nrd;whu;.
5. epyj;jpy; ,wq;fp kz;ntl;b gpbj;Jf; nfhj;jpdhd;.
46
nraw;ghL 18
 khztu;fSf;F epWj;jf;Fwpfis mwpKfk; nra;Aq;fs;.
1. Kw;Wg;Gs;sp (.)
2. fhw;Gs;sp (>)
3. tpdhf;Fwp (?)
4. tpag;Gf;Fwp (!) juk; ehd;fpy; mwpKfkhfpd;wJ.
tpag;Gf;Fwp (!)
tpag; G> kfpo; r;rp> mr; rk;> ntWg;G> ,uf; fk; Nghd; w cs;Szu;Tfis
ntspg;gLj;jTk; tpspj;Jg; NgrTk; tpag;Gf;Fwp gad;gLfpwJ.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
tpag;Gf;Fwp ,l Ntz;ba ,lq;fs; :
 tpag;G> kfpo;r;rp> mjpu;r;rp> ,uf;fk; Nghd;w czu;r;rpfis ntspg;gLj;Jk;
thf;fpaq;fspd; Kbtpy; tpag;Gf;Fwp ,lg;gLk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
vt;tsT ngupa kiy! (tpag;G)
ehk; vjpu;ghu;j;jgbNa fiytpoh ed;whf ele;J Kbe;jJ! (kfpo;r;rp)
mtd; tpkhd tpgj;jpy; ,we;Jtpl;lhd;! (mjpu;r;rp)
gy;yhapuf; fzf;fhd kf;fis Mopg;Nguiy tpOq;fptpl;lJ! (,uf;fk;)
nghUshjhuj; Njf;fk; fhuzkhf mtdJ Ntiy Ngha;tpLNkh! (mr;rk;)
 epWj;j f;F wpfisg; gad;g Lj;J jy;
 Kw;Wg;Gs;sp> fhw;Gs;sp> tpdhf;Fwp> tpag;Gf;Fwp Mfpa epWj;jf; Fwpfs;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;l ge;jpfisj; njupTnra;J ngupjhf vOjpf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp>
khztiu thrpf;fr; nra;Aq;fs;. Fwpj;j epWj;jf;Fwpfs; ,lg;gl;ljd;
fhuzj;ij khztu; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
 gpd;du;> epWj;jf; Fwpfs; ,l tha;g;gspAq;fs;.
vLj;J f; f hl;L :
fPo;tUkhW gapw;rp ml;iliaj; jahupj;J> gpujp vLj;J vy;yh khztu;fSf;Fk;
toq;fp> epWj;jf; Fwpfis ,l;L> Nrhb Nru;e;J thrpf;f topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
gapw;rp ml;il
fPNo jug;g l;L s;s thf;fpaq;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd epWj;jf; Fwpfis
,Lq; f s;.
1. kdpjDf;Fg; gy tpyq;Ffs; cjtp Gupfpd;wd
2. mtu; jk; fy;tpapd; rpwg;Gj;jhd; vd;Nd
3. me;jg; ghiwapy; Fuq;F khd; rpq;fk; Mfpatw;wpd; cUtq;fs; $l
nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
4. kuQ; nrb nfhbfs; vtw;iwj; jUfpd;wd
47
5. ehl;bd; moF vd;Nd
6. cyfpy; vz;zw;w capupdq;fs; tho;fpd;wd
7. Iah NgUe;J epd;W tpl;lNj
8. fhiyapy; vOjTld; nra;aNtz;bait ahit
9. mNjh ghUq;fs; vt;tsT ngupa muz;kid
10. ghypypUe;J japu; Nkhu; ntz;nza; nea; Kjypatw;iwg; ngWfpdN
; whk;
11. eP gy;yhz;L tho;f
12. mf;fhTk; jk;gpAk; ghlrhiyf;Fr; nrd;whu;fs;
 nra;jpg; gj;jpupifapy; ,Ue;J Kw;Wg;Gs;sp> fhw;Gs;sp> tpdhf;Fwp> tpag;Gf;Fwp

Mfpait ,lg;gl;l thf;fpaq;fisj; njupT nra;J mg;gpahrf; nfhg;gpapy;
vOJk; gapw;rpiaAk; khztu;fSf;F toq;Fq;fs;.
kutsu;g;G gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;T czthFk; gy fha;fisAk;

ngUfp tUk; Neuk; ,J. kuq;fs; fdpfisAk; kuq;fs; ms;spj;
kdpj Fyj;Jkutsu;
f;Fr; gnra;
; gw;J
G tUk;
wpa tpopgG jUfpd;
; zu;T ngUfp tUk;wd. tdtpyq;
Neuk; ,J. kuq;F fs; thOk;
fs;
kdpj fzf;
ed;ikfs; Fyj;Jff;py;
F r; mlq;
nra;JftUk;
hjit. ,lq;fzf;
ed;ikfs; fshf fpy;tpsq;
mlq;F git mlu;e;j
fhjit.
kuq;fs; epiwe;j fhLfs; kiog;nghopkuq; f
T tpid s; #o;
cz; le ;
hf;j fhLfNs!
F k;. mRj;j
kuq;fs; epiwe;j fhLfs;
thAthd fupakpy thAitj; jhk; ek; cl;tho;
nfhz; fL;iff;kdpju;
Fj;fSf; Fj;
Njitahd
kiog;n ghopT tpid
Njitahd Mf;]p[idcz;lkuq;
hf;F k;.ntspapLfpd;
fs; w d. rhiy Xuq; f spy;
mRj;jepthAthd fupakpy thAit mj;jpahtrpag; nghUl;fs; gyTk;
w;Fk; kuq;fs; epoy; nfhLj; Jg; gazj;ij ,dpikahf;Ffpd;wd.
jhk; cl;nfhz;L kdpju;fSf;Fj; jUtJ kuq;fNs! ,ug;gu;>
Njitahd xl;rprid kuq;fs; %ypiffs;> tPl;Lf; fl;Lkhdg;
ntspapLfpd;wd. rhiy Xuq;fspy; nghUl;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw kuq;fs;
epw;Fk; kuq;fs; epoy; nfhLj;Jg; jUfpd;wd. gwitfs; $Lfl;b
gazj;ij ,dpikahf;Ffpd;wd. tho;tjw;F thlif thq;fhky; ,lk;
je;J cjTfpd;wd. kuq;fspd;
ez;gu;fSf;F kuf; fd;Wfisg; gl;ilfs;> ,iyfs;> Ntu;fs; vdg;
guprspg;Nghk;! gs;spapy; gyTk; kUe;Jg; nghUl;fshfTk;
xt;nthUtUk; xU kuf;fd;iw gadhfpd;wd. vdNt tPl;Lf;F xU
el;Lg; Ngzpg; ghJfhg;Nghk;! kuk; tsu;g;Nghk;! ek; vjpu;fhy
kuk; eLNthk;! re;jjpapdupd; ed;ikiaf; fUjp ku
kfpo;e;jpUg;Nghk;! tsu;g;gpy; <LgLNthk;!
fzpg;gPL :
 xj;jfUj;Jr; nrhw;fis ,dq;fhzy;
 vjpu;f;fUj;Jr; nrhw;fis ,dq;fhzy;
 vjpu;g;ghw; nrhw;fis ,dq;fhzy;
 jpiz> ghy;> vz;> ,lk;> fhyk; Mfpatw;iw ,dq;fz;L cupa Kiwapy;
gad;gLj;jy;
 vOtha;> gadpiy> nrag;gLnghUs; Mfpatw;iw ,dq;fhzy;
 vOtha;> gadpiy milnkhopfis ,dq;fhzy;
 ngau;r;nrhy;> tpidr;nrhy; Mfpatw;iw ,dq;fhzy;
 thf;fpaq;fspy; nghUj;jKw Kw;Wg;Gs;sp> fhw;Gs;sp> tpdhf;Fwp> tpag;Gf;Fwp
Nghd;tw;iw ,ly;
48
3 L3 S3
Nju;r;r pfs; :
LL33 – tpUg;GlDk; ,uridAlDk; nrtpkLg;ghu;.
SS33 – tpUg;GlDk; ,uridAlDk; NgRthu;.
cs;slf;fk; :
 rpWtu; ghly;fs;
 rpWtu; fijfs;
 ciuahly;fs;
 Nghyr; nra;jy;
 tpflj;JZf;Ffs;
fw;ww;N gWfs; :
 rpWtu; ghly;fis tpUg;GlDk; ,uridAlDk; nrtpkLj;J> Mf;fG+u;tkhf
ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
 rpWtu; fijfisr; nrtpkLj;J Kfghtid> clyirT> njhdp NtWghL
Mfpatw;iw ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
 ciuahly;fis tpUg;GlDk; ,uridAlDk; Mf;fG+ut
; khfTk; ntspgg
; Lj;Jthu;.
 ghly;fs;> fijfspy; tUk; fjhghj;jpuq;fs; Nghd;W Kf%b mzpe;J Nghyr;
nra;Jfhl;l Kd;tUthu;.
 jhd; nrtpkLj;j tpflj;JZf;Ffis tpUg;GlDk; ,uridAlDk; ,ay;ghf
ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
tsq;fs; :
 ghly; ml;ilfs;> fij ml;ilfs;> fijg; glq;fs;> nghk;ikfs;> ifAiwfs;>
Kf%bfs;> ciuahly; xyp> ,Wtl;Lf;fs;

nraw;ghL 1
 khztu;fs; juk; %d;wpy; fw;w ghly;fisf; Nfl;L> gpd;tUk; ghly;fis
khztu;fSf;F mwpKfk; nra;Aq;fs;.
 ,q;F jug;gl;Ls;s ghly;fs; gw;wp khztu;fSld; ciuahba gpd;du; ghly;fis
mwpKfk; nra;Aq;fs;.
49
ghly; 1
vq;Fk; Nfl;blyhk;
Xuplj;jpy; ,Ue;jplhky;
Xb Xbf; Nfl;blyhk;.
ghlfiug; ghu;j;jplhky;
ghl;Lf;fisf; Nfl;blyhk;.
thj;jpaq;fis ,irj;jplhky;
thj;jpa ,ir Nfl;blyhk;
Cnuq;Fk; Ngha; tuhky;
Cu;g; gjpdk; Nfl;blyhk;.
mwpQu;fisr; re;jpf;fhky;
mwpTiufs; Nfl;blyhk;.
cyfnkq;Fk; Rw;wplhky;
cyfr;nra;jp Nfl;blyhk;
tpohf;fSf;Fr; nrd;wplhky;
tu;zidfs; Nfl;blyhk;
Nfl;blyhk; Nfl;blyhk;
Nfl;Lf;nfhz;Nl ,Ue;jplyhk;
- tp.vd; . v]; . cjare; j pud;
 khztiu tl;l tbtpy; mkur; nra;J> ,g;ghliy ehd;F> ehd;F mbfshf

mwpKfk; nra;Aq;fs;. ,irAlDk; mgpeaj;JlDk; khztu;fSld; Nru;e;J
ghLq;fs;.
nraw;g hL 2
 khztu;fis miu tl;l tbtpy; mkur; nra;J Gj;jspg;Gf; fUtpfis ,irj;Jr;
Nru;e;J ghliyf; ghLq;fs;.
Foe;i jfNs NfsPu;
Filgpbj;J nrUg;Gkpl;L
Gj;jfKk; nfhz;L
FLFnld ele;J tUk;
Foe;ijfNs NfsPu;
50
kiof;fhyk; top tOf;Fk;
kpff; ftdk; kf;fhs;
topaUNf nts;sKz;L
tpyfptu Ntz;Lk;.
nts;sj;jpNy fy;nywpe;J
tpisahl Ntz;lhk;
tPz;rz;ilahy; tOf;fp
tpOe;njOk;g Ntz;lhk;.
fz;kzpfhs; ePu;r;rpuq;F
fhypy; tUk; ftdk;
fz;Zwf;f kpy;yhkw;
fjwpao NeUk;.
mk;kh nrhy;iyj; jl;lhky;

Mrpupau;f; flq;fp
MirAld; gs;spapNy
gbj;Jtu Ntz;Lk;.
 khztu;fSf;F ,g;ghliy ehd;F> ehd;F mbfshfr; nrhy;ypf;nfhLq;fs;.

kiof; fhyk; gw;wp khztu;fsplk; Nfl;lwpAq;fs;.
nraw;g hL 3
 khztu;fSf;Ff; fPo;tUk; ghliyr; re;jj;Jld; nrhy;ypf;nfhLq;fs;.
Jiz
clYf;Fj; Jiz capuhFk;
coTf;Fj; Jiz ciog;ghFk;
ghl;Lf;Fj; Jiz gz;zhFk;.
gz;Gf;Fj; Jiz gbg;ghFk;.
muRf;Fj; Jiz mikr;rhFk;
mUSf;Fj; Jiz md;ghFk;.
nghUSf;Fj; Jiz mwkhFk;.
nghWikf;Fj; Jiz mwpthFk;.
- nt. ey;yjk;gp
ed;wp: fz;Nz ghg;gh
51
nraw;g hL 4
 khztu;fis Itu; nfhz;l FOf;fshf;fp> FOthfg; ghliyg; ghl khztu;fis
topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
Eq; F tz;b
rpd;dr; rpd;d Eq;F

nrq;f Uk;G Eq;F
jpd;dj; jpd;d ,dpf;Fk;
jpfl;b lhj Eq;F!
jhfk; jPu;f;Fk; Eq;F

jz;zPu; Nghy Eq;F
Njfr; #L ePq;fr;
nra;Ak; rpd;d Eq;F!
Eq;if ntl;bj; jpd;Nwd;

Eq;F tz;b nra;Njd;
Eq;F tz;b nra;Nj
El;gk; xd;iwf; fz;Nld;!
- nry;y fzgjp
ed;w p : gpwe;j ehs;
nraw;ghL 5
 khztu;fis tl;lkhf mkur; nra;J ~~top fhz;Ngd;|| vd;w ghliy mwpKfk;
nra;Aq;fs;.
top fhz;N gd;
xU kuNkDk; ehd; el;L - vd;
capiug; Nghy NgzpLNtd;!
xU tu;f; NfDk; rpW cjtp - ehd;
cs;sd;NghL nra;jpLNtd;!
fhfk; te;J fiue;jpl;lhy; - ehd;

ifg;gpbr; NrhW itj;jpLNtd;!
jhfk; vd;W tUNthu;f;F - ehd;
jz;zPu; je;J kfpo;e;jpLNtd;!
52
gbg;gwp tpy;yh khe;ju;f;F - vd;
gbg;ghy; ed;ik Gupe;jpLNtd;!
Jbf;Fk; Vio Jau; Jilf;f - ehd;
J}q;fh jpUe;J topfhz;Ngd;!
- Kj;J
ed;wp : gps;i sg;g hly;f s;
nraw;g hL 6
 khztu;fSf;F Mw;wq;f iuAk; murkuKk; vd;w fijia ,uridAld;
$Wq;fs;. khztu;fs; ftdkhfr; nrtpkLf;fpd;whu;fsh vd mtjhdpAq;fs;.
vLj;J f; f hl;L :
Mw;wq;f iuAk; murkuKk;
kuq;fs; mlu;e;j xU fhL ,Ue;jJ. me;jf; fhl;bd; ,ilNa Xu; MW
Xbf;nfhz;bUe;jJ. me;j Mw;wq;fiuapy; xU ngupa murkuk; epd;wJ.
Mw;wpypUe;J njhiytpy; epd;w kuq;fSf;nfy;yhk; kio nga;Ak;NghJjhd;
Vuhskhd ePu; fpilf;Fk;. kw;iwa fhyq;fspy; mit jiuapy; kpf
Moj;jpw;Fj; jq;fs; Ntiu ePl;b> mq;Fs;s <uj;ijj;jhd; ,Oj;Jf;nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;.
Mw;wq;fiuapy; ,Ue;j murkuj;jpw;Nfh Mz;L KOtJk; jz;zPUf;Ff;
Fiwtpyi ; y. tz;ly; fye;J te;j ePu>; murkuj;jpwF
; typitAk; nghypitAk;
nfhLj;jJ. murkuk; mfd;W ngUj;J thDwNthq;fpj; jiyepkpu;e;J g+upgg ; hf
epd;wJ.
murkuk;; kw;iwa kuq;fisg; ghu;j;J ~~ehd; cq;fSf;nfy;yhk; jiytd;!||
vd;W $wpaJ.
kw;iwa kuq;fs; NgrhjpUe;jd. Mw;wpd; tsj;jhy; mjpf eyk; ngw;w
murkuk; mfq;fhuj;NjhL NgRtij mtw;why; Vw;Wf;nfhs;s Kbatpy;iy.
Vw;Wf; nfhs;shkYk; ,Uf;f Kbatpy;iy. MfNtjhd; mit Ngrhky;
epd;wd.
xUehs; vq;Nfh njhiytpy; cs;s xU kiyapy; kio nghopej
; J. njhlu;eJ
;
ngUkio nga;jgbahy; MW ngUf;nfLj;jJ.
nts;sk; ngUfp Xb tUk; MW> jd; Ntfj;jhy; top neLfpYk; fiuia
mupj; J f; n fhzN; l te; j J. murkuk; ,Ue; j ,lKk; mupg; n gLj; J f;
fiue;Jtpl;lJ.
kz; fiuaf; fiua murkuj;jhy; Nt&d;wp epw;f Kbatpy;iy. mg;gbNa
Mw;Wf;Fs; rha;ej
; J. nts;sk; murkuj;ijAk; mbj;Jf;nfhz;L nrd;Wtpll
; J.
~~Mw;wq;fiu tho;T mt;t sTjhd;! || vd;W $wp kw;iwa kuq;fs;
murkuj;j pw;fhfg; gupjhgg;gl;ld.
 nrtpkLj; j fijia khztu; f s; jdpahfTk; FOthfTk; $Wtjw; F

topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
53
nraw;g hL 7
 fPNo jug;gl;Ls;s “ed;wp” vd;w rpwpa fijia khztu;fSf;Ff; $Wq;fs;.
tpUg;GlDk; ,uridAlDk; nrtpkLf;f Cf;fg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
ed;wp
Gs;spkhd; xd;W jz;zPu; Fbg;gjw;fhf Vupf;Fr;
nrd;wJ.
m q ; N f> j z; zP u p y ; kp j e ; J j j ; j sp j ; Jf;
nfhz;bUe;j fl;nlWk;igf; fz;lJ.
fl; nlWk;G Gs;spkhidg; ghu;j ;J jd;idf;
fhg;ghw;Wk;gb Nfl;lJ.
,uf;fg;gl;l Gs;spkhd; jd; fhiyj; jz;zPupy;
kpje;j fl;nlWk;gpd; mUfpy; itj;jJ.
fl;nlWk;G khdpd; fhypy; Vwpf; fiuNawpaJ.
fiuNawpa rpy epkplq;fSf;Fs; fl; nlWk;G>
Gs;spkhdpd; fhiyf; fbj;jJ.
Gs;spkhd; typ jhq;f Kbahky; mt;tplj;ij
tpl;L Ntfkhf XbaJ.
Gs;sp khDf;F fl;nlWk;G fbj;jjw;fhd fhuzk;
Gupatpy;iy.
rpwpJ Neuj;jpd; gpdd
; u; Gs;spkhd; epwF
; k; ,lj;ijf;
fl;nlWk;G nrd;wile;jJ.
Gs;spkhd; fl;nlWk;igg; ghu;jJ
; ‘‘cd;idf; fhg;gw;wpajw;F eP vdf;F
fhl;ba ed;wpf;fld; ,Jjhdh?’’ vd;W gupjhgf; Fuypy; Nfl;lJ.
mjw;Ff; fl;nlWk;G ‘‘ehd; me;j msTf;F Nkhrkhdtd; ,y;iy.
vdf;Fk; ed;wp cz;L. ehd; cd;idf; fbj;jpUf;fhtpll
; hy; eP ,t;tsT
J}uk; Xb te;jpUf;fkhl;lha;. mUfpype;j Gjupy; kiwe;jpUe;j
rpWj;ijg;Gyp cd;idg; gpbj;jpUf;Fk;!|| vd;W $wpaJ.
Gs;spkhd; fl;nlWk;igg; ghu;j;J ‘‘cd; kdij Gz;gLj;jpajw;fhf
kd;dpj;Jf; nfhs;. vd;idf; fhg;gw;wpajw;F vdJ kdkhu;e;j ed;wp
fs;|| vd;W Nrhfkhff; $wpaJ.
nksdkhff; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;bUe;j fl;nlWk;G ‘‘vd;idj; jz;zPupy;
,Ue; J fhg;g w;w pajw; F ,jaq; f dpe; j ed; w pfs; | | vd;W $wp
tpilngw;Wr; nrd;wJ.
 ,f;fijia khztu;fs; ,uridAld; $Wtjw;F Mu;t%l;Lq;fs;. vy;yh

khztu;fSf;Fk; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fq;fs;.
 fij $w Kd;tuhj khztu;fis Cf;fg;gLj;jp fij $w topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
,lu;g;gLk; khztu;fSf;F mr; re;ju;g;gj;jpNyNa cjTq;fs;.
54
nraw;g hL 8
 khztu;fisr; Nrhbfshf;Fq;fs;. gpd;tUk; ciuahly; ml;iliag; gpujp
vLj;J vy;yh khztu; fSf;F k; toq;Fq;fs;. ciuahliy ciuahbf;
fhl;Lq;fs;. mjd; gpd;du; khztu;fSf;F ciuahliyr; nrhy;ypf; nfhLq;fs;.
khztu;fs; gapw;rp ngw;w gpd;du; ,Utu; ,Utuhf ciuahl topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
vLj;J f; f hl;L :
ciuahly; ml;il
(jhj;jh Ngud; ciuahly;)
jhj;jh : VNjh Nfl;f Ntz;Lk; vd;whNa Nfs;.
Ngud; : fhfpjj;ijf; fz;L gpbj;jJ ahu; jhj;jh?
jhj;jh : fhfpjk; rPdhtpy; jhd; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ. fhfpjj;ijf;
fz;lwpe;jtu; ahu; vd;W Nfl;lhy;> xUtUila ngaiur;
nrhy;tJ rpukk;.
Ngud; : Vd; jhj;jh?
jhj;jh : rPdhtpy; gy jiyKiwfspy; ntt;NtW egu;fs; Kjd; Kiwahfj;
jahupj;jpUf;fpd;whu;fs; vd;fpwhu;fs;. ,tu;fSs; jdpj;Jtkhfj;
njupAk; ngau; rha;Y}d;.
Ngud; : GupAk;gb nrhy;Yq;fs; jhj;jh.
jhj;jh : rha;Y}Df;F Kd;Ng fhfpjj;ij ahuhtJ miuFiwahff; fz;L
gpbj;jpUf;fyhk;. Mdhy; gutyhf ,d;W gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fhfpjj;
jahupg;G topKiwfis Kjypy; ntspr;rj;jpw;F nfhz;L te;jtu;
rha;Y}d; mtu;fNs.
Ngud; : rha;Y}d; vg;gbf; fhfpjj;ijj; jahupj;jhu; jhj;jh.
jhj;jh : kug;gl;ilfis kpfr; rpwpa Jz;Lfshf ntl;bf; nfhz;lhu;.
mj;Jld; rpy Fwpg;gpl;l nrbfis kl;Lky;y fpope;j Jzpfis
vy;yhk; Nghl;Lj; jz;zPu; Nru;jJ
; ed;whff; miuj;Jf; $ohf;fpdhu;.
Ngud; : $ohf;fp vd;d nra;jhu; jhj;jh?
jhj;jh : mijj; Njhir Nghy; jl;ilahf Cw;wpg; gutyhf;fp NkNy
ed;F mOj;jp <ug;gjj;ij ePf;fpdhu;.
Ngud; : mjw;Fg; gpwF vd;d nra;jhu; jhj;jh?
jhj;jh : ntapypy; fha itj;jhu;. fhfpjk; jahu;.
Ngud; : mjd; gpwF me;jf; fhfpjq;fs; rPdhtpypUe;J cyfpd; vy;yhg;
gFjpfSf;Fk; gutj; njhlq;fpajh jhj;jh?
jhj;jh : mit INuhg;ghit te;jile;jjd; gpd;G kpfg;ngupa Gul;rpiaf;
nfhz;L te;jJ.
Ngud; : ,d;W fhfpjj;ijg; gw;wp mwpe;J nfhz;Nld;. ed;wp jhj;jh.
Fwpg;G: tpdhf;fisf; Nfl;L khztu;fs; ciuahliyf; fpufpj;jhu;fsh

vd;gij cWjp nra;f.
55
nraw;g hL 9
 khztu;fisg; gpd;tUk; ghliyr; nrtpkLj;J> gpuhzpfs; Nghd;W Kf%b
mzpe;J Mbg; ghbg;> Nghyr; nra;Jfhl;l topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: Nghyr; nra;tjw;fhd ghly;
gpuhzpfspd; nfhz;lhl;lk;
rpq;fj;jpd; tPl;by; nfhz;lhl;lk;

rpWj;ijfs; vy;yhk; ngUq;$l;lk;
rpye;jp fl;Lk; nts;is

Fuq;F fl;Lk; khiy
xl;lfk; nfhl;lif Mf;Fk;

rptpq;fp ruq;fs; J}f;Fk;
fub nfhl;Lk; Nksk;

Fjpiu jl;Lk; jhsk;
ghl;Lg; ghLk; Fapy;fs;

ehl;bak; MLk; kapy;fs;
gd;dPu; njspf;Fk; ahid

re;jdk; nfhLf;Fk; g+id
khd;fs; ghia tpupf;Fk;

Kay;fs; mioj;Jr; rpupf;Fk;.
nraw;g hL 10
 khztu;fSf;Fr; rpupf;fTk; rpe;jpf;fTk; $ba tpflj; JZf;Ffisr; Ritglf;
$Wq;fs;. mt;tpflj; JZf;Ffis kPz;Lk; mtu;fs; jkJ nkhopeilapy;
,uridAld; $w Cf;fg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
vLj;J f; f hl;L :
tpflj; JZf;Ffs;
tpflj; JZf;F -1
1. “mg;gh> ehd; ,d;W gd;dpuz;L kzp tiu gbf;fg; NghfpNwd;..”
“ey;yJ. vg;nghOJ eP Muk;gpf;fg; Nghfpwha;? ”
“gjpndhd;W Ik;gj;ije;jpw;F!.”
tpflj; JZf;F - 2
2. “jk;gp> rpd;d Ks; vjpNy ,Uf;fpd;wJ. ngupa Ks; vjpNy ,Uf;fpd;wJ.”
“,uz;LNk fbfhuj;jpNy jhd; ,Uf;fpd;wJ mz;zh!”
56
tpflj; JZf;F - 3
3. kfs;: “mg;gh ehd; mz;zid tpl> fzpjj;jpy; ,uz;L Gs;spfs; jhd;
FiwT.”
mg;gh: “mg;gbah> kpfTk; ed;W. mz;zd; vj;jid Gs;spfs; thq;fpdhd;?”
kfs; : “,uz;L Gs;spfs;.”
tpflj; JZf;F - 4
4. “Xl;lg;Nghl;bapy; Kjy; gupR ngw;wjhff; Nfs;tpgg
; l;Nlhk;. cq;fs; ntw;wpf;Fg;
gpd;dhy; ,Ue;jtu;fs; ahu;? ”
“vdf;Fg; gpd;dhy; Xb te;jtu;fs; jhd;.”
tpflj; JZf;F - 5
5. ghG : “fOijf;Fg; gpbj;j nuhl;b vJ? ”
NfhG : “ vdf;Fj; njupahJ. ePNa $W”
ghG : “Rtnuhl;b!”
tpflj; JZf;F - 6
6. “vt;tsT ngupa Mgj;J te;jhYk; ahid> Fjpiu vy;yhk; fj;jNt fj;jhJ.
Vd; vd;W $W? ”
“ahid gpspWk;> Fjpiu fidf;Fk;.”
tpflj; JZf;F - 7
7. “Mdp Kbe;jhy; Mb tUk; ”
“Mb Kbe;jhy; vd;d tUk;? ”
“fhy; typf;Fk;!”
 ,t;thwhd eifr;Ritj; JZf;Ffis khztu;fs; Rakhf tpUg;GlDk;
,uridAlDk; $Wtjw;F topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
fzpg; g P L :
 ghly;fis tpUg;GlDk; ,uridAlDk; nrtpkLj;jy; / ghLjy;
 fijfis czu;Tg+u;tkhfj; jkJ ghzpapy; $Wjy;
 ciuahliyr; nrtpkLj;jy;/ciuahlypy; <Lgly;
 Kf%b mzpe;J Nghyr; nra;jy;
 tpflj;JZf;Ffis tpUg;GlDk; ,uridAlDk; nrtpkLj;jy;/Ritglf; $Wjy;
Nghd;wtw;iwf; fzpg;gPL nra;f.
57
3 R3 W3
Nju; r ; r pfs; :
R3 tpUg;GlDk; ,uridAlDk; thrpg;ghu;.
W3 tpUg;GlDk; ,uridAlDk; vOJthu; / tiuthu;.
cs; s lf; f k; :
 rpWtu; ghly;fs;
 rpWtu; fijfs;
 ciuahly;fs;
 ehlfq;fs;
 rpj;jpuf;fijfs;
 tpflj;JZf;Ffs;
 rpj;jpuq;fs;
fw; w w;N gWfs; :

 ghly;fs;> ftpijfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s nrhw;fis thrpjJ
; g; GupeJ
; nfhs;thu;.
ghlypd; fUj;jpid mwpe;Jnfhs;s Kidthu;.
 rpWtu; fijfspy; tUk; fjhghj;jpuq;fs;> gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s Kf;fpa nrhw;fs;>
khztiuf; ftu;ej; rpwpa ciuahly; tupfs; Mfpatw;iwg; gpioapdw ; p vOJthu;.
tpUg;GlDk; ,uridAlDk; thrpg;ghu;. tpdhf;fSf;F tpilnaOJthu;.
 ciuahlypy; ,Ue;J njupT nra;ag;gl;l nrhw;fis/ thf;fpaq;fis tpUg;GlDk;
,uridAlDk; vOJthu;.
 Nghyr; nra;jypdN
; ghJ njupT nra;j fjhghj;jpuq;fspd; ngau;fis epidTgLj;jpg;
gpioapd;wp vOjp thrpg;ghu;.
 ehlfj;ij thrpjJ ; > gad;gLj;jg;gl;l Kf;fpa nrhw;fis>thf;fpaq;fis vOJthu;/
thrpg;ghu;. tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspg;ghu;.
 rp j ; j p u f; f i j fi s t p U g ; G l D k; , uri d A l D k; t hrp j ; J t p sq ; f p
kw;iwatu;fSf;Ff;Ff; $Wthu;. rpj;jpuf;fijAld; njhlu;Gila thf;fpaq;fis
vOJthu;.
 jhk; ,urpj;j tpflj;JZf;Ffis vOJthu;. kw;wtu;fSld; gfpu;e;J nfhs;thu;.
 tpUg;GlDk; ,uridAlDk; nrtpkLj;j ghly;fs;> fijfisr; rpj;jpukhf
tiuthu;.
tsq; f s;:
 ghly; ml;ilfs;> fij ml;ilfs;> thf;fpa ml;ilfs;> ciuahly; ml;ilfs;>
rpj;jpuf;fij ml;ilfs;> tpflj;JZf;F ml;ilfs;> nrUfy; ml;ilfs;> epwg;
ngd;rpy;fs;> tz;zf; fl;bfs; (Pastel).
58
nraw;g hL 1
 juk; %d;wpy; fw;w ghly;fis khztu;fSf;F epidTgLj;jpg; ghl Mu;tk;
Cl;Lq;fs;. khztu;fSld; Nru;e;J ghLq;fs;. mjd; gpd;du; ; “vq;F k;
Nfl;blyhk;” vd;w jiyg;gpy; jug;gl;Ls;s ghliy thrpj;Jf;fhl;Lq;fs;. mjd;
gpd;du; khztu;fSld; Nru;e;J thrpAq;fs;.
vLj;J f; f hl;L :
vq;Fk; Nfl;blyhk;
gb 1
Xuplj;jpy; ,Ue;jplhky;
..................... Nfl;blyhk;
ghlfiug; ghu;j;jplhky;
.................... Nfl;blyhk;
ghl;Lf;fisf;> Xb Xbf;
gb 2
thj;jpaq;fis ,irj;jplhky;
..................... Nfl;blyhk;.
Cnuq;Fk; Ngha; tuhky;
...................... Nfl;blyhk;.
Cu;g; gjpdk;> thj;jpa ,ir

gb 3
mwpQu;fisr; re;jpf;fhky;
................... Nfl;blyhk;.
cyfnkq;Fk; Rw;wplhky;
...................... Nfl;blyhk;.
cyfr; nra;jp> mwpTiufs;

gb 4
tpohf;fSf;Fr; nrd;wplhky;
.................... Nfl;blyhk;.
Nfl;blyhk; Nfl;blyhk;
.................... ,Ue;jplyhk;.
Nfl;Lf;nfhz;Nl> tu;zidfs;
59
 ehd;F> ehd;F mbfshf thrpj;Jf;fhl;Lq;fs;. khztu;fisAk; thrpf;f
Mu;t%l;Lq;fs;. mjd; gpd;du; fPo;tUtJ Nghd;w gapw;rpiaj; jahupj;J>
gpujpnaLj;J khztu;fSf;F toq;fp ghlybfspy; tpLgl;Ls;s nrhw;fisg;
G+u;j;jpnra;a topg;gLj;Jq;fs;. tpLgl;Ls;s nrhw;fisj; jdpahf toq;Fq;fs;.
 Vw;fdNt gbj;j ghlybfisr; rupahfg; G+u;j;jpnra;tij cWjpg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
 ghlYld; njhlu;Gila rpj;jpuq;fisr; Rakhf tiua topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
nraw;g hL 2
 khztu;fis Itu; nfhz;l FOf;fshf;Fq;fs;. ~~Foe;ijfNs NfsPu;|| vd;w
ghliy khztu;fSld; Nru;e;J thrpAq;fs;. vOkhwhf khztu;fis mioj;J
ghlybfisr; rupahf cr;rupjJ ; ,uridAld; thrpf;f topg;gLj;Jq;fs;. fPo;tUk;
gapw;rpfisj; jahupj;J> gpujpnaLj;J vy;yh khztu;fSf;Fk; toq;Fq;fs;.
mjd; gpdd; u; ghlybfspy; tpLgl;Ls;s nrhw;fisf; fl;lj;jpypUe;J njupTnra;J
vOj Mu;t%l;Lq;fs;.
vLj;J f; f hl;L :
MirAld;> ePu;r;rpuq;F> nrhy;iyj;> nts;sj;jpNy> fjwpao> tOf;fp>
kiof;fhyk;> nrUg;Gkpl;L> topaUNf> FLFnld
Foe;ijfNs NfsPu;
Filgpbj;J .........................
Gj;jfKk; nfhz;L
......................... ele;J tUk;
Foe;ijfNs NfsPu;
......................... top tOf;Fk;

kpff; ftdk; kf;fhs;
......................... nts;sKz;L
tpyfp tu Ntz;Lk;.
......................... fy;nywpe;J
tpisahl Ntz;lhk;
tPz; rz;ilahy; .........................
tpOe;njOk;g Ntz;lhk;
fz;kzpfhs; .........................
fhypy; tUk; ftdk;
fz;Zwf;f kpy;yhkw;
......................... NeUk;
mk;kh ........................ jl;lhky;

Mrpupau;f; flq;fp
......................... gs;spapNy
gbj;Jtu Ntz;Lk;.
60
 khztu;fs; Rakhf mg;gpahrf; nfhg;gpapy; ~~Foe;i jfNs NfsPu;|| vd;w
ghlypd; mbfisg; gpioapd;wp vOj Cf;fkspAq;fs;.
 ghlYld; njhlu;Gila rpj;jpuq;fisr; Rakhf tiua topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
 ghlYld; njhlu;Gila tpdhf;fisf; nfhLj;J> tpil vOjTk; topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
nraw;g hL 3
 “Jiz” vd;w ghlybfisr; Rakhf thrpf;f topg;gLj;Jq;fs;. mjd; gpd;du;
khztu;fis Itu; nfhz;l FOf;fshf;Fq;fs;. FOthfg; ghlybfis cuj;J
thrpf;f topg;gLj;Jq;fs;. khztu;fsplk; kzy; tPL fl;ba mDgtj;jpidf;
Nfl;lwpAq;fs;. mjd; gpd;du; fUk;gyifapy; ghlybfspy; cs;s nrhw;fis
ePf;fptpl;L Gs;spf; Nfhbl;L vOJq;fs;. khztu;fs; ghlybfspy; Gs;spf;
Nfhblg;gl;l ,lq;fspy; tuNtz;ba nrhw;fisr; Rakhfg; G+uj
; j
; pnra;J mg;gpahrf;
nfhg;gpapy; vOj topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
vLj;J f; f hl;L :
Jiz
......................... Jiz capuhFk;
......................... Jiz .........................
ghl;Lf;Fj; Jiz .........................

......................... Jiz .........................
muRf;Fj; Jiz .........................

mUSf;Fj; Jiz .........................
nghUSf;Fj; Jiz .........................

......................... Jiz .........................
 tpdhf;fisf; nfhLj;J tpil vOJk; gapw;rpiaAk; toq;Fq;fs;.
nraw;g hL 4
 khztu;fSf;F ~Eq;F tz;b | vd;w ghliy mwpKfk; nra;J Nfhbl;l
,lq;fisg; g+u;j;jp nra;a topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
Eq;F tz;b
rpd;dr; rpd;d Eq;F
......................... Eq;F
jpd;dj; jpd;d .........................
jpfl;b lhj Eq;F!
......................... jPu;f;Fk; Eq;F

......................... Nghy Eq;F
Njfr; #L ePq;fr;
nra;Ak; rpd;d Eq;F!
61
Eq;if ntl;bj; .........................
Eq;F ......................... nra;Njd;
Eq;F tz;b nra;Nj
......................... xd;iwf; fz;Nld;
 Eq;F tz;b vd;w ghliy khztu;fs; thrpj;Jg; ghbAk; mgpeaj;Jk; gapw;rp

ngw;w gpd;du; ghlybfisg; g+u;j;jpnra;Ak; gapw;rpia toq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij
epidtpw; nfhs;Sq;fs;.
 ghlYld; njhlu; G ila rpj; j puq; f isr; Rakhf tiue; J fhl; r pg; g Lj; j
topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
 tpdhf;fisf; nfhLj;J tpil vOJk; gapw;rpia toq;Fq;fs;.
nraw;ghL 5
 “top fhz;Ngd;” vd;w ghliyf; fzpdp %yk; vOj;jikg;Gr; nra;J> gpujpnaLj;J
vy;yh khztu;fSf;Fk; toq;Fq;fs;. khztu;fs; thrpj;Jg; gapw;rp ngw
Cf;fg;gLj;Jq;fs;. mjd; gpd;du; ghlypy; rpy gFjpfis ePf;fpf; Nfhbl;L gpujp
vLj;J vy;yh khztu;fSf;Fk; toq;fp> tpLgl;l ,lq;fisg; g+u;j;jp nra;a
topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
top fhz;N gd;
xU kuNkDk; ehd; el;L - vd;

.................................. Nghy NgzpLNtd;!
xU tu;f; NfDk; rpW cjtp - ehd;
.................................. nra;jpLNtd;!
fhfk; te;J fiue;jpl;lhy; - ehd;

.................................. NrhW itj;jpLNtd;!
.................................. vd;W tUNthu;f;F - ehd;
jz;zPu; je;J kfpo;e;jpLNtd;!
gbg;gwp tpy;yh khe;ju;f;F - vd;

gbg;ghy; .................................. Gupe;jpLNtd;!
Jbf;Fk; .................................. Jau; Jilf;f - ehd;
J}q;fh jpUe;J ..................................
 ,g;ghliyf; ftpij eilapy; khztu;fs; thrpf;f topg;gLj;Jq;fs;. mjd;

gpd;du; mgpeaj;Jld; ghb Ml Mu;t%l;Lq;fs;. ghlybfs; ed;F gapw;rp
ngWk; tiu jdpahfTk; NrhbahfTk; FOthfTk; tFg;gpd; Kd;Dk; thrpj;jf;
fhl;l cw;rhfg;gLj;Jq;fs;. mjd; gpd;du; ghlybfisr; Rakhfg; G+uj
; j
; p nra;Ak;
gapw;rpia toq;Fq;fs;.
Fwpg; G : ,JNghd; w NtW ghly; f isAk; mwpKfk; nra; A k; Rje; j puk;
MrpupaUf;Fz;L.
62
nraw;ghL 6
 ~~Mw;wq;fiuAk; murkuKk;|| vd;w fijia ,uridAld; khztu;fs; thrpf;f
topg;gLj;Jq;fs;. mjd; gpd;du; Mrpupau; fijia ,uridAld; thrpj;Jf;fhl;l
Ntz;Lk;. kPzL; k; khztu;fisr; Rakhf thrpff; Mu;t%l;Lq;fs;. khztu;fSld;
Nru;e;J ePq;fSk; thrpAq;fs;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
Mw;wq;f iuAk; murkuKk;
kuq;fs; mlu;e;j xU fhL ,Ue;jJ. me;jf; fhl;bd; ,ilNa Xu; MW
Xbf;nfhz;bUe;jJ. me;j Mw;wq;fiuapy; xU ngupa murkuk; epd;wJ.
Mw;wpypUe;J njhiytpy; epd;w kuq;fSf;nfy;yhk; kio nga;Ak;NghJjhd;
Vuhskhd ePu; fpilf;Fk;. kw;iwa fhyq;fspy; mit jiuapy; kpf
Moj;jpw;Fj; jq;fs; Ntiu ePl;b> mq;Fs;s <uj;ijj;jhd; ,Oj;Jf;nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;.
Mw;wq;fiuapy; ,Ue;j murkuj;jpw;Nfh Mz;L KOtJk; jz;zPUf;Ff;
Fiwtpyi ; y. tz;ly; fye;J te;j ePu; murkuj;jpwF
; typitAk; nghypitAk;
nfhLj;jJ. murkuk; mfd;W ngUj;J thDwNthq;fpj; jiyepkpu;e;J g+upgg; hf
epd;wJ.
murkuk;; kw;iwa kuq;fisg; ghu;j;J ~~ehd; cq;fSf;nfy;yhk; jiytd;!||
vd;W $wpaJ.
kw;iwa kuq;fs; NgrhjpUe;jd. Mw;wpd; tsj;jhy; mjpf eyk; ngw;w
murkuk; mfq;fhuj;NjhL NgRtij mtw;why; Vw;Wf;nfhs;s Kbatpy;iy.
Vw;Wf; nfhs;shkYk; ,Uf;f Kbatpy;iy. MfNtjhd; mit Ngrhky;
epd;wd.
xUehs; vq;Nfh njhiytpy; cs;s xU kiyapy; kio nghopej
; J. njhlu;eJ
;
ngUkio nga;jgbahy; MW ngUf;nfLj;jJ.
nts;sk; ngUfp Xb tUk; MW> jd; Ntfj;jhy; top neLfpYk; fiuia
mupj; J f; n fhz; N ; l te; j J. murkuk; ,Ue; j ,lKk; mupg; n gLj; J f;
fiue;Jtpl;lJ.
kz; fiuaf; fiua murkuj;jhy; Nt&d;wp epw;f Kbatpy;iy. mg;gbNa
Mw;Wf;Fs; rha;ej
; J. nts;sk; murkuj;ijAk; mbj;Jf;nfhz;L nrd;Wtpll
; J.
~~Mw;wq;fiu tho;T mt;tsTjhd;!|| vd;W nrhy;yp kw;iwa kuq;fs;
murkuj;j pw;fhfg; gupjhgg;gl;ld.
 khztu;fs; Rakhf thrpj;j gpd;du; Nrhb Nru;e;J khztu;fis thrpf;f

Cf;fg;gLj;Jq;;fs;.
 ,f; fijiar; rpj;jpukhf tiua khztu;fis Cf;fg;gLj;Jq;fs;. ,lu;gg
; Lk;
khztu;fSf;F mr; re;ju;g;gj;jpNyNa cjTq;fs;.
 mjd;gpd; fij njhlu;ghd tpdhf;fis toq;fp tpilaspf;f topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
tpdhf; f s;
1. Mw;wq;fiuapy; ,Ue;j kuk; vJ?
2. vt;thwhd ePu; murkuj;jpw;F typitAk; nghypitAk; nfhLj;jJ?
3. murkuk; mfq;fhuj;NjhL vd;d $wpaJ?
63
nraw;g hL 7
 ~ed;wp| vd;w fijiag; gpujp vLj;J vy;yh khztu;fSf;Fk; toq;Fq;fs;.
mf;f ijia khztu;fs; Rakhf thrpf;f Tk; Nrhb Nru; e; J thrpf; fTk;
topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
ed;w p
Gs;spkhd; xd;W jz;zPu; Fbg;gjw;fhf Vupf;Fr;
nrd;wJ.
m q ; N f> j z; zP u p y ; kp j e ; J j j ; j sp j ; Jf;
nfhz;bUe;j fl;nlWk;igf; fz;lJ.
fl; nlWk;G Gs;spkhidg; ghu;j ;J jd;idf;
fhg;ghw;Wk;gb Nfl;lJ.
,uf;fg;gl;l Gs;spkhd; jd; fhiyj; jz;zPupy;
kpje;j fl;nlWk;gpd; mUfpy; itj;jJ.
fl;nlWk;G khdpd; fhypy; Vwpf; fiuNawpaJ.
fiuNawpa rpy epkplq;fSf;Fs; fl; nlWk;G>
Gs;spkhdpd; fhiyf; fbj;jJ.
Gs;spkhd; typ jhq;f Kbahky; mt;tplj;ij
tpl;L Ntfkhf XbaJ.
Gs;sp khDf;F fl;nlWk;G fbj;jjw;fhd fhuzk;
Gupatpy;iy.
rpwpJ Neuj;jpd; gpdd
; u; Gs;spkhd; epwF
; k; ,lj;ijf;
fl;nlWk;G nrd;wile;jJ.
Gs;spkhd; fl;nlWk;igg; ghu;j;J ~~cd;idf; fhg;gw;wpajw;F eP
vdf;F fhl;ba ed;wpf;fld; ,Jjhdh? || vd;W gupjhgf; Fuypy;
Nfl;lJ.
mjw;Ff; fl;nlWk;G ~~ehd; me;j msTf;F Nkhrkhdtd; ,y;iy.
vdf;Fk; ed;wp cz;L. ehd; cd;idf; fbj;jpUf;fhtpll
; hy; eP ,t;tsT
J}uk; Xb te;jpUf;fkhl;lha;. mUfpype;j Gjupy; kiwe;jpUe;j
rpWj;ijg;Gyp cd;idg; gpbj;jpUf;Fk;!|| vd;W $wpaJ.
Gs;spkhd; fl;nlWk;igg; ghu;j;J~~ cd; kdij Gz;gLj;jpajw;fhf
kd;dpj;Jf; nfhs;. vd;idf; fhg;gw;wpajw;F vdJ kdkhu;e;j ed;wp
fs;|| vd;W Nrhfkhff; $wpaJ.
nksdkhff; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;bUe;j fl;nlWk;G ~~vd;idj; jz;zPupy;
,Ue; J fhg; g w; w pajw; F ,jaq; f dpe; j ed; w pfs; | | vd; W $wp
tpilngw;Wr; nrd;wJ.
 ,f; fijiar; rpj;jpukhf Rakhf tiua khztu;fis topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.

 ,Utu; ,Utuhf khztu;fs; thrpj;j gpd;du; Rakhf> vy;yh khztu;fisAk;
thrpf;f Cf;fg;gLj;Jq;;fs;. vOkhwhf khztu;fis mioj;J tFg;gpd; Kd;
thrpf;f Mu;t%l;Lq;fs;. mjd;gpd; fij njhlu;ghd tpdhf;fis toq;fp
tpilaspf;f topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
64
nraw;g hL 8
 fPNo jug;gl;Ls;s ciuahly; ml;ilia vy;yh khztu;fSf;Fk; gpujp vLj;J>
toq;Fq;fs;. khztu;fs; Nrhb Nru;e;J ciuahliy thrpf;f topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
jhj;jh Ngud; ciuahly;
jhj;jh : VNjh Nfl;f Ntz;Lk; vd;whNa Nfs;.

Ngud; : fhfpjj;ijf; fz;L gpbj;jJ ahu; jhj;jh?
jhj;jh : fhfpjk; rPdhtpy; jhd; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ. fhfpjj;ijf;
fz;lwpe;jtu; ahu; vd;W Nfl;lhy;> xUtUila ngaiur;
nrhy;tJ rpukk;.
Ngud; : Vd; jhj;jh?
jhj;jh : rPdhtpy; gy jiyKiwfspy; ntt;NtW egu;fs; Kjd; Kiwahfj;
jahupj;jpUf;fpd;whu;fs; vd;fpwhu;fs;. ,tu;fSs; jdpj;Jtkhfj;
njupAk; ngau; rha;Y}d;.
Ngud; : GupAk;gb nrhy;Yq;fs; jhj;jh.
jhj;jh : rha;Y}Df;F Kd;Ng fhfpjj;ij ahuhtJ miuFiwahff; fz;L
gpbj;jpUf;fyhk;. Mdhy; gutyhf ,d;W gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fhfpjj;
jahupg;G topKiwfis Kjypy; ntspr;rj;jpw;F nfhz;L te;jtu;
rha;Y}d; mtu;fNs.
Ngud; : rha;Y}d; vg;gbf; fhfpjj;ijj; jahupj;jhu; jhj;jh.
jhj;jh : kug;gl;ilfis kpfr; rpwpa Jz;Lfshf ntl;bf; nfhz;lhu;.
mj;Jld; rpy Fwpg;gpl;l nrbfis kl;Lky;y> fpope;j Jzpfis
vy;yhk; Nghl;Lj; jz;zPu; Nru;jJ
; ed;whff; miuj;Jf; $ohf;fpdhu;.
Ngud; : $ohf;fp vd;d nra;jhu; jhj;jh?
jhj;jh : mijj; Njhir Nghy; jl;ilahf Cw;wpg; gutyhf;fp NkNy
ed;F mOj;jp <ug;gjj;ij ePf;fpdhu;.
Ngud; : mjw;Fg; gpwF vd;d nra;jhu; jhj;jh?
jhj;jh : ntapypy; fha itj;jhu;. fhfpjk; jahu;.
Ngud; : mjd; gpwF me;jf; fhfpjq;fs; rPdhtpypUe;J cyfpd; vy;yhg;
gFjpfSf;Fk; gutj; njhlq;fpajh jhj;jh?
jhj;jh : mit INuhg;ghit te;jile;jjd; gpd;G kpfg;ngupa Gul;rpiaf;
nfhz;L te;jJ.
Ngud; : ,d;W fhfpjj;ijg; gw;wp mwpe;J nfhz;Nld;. ed;wp jhj;jh.
 FOthf khztu;fs; ciuahba gpd;du; tpdhf;fis toq;fp tpilaspf;f

topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
65
nraw;g hL 9:
 khztu;fSf;F rpwpa (xU gf;f) ehlfq;fis mwpKfk; nra;Aq;fs;. khztu;fs;
ehlfj;ij thrpg;gjw;fhf vy;yh khztu;fSf;Fk; gpujp vLj;Jf;nfhLq;fs;.
vLj;J f; f hl;L : ehlfk; - nghJf; $l;lk;
fjhghj;jpuq;fs;;:
rpq;fk;> ahid> Kay;> Xeha;> eup
rpq;fk; : ,d;W nghJf;$l;lj;ijf; $l;bAs;Nsd;. cq;fs; gpur;rpidfisf;

$Wq;fs;.
ahid : fhl;by; vq;fshy; tho Kbatpy;iy.
rpq;fk; : Vd;! mg;gbr; nrhy;fpd;wPu;?
ahid : eupahu; vq;fis xw;Wikahf tho tpLfpwhupy;iy.
rpq;fk; : Mr;rupakhf ,Uf;fpwNj!
Kay; : rpq;fuhrhNt! vq;fSf;Fs; gpur;rpidfis cUthf;Ffpwhu;.
Xeha; : ehq;fs; xw;Wikahf ,Ue;jhy; jdf;Fg; ghjpg;G vd;W epidj;Jj;
je;jpu tpisahl;L tpisahLfpwhu;.
rpq;fk; : mtUila eltbf;ifia ehDk; ftdpj;Jf;nfhz;L jhd;
tUfpNwd;. mJrup ePq;fs; Vd; eupapd; nrhy;iyf; Nfl;fpwPu;fs;?
Xeha; : mtu; cjtp nra;tJ Nghy te;J gpur;rpidfis cUthf;Ffpdw
; hu;.
rpq;fk; : eupahiug; gw;wpj; njupe;j gpwFk; ePq;fs; Vd; mtUila fijiaf;
Nfl;fpwPu;fs;.
ahid : cjtp nra;tJ Nghy; te;J xw;Wikiaf; Fiyf;fpwhu;.
rpq;fk; : clNd eupahiu mioj;J thUq;fs;.
eup : rpq;fuhrhNt! vd;id mioj;jPu;fsh?
rpq;fk; : Mk;
eup : ehd; VJk; jq;fSf;F cjt Ntz;Lkh?
rpq;fk; : ePu; vdf;F cjtp nra;aj; Njitapy;iy. cgj;jputk; nra;ahky;
,Ue;jhy; NghJk;.
eup : muNr ePq;fs; nrhy;tJ vdf;Fg; Gupatpy;iy.
rpq;fk; : Gupatpy;iyah? GupahjJ Nghd;W ebf;fpd;wPuh?
eup : ehd; ebf;fpd;Nwdh! jtW muNr jtW.
rpq;fk; : ckJ fgl Gj;jp vdf;F ed;whfj; njupAk;. vdNt vd;dplk;
ck;Kila Vkhw;Wtpj;ij gypf;fhJ.
eup : muNr vd;idg; ghu;j;jh ,g;gbf; $Wfpd;wPu;fs;. ehd; ey;ytd;.
vy;NyhUf;Fk; cjtp nra;gtd;.
rpq;fk; : ePu; ey;ytdh! ePu;jhd; ,q;F thOk; kpUfq;fspd; xw;Wikiaf;
Fiyf;fpd;wuP ;.
eup : muNr vd;idg; gw;wp ahNuh cq;fsplk; gpioahff; $wptpl;lhu;fs;.
66
rpq;fk; : vy;yhk; rupahfj;jhd; $wpAs;shu;fs;. ehd; ,q;F thOk; kpUfq;
fspd; ed;ik fUjp ,e;jf; fhl;il tpl;Nl xJf;fp itf;fpNwd;.
,dp ePu; ,e;jf; fhl;Lf;Fs; elkhlf;$lhJ. vd; cj;juit kPwpdhy;
fLikahd jz;lidia ehd; toq;FNtd;.
eup : muNr> vd;id kd;dpj;J tpLq;fs;. ,dpNky; ,t;thwhd jtiw
ehd; nra;akhl;Nld;. jaT nra;J vdJ jz;lidia kPs;
guprPyid nra;Aq;fs;.
 Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l ehlfj;ij khztu;fs; cuj;J thrpf;f topg;gLj;Jq;fs;. thrpj;J
Kbe;jJk; FOthf ebf;f Mu;t%l;Lq;fs;. mjd; gpd;du; ehlfk; njhlu;ghf
tpdhf;fSf;F mg;gpahrf; nfhg;gpapy; tpilaspf;f topg;gLj;Jq;fs;. mjd;
gpd;du; rpq;fk;> eupapd; jz;lidia kPs; guprPyid nra;jjh vdf; Nfl;L
mtu;fspd; fw;gidahw;wiy ntspf; nfhzUq;fs;.
nraw;ghL 10:
 khztu;fSf;F fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sthwhd rpj;jpuf; fijia mwpKfk; nra;J
,uridAld; thrpf;Fk; Mu;tj;ij khztupilNa tpUj;jp nra;Aq;fs;. vy;yh
khztu;fSf;Fk; rpjj
; puf; fijiag; gpujp vLj;Jf; nfhLq;fs;. Rakhf khztu;fs;
rpj;jpuf;fijia thrpf;fr; re;ju;g;gkspAq;fs;.
vLj;J f; f hl;L :
67
vLj;Jf;f hl;L : 2
 rpjj
; puf; fij njhlu;ghf khztu;fsplk; tpdhf;fis tpdTq;fs;. tpdhf;fSf;fhd
tpilfis mg;gpahrf; nfhg;gpapy; vOj topg;gLj;Jq;fs;;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: rpj;jpuf; fij -2
kyu; kzk;!
68
 rpjj
; puf; fij njhlu;ghf khztu;fsplk; tpdhf;fis tpdTq;fs;. tpdhf;fSf;fhd
tpilfis mg;gpahrf; nfhg;gpapy; vOj topg;gLj;Jq;fs;;.
nraw;ghL 11:
 khztu;fSf;F tpUg;GlDk; ,uridAlDk; thrpf;ff;$ba tpflj;JZf;Ffis
mwpKfk; nra;Aq;fs;.
 vy;yh khztu;fSf;Fk; tpflj;JZf;Ffisg; gpujp vLj;J toq;Fq;fs;.
,uridAld; Nrhb Nru;j;J thrpj;J kfpo Mu;t%l;Lq;fs;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
“fhfpjj;jpy; fg;gy; nra;J> kioj;

jz;z Pu py; tpl;l hNa> kw;w tu;f Sila
fg;g y; vy;yhk; kpjf;F J...
cd;Dila fg;gy; kl;Lk; %o;fp
tpl;lNj? ”
“ehd; tpl;l Nj ePu;%o;fpf; fg;gy;jhNd!”
Fkhu; : “Iah rk;gsj;ijf; Nfl;lhy; gyhg;goj;ijj;

jUfpd;wPu;fNs? ”
Kjyhsp : “ehd; KjypNyNa rk;gsj;ij Risisahfj;
jUNtd; vd;W $wpaij kwe;Jtpl;lhah? ”
 gj;jpupiffs;> rQ;rpiffs;> ,izaj;jsq;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpy; ,Ue;J khztu;fspd;

taJ kl;lj;jpw;Nfw;gg; nghUj;jkhd tpflj;JZf;Ffisg; gpujp vLj;J te;J
mg;gpahrf; nfhg;gpapy; xl;b> Vida khztu;fSf;F thrpj;Jf; fhl;LkhW
Cf;fg;gLj;Jq;fs;. Rakhf tpflj;JZf;Ffis Mf;fTk; Mu;t%l;Lq;fs;.
Fwpg;G : rpj;jpuf; fijfs;> tpflj;JZf;Ffis khztu;fs; thrpg;gjd; Clhf

thrpg;gpd; kPjhd Mu;tj;ij tsu;f;f KbAk; vd;gjid epidtpw;
nfhs;Sq;fs;.
fzpg; g P L :
 ghly;fis ,uridAld; thrpj;jy; / vOJjy;
 fijapy; tUk; ciuahly;fis tpUg;GlDk; ,uridAlDk; thrpj;jy; /
vOJjy;
 ciuahly;fis thrpj;jy; / vOJjy;
 ehlfq;fis tpUg;Gld; thrpj;jy; / vOJjy;
 rpj;jpuf; fijfis tpUg;GlDk; ,uridAlDk; thrpj;jy; / vOJjy;
 tpflj;JZf;Ffis thrpj;jy;/vOJjy;/Nrfupj;jy;
 ghly;fs;> fijfSld; njhlu;Gila rpj;jpuq;fis tiujy;
69
kPl;lw; gapw;rpfs;
 khztu;fs; ,Jtiu fw;w tplaq;fspypUe;J kPl;lw; gapw;rpfis toq;Fq;fs;.
gapw;rp 1
 fhl;rpg;glj;ijg; ghu;j;J epfo;fhyj;jpy; %d;W thf;fpaq;fis vOJq;fs;.
1. .....................................................................................................................................
2. ......................................................................................................................................
3. ......................................................................................................................................
gapw;rp 2
 fl;lj;jpYs;s vOj;Jf;fspypUe;J nghUj;jkhd vOj;ijj; njupT nra;J gpdt
; Uk;
nrhw;fisg; G+uzg;gLj;Jf.
d z y s o u w
1 E}.....fk; 2. c.....tfk; 3. fp.....q;F 4. c......f;fk; 5 gs;.....k;

6. c.....td;; 7. ,.......f;fk;; 8. tpkh...k;; 9. g....itfs; 10 f...q;fs;
gapw;rp 3
 milg;Gf;Fwpf;Fs; cs;s nrhw;fspypUe;J nghUj;jkhd nrhw;fisj; njupT
nra;J Gs;spf; Nfhbl;l ,lq;fisg; G+u;j;jp nra;f.
1. xspiag; gug;GtJ ........................................ (tpsf;F> tpyf;F)
2. ePôp fhyk; ................................................... (ths;f> tho;f)
3. Mok; ...................................... fhiy tplhNj. (mupahky;> mwpahky;)
4. kf;fSf;Fr; Nrit nra;tJ kpfr; rpwe;j ..................... MFk;. (gdp> gzp)
5. ....................... nra tpUk;G. (muk;> mwk;)
70
gapw;
kk rp 4
 gpd;tUk; xUik thf;fpaq;fisg; gd;ik thf;fpaq;fshf khw;wp vOJf.
1. Gwh gwe;J nrd;wJ.
..................................................................................................................................
2. el;rj;jpuk; thdpy; kpd;dpaJ.
...................................................................................................................................
3. jhkiug; G+ kyu;e;jJ.
..................................................................................................................................
4. Fjpiu Ntfkhf XbaJ.
..................................................................................................................................
gapw;rp 5
 gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil vOJf.
1. “rKj;jpuk; ” vd;gjd; xj;jfUj;Jf; nrhy;iy vOJf.
..................................................................................................................................
2. “mz;ik” vd;gjd; vjpu;f;fUj;Jf; nrhy;iy vOJf.
...................................................................................................................................
3. “Gj;jpud;”; vd;gjd; vjpu;g;ghw; nrhy;iy vOJf.
..................................................................................................................................
4. “ctif” vd;gjd; xj;jfUj;Jf; nrhy;iy vOJf.
...................................................................................................................................
5. “Nrtfp;” vd;gjd; vjpu;g;ghw; nrhy;iy vOJf.
..................................................................................................................................
6. “,sik” vd;gjd; vjpu;f;fUj;Jf;; nrhy;iy vOJf.
..................................................................................................................................
gapw;rp 6
 gpd;tUk; ngz;ghy; thf;fpaq;fis Mz;ghy; thf;fpaq;fshf khw;wp vOJf.
1. vdJ jq;if ghl;Lg; ghbdhs;.
..................................................................................................................................
2. mtuJ kUkfs; ntspehl;by; trpf;fpd;whu;.
...................................................................................................................................
gapw;rp 7
 gpd;tUk; Mz;ghy; thf;fpaq;fisg; ngz;ghy; thf;fpaq;fshf khw;wp vOJf.
1. ehd; ez;gdpd; tPl;bw;Fr; nrd;Nwd;.
..................................................................................................................................
2. tpLKiwf;F khkh tPl;bw;Fr; nry;Ntd;.
..................................................................................................................................
71
tp
.gapw;rp 8
 Gs;spf; Nfhbl;l ,lq;;fisr; rupahd cau;jpid> m/wpizr; nrhw;fisf;
nfhz;L G+u;j;jp nra;f.
mjpgu;> nlhy;gpd;> khztu;f s;> khd;
1. Xehiaf; fz;l ....................... Ntfkhf XbaJ.
2. ................................... tupirahfr; nrd;wdu;.
3. vk; ,UtiuAk; ................................... mioj;jhu;.
4. ................................... ed;wpAs;s gpuhzpahFk;.
gapw;rp 9
 gpd;tUk; $w;Wf;fs; rupahapd; rup vdTk; gpioahapd; gpio vdTk; vOJf.
.
1. “ez;gu;fs;” cau;jpiz xUikg; ngau;r;nrhy;yhFk;. (.............)
2. “Gj;jfk;” m/wpiz xUikg; ngau;r;nrhy;yhFk;. (.............)
.gapw;rp 10
 fPNo jug;glLs;stw;wpw;Fg; milg;Gf;Fs; ,Ue;J nghUj;jkhd nrhy;iyj;
njupT nra;J Gs;spf; Nfhl;bd; kPJ vOJf.
( ehk;> mYkhup> ngupak;kh> ge;Jfs;> ehd;> gps;isfs;>)
1. cau;jpiz gd;ikg; glu;f;ifg; ngau;r; nrhy; : ..........................................
2. cau;jpiz xUikg; jd;ikg;; ngau;r; nrhy; : ..........................................
3. jd;ikg; gd;ikg; ngau;r; nrhy; : ..........................................
gapw;rp 11
 ntw;wplj;jpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd tpidr; nrhy;iy milg;Gf;Fs; ,Ue;J njupT
nra;J Gs;spf; Nfhl;bd; kPJ vOJf.
1. G+e;Njhl;lj;jpy; ky;ypifg; G+f;fs; ...............................................................

(kyu;e;jJ> kyu;e;jd)
2. ehd; vdJ jq;ifAld; ghlrhiyf;Fr; .....................................................

(nrd;Nwd;> nrd;Nwhk;)
3. fopTePu; Njq;fp epw;gjhy; Esk;Gfs; .............................................................

(ngUFfpd;wJ> ngUFfpd;wJ)
4. rpwe;j E}y;fs; ey;y ez;gu;fisg; .................................................................

(Nghd;wJ> Nghd;wd)
72
.gapw;rp 12
 gpd;tUk; nrhw;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd milnkhopfis itj;J vOJf.
fhfk; fWg;Gf; fhfk;

.....................................................
1. nfhf;F ............................................................
2. Fil ............................................................
3. jhkiu ............................................................
4. njhg;gp ............................................................
5. ngd;rpy; ............................................................
gapw;rp 13
 fPNo jug;gl;Ls;s ,we;jfhy thf;fpaq;fis epfo;fhy thf;fpaq;fshf khw;wp
vOJf.
1. ehd; xU ftpij vOjpNdd;.
..................................................................................................................................
2. Gwhf;fs; gwe;J nrd;wd.
...................................................................................................................................
3. mtu;fs; taypy; Ntiy nra;jdu;.
...................................................................................................................................
4. ehq;fs; G+e;Njhl;lj;jpw;Fr; nrd;Nwhk;.
...................................................................................................................................
5. ehq;fs; midtiuAk; md;Gld; tuNtw;Nwhk;.
...................................................................................................................................
.gapw;rp 14
 fPNo jug;gl;Ls;s vjpu;fhy thf;fpaq;fis> ,we;jfhy thf;fpaq;fshf khw;wp

vOJf.
1. ehd; mofpa fhl;rpfis tiuNtd;.
..................................................................................................................................
2. ehd; E}yfj;jpw;Fr; nry;Ntd;.
...................................................................................................................................
3. ehq;fs; re;ijf;Fr; nry;Nthk;.
...................................................................................................................................
4. ehq;fs; flw;fiuapy; kzy; tPL fl;b tpisahLNthk;.
...................................................................................................................................
3. khkp vq;fisg; ghlrhiyapypUe;J tPl;bw;F mioj;Jr; nry;thu;.
...................................................................................................................................
73
gapw;r p 15
 fhl;rpgg
; lj;ijg; ghu;jJ
; epfo;fhyj;jpy; %d;W thf;fpaq;fis vOJq;fs;. xt;nthU
thf;fpaKk; ehd;F nrhw;fSf;Ff; FiwahjpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
1. .....................................................................................................................................
2. ......................................................................................................................................
3. .....................................................................................................................................
Fwpg;G:
 Kjyhk; jtizapd; ,Wjpapy; kPl ;l w; gapw;rpfis khztu;fSf;F
toq;F q;f s;. NkNy jug;g l;l thwhd gapw;rpfis khztu;f Sf;F
toq;f pf; fzpg;g PL nra;Aq;f s;.
 cWg;g ika vOJk; Nghl;b iaAk;; nrhy;t njOJjy; Nghl;b iaAk;

elhj;J q;f s;. khztu;f s; vOjpatw;i wf; fhl;r pg;g Lj;J q;f s;. vy;y h
khztu;f isAk; ghuhl; b Cf; f g;g Lj;J q;f s;.
74
4 L4 S4 R4 W4
Nju;r;r pfs; :
L4 – ehshe;jj; Njitfis epiwT nra;tjw;fhfr; nrtpkLg;ghu;.
S4 – ehshe;jj; Njitfis epiwT nra;tjw;fhfg; NgRthu;.

???????? ??????
R4 – ehshe;jj; Njitfis epiwT nra;tjw;fhf thrpg;ghu;.
W4 – ehshe;jj; Njitfis epiwT nra;tjw;fhf vOJthu;.
cs;slf;fk; :
 mwptpj;jy;fs;
 mwpTWj;jy;fs;
 fl;lisfs;
 jfty;fs;/ Fwpg;Gf;fs;
 Ra tpguk; / gbtq;fs;
 fbjk; (ghuk;gupa / etPd)
 kpd;dQ;ry; / FWQ;nra;jp
fw;ww;N gWfs; :
 rpwpa> RUf;fkhd mwptpj;jy;fs;> mwpTWj;jy;fis tpsq;fp mtw;Wf;Nfw;g

Jyq;Fthu;.
 fl;lisfisr; nrtpkLj;J mjw;Nfw;gj; Jyq;Fthu;.
 jfty;fis mwpe;J nfhs;tJld;> jfty;fisAk; Fwpg;Gf;fisAk; njspthf
vOjpr; rku;g;gpg;ghu;.
 Ratpgug; gbtj;ij thrpjJ
; g; gpioapd;wpr; RUf;fkhfg; G+u;jj
; pnra;a Kd;tUthu;.
 ghuk;gupaf; fbjk; / etPd fbjk; vOJk; Kiwia mwpe;J cupa Kiwapy;
gpuNahfpg;ghu;.
 kpd;dQ;ry;fs;; / FWQ;nra;jpfis vOJthu;.
tsq;fs; :
 mwptpj;jy;fs;;> mwpTWj;jy;fs;;> fl;lisfs; vOjg;gl;l ml;ilf; fPyq;fs;>
nrhy; ml;ilfs;> fl;lis ml;ilfs;> gapw;rp ml;ilfs;> E}yf mq;fj;Jtg;
gbtq;fs;> khjpupf;fbjq;fs;> kpd;dQ;ry;fs; / FWQ;nra;jpfs;(khjpup)
75
nraw;ghL 1
 khztu;fspd; taJ kl;lj;jpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd mwptpj;jy;fis ml;ilf;
fPyq;fspy; vOjpf; nfhs;Sq;fs;.
mwptpj;jy; 1
fz;l ,lq;fspy; Fg;igfis ,Ltijj; jtpu;f;fTk;.
mwptpj;jy; 2
$l;LwTf; fil fhiy vl;L kzp Kjy; khiy Ie;J kzp tiu
jpwe;jpUf;Fk;.
mwptpj;jy; 3
tPLfspy; ePu; Njq;fp epw;Fk; ,lq;fisr; Rj;jkhf itj;jpUq;fs;.
mwptpj;jy; 4
NgUe;jpy; gazr;rPl;bd;wpg; gazpg;gJ jz;lidf;Fupa Fw;wkhFk;.
mwptpj;jy;; 5
nghUl;fis thq;Fk; NghJ cw;gj;jpj; jpfjp> fhyhtjpahFk;
jpfjp vd;gtw;iwg; ghu;j;J thq;fTk;.
mwptpj;jy; 6
fu;g;gpzpj; jha;khu;fSf;fhf ,t;thrdk; xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
mwptpj;jy; 7
itj;jparhiyf;Fs; ifj;njhiyNgrpiag; gad;gLj;JtJ
jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
 fhl;rpg;gLj;jpa mwptpj;jy;fis khztu;fSf;F thrpj;Jf;fhl;Lq;fs;. mjd;

gpd;du; khztu;fisr; Rakhf thrpf;f topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
 khztu;f is Itu; nfhz;l FOf; fshf;Fq;f s;. xt;nthU FOtpw; Fk;
ml;ilf;fPyq;fs; nfhz;l jl;il toq;Fq;fs;. FOtpYs;s xt;nthUtUk;
mwptpj;jy;fis thrpj;J kw;wtu;fSf;Ff; $Wjy; Ntz;Lk;. mjd; gpd;du;
mt;twptpj;jy;fis mg;gpahrf; nfhg;gpapy; gpioapd;wp vOj topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
 khztu;fs; jhk; mwpe;j> thrpj;j mwptpj;jy;fisr; Rakhf vOj Cf;fg;
gLj;Jq;fs;.
76
nraw;g hL 2
 khztu;fsplk; Vw;fdNt juk; %d;wpy; fw;w mwpTWj;jy;fs; njhlu;ghff;
Nfl;lwpAq;fs;. mjd; gpd;du; khztu;fspd; taJ kl;lj;jpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd
mwpTWj;jy;fis khztu;fSf;F ml;ilf; fPyq;fspy; vOjp xl;Lg; gyifapy;
fhl;rpg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
vLj;J f; f hl;L :
mwpTWj;jy; 1
nghypj;jPd;> gpsh];jpf; nghUl;fis fz;l ,lq;fspy; tPRNthu;
kPJ rl;l eltbf;if vLf;fg;gLk;.
mwpTWj;jy; 2
epj;jpiu nfhs;Sk;NghJ ifg;Ngrpiaj; jiyaizf;F mUfpy; itf;f
Ntz;lhk;.
mwpTWj;jy; 3
tPjpiaf; flf;Fk;NghJ tyg;gf;fkhfTk; ,lg;gf;fkhfTk; ghu;j;J kPz;Lk;
tyg;gf;fkhfg; ghu;j;J kQ;rs;/ nts;isf; Nfhl;bD}lhff;flf;f Ntz;Lk;.
mwpTWj;jy; 4
tpNrl itj;jpa epGziur; re;jpf;f tpUk;GNthu; fhiy VO kzpf;F
Kd;du; ngau;fisg; gjpT nra;J nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.
mwpTWj;jy; 5
,b> kpd;dy; Vw;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ifg;Ngrpiag; gad;gLj;j Ntz;lhk;.
mwpTWj;jy; 6
NgUe;jpy; gazpf;Fk; gazpfs; gazr;rPl;ilg; ngwhtpl;lhy; jz;lg;gzk;
mwtplg;gLk;.
 xl;Lg; gyifapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s mwpTWj;jy;fis khztu;fSf;F

thrpj;Jf; fhl;Lq;fs;. khztu;fis vOkhwhf mioj;J mwpTWj;jy;fis
thrpf;f topg;gLj;Jq;fs;. mjd; gpd;du; khztu;fs; Nru;e;J jhk; vOjpa
mwpTWj;jy;fis thrpf;f topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
 khztu;fis Itu; nfhz;l FOf;fshf;Fq;fs;. FOf;fSf;F toq;fpa
mwpTWj;jy;fspy; rpy nrhw;fis ePf;fp> fl;lkpl;L ml;ilf; fPyq;fspy; vOjp
khztu;f Sf;F toq; Fq;fs;. mt; ml;ilf; fP yq;fspy; vOjg; gl;L s;s
mwpTWj;;jy;fspy; tpLgl;Ls;s nrhw;fisf; fz;Lgpbj;Jf; fl;lkplg;gl;Ls;s
,lq;fisg; G+u;j;jp nra;J mg;gpahrf; nfhg;gpapy; vOj topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
77
 khztu;fs; ghu;itapLtjw;fhfTk; thrpg;gjw;fhfTk; gy;NtW mwptpj;jy;fs;>
mwpTWj;jy;fis tFg;giwapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
78
nraw;g hL 3
 khztu;fSf;F fl;lisfis ml;ilf; fPyq;fspy; vOjpf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
fl;lisfs;
1. czT cz;lgpd;du; gPq;fhd; Nfhg;ig Nghd;wtw;iw ,lJ Gwj;jpy;
cs;s jl;by; itAq;fs;.
2. fPoj
; ; jsj;jpy; cs;s nghUl;fis %d;whk; khbapy; cs;s miwf;Ff;
nfhz;L nry;Yq;fs;.
3. gy;Jyf;fpa gpdd
; u; gw; J}upifiag; gw; J}upifg; ngl;bf;Fs; itAq;fs;.
4. fPo;j;jl;by; cs;s ngl;bapypUe;J ePyepwg; ge;ij vLj;J thUq;fs;.
5. gy;nghUs; mq;fhbf;Fs; nry;Y k; Kd; ePq;fs; nfhz;L te;j

nghUl;fisg; nghUs; ghJfhg;ghsuplk; nfhLj;Jtpl;L cs;Ns
nry;Yq;fs;.
 fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gl;l ml;ilfis thrpff

; khztu;fis topg;gLj;Jq;fs;. thrpjj;
gpd;du; mg;gpahrf; nfhg;gpapy; gpioapd;wp vOjpf; fhw;Gs;sp> Kw;Wg;Gs;sp
Nghd;wtw;iw ,l topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
 khztu;fisg; glj;jpw; fhl;bathW ~g| tbtpy; ,U FOf;fshf mkur;
nra;Aq;fs;.
FO 1 FO 2
KbT KbT
fl;lis X X fl;lis X X
X X X X
X X X X
X X X X
X X X X
X X X X
X X X X
X X X X X X
 xNu fl;lisia ,uz;L ml;ilf;fPyq;fspy; vOjp ,U FOtpYk; cs;s

KjyhtJ khztdplk; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. mtu;fs;> mf;fl;lisia thrpj;J
mLj;j khztu; fhjpy; $w Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW FOf;fspy; cs;s vy;yh
khztu;fSk; $wp Kbj;j gpdd
; u; ,U FOf;fspYk; ,Wjpapy; cs;s khztu;fs;
jhk; ngw;w fl;l isfis cuj; Jf; $w Ntz;L k; vd;g jid epidtpw;
nfhs;Sq;fs;.
79
 Mrpupau;> khztu;fSf;Ff; nfhLj;j fl;lisia xl;Lg; gyifapy; fhl;rpgg
; Lj;jp
khztu;fs; $wpa fl;lis rupah vd khztu;fsplk; Nfl;f Ntz;Lk;.
gpioahapd; jtW vq;Nf elj;jJ vd khztu;fsplk; Nfl;L> jtW epfo;e;j
,lj;jpy; ,Ue;J jpUj;jp kPz;Lk; $w topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
nraw;g hL 4
 khztu;fis Itu; nfhz;l FOf;fshf;Fq;fs;. gj;jpupiffs;> ,izaj;jsq;fs;
Nghd;wtw;wpy; ntsptUk; cyf tuyhw;wpy; ,d;W epfo;ej; tw;iwj; jfty;fshfj;
jpul;bf; Fwpg;ngLj;J mg;gpahrf; nfhg;gpapy; vOj topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
tuyhw;wpy; ,d;W : 07.11. 2018

,e;jpag; ngsjpftpayhsu; rp.tp.uhkd;
gpwe;j jpdk; (1888)
Nghye;J ehl;L ,urhadtpay; mwpQu;
Nkup f;A+up gpwe;j jpdk; 1867)
,e;jpa Md;kpfthjp jpUKUf
fpUghde;j thupahu; ,we;j jpdk; (1993)
cyfpd; kpfg; goikahd jp yz;ld;
fnrl;> KjyhtJ ,jo; ntspahdJ.
(1665)
cyfpd; KjyhtJ tpkhd jghy; Nrit
iul; rNfhjuu;fshy; xifNahtpy;
Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ (1910)
 xt;nthU FOthfj; jhk; jpul;b a jfty;fis tFg;gpy; Kd;itg;gjw;F

Mu;t%l;Lq;fs;.
nraw;g hL 5
 rpj;jpug; Nghl;b xd;wpy; gq;Fgw;Wtjw;fhf> tpz;zg;gg;gbtk; xd;iwg; g+u;j;jp
nra;a khztu;fis topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
 khztu;fs;> gbtq;fisg; g+u;j;jp nra;Ak;NghJ cWg;gika vOj Ntz;Lk;
vd;gjid typAWj;jpf; $Wq;fs;. ntl;b vOJtNjh rpijg;gNjh $lhJ
vd;gjidAk; epidTgLj;Jq;fs;.
 khztu; fs; juk; %d; w py; fw; w nghJrd E}yfg; gbtj; i j kP z ; L k;
khztu;fSf;F toq;fp mg;gbtj;ijg; g+uj
; j
; p nra;j gpdd
; Nu> rpjj
; pug; Nghl;bf;fhd
gbtj;ij toq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij epidtpw; nfhs;Sq;fs;.
80
vLj;J f;fhl;L :
rpj;jpug;Nghl;b tpz;zg;gg;gbtk;
1. rpj;j puj;jpd; jiyg;G : ...................................................

2. khztu; KOg;n gau; : ...................................................
3. gpwe;j jpfjp : ...................................................
4. fw;Fk; ghlrhiy : ...................................................
5. fw;Fk; tFg;G : ...................................................
6. tFg;ghrpupd; ngau; : ...................................................
Nkw;F wpg;gpl;l jfty;f s; midj;Jk; cz;i kahdit vd

cWjpg; g Lj; J fpNwd; .
.....................................
khztuJ ifnahg;gk;
Nkw;F wpg;gpl;l khztu;; vdJ tFg;gpy; fw;fpd;whu; vd;gij

......................................
khztuJ ifnahg;gk;
nraw;ghL 5
 khjpupf; fbjq;fs; (ghuk;gupa> etPd) rpytw;iw vOjpg; gpujp vLj;J> vy;yh
khztu;fSf;Fk; toq;Fq;fs;. fbjj;jpd; khjpup tbtikg;gpidf; fhl;b mjidg;
g+u;j;jp nra;J vOjr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fq;fs;.
vLj;Jf;f hl;L 1: ghuk;gupaf; fbjk;
fbjj;jpd; tbtikg;G
................................... KftupAk;
...................................
...................................
................................... jpfjpAk;
tpspg;G ...................................
...................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
cly; .....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.................................. Kbg;G
..................................
.................................. xg;gk;
81
vLj;Jf;f hl;L 2: etPd fbjk;
etPd fbjj;jpd; tbtikg;G
................................... KftupAk;
...................................
...................................
................................... jpfjpAk;
tpspg;G ...................................
...................................
....................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................
cly; ...................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................
................................. Kbg;G
.................................
................................. xg;gk;
 xU fbjj;jpy; mDg;Ggtupd; KftupAk; jpfjpAk;

tpspg;G
cly;
Kbg;G
xg;gk;
Mfpa gFjpfisf;fhz KbAk;.
 fbjq;fs;
 kfd; je;ijf;F vOJk; fbjk;
 jk;gp mz;zDf;F vOJk; fbjk;
 kfs; jha;f;F vOJk; fbjk;
 ez;gu;fSf;F vOJk; fbjk;
 MrpupaUf;F vOJk; fbjk;
Kjypa fbjq;fis vOjr; nra;J ghu;itapLq;fs;.
 fbjq;fis vOJtJ khj;jpuk; md;wp fbj ciwapy; Kftup vOJjy;>

fbjq;fis kbj;J ciwAs; itj;jy;> ciwia xl;Ljy;> Kj;jpiu
xl;Ljy; Mfpaw;wpYk; Kiwahd ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gij
typAWj;jpf; $Wq;fs;. khztUk; fbjj;ij vOjpj; jghypy; ,l
topg;gLj;Jq;fs;. (ngw;NwhUf;F)
82
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
je;ij kfSf;F vOjpa fbjk; (ghuk;gupa)
14. flw;fiu tPjp

nfhOk;G 04
12. 01. 2019.
md;G s;s kfSf;F >
ehd; eykhf cs; N sd; . cd; eykwpa Mtyhf
cs; N sd; . ed; w hfg; gbf; f pd; w hah? jpdKk; mjpfhiyapy;
vOe;J gbg;gijg; gof;fg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;. khiyapy; tpisahL.
,utpNy rpwpJ Neuk; gb. mjd; gpd;du; kWehs; ghlrhiyf;Fr;
nry;tjw;fhd Maj;jq;fisr; nra;. ,uT czT cz;l gpd;du;
gy; Jyf;f kwthNj. fhiyAk; khiyAk; jtwhky; gy; Jyf;F.
c zT c z; z K d ; d U k; c z; l gp d ; d U k ; i f fi sr ;
rtu;f;fhukpl;Lf; fOtpf; nfhs;. ,uT vl;L kzpf;Fs; cwq;fr;
nrd ;Wtp L. j p dKk ; fhi y cz it c z;l gp d;dN u
ghlrhiyf; F r; nry; . mJ cdJ cly; MNuhf; f paj;j pw; F
ey;y J.
nj hi y f; f hl ; r p e p fo ; r ; r p fi s e P z ; l N e uk; ghu; f ; f hN j .
nj hi y f; f hl ; r p i a j ; nj h l u; e ; J g hu; g ; g j h y ; fz; g h u; i t
F i w t i l Ak; . m Jkl ; L ky ; y h ky ; c l y ; M N uhf; f p a K k;
ghjpf; f g; g Lk; vd; g ij epidtpw; n fhs; . jpdKk; gj; j pupif
thrpg;gijg; gof;fg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;. Vida tplaq;fis mLj;j
fbjj;j py; vOJfpd;N wd;.
,g;gbf;F
cd; md;G mg;gh
vLj;J f; f hl;L :
rhjhuz jghypy; mDg;Gk; fbjk;
mDg;G gtu; ngau; ngWgtu; ngau;

tPl;L ,yf;fk;> tPjpapd; ngau; tPl;L ,yf;fk;> tPjpapd; ngau;
Cu; Cu;
jghw;fe;Njhu; ,yf;fk; jghw;fe;Njhu; ,yf;fk;
Fwpg;G : fbjj;ij cupatUf;F mDg;Gk;NghJ fbj ciwapy; Kftupiar;

rupahf vOj Ntz;Lk; vd;gij typAWj;jpf; $Wq;fs;.
83
nraw;ghL 6
 khztu;fs; ,d;iwa etPd cyfpy; tho;fpd;whu;fs;. vdNt nra;jpfis/
jfty;fis tpupthf vOjpg; gupkhWtjw;Fj; jw;NghJ vtUf;Fk; Neuk; fpilg;g
jpy;iy. mjdhy; jfty;fs;> kpfTk; RUf;fkhf FWQ;nra;jpfs; %yk;
gupkhw;wg;gLfpd;wd.
vLj;J f; f hl;L :
1. mDg;gpa gzk; fpilj;jJ.
2;. tiue;jDg;gpa rpj;jpuk; nfhs;is moF!
3. ghJfhg;ghf tPl;il te;jile;Njd;.
4. clNd Gj;jfj;jpd; ngaiu mDg;Gq;fs;.
5. khk;gof;fhyk; Kbag; Nghfpd;wJ.
6. gpwe;j ehs; tho;j;Jf;fs;.
7. Gj;jff; fz;fhl;rp ehis Muk;gkhfpwJ.
8. ntspehl;bypUe;J khkh tUfpd;whu;.
9. ehis tuKbahjh?
10. ehd; mz;zhTld; tpkhd epiyaj;jpw;Fr; nry;fpd;Nwd;.
 ,it Nghd;w FWQ;nra;jpfis khztu;fs; mg;gpahrf; nfhg;gpapy; vOj

Mu;t%l;Lq;fs;.
fzpg;gPL :
 mwptpjj
; y;fs;> mwpTWj;jy;fs;> fl;lisfs; Mfpatw;iwr; nrtpkLj;jy;> thrpjj
; y;
vOJjy;.
 jfty;fisj; jpul;Ljy; / Fwpg;ngLj;jy;
 Ra tpgug;gbtj;ijg; g+u;j;jp nra;jy;.
 rpwpa fbjnkhd;iw vOJjy; / jghYiwapy; ,l;L mDg;Gjy;.
 kpd;dQ;ry; / FWQ;nra;jpfs; vOJjy;.
84
5 L5 S5 R5 W5
Nju;r;r pfs; :
L5 – nrhw;fsQ;rpa tpUj;jpf;fhfr; nrtpkLg;ghu;.
S5 – nrhw;fsQ;rpa tpUj;jpf;fhfg; NgRthu;.
R5 – nrhw;fsQ;rpa tpUj;jpf;fhf thrpg;ghu;.
W5 – nrhw;fsQ;rpa tpUj;jpf;fhf vOJthu;.
cs;slf;fk; :
 rpwpa fl;Liufs;
 kuGr; nrhw;fs;
 ,iznkhopfs;
 ,ul;ilf; fpstp
 tpLfijfs;
 gonkhopfs;
 FwpaPLfs; / RUf;ff; FwpaPLfs;
 njhlu;nkhopf;F xU nkhop
 Nru;jn
; jOjy;
 nrhy;tnjOjy;
fw;ww;N gWfs; :
 rpwpa fl;Liufisr; nrtpkLj;J mtw;iw kPsTk; Kd;itg;ghu;. cupa tifapy;
gpuNahfpg;ghu;.
 kuGr; nrhw;fis mwpe;J cupaKiwapy; gpuNahfpg;ghu;.
 ,iznkhopfis mwpe;J cupa tifapw; gpuNahfpg;ghu;.
 ,ul;ilf; fpstpia mwpe;J cupa tifapw; gpuNahfpg;ghu;.
 tpLfijfisf; Nfl;lwpe;J Kd;itg;gNjhL Mu;tj;Jld; tpLtpg;ghu;.
 gonkhopfis mwpe;J cupa tifapw; gpuNahfpg;ghu;.
 FwpaPLfis / RUf;ff; FwpaPLfis ,dq;fhz;gNjhL tpsq;fpg; nghUj;jKwg;
gad;gLj;Jthu;.
 njhlu;nkhopf;F xU nkhopia mwpe;J vOJthu;.
 njupTnra;ag;gl;l nrhw;fisf; ftdkhfr; nrtpkLj;Jg; gpioapd;wp vOJthu;.
tsq;fs; :
 fl;Liu ml;ilfs;> nrhy;yl;ilfs;> tpLfij ml;ilfs;> gl ml;ilfs;>
tpdh ml;ilfs;> xypgg
; jpTf; fUtp> fzpdp> ifg;Ngrp> ,sikg; ngau; ml;ilfs;>
tpLfijf;fhd tpilg; glq;fs;> xl;Lg;gyif> ml;ilf; fPyq;fs;
85
nraw;ghL 1
 khztu;fs; nrhw;fsQ;rpaj;ij tpUj;jpnra;J nfhs;tjw;fhfj; njupT nra;ag;gl;l
fl;Liug; gFjpfisg; gpujpnaLj;Jf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jq;fs;. fhl;rpg;gLj;jpa
fl; L iuia Vw; w > ,wf; fq; fSld; thrpj; Jf; fhl;L q;f s;. mjd; gpd; du;
khztu;fsplk; mf;fl;Liu njhlu;ghf tpdhf;fis tpdTq;fs;. khztu;fSf;F
tha;nkhop %y tpiliag; ngw;w gpd;du; fl;Liuiag; gpujp vLj;J vy;yh
khztu;fSf;Fk; toq;Fq;fs;. khztu;fs; cuj;Jk; nksdkhfTk; thrpg;gjw;F
topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
kz; mLg;G
rpy Mz;LfSf;F Kd;Gtiu> fpuhkq;fspy; tpwF mLg;Gfs;jhd; mjpfk;.
tpwF mLg;GfspYk; gy tif cz;L.
ngUk;ghyhd gFjpfspy;> gpujhd tPl;bypUe;J xJq;fpNa mLg;gb ,Uf;Fk;.
xU ghj;jpuk; itf;Fk; mLg;G> ,uz;L ghj;jpuq;fs; itf;Fk; mLg;G cz;L.
,U ghj;jpuq;fs; itf;Fk; mLg;gpy;> xU gFjpapy; tpwF Eiog;gjw;fhd tha;
,Uf;Fk;. xU Gwj;jpy; ,Ue;J kw;nwhU mLg;Gf;F jPr; Rlu; nry;y top
,Uf;Fk;. Nkw;gFjpapy; ghj;jpuk; epiyahf epw;f> %d;W Fkpo;fs; ,Uf;Fk;.
kz;zpy; nra;a g;g l;l ,it> Rtiu xl; b mikf;fg;gl;bUf; Fk; . Gif
Nghf;f pfSld; ,izf;F k; tifapy; > mLg; gpd; xU %iyapy; Jis
,lg;gl;bUf;Fk;. me;jj; Jis kz;FohAld; ,izf;fg;gl;L> Foha;> $iuapd;
Nky;ghfj;Jf;F ntspNa ePz;bUf;Fk;. ,ul;il mLg;Gf;Fr; rpy gFjpfspy;
nfhbaLg;G vd;W ngau; cz;L. jdpNa vLj;Jr; nry;Yk; tifapYk;>
RtUld; ,izf;Fk; tifapYk; ,Uf;Fk;.
FKl;b mLg;G vd;W xU tif cz;L. mJ kz;> ,Uk;G vd ,Utifapy;
nra;ag;gl;lJ. Nky;ghfk; ghj;jpuk; itg;gJ Nghy; tbtikf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
mjd; eLg;gFjpapy; ry;yil Nghy; ,Uf;Fk;. me;jg; gFjpapy; kuf;fupjJ
; z;Lfs;>
ckp Nghd;wtw;iw ,l;Lg; gw;w itf;f Ntz;Lk;. fupAk; ckpAk; nkJthf
vupa vupa mjd; rhk;gy;> ry;yil topahff; fPopwq;fp tpLk;.kiof;fhyq;fspy;
tpwF fpilf;fhJ. vdNt> ek; Kd;Ndhu; tpwif> miuFiwahf vupj;Jf;
fupahf khw;wp mjidg; gad;gLj;jpdu;.
 tpdhf;fisf; nfhLj;J mg;gpahrf; nfhg;gpapy; tpilaspf;f khztu;fis

topg;gLj;Jq;fs;. ,lu;g;gLk; khztUf;F cjTq;fs;.
 khztu; f is epWj; j f; Fwpfis mDrupj; J thrpf; f Tk; vOjTk;
topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
 fl;Liug; gFjp njhlu;ghfg; gy;NtW gapw;rpfisj; jahupj;J toq;Fq;fs;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L :
gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil vOJq;fs;.
1. fpuhkq;fspy; vt;tifahd mLg;G gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ?
2. ,uz;L ghj;jpuq;fs; itf;Fk; mLg;gpd; rpwg;gpay;G ahJ?
3. ek; Kd;Ndhu;fs; kiof; fhyq;fspy; tpwfpwF
; g; gjpyhf vjidg; gad;gLj;jpdu;?
86
 fP N o jug; g l; L s;s ge;j papYs; s Nfhbl;l ,lq;f idg; G+u;j ;j p nra;J
thrpAq; f s; .
ngUk;ghyhd gFjpfspy;> gpujhd ......................... xJq;fpNa mLg;gb ,Uf;Fk;.
xU ..................... itf;Fk; mLg;G> ,uz;L ........................... itf;Fk; mLg;G
cz;L . ,U ghj;jpuq;fs; itf;Fk; mLg; gpy;> xU gFjpapy; ................
Eiog;gjw;fhd tha; ,Uf;Fk;. xU Gwj;jpy; ,Ue;J kw;nwhU mLg;Gf;F
.................. nry;y top ,Uf;Fk;. Nkw;gFjpapy; ghj;jpuk; epiyahf epw;f>
%d;W ........................ ,Uf;Fk;.
nraw;g hL 2
 Vw;fdNt juk; %d;wpy; fw;w ,sikg; ngau;fisf; Nfl;lwpAq;fs;.
 khztu;fSf;Fg; gpd;tUk; kuGr; nrhw;fis (,sikg; ngau;) mwpKfk;
nra;A q;fs;. (tu;z vOj; Jf; fspy; ngupjhf A3 jhspy; gpujp vLj;J f;
fhl;rpg;gLj;Jq;fs;.)
,sikg; ngau;f s;
1. jtis - FQ;R> Ngj;ij 2. njd;id - fd;W> gps;is
3. gapu; - ehw;W 4. gyh - fd;W
5. Gyp - Fl;b 6. ahid - fd;W> Nghjfk;
7. Ntk;G - fd;W 8. vUik - fd;W
 ,sikg; ngau;fis khztu;f s; ed;F gupr;rak; ngWk; tiu vy; yh
khztu;fsplKk; gy jlit tpdtp kdjpw; gjpa itAq;fs;. mjd; gpd;du;
,sikg; ngau;fis mg;gpahrf; nfhg;gpapy; vOjp ,UtupUtuhfr; Nru;e;J
thrpf;f cw;rhfg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
 ,sikg; ngau;fis> thf;fpaq;fspy; mikj;Jf; fhl;b khztu;fisAk;
thf;fpaq;fs; mikf;f topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
vLj;J f; f hl;L :
1. Gyp jdJ Fl;bfSld; tpisahLfpd;wJ.
2. ehd; khq;fd;W xd;iw ehl;bNdd;.
3. Ntg;gq;fd;W ed;whf tsu;e;jpUe;jJ.
nraw;g hL 3
 khztu;fSf;Fg; gpd;tUk; kuGr; nrhw;fis (,iyg; ngau;fis) mwpKfk;
nra;Aq;fs;. (A3 jhspy; ngupa vOj;Jf;fspy; vOjpf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jq;fs;.)
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: kuGr; nrhw;fs; (,iyg; ngau;)
1. njd;id - Xiy
2. gid - Xiy
3. ney; - jhs;
4. Gy; - jhs;
5. thio - ,iy
6. kh - ,iy
 khztu;fs; ed;F gupr;rak; ngWk;tiu ,iyg; ngau;fis tpdtp mtu;fs;
kdjpy; gjpa itAq;fs;.
87
 kuGg; ngau; f is(,iyg; ngau; f s; ) thf; f paq; f spy; mikj; J f; f hl; b
khztu;fisAk; thf;fpaq;fspy; mikj;Jf;$w topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
vLj;J f; f hl;L :
1. gid Xiyapy; tprpwp nra;ayhk;.
2. thio ,iyapy; NrhW cz;Nld;.
 ,JNghd;w thf;fpaq;fis khztu;fs; mikj;J mg;gpahrf; nfhg;gpapy; vOj

topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
nraw;g hL 4
 khztu;fSf;F ,iznkhopfis mwpKfk; nra;Aq;fs;. A3 jhspy; tu;z
vOj;Jf;fspy; ,iznkhopfisg; ngupjhf vOjpf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jq;fs;;.
,iznkhopfs;
1. mf;fk; gf;fk; 2. mq;Fk; ,q;Fk;
3. my;Yk; gfYk; 4. ,d;g Jd;gk;
5. md;Wk; ,d;Wk; 6. Mw mku
7. Xb Mb 8. fz;Zk; fUj;Jk;
9. cau;T jho;T 10. efKk; rijAk;
NtWgl;l ,uz;L nrhw;fs; ,ize;J te;J nghUs; jUtJ ,iznkhopahFk;.
 khztu;fisf; FOf;fshf;fp ,iznkhopfis thf;fpaq;fspy; mikj;Jf;$wTk;

vOjTk; topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
vLj;J f; f hl;L :
1. re;ijapNy fha;fwpfs; thb tjq;fpf; fhzg;gl;ld.
2. tptrhap my;Yk; gfYk; ghLgl;lhd;.
3. ngz;fs; taypy; Xb Mb Ntiy nra;jdu;.
nraw;g hL 5
 khztu;fSf;F ,ul;ilf; fpstpia mwpKfk; nra;Aq;fs;. ml;ilf; fPyq;fspy;
ngupa vOj;Jf;fspy; vOjp xl;Lg;gyifapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
 xU Fwpg;Gr; nrhy; ,ul;bj;J te;J nghUs; jUkhapd; ,ul;ilf; fpstp
vdg;gLk;.
vLj;J f; f hl;L :
1. fzPu; fzPu; 2. ry ry
3. fk fk 4. fy fy
5. FL FL 6. rl rl
7. js js 8. gs gs
9. kl kl 10. to to
88
 ,ul; i lf; fpstpia thf; f paq; fspy; mikj; Jf; fhl; b khztu;f isAk;
thf;fpaq;fis mikf;f Mu;t%l;Lq;fs;.
vLj;J f; f hl;L :
1. Mya kzp fzPu; fzPu; vd;W xypj;jJ.
2. ghl;b FL FLntd ele;jhu;.
3. Mw;W ePu; ry ryntd;W XbaJ.
nraw;g hL 6
 khztu;fis mWtu; nfhz;l FOf;fshf;Fq;fs;. xt;nthU FOTf;Fk; 12
tpLfij ml;ilf; fPyq;fs; fpilf;ff;$ba tifapy; tpLfij ml;ilf;
fPyq;fisj; jahupj;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs;. mtw;wpw;fhd tpilfisAk; xt;nthU
FOTf;Fk; 12 tpLfijfspd; tpilfs; fpilf;ff;$bajhf ml;ilfspy; vOjpf;
nfhs;Sq;fs;.
 xt;nthU FOTf;F tpLfijfs; (12) vOjg;gl;l ml;ilf; fPyq;fisj; jl;by;
,l;L toq;Fq;fs;. mNj Nghd;W vy;yhf; FOf;fSf;Fk; tpilfis (12)
jl;by; ,l;L toq;Fq;fs;. khztu;fs; midtUk; jkJ FOtpy; cs;s
tpLfijj; jl;by; ,Ue;J ,uz;L tpLfijf; fPyq;fis vLj;Jf; nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;. jkf;Fk; fpilj;j tpLfijfis thrpj;J mjw;fhd tpilfis
tpilj;jl;by; ,Ue;J njupT nra;a topg;gLj;Jq;fs;. mjd; gpd;du; jkJ
FOtpy; cs; s tu; f Sf; F f; fpilj; j tpLfijfisAk; mtw; w pw; f hd
tpilfisAk; mg;gpahrf; nfhg;gpapy; vOj topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
vLj;J f; f hl;L :
tpLfijfs;
1. nts;sj;jhYk; NghfhJ. ntz;jzypYk; NtfhJ.
nfhs;isabf;fTk; KbahJ. nfhLj;jhYk;
FiwahJ. mJ vd;d?
2. fhw;W Eioe;jJk; fhdk; ghLths;. mts; ahu;?
3. jdpj;Jk; cz;z KbahJ. ,J Nruhtpl;lhYk;
cz;z KbahJ. mJ vd;d?
4. ntl;bf; nfhs;thd;. MdhYk; xl;bf; nfhs;thd;.
mtd; ahu;?
5. xl;batd; xUtd;> gpupj;jtd; ,d;ndhUtd;.
mJ vd;d?
6. Vw;wp itj;J mizj;jhy;> vupAk; tiu kzf;Fk;.
mJ vd;d?
89
tpLfijfs;
7. jiyapNy fpuPlk; itj;j jq;fg; gok;. mJ vd;d?
8. jiyf;Fs; fz;fs; itj;jpUg;gtd;> ,td; kl;Lk
jhd;. mtd; ahu;?
9. fz;zhy; ghu;ff
; yhk;. Mdhy; iffshy; gpbf;f
KbahJ. mJ vd;d?
10. ahUk; jahupf;fhj fjT jhNd jpwe;J jhNd %Lk;.
mJ vd;d?
11. mbf;fkhl;lhd;. jpl;lkhl;lhd;. Mdhy; fz;zPiu
tutiog;ghd;. mtd; ahu;?
12. fz;zpy; njd;gLk; ifapy; gpbglhJ. mJ vd;d?
tpilfs;
Gy;yhq;Foy; fbjk; fj;jupf;Nfhy; Njq;fha;

md;dhhrp cg ; G fz; ,ik epoy;
ntq;fhak; CJtu; j ; j p Gif fy;tp
 khztu;fspd; nrhw;fsQ;rpa tpUj;jpff

; hf NtW tpLfijfisAk; njupT nra;J
toq;Fq;fs;. khztu;fs; Mu;tj;Jld; fw;gjw;F tpLfijfs; cjTk;.
 khztu;fspilNa tpLfijfis tpLtpf;Fk; Nghl;bfis elj;Jq;fs;.
 mjd; gpd; d u; tpLfijfis vOjp mjw; F upa tpilfisAk; vOj
topgg
; Lj;Jq;fs;. (epWj;jf; Fwpfisr; rupahf ,Lfpwhu;fsh vd mtjhdpAq;fs;).
nraw;g hL 7
 gonkhopfis ml;il xd;wpy; vOjpf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jq;fs;. thrpj;Jf; fhl;Lq;fs;.
mjd; gpd;du; gonkhopfis (12) ml;ilf; fPyq;fspy; vOjpf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
mtw;iw> khztu;fSf;F thrpj;Jf; fhl;Lq;fs;.
 gonkhopfspd; fUj;Jf;fisAk; gonkhopfSf;F mUfpy; ml;ilf; fPyq;fspy;
vOjpf; fhl; r pg; g Lj; J q; f s; . mtw; i wAk; tpsf; F q; f s; . khztu; f isg;
gonkhopfspd; tpsf;fj;ijg; Gupe;Jnfhs;s mtu;fSf;F cjTq;fs;.
 jug;gl;Ls;s gonkhopfisg; gpioapd;wp thrpj;jwptjw;F khztu;fSf;F
cjT q; f s; . khztu; f is> ,Utu; ,Ut uhfr; Nrhba hf; f p thrp f; f
Cf;fg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
90
vLj;J f; f hl;L :
gonkhopfs;
1. mlk;gd; nfhbAk; jpuz;lhy; kpLf;F.

2. mbNky; mb mbj;jhy; mk;kpAk; efUk;.
3. Mw;wpNy Nghl;lhYk; mstwpe;J NghL.
4. cg;gpl;ltiu cs;ssTk; epid.
5. Ie;jpy; tisahjJ Ik;gjpy; tisAkh?
6. xU ghid Nrhw;Wf;F xU NrhW gjk;.
7. fLF rpwpjhdhYk; fhuk; ngupJ.
8. fhf;iff;Fk; jd; FQ;R nghd; FQ;R.
9. fhw;Ws;s NghNj J}w;wpf;nfhs;.
10. Fw;wKs;s neQ;R FWFWf;Fk;.
11. rpW Jsp ngUnts;sk;.
12. #Lfz;l G+id mLg;gq;fiuia ehlhJ.
 khztu;fs; gonkhopfspy; gupr;rak; ngw;w gpd;du; gonkhopfspy; rpy nrhw;fis

ePf;fp> Nfhbl;L toq;Fq;fs;. Nfhbl;l ,lq;fspy; rupahd nrhy;iy ,l;L
vOjpg; G+u;j;jp nra;a topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
vLj;Jf;f hl;L : 1
1. mlk;gd; ............... jpuz;lhy; kpLf;F.
2. mbNky; ................. mbj;jy; mk;kpAk; efUk;.
3. xU ghid ................ xU NrhW gjk;.
4. Fw;wKs;s ............. FW FWf;Fk;.
5. #L fz;l ................... mLg;gq;fiuia ehlhJ.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : 2
nrhw;fis xOq;FgLj;jpg; gonkhopfs; Mf;Fk; gapw;rpia toq;Fq;fs;.
vLj;J f;fhl;L :
1. Nghl;lhYk; / mstwpe;J / Mw;wpNy / NghL
2. fhuk; / rpwpjhdhYk; / fLF / ngupJ
3. neQ;R / Fw;wKs;s / FWFWf;Fk;
4. cs;ssTk; / epid / cg;gpl;ltiu
5. jd;FQ;R / nghd; FQ;R / fhf;iff;Fk;
91
nraw;ghL 8
 juk; 1> 2> 3 ,y; fw;w FwpaPLfis khztu;fSf;F epidTgLj;Jq;fs;. mjd;
gpd;du;; khztu;fSf;Fg; gpd;tUk; FwpaPL fisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp mwpKfk;
nra;Aq;fs;.
 ,f;FwpaPLfisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jq;fs;. FwpaPLfspd; fUj;jpidf; Nfl;lwpAq;fs;.

mjd; gpd;du; mg;gpahrf; nfhg;gpapy; FwpaPLfis tiue;J> FwpaPLfspd;
tpsf;fj;jpidAk; vOJkhW typAWj;Jq;fs;.
nraw;ghL 9
 khztu;fSf;F gpd;tUk; RUf;ff; FwpaPLfis mwpKfk; nra;J mjd;
tpuptpidAk; tpsf;Fq;fs;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
RUf;ff; FwpaPLfs;
1. K.g - Kw;gfy;
2. gp.g - gpw; g fy;
3. gp.F - gpw;F wpg;G
4. fp.K - fpwp];JTf;F Kd;G
5. fp.gp - fpwp];J Tf;F gpd;G
 khztu;fs; Rakhf RUf;ff; FwpaL P fisAk;> RUf;ff; FwpaLP fspd; tpuptpidAk;

92
nraw;ghL 10
 khztu;fSf;Fg; gpd;tUk; njhlu;nkhopf;F xU nkhopia A3 jhspy; ngupa
vOj;Jf;fspy; vOjp mwpKfk; nra;Aq;fs;. (njhlu;nkhopia xU epwj;jpYk;
xU nkhopia NtW xU epwj;jpYk; vOJq;fs;.)
vLj;J f; f hl;L :
njhlu;n khopf;F xU nkhop
1. mfu tupirg;gb nghUs; $Wk; E}y; - mfuhjp

2. Kdptu;fs; trpf;Fk; ,lk; - Mr;rpukk;
3. tpz; nryT nra;gtd; - Cjhup
4. ek;g Kbahj fij - fl;Lf;fij
5. Nju;jy; xd;wpy; Nghl;bapLgtu; - Ntl;ghsu;
6. xNu ghlrhiyapy; xd;whfg; gbj;jtd; - rfghb
7. kw;wtu;fisg; gw;wp mf;fiw ,y;yhjtd; - Raeythjp
8. xU jha; tapw;wpy; gpwe;Njhu; - rNfhjuu;
9. jd;idg; gw;wpj; jhNd vOJk; rupij - Rarupij
10. njUf;fs; $Lkplk; - re;jp> rJf;fk;
 njhlu;nkhopf;F xU nkhopia fz;Lgpbj;J vOJk; gapw;rpia khztu;fSf;F

toq;Fq;fs;.
vLj;J f; f hl;L :
1. Kdptu;fs; trpf;Fk; ,lk; - .....................
2. jd;idg; gw;wpj; jhNd vOJk; rupij - .....................
3. xU jha; tapw;wpy; gpwe;Njhu; - .....................
 khztu;fs; njhlu;nkhopf;fhd xU nkhopia cuj;J thrpf;fTk; nksdkhf

thrpf;fTk; topg;gLj;Jq;fs;. mg;gpahrf; nfhg;gpapy; gpioapd;wp vOjp kPz;Lk;
thrpf;f topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
nraw;g hL 11
 khztu;fSf;F nrhw;fisr; Nru;j;njOJk; gapw;rpia toq;Fq;fs;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L :
Nru;j;njOJjy;
1. thio + gok; = thiog;gok;
2. ghy; + Flk; = ghw;Flk;
3. kuk; + Ntu;; = kuNtu;
4. kh + fha; = khq;fha;
5. g+ + Nrhiy = g+Q;Nrhiy
93
6. gok; + tif = gotif
7. gid + Ntu; = gidNtu;
8. kh + ,iy = khtpiy
9. g+ + mUk;G = G+tUk;G
10. kz; + Flk; = kl;Flk;
11. ghy; + NrhW = ghw;NrhW
12. nghd; + fhR = nghw;fhR
 Nkw; jug;gl;l gapw;rpia khztu;fs; mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;fhf A3 jhspy; vOjp

xl;Lg; gyifapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp thrpj;Jf; fhl;Lq;fs;.
 mjd; gpd;du; Nru;j;J vOJk; nrhw;fisj; jdpj;jdpahf ml;ilf; fPyq;fspy;
vOjpf; nfhs;Sq;fs;.
vLj;J f; f hl;L :
gok; + tif = gotif
 khztu;fis mWtu; nfhz;l FOf;fshf;Fq;fs;. xt;nthU FOTf;Fk; 12

Nru;j;njOJk; ml;ilfis fljhrpj; jl;by; ,l;L toq;Fq;fs;. khztu;fs;
mtw;iwr; rupahf cr;rupj;J thrpf;f Mu;t%l;Lq;fs;.
 mjd; gpd;du; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sthwhd gapw;rp toq;Fq;fs;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
jl;L 1 jl;L 2
thio + gok; thiog;gok;
ghy; + Flk; ghw;Flk;
g+ + Nrhiy g+Q;Nrhiy
 KjyhtJ khzt FOTf;F A jl;by; cs;s ml;ilfisAk; kw;iwa FOTf;F

B jl;by; cs;s ml;ilfisAk; nfhLj;Jf; fPNo fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sthW gapw;rpia
mspAq;fs;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
FO A FO B
gid + Ntu; gidNtu;
kh + ,iy khtpiy
fy; + ghiw fw;ghiw
 FO A ,y; cs;stu; xu; ml;ilia vLj;J thrpf;f FO B ,y; cs;stu;

mjw;fhd rupahd tpil ml;ilia vLj;J thrpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,r;nraw;ghL
Kbtile;jJk; A FO ml;ilfis B FOtpw;Fk; B FO ml;ilfis A
FOtpwF; k; toq;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW Nru;jn
; jOJk; Nghl;bia tFg;giwapy;
Nkw;nfhs;syhk;.
94
 khdtu;fSf;F gpd;tUk; gapw;rpfisAk; toq;Fq;fs;.
vLj;Jf;f hl;L 1:
Nru;j;njOJk; gapw;rp
1. g+ + mUk;G = .............................
2. nghd; + fhR = .............................
3. Ks; + Gju; = .............................
vLj;Jf;f hl;L 2:
njhlu;G gLj; J k; gapw;r p
m M
1. kh + fha; ghw;NrhW
2. ghy; + NrhW kl;Flk;
3. kuk; + Ntu;; khq;fha;
4. kz; + Flk; kuNtu;
nraw;g hL 12
 khztu;fs; ,Jtiu fw;wtw;wpy; ,Ue;J khztu;fs; ,lu;g;gLk; nrhw;fisj;
njupTnra;J nrhy;tnjOjyhf toq;Fq;fs;. xU ehspy; gj;Jr; nrhw;fSf;F
Nky; khztu;fSf;Fr; nrhy;tnjOjyhf toq;ff;$lhJ vd;gij epidtpw;
nfhs;Sq;fs;.
fzpg;gPL :
 fl;Liuapd; RUf;fj;ijf; $w Kd;tUjy;
 kuGr; nrhw;fisf; $Wjy;
 ,iznkhopfis thf;fpaq;fspy; mikj;Jf; $Wjy; / vOJjy;
 ,ul;ilf; fpstpia> rupahf thf;fpaq;fspy; gad;gLj;jp vOJjy; / thrpj;jy;
 tpLfijfis tpLtpj;jy;
 gonkhopfis vOJjy; / thrpj;jy;
 FwpaPLfis ,dq;fhzYk;> RUf;ff; FwpaPLfis Gupe;J nfhs;sYk;
 njhlu;nkhopf;F xU nrhy;iy vOJjy; / thrpj;jy;
95
6 L6 WS2 6
Nju;r;r pfs; :
L6 – njhlu;ghlYf;fhfr; nrtpkLg;ghu;.
S6 – njhlu;ghlYf;fhfg; NgRthu;.
cs;slf;fk; :
 ciuahly;fs; (nghJ ,lq;fs;)
 thndhyp / njhiyf;fhl;rp (Neu;Kf tu;zid)
 miog;Gr; nra;jpfs;
fw;ww;N gWfs; :
 nghJ ,lq;fspy; vt;thW Ngr Ntz;Lk; vd;gijg; Gupe;Jnfhz;L fz;zpakhfg;
NgRtJld; kw;wtu;fspd; fUj;Jf;fSf;F kjpgg
; spjJ
; r; nrtpkLj;Jj; Jyq;Fthu;.
 thndhyp / njhiyf;fhl;rp / ,izak; Nghd;wtw;wpy; vt;thW ciuahl
Ntz;Lk; vd;gij mwpe;J Jyq;Fthu;.
 njhlu;ghly; Nkw;nfhs;thu;. (Neu;Kf tu;zid / tpsk;guq;fs; / miog;Gr;
nra;j pfs;)
tsq;fs; :
 khjpup thndhypg; ngl;b (fhl;Nghl; ngl;b)> njhiyf;fhl;rpg; ngl;b (fhl;Nghl;
ngl;b)> xypg;gjpTf; fUtp> fzpdp> jpiur;rPiy / khjpup xypthq;fp

nraw;ghL 1
 khztu;fis Itu; nfhz;l FOf;fshf;Fq;fs;. xt;nthU FOTf;Fk; nghJ
,lq;fspd; ngau;fisj; jiyg;ghff; nfhLq;fs;.
vLj;J f;fhl;L :
Gifapuj epiyak; itj;jparhiy re;ij
eilghijahy; nry;Yk;NghJ E}yfk; NgUe;J epiyak;
 Nkw;Fwpg;gpll
; ,lq;fspy; vt;thW ele;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;gij ciuahly;
%yk; ntspg;gLj;JkhW khztu;fis cw;rhfg;gLj;Jf.
vLj;Jf;f hl;L : itj;j parhiy
itj;jparhiyapy; cuj;Jf; fijg;gijj; jtpu;f;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gijAk;
Nehahsu;fSf;F ,ilA+whf ,Uf;ff;$lhJ vd;gijAk; khztu;fSf;Fj;
njupag;gLj;Jq;fs;.
96
 itj;j parhiyapy; eilngWk; ciuahLjy;
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : 1
Fuy; 1 : Iah> vl;lhk; ,yf;f thl;,w;F vg;gbg; Nghf Ntz;Lk;?
Fuy; 2 : Neuhfr; nrd;W tyJ gf;fkhfj; jpUk;Gq;fs; vl;lhk; ,yf;f thl;
tUk;.
Fuy; 1 : ed;wp Iah.
 itj; j parhiyapy; itj;j pauplk; ciuahLjy;

vLj;Jf;fhl;L : 2
itj;jpau; : cq;fSf;F vd;d nra;fpwJ?
Nehahsu; : vdf;F tapw;Wf;Fs; typf;fpwJ.
itj;jpau; : cq;fSf;F vj;jid ehshf typf;fpwJ?
Nehahsu; : xU thukhf typf;fpwJ.
itj;jpau; : xU thukhfth!
Nehahsu; : typ Fiwe;JtpLk; vd epidj;Njd;.
itj;jpau; : ...........................................................
 NgUe;J epiyaj;j py; eilngWk; ciuahly;

vLj;Jf;fhl;L : 3
gazp : fz;b nry;y Ntz;Lk;> vj;jid kzpf;Fg; NgUe;J
Gwg;gLk;?
elj;Jeu; : fhiy vl;L kzpf;F
gazp : ehd; mtrukhfr; nry;y Ntz;Lk;> vd;d nra;tJ?
elj;Jeu; : ,e;jg; NgUe;Jf;Fg; gpdd
; hy; Fsp&l;lg;gl;l NgUe;J epwf
; pwJ.
mjpy; VWq;fs;.
gazp : me;jg; NgUe;J vj;jid kzpf;Fg; Gwg;gLk;.
elj;Jeu; : ,d;Dk; gj;J epkplq;fspy; Gwg;gLk;.
gazp : ehd; me;jg; NgUe;jpNyNa nry;fpNwd;. ed;wp.
 Gifapuj epiya EioTr;rPl ;Lg; ngWkplj;jpy; eilngWk; ciuahly;

vLj;Jf;fhl;L : 4
Fuy; 1 : Iah> kl;lf;fsg;Gf;Fr; nry;Yk; Gifapujk; vj;jid kzpfF
;
tUk;.
Fuy; 2 : ,d;Dk; miu kzpj;jpahyj;jpy; tUk;.
Fuy; 1 : kl;lf;fsg;gpw;Fr; nry;tjw;fhd Gifapujr;rPl;il vq;Nf
ngwNtz;Lk;?
Fuy; 2 : mq;Nf ghUq;fs;> %d;whk; ,yf;f Gifapujr;rPl;L toq;Fk;
fUkgPlk; njupfpwJ. mq;F nrd;W EioTr; rPl;ilg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sq;fs;.
Fuy; 1 : ed;wp Iah.
97
 eilghijapy; nry;Yk; NghJ ngupatu; xUtu; ghijiaf; flg;gjw;Fj;
jLkhWk;NghJ
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : 5
Fuy; 1 : Iah> ePq;fs; vq;Nf Nghf Ntz;Lk;?
Fuy; 2 : tPjpapd; kWgf;fj;jpw;Fr; nry;yNtz;Lk;.
Fuy; 1 : thUq;fs; Iah> me;j kQ;rs; Nfhl;L / nts;isf; Nfhl;Lf;
flitapy; nry;Nthk;.
Fuy; 2 : ed;wp jk;gp.
Fuy; 1 : Iah> nkJthf vd;id ifiag; gpbj;Jf;nfhz;L thUq;fs;.
Fuy; 2 : rup jk;gp.
Fuy; 1 : gag;glhjPu;fs;> kQ;rs; Nfhl;L / nts;isf; Nfhl;L
flitahy;jhNd flf;fpNwhk;> gag;glhjPu;fs;.
Fuy; 2 : kpf;f ed;wp jk;gp.
Fuy; 1 : vdf;F ed;wp nrhy;yhjPuf
; s;. vd; mg;gh Nghd;W ,Uf;fpwuP f
; s;.
ehd; cjtp nra;ahky;> NtW ahu; cjtp nra;tJ
Fuy; 2 : ey;y gps;is> eP vjpu;fhyj;jpy; ngupa Msha; tUtha;
Fuy; 1 : ed;wp Iah.
................ ...................
 ,JNghd;w ciuahly;fis khztu;fs; ciuahl tha;g;G toq;Ftjd; %yk;

vt; t hW ciuahlNtz; L k; vd; g ijAk; fz; z pakhf ciuahLtjd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk; khztu;fs; czu;e;Jnfhs;tjw;F toptFf;Fk; vd;gij
epidtpw;nfhs;Sq;fs;.
nraw;g hL 2
 fhl;Nghl; ngl;bfisf; nfhz;L khjpup thndhypg;ngl;b (ngupa mstpy;)
xd;iw cUthf;fp mjd; gpd;dzpapypUe;J khztu;fs; fw;gidahf Neu;Kf
tu;zid nra;a Mu;t%l;Lq;fs;.
vLj;J f;fhl;L :
Neu;Kf tu;zid - NgUe;J epiyak; xd;wpypUe;J ......
- ehq;fs; ,g;nghOJ NgUe;J epiyaj;jpy;
epd;Wnfhz;bUf;fpd;Nwhk;. ehis kWjpdk;
GJtUlk; vd;gjhy; NgUe;J epiyaj;jpy;
ngUksthd gpuahzpfisf; fhz KbfpwJ.
- Mk;> gJis nry;tjw;fhfg; NgUe;J tUfpwJ.
nghJkf;fs; Kz;babj;Jf;nfhz;L NgUe;jpy;
Vw KaYfpd;wdu;. elj;Jeu; gazpfis
VwtplhJ jLf;fpwhu;.
- tupirapy; epd; W tUkhW $Wfpwhu; . mg;N ghJ gazpfSf; F k;
elj;JeUf;Fk; ,ilNa tha;j;ju;f;fk; eilngWfpwJ.
- ,e;j epiyiaf; fz;l nghyprhu; ,Utu; tpiue;J tUfpd;wdu;.
98
- Mk;> ,g;NghJ vd;d elf;fg;NghfpwJ vdj; njupatpy;iy.
,g;NghJ ePq;fs; Nfl;Lf;nfhz;bUg;gJ cq;fs; vt; vk; thndhyp.
,JNghd;W ntt;NtW thndhyp Neu;Kf tu;zidfspy; khztu;fs; Rakhf
<LgLtjw;F Cf;FtpAq;fs;.
 tu;zidia khjpupj; njhiyf;fhl;rpg; ngl;bA+lhf Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F tha;g;ig
toq;Fq;fs;.
 ngupa fhl;Nghl; ngl;biaf; nfhz;L nrt;tf tbtpyhd njhiyf;fhl;rpg;
ngl;bia cUthf;fp> mjD}lhf khztu;fs; Neu;Kf tu;zid nra;a
Cf;FtpAq;fs;.
nraw;g hL 3
 khjpup thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rpg; ngl;bA+lhf khztu;fs; tpsk;guq;fisf;
$w Cf;fg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
 Vw;w> ,wf;fq;fSld; NgRtjw;F tpsk;guq;fs; JizGupAk; vd;gij epidtpw;
nfhs;Sq;fs;.
vLj;J f;fhl;L :
J}a ntz;ikf;F
Kfpy; rtu;ff
; huk;
cq;fs; Milfs; gspr;nrd;W
ntz;ikahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lkh?
Kfpy; rtu;ff
; huk; thq;Fq;fs;.
ghlrhiyr; rPUilfs; ghy; Nghd;W ntz;ikahf ,Uf;f
Kfpy; rtu;f;fhu thq;fpLtPu.;
Kfpy; rtu;ff
; huk;
thq;FNthUf;F
xU iff;Fl;il ,ytrk;.
,t;tupa re;ju;g;gj;ijj; jtwtplhjPu;fs;. ,d;Nw thq;Fq;fs;.
 ,t;thW khztu;fs; Rakhf tpsk;guq;fis cUthf;fp> ftu;rr

; pahf mwptpg;Gr;
nra;a Cf;fg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
Fwpg;G : re;ijapy; tpw;fg;gLk; tpahghug; nghUl;fspd; ngau;fs; $Wtijj;

jtpu;f;fTk;. fw;gidahd ngau;fisf; $wTk;.
nraw;g hL 4
 “,d;i wa epfo;r ;rpfs;” vd thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rpfspy; xyp> xsp
gug;gg;gLtijf; Nfl;bUf;fpwPu;fsh vd khztu;fsplk; tpdTq;fs;. miog;Gr;
nra;jpfis mwpKfk; nra;Aq;fs;.
99
vLj;J f; f hl;L :
,d;W khiy 4 kzpastpy; G+Q;Nrhiy kfh tpj;jpahyaj;jpy; Muk;gg;

gpupT khztu;fspd; fiytpoh tpGyhee; ju; kz;l gj;j py; eilngw
,Uf;fpwJ. midtiuAk; md;Gld; miof;fpd;whu;fs;.
,d;W ghujp kfh tpj;jpahyaj;jpy; fhiy vl;L kzp Kjy; ,uT 8 kzp
tiu rpj;jpuf; fz;fhl;rp eilngw ,Uf;fpwJ. midtiuAk; tUif
jUkhW miof;fpd;whu;fs;.
 ,J Nghd;w miog;Gr; nra;jpfis khztu;fs; khjpup thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rpg;

ngl;bfSlhff; $Wtjw;F tha;g;gpid toq;Fq;fs;. khztu;fs; miog;Gr;
nra;jpfisf; fw;gidahf cUthf;Ftjw;F cjTq;fs;.
 khztu;fs; rpwe;j njhlu;ghlw; jpwid tsu;j;Jf;nfhs;tjw;fhf Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l
thwhd gapwr; pfis toq;Fq;fs;. njhlu;ghly; jpwid tsu;gg
; jw;F ,g;gapw;rpfs;
kpf Kf;fpakhdit vd;gij epidtpw; nfhs;Sq;fs;.
fzpg;gPL :
 nghJ ,lq;fspy; gz;Gld; ciuahLjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gijr; nraw;ghLfs;
%yk; ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
 thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rp Neu;Kf tu;zid> tpsk;guk; nra;jy;> miog;Gr;
nra;jpfisf; $Wjy;
100
6 R6 W6
Nju;r;r pfs; :
R6 – njhlu;ghlYf;fhf thrpg;ghu;.
W6 – njhlu;ghlYf;fhf vOJthu;.
cs;slf;fk; :
 mYtyfq;fspd; ngau;fs;
 thdpiy mwpf;if
 xl;bfs; (Nygps;fs;)
 tpsk;guq;fs;
 Jz;Lg;gpuRuq;fs;
 miog;gpjo;fs;
 Rtnuhl;bfs;
fw;ww;N gWfs; :
 khztu;fs; njupe;J nfhs;s Ntz;ba Kf;fpa mYtyfq;fspd; ngau;fis
thrpj;Jg; Gupe;J nfhs;tNjhL jfty;fisAk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s Kay;thu;.
 thdpiy njhlu;ghf thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rp> gj;jpupif> ,izaj;jsk;
%yk; jfty;fisg; ngw;W mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jthu;.
 xl;bfspd; ngau;fis thrpj;Jj; njupe;J nfhs;thu;.
 tpsk;guq;fis Gupe;J thrpg;ghu;> vOJthu;.
 Jz;Lg;gpuRuq;fs;> miog;gpjo;fs;> Rtnuhl;bfs; Nghd;wtw;iw vOjp thrpg;ghu;.
tsq;fs; :
 mYtyfq;fs; (ngau;fs;)> thdpiy mwpf;if vOjg;gl;l ml;ilfs;> jpdrupg;
gj;jpupiffs;> gy;NtW tifapyhd xl;bfs;> tpsk;guq;fs;> Jz;Lg;gpuRuq;fs;>
miog;gpjo;fs;> Rtnuhl;bfs; (Mrpupauhy; jahupf;fg;gl;lit)

nraw;ghL 1
 khztu;fs; mwpa Ntz;ba nghJ ,lq;fspd; ngau;fis mwpKfk; nra;Aq;fs;.
vLj;J f; f hl;L :
fy;tp mikr;R fy;tp ntspaPl;Lj; jpizf;fsk;
guPl;irj; jpizf;fsk; cau;fy;tp mikr;R
101
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk; fkj;njhopy; mikr;R
Gdu;tho;T mikr;R fyhrhu mikr;R
 NkNy jug; g l; Ls; s mYtyfq; f spd; ngau; f is khztu; f s; thrpf; f

topg;gLj;Jq;fs;. mt;tYtyfq;fspd; nraw;ghLfs; gw;wp; khztu;fSf;Ff;
$Wq;fs;. mjd; gpdd ; u; mt;tYtyfq;fs; njhlu;ghd jfty;fisg; gj;jpupiffs;>
,izaj;jsq;fs; %yk; jpul;Ltjw;F topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
 Nkw;Fwpgg
; pll
; mikr;Rf;fspd; tiyj;jsq;fspd; Clhf khztu;fs; jfty;fisg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;s cjTq;fs;.
vLj;J f; f hl;L :
 fy;tpaikr;rpd; ,izaj;jsk;
 guPl;irj; jpizf;fsj;jpd; ,izaj;jsk;
 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpd; ,izaj;jsk;
102
 ,izaj;jpd; Clhf Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l mikr;Rf;fspd; nraw;gzpfs;> Nritfs;
Nghd;w jfty;fisf; FOthfj; jpul;b vOjp tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;f topgg
; Lj;Jq;fs;.
nraw;g hL 2
 thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rp> gj;jpupiffs;> ,izaj;jsq;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpd; Clhf
thdpiyia mwpeJ ; nfhs;s khztu;fis Cf;fg;gLj;Jq;fs;. ehl;bd; thdpiy
mt;tg;NghJ khw;wkilfpwJ. mjdhy; thdpiy gw;wp mwpe;Jnfhs;s Ntz;ba
Njit Vw;gLfpwJ. khztu;fs; thdpiy gw;wp mg;gpahrf; nfhg;gpapy; Fwpj;Jf;
nfhs; s topg; g Lj; J q; f s; . MrpupaUk; thdpiy gw; w pa jfty; f is
khztu;fSf;F toq;f KbAk;.
 jpdKk; ,yq;if thndhypf; $l;Lj;jhgdj;jpd; Njrpa Nritapy; thdpiy
gw;wp tspkz;lytpay; jpizf;fsj;ijr;; Nru;ej
; mjpfhupfs; $Wthu;fs;. mtu;fs;
$Wtij khztu;fs; nrtpkLj;J mg;gpahrf; nfhg;gpapy; vOjp tFg;gpd; Kd;
te;J thrpj;Jf;fhl;l Cf;fg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
 ,r;nraw;ghl;by; vy;yh khztu;fSk; <Lgl Ntz;Lk; vd;gij epidtpw;
nfhs;Sq;fs;.
vLj;J f; f hl;L :
thdpiy Kd;dwptpg;G
,yq;ifiar; #oTs;s
nghJkf;fSf;fhd thdpiy Kd;dwptpg;G
flw;gug;G
efuq;fs; gw;wpa vjpu;T$wy;
2018 [_d; 07 Mk; jpfjpf;fhd thdpiy Kd;dwptpg;G
(2018 [_d; 07 Mk; jpfjp ez;gfy; 12.00 kzpf;F ntspaplg;gl;lJ.)
,aq;Fepiy njd;Nky; gUtg;ngau;r;rp fhuzkhf ehl;bYk; ehl;ilr; #oTs;s

flw;gug;GfspYk; fhzg;gLk; fhw;Wld; $ba epiyik mLj;j rpy ehl;fspy; NkYk;
tYtilAnkd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Nky;> njd;> rg;ufKt> kj;jpa kw;Wk; tlNky;
khfhzq;fspy; mt;tg;NghJ kioNah my;yJ ,bAld; $ba kioNah nga;af; $Lk;.
Fwpg; ghf Nky; > rg; u fKt kw; W k; kj;j pa khfhzq;f spy; fhyp kw; Wk; khj; jiw
khtl;lq;fspYk; rpy ,lq;fspy; 100 kp. kPf;Fk; mjpfkhd XusT gyj;j kio nga; Ankd
vjpu;g hu;f ;fg; gLfpd;w J. njd;> kj; jpa> tl> tl kj; jpa> tlNky; khfhzq; fspYk;
nkhduhfiy khtl;lj;jpYk; mt;tg;NghJ kzpj;jpahyj;Jf;F 60 fpNyh kPw;wu; tiuahd
Ntfj;jpy; XusT gyj;j fhw;W tPRnkd vjpu;ghu;ff
; g;gLfpd;WJ.
nraw;ghL 3
 khztu;fSf;Ff; filfspy; thq;Fk; nghjpnra;ag;gl;l nghUl;fspd; ngau;fs;>
cw; g j; j pj; j pfjp> fhyhtjpahFk; jpfjp vOjg; g l; l xl; b fis thrpf; f
topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
 khztu;fSf;Fg; nghjp nra;ag;gl;l nghUl;fspd; xl;bfisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
mt; xl;b fis thrpj;Jg; nghUspd; ngau;> cw;gj;j p nra;ag;gl;l jpfjp>
fhyhtjpahFk; jpfjp vd;gtw;iw khztu;fs; mg;gpahrf; nfhg;gpapy; Fwpj;Jf;
nfhs;s topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
103
 khztu;fSf;Fj; Njitaw;w> nghUj;jkw;w nghUl;fspy; my;yJ nghUj;jkw;w
Nghj;jy;fspy; xl;lg;gl;Ls;s my;yJ updf
; spy; xl;lg;gl;Ls;s xl;bfis mwpKfk;
nra;tijj; jtpu;j;Jf; nfhs;sTk;. njupT nra;ag;gl;l nghUl;fspd; xl;bfis
mwpKfk; nra;Aq;fs;. khztu;fSf;F mwpTWj;jy; toq;fp Fwpgg ; pll
; xl;bfisr;
Nrfupf;FkhW $Wq;fs;. mt;thW khztu;fs; Nrfupj;j xl;bfis mg;gpahrf;
nfhg;gpapy; xl;b> mjpy; cs;s Kf;fpa jfty;fis mg;gpahrf; nfhg;gpapy;
vOj Cf;fg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
vLj;J f; f hl;L :
 khztu;fSf;F fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sthwhd tpsk;guq;fis mwpKfk; nra;Aq;fs;.
rpWtu;fNs thq;fptpl;Bu;fsh?
jhkiu
rpWtu;fSf;fhf tz;zj;jpy; ntsptUk;
jkpo;r; rQ;rpif
,k;khj ,jopy;
fzpdpapd; Gjpa tuT
thrpf;fj; J}z;Lk;
mwptpay; jfty;fs;
ed;ndwpf; fijfs;
cq;fs; rpj;jpuq;fs;
xspg;glq;fs;
tpflj; JZf;Ffs;
tpQ;Qhdpfspd; Rarupijj; njhlu;fs;
tpag;G+l;Lk; gwitapdj; njhlu;fs;
nty;yKbe;jhy; nty;Yq;fs;
gupRg;Nghl;b
,d;Dk; Ritahd mk;rq;fSld;
fz;izf;ftUk; tz;zj;jpy;
clNd thq;Fq;fs;.
thrpj;Jg; gaidg; ngWq;fs;.
 khztu;fspd; taJ kl;lj;jpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd tpsk;guk; xd;iw my;yJ

NkNy jug;gl;Ls;s tpsk;guj;ijg;; gpujpnaLj;J vy;yh khztu;fSf;Fk;
toq;Fq;fs;. mjd; gpd;du; khztu;fis Itu; nfhz;l FOf;fshf;Fq;fs;.
FOthf tpsk;guj;ij Mw;Wif thrpg;gpd; %yk; thrpf;f topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
Fuy; Vw;w> ,wf;fq;fSld; thrpf;fNtz;Lk; vdf; $Wq;fs;.
104
 mjd; gpd;du; mt;tpsk;guk; njhlu;ghd tpdhf;fisf; nfhLj;J tpilaspf;f
topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
vLj;J f;fhl;L :
tpdhf;fs; :
1. jhkiu rQ;rpifia thq;fpg; gbg;gtu;fs; ahu;?
2. ,r;rQ;rpif vt;tsT fhyj;jpw;F xUKiw ntsptUfpwJ?
3. rQ;rpifapy; ntsptUk; njhlu;fs;; vit?
4. gupRg;Nghl;bapd; jiyg;G vJ?
5. tpag;G+l;Lk; njhlu;; vijg; gw;wpaJ?
6. rQ;rpifapy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s fijfs; vit?
7. ,r;rQ;rpifapd; rpwg;G ahJ?
 khztu;fis Rakhf tpsk;guk; xd;iw A4 jhspy; vOj topg;gLj;jq;fs;.
 khztu;fs; vOjpa tpsk;guq;fis xl;Lg;gyifapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
mt;tpsk;guq;fis khztu;fs; thrpf;f Mu;t%l;Lq;fs;.
nraw;ghL 4
 gpd;tUk; Jz;Lg;gpuRuj;ij khztu;fSf;F mwpKfk; nra;Aq;fs;. mjd; gpdd
; u;
khztu;fis Itu; nfhz;l FOf;fshf;Fq;fs;. khztu;fs; vy;NyhUf;Fk;;
Jz;Lg;gpuRuj;ijg; gpujpnaLj;Jf; nfhLj;J cuj;Jk; nksdkhfTk; thrpf;f
topg;gLj;Jq;fs;. mjd; gpd;du; Jz;Lg;gpuRuk; njhlu;ghd tpdhf;fSf;F
tpilaspf;f topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: Jz;Lg;gpuRuk; -- 1
nlq
nlq;i;i
nlq;f fxopg;
fpid clNd N
xopg; gNhk;
Ng
xopg; hk;
ghk;
;.
105
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: Jz;Lg;gpuRuk; - 2
nghJkf;fNs!
#oiyg; ghJfhf;f Ntz;baJ vkJ flikay;yth!

fhw;W mRj;jkhfp tUfpwJ.
ePu; mRj;jkhfp tUfpwJ.
,J gw;wpr; rpe;jpj;jJz;lh!
fhw;W vt;thW mRj;jkhfpwJ njupAkh?

Fg;igfis vupg;gjhy;
njhopw;rhiyfspy; ,Ue;J ntsptUk; Gifahy;
thfdq;fspy; ,Ue;J ntsptUk; Gifahy;
gpsh];upf; nghUl;fis vupg;gjhy; tUk;
er;Rg;Gifahy;
ePu; vt;thW mRj;jkhfpwJ njupAkh?
Fg;igfis Mw;wpy; nfhl;Ltjhy;
gapu;r;nra;ifapd;NghJ fpUkpehrpdpfisAk;
cuq;fisAk; gad;gLj;Jtjhy;
fopTePu; Mw;Wld; fyg;gjhy;
ePq;fs; Nehahspahfg; NghfpwPu;fsh?
,jw;nfy;yhk; fhuzk; ahu;?
mghak; neUq;FfpwJ
rpe;jpAq;fs;. cz;ik GupAk;.
#oiyg; ghJfhf;f Kd;thUq;fs;.
- #oiyg; ghJfhf;Fk; ez;gu;fs;mikg;G
tpdhf;fs; :
1. #oiyg; ghJfhf;f Ntz;baJ ahUila flik?
2. vit mRj;jkhfp tUfpd;wd?
3. fhw;W vt;thW mRj;jkhfpwJ?
4. ePu; vt;thW mRj;jkhfpwJ?
5. Jz;Lg;gpuRuj;ij ahu; ntspapl;Ls;shu;fs;?
 Nkw; F wpg; g pl; l thwhd Jz; L g; g puRuq; f is khztu; f s; Mf; F tjw; F

topfhl;Lq;fs;.
 gy;NtW gj;jpupiffspy; my;yJ rQ;rpiffspy; cs;s my;yJ tPjpapy;
nry;Yk;NghJ toq;fg;gl;l Jz;Lg;gpuRuq;fisr; NrfupjJ
; mg;gpahrf; nfhg;gpapy;
xl;b thrpf;f topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
106
 khztu;fSf;Fg; gpd;tUtd Nghd;w miog;gpjo;fis mwpKfQ; nra;Aq;fs;.
khztu;fs; ,JNghd;w miog;gpjo;fisr; Nrfupj;J tUkhW Kd;$l;bNa
$Wq;fs;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L :
 mt; tiog; g pjo; f is tFg; g iwapy; fhl; r pg; g Lj; J q; f s; . fhl;r pg; g Lj; j pa
miog;gpjo;fis khztu;fs; thrpf;f Mu;t%l;Lq;fs;.
nraw;ghL 5
 khztu;fSk; Mrpupau;fSk; ,ize;J miog;gpjo;fis tbtikj;J mjid
moFgLj;Jq;fs;.
 mjd; gpdd; u; khztu;fis FOf;fshf;fp> FOthf miog;gpjo;fis tbtikf;f
topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
 khztu;fSf;F mt; miog;gpjo; njhlu;ghd tpdhf;fis toq;fp tpilnaOj
topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
1. ...................................................................................................................................
2. ...................................................................................................................................
3. ...................................................................................................................................
4. ...................................................................................................................................
nraw;ghL 6
 khztu;fSf;F Rtnuhl;b xd;iw mwpKfk; nra;Aq;fs;. Rtnuhl;bapd; mikg;G>
vOj;Jf;fspd; msT> nrhw;fspd; vz;zpf;if> tbtikg;G> gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s
epwq;fs; Nghd;wit njhlu;ghff; fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
107
vLj;J f;fhl;L :
Rtnuhl;b (khjpup)
 khztu;fSld; Nru;eJ
; A3 jhspy; Rtnuhl;b xd;iw Mf;fpf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
 mr;Rtnuhl;b gw;wp khztu;fisf; $wr; nra;Aq;fs;.
 mjd; gpd;du; khztu;fis vOkhw;whf mioj;J Rtnuhl;bia cuj;J
thrpf;f topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
 Rtnuhl;b njhlu;ghd tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;f topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L :
1. fz;fhl;rp vJ njhlu;ghdJ?
2. fz;fhl;rp vj;jid ehl;fs; eilngWfpwJ?
3. fz;fhl;rp eilngWk; ,lk; vJ?
fzpg;gPL :
 mYtyfq;fspd; ngau;fis mwpjy;> jfty;fisj; jpul;Ljy;> Kd;itj;jy;
 thdpiy mwpf;ifia vOJjy;> thrpj;jy;
 xl;bfis thrpj;J> Kf;fpa jfty;fis vOJjy;
 tpsk;guq;fis thrpj;jy;> tpilaspj;jy;
 Jz;Lg;gpuRuq;fis thrpj;J tpilaspj;jy;
 miog;gpjo;fis thrpj;J tpilaspj;jy;
 Rtnuhl;bfis thrpj;J tpilaspj;jy;
108
7 L7 S7 R7 W7
Nju;r;r pfs; :
L7 – nkhopahl;rpj;jpwid tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhfr; nrtpkLg;ghu;.
S7 – nkhopahl;rpj;jpwid tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhfg; NgRthu;.
R7 – nkhopahl;rpj;jpwid tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhf thrpg;ghu;.
W7 – nkhopahl;rpj;jpwid tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhf vOJthu;.
cs;slf;fk; :
 fhl;rpg; glq;fs;
 Rarupij
 %Jiu
(tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;l Ie;E ghly;fs;)
 fpuhkpa tpisahl;Lf;fs; (rpwpa)
 gz;biffs; (,irf; fUtpfs;)
fw;ww;N gWfs; :
 fhl;rpg; glq;fisg; ghu;j;J jkJ nkhopeilapy; tpgupg;ghu;> vOJthu;.
 Rarupijfs; Clhf tpUg;Gld; jfty;fis mwpe;J nfhs;thu;. Kd;itg;ghu;.
 tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;l %Jiug; ghly; mbfis (Ie;J ghly;fs;) kddQ; nra;J
njspthf Kd;itg;ghu;. mtw;wpd; fUj;jpid mwpe;J vOjp thrpg;ghu;.
 fpuhkpa tpisahl;Lf;fspd; tpjpKiwfis mwpe;J kw;wtu;fSld; ,ize;J
tpisahLthu;; kfpo;TWthu;; tpisahl;L tpjpfis vOjp thrpg;ghu;.
 ghuk;gupag; gz;biffspy; thrpf;fg;gLk; ,irf; fUtpfisj; njupe;J nfhs;s
Kd;tUthu;. ,irf; fUtpfspd; ngau;fisAk; jfty;fisAk; mwpe;J vOjp
thrpg;ghu;.
tsq;fs; :
 fhl;rpg; glq;fs;> Rarupij vOjg;gl;l ml;ilfs;> tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;l %Jiug;
ghly;fs; vOjg;gl;l ml;ilf; fPyq;fs;> ,irf; fUtpfs;; njhlu;ghd glq;fs;

nraw;ghL 1
 khztu; fs; epfo;f hyj;jpy; tpgupj;Jf; $wf;$ba fhl; rpg; glnkhd;iwj;
njupTnra;J nfhs;Sq;fs;. mg;glj;ijf; FOf;fspd; vz;zpf;iff;Nfw;g (xU
FOtpy; Itu; ,lk;ngw Ntz;Lk;) gpujpnaLj;J ml;ilfspy; xl;b> FOTf;F
xU gl ml;il tPjk; toq;Fq;fs;. fhl;rpg; gl ml;iliag; ghu;jJ
; epfo;fhyj;jpy;
tpgupj;J thf;fpaq;fshff; $wTk; vOjTk; vOjpa thf;fpaq;fisj; jkJ
FOf;fspilNa thrpj;Jf;fhl;lTk; topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
109
vLj;J f;fhl;L :
 fhl;rpgg
; lj;ijg; ghu;jJ
; khztu;fs; $Wk; thf;fpaq;fspy; ,Ue;J nghUj;jkhd
thf;fpaq;fisj; njupT nra;J ml;ilf; fPyq;fspy; vOjpf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp
khztu;fis thrpf;fTk; mtw;iw mg;gpahrf; nfhg;gpapy; gpioapd;wp vOjp
epWj;jf;Fwpfis ,lTk; topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
 NkNy jug;gl;lthwhd fhl;rpg;glq;fisj; njupT nra;J khztu;fSf;F
toq;Fq;fs;. khztu;fs; mf;fhl;rpg;glq;fisg; ghu;j;J epfo;fhyj;jpy; vOj
topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
nraw;g hL 2
 khztu;fs; Vw;fdNt fw;w Rarupij xd;iw epidTgLj;Jq;fs;. mjd; gpd;du;
cq;fs; “<UUsp”; Ngrpdhy; vg;gbg; NgRk; vd;W Nfl;lwpAq;fs;. mjd; gpd;du;
“<UUsp” vd;w Rarupijia mwpKfk; nra;Aq;fs;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
vd;idj; njupfpwjh?
ehd; jhd; Kjd; Kjypy; fz;L gpbf;fg;gl;l <UUsp.

vd;id kpjptz;b> irf;fps; vd;w ngau;fshYk; miog;ghu;fs;.
ehd;; 1817 Mk; Mz;L gpwe;Njd;.
vd;idg; ghud; fhu;y; buha;]; jp rhau; gu;d; vd;gtNu fz;L gpbj;jhu;.
110
vt;tsT ePskhd ngau; vd;W Nahrpf;fpd;wPu;fsh?
vd;idg; gpuhd;]; ehl;ilr; Nru;e;jtNu fz;L gpbj;jhu;.
mtu; vd;id KOf;f KOf;f kuj;jhNy nra;jhu;.
kpjpg;gjw;Fg; ngly; vy;yhk; fpilahJ!
fhiyj; jiuapy; ce;jpj; js;spf;fpl;Nl NghfNtz;baJ jhd;!
me;jf; fhyj;jpy; Fjpiufspy;> my;yJ Fjpiufs; G+l;ba tz;bfspw;; jhd;
gazk; nra;tu;.
Fjpiuapd; cgNahfk; ,y;yhky; Ntfkhfr; nry;tjw;F vd;
rNfhjuu;fisg; gad;gLj;jpdu;.
gpwF ];nfhl;yhe;ijr; Nru;e;j gpau;up Nyy;nkz;l; vd;gtu; 1866 Mk;
Mz;L Xu; <UUspia tbtikj;jhu;.
,J ,uz;L rf;fuq;fis xU ghk;G Nghd;w ,Uk;Gf; Foha; %yk;
,izj;J tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ!
,jw;F kpjpg;gjw;Fg; ngly; ,Ue;jJ!
Mdhy; Kd; rf;fu mr;rpy; ,izf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ!
vd; rNfhjuu;fs; gupzhk tsu;r;rpaile;J jw;NghJs;s epiyf;F
te;Js;shu;fs;. vdJ etPd rNfhju;fSf;F Ke;E}Wf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ghfq;fs;
cs;sd.
,d;Wk; vd; rNfhjuu;fSf;F cs;s kTR Fiwatpy;iy!
cyfpNyNa vq;fis mjpfk; gad;gLj;JNthu; rPd kf;fs; Mtu;.
ehq;fs; gy rhjidfSf;F cjtpapUf;fpd;Nwhk;.
Rw;Wr; R+oiy khRgLj;jhj> Njf MNuhf;fpaj;jpw;F Vw;wjhf> tpiue;J
nry;tjw;F cfe;jjhf ,Uf;Fk; thfdk; ehq;fs; jhd; vd;gjpy;
Iakpy;iy!
 mjd; gpd; du;> khztu;f s; vy;N yhUf;Fk; Rarupijiag; gpujpnaLj;J

toq; F q; f s; . khztu; f is ,UtupUtuhfr; Nrhb Nru; j ; J thrpf; f
topg;gLj;Jq;fs;. mjd; gpd;du;> tFg;gpd; Kd; te;J <UUspg; glj;ijg; fhl;b
<UUsp NgRtJ Nghd; W Ngrpf; f hl; l khztu; f isg; gapw; W tpAq; f s; .
khztu;fis <UUspapy; gazk; nra;tJ Nghd;W Nghyr; nra;J fhl;l
Cf;fg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
 ; Rarupij thf;fpaq;fisf; fUk;gyifapy; / ntz;gyifapy;
khztu;fs; thrpjj
vOJq;fs;. mt;thf;fpaq;fis khztu;fs; nfhg;gpapy; vOjp thrpj;Jf;fhl;l
Cf;fg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
 khztu;fspd; taJ kl;lj;jpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd gad;kpf;f NtW Rarupij
fisAk; mwpKfk; nra;Aq;fs;. khztu;fs; jq;fs; nghJ mwptpid tsu;j;Jf;
nfhs;tjw;F Rarupijfs; Jiz GupAk; vd;gjid epidtpw; nfhs;Sq;fs;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
ngd;rpy; Kj;jpiu fzpdp tprpwp
ik E}yfk; Fil njhg;gp
111 f
nraw;ghL 3
 Rarupij thf;fpaq;fspy; rpy nrhw;fis ePff
; p NfhbLq;fs;. mt;thf;fpaq;fisg;
G+u;j;jpnra;AkhW khztu;fSf;F mwpTWj;jy; toq;Fq;fs;.
vLj;J f; f hl;L :
1. vd;id ...................... > irf;fps; vd;w ngau;fshYk; miog;ghu;fs;.
2. vd;id .......................... ehl;ilr; Nru;e;jtNu fz;L gpbj;jhu;.
3. mtu; vd;id KOf;f KOf;f ............................... nra;jhu;.
4. ehq;fs; gy .......................................... cjtpapUf;fpd;Nwhk;.
5. cyfpNyNa vq;fis mjpfk; gad;gLj;JNthu; ......................... Mtu;.
 khztu;fs; Rakhf ,g;gapw;rpiar; nra;a Cf;fg;gLj;Jq;fs;. ,JNghd;w

NtW gapw;rpfisAk; toq;Fq;fs;.
nraw;ghL 4
 tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;l %Jiug; ghly;fis khztu;fSf;F mwpKfk; nra;Aq;fs;.
vLj;J f;f hl;L :
%Jiu
1. ed;wp xUtu;f;Fr; nra;jf;fhy; me; ed;wp
vd;W jUq;nfhy; vd Ntz;lh - epd;W
jsuh tsu; njq;F jhs; cz;l ePiuj;
jiyahNy jhd; jUjyhy;.
2. ey;yhu; xUtu;f;Fr; nra;j cgfhuk;
fy;Nky; vOj;Jg; Nghy; fhZNk - my;yhj
<ukpyh neQ;rj;jhu;f;F <e;j cgfhuk;
ePu; Nky; vOj;Jf;F Neu;.
3. ey;yhiuf; fhz;gJTk; ed;Nw eyk;kpf;f
ey;yhu; nrhy; Nfl;gJTk; ed;Nw - ey;yhu;
Fzq;fs; ciug;gJTk; ed;Nw mtNuhL
,zq;fp apUg;gJTk; ed;W.
4. ney;Yf;F ,iwj;j ePu; tha;f;fhy; top Xbg;
Gy;Yf;Fk; Mq;NfnghrpAkhk; njhy; cyfpy;
ey;yhu; xUtu; csNuy; mtu; nghUl;L
vy;yhu;f;Fk; nga;Ak; kio.
5. mw;w Fsj;jpy; mWePu;g; gwitNghy;
cw;Wopj; jPu;thu; cwT my;yu;; - mf;Fsj;jpy;
nfhl;bAk; Mk;gYk; nea;jYk; NghyNt
xl;b cWthu; cwT.
112
 %Jiug; ghly; mbfis khztu;fSf;F thrpj;Jf; fhl;Lq;fs;. khztu;
fSld; Nru;e;J thrpAq;fs;. mjd; gpd;du; %Jiug; ghly; mbfis vOJkhW
$Wq;fs;. mjd; gpd;du; mg;gpahrf; nfhg;gpapy; vOjp> thrpf;f Mu;t%l;Lq;fs;.
khztu;fs; %Jiug; ghly; mbfis kddk; nra;jJk; xt;nthUtuhf mioj;J
%Jiug; ghly;fisf; $wr; nra;Aq;fs;. vy;yh %Jiu mbfisAk; xNu
ehspy; kddk; nra;J $w tw;GWj;jhjPu;fs;. %Jiug; ghly; mbfis
khztu;fs; epidtpy; itj;Jf;nfhs;sf;$ba tifapy; gapw;rp mspAq;fs;.
mp3 tbtpy; cs;s %Jiug; ghly;fis ,izaj;jpy; my;yJ Mrpupa
MNyhrfu;fsplk; ,Ue;J ngw;W khztu;fSf;F xyp tbtpy; mwpKfQ;
nra;Aq;fs;.
nraw;g hL 5
 khztu;fs; ed;F gapw;rp ngw;wJk; %Jiug; ghly; mbfspy; rpy nrhw;fis
ePf ; fpf; NfhbLq; f s; . Nfhbl; l ,lq; fisg; G+u; j; j pnra; a khztu; fis
topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
vLj;J f; f hl;L :
2. ey;yhu; .......................... nra;j cgfhuk;

fy;Nky; ............................ fhZNk - my;yhj
<ukpyh ............................... <e;j cgfhuk;
ePu; Nky; vOj;Jf;F Neu;.
3. ey;yhiuf; ........................ ed;Nw eyk;kpf;f

ey;yhu; nrhy; .................... ed;Nw - ey;yhu;
Fzq;fs; ......................... ed;Nw mtNuhL
,zq;fp apUg;gJTk; ed;W.
 Nfhbl;l ,lq;fisg; G+u;j;jp nra;Ak; gapw;rpapd; gpd;du; G+u;j;jpnra;j %Jiug;

ghly; mbfis khztu;fs; Rakhf Kd;te;J thrpjJ ; f;fhl;l Cf;fg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
nraw;g hL 6
 %Jiug; ghly; mbfspd; fUj;Jf;fis khztu;fs; thrpjj
; wpa topgg
; Lj;Jq;fs;.
vLj;J f; f hl;L :
1. ed;wp xUtu;f;Fr; nra;jf;fhy; me; ed;wp…………………….
nghUs;: xUtu;f;F cjtp nra;Ak;NghJ> mjw;F gpujpAgfhuKk;>

ed;wpAk; vg;NghJ fpilf;Fk; vd;W fUjp nra;af;$lhJ.
vg;gbg;gl;l ePiu Ntu; %yk; cz;lhYk;> ed;F jsuhJ
tsu;e;Js;s njd;id kuk; me;ei P u Ritahd ,sePuhf
je;JtpLk;. mJNghy xUtu;f;F nra;j rpW cjtpAk;
ngupa tpjj;jpy; ekf;F xU fhyk; epr;rak; ed;ik
gaf;Fk;.
113
2. ey;yhu; xUtu;f ;F r; nra;j cgfhuk;………………..
nghUs; : ey;ytu;fSf;F nra;Ak; cjtp> fy;ypd; Nky; vOj;ijr;

nrJf;FtJ Nghd;wJ. mJ vtUk; mwpAk; tz;zk;
vd;Wk; epiyj;j pUf;Fk;. mg;g bay;yhJ ,uf; fkw;w
tu;fSf;F nra;Ak; cjtp vtu;fF ; k; gad;juhJ. mJ
ePupd; Nky; vOJk; vOj;Jf;fisg; Nghd;W gadpd;wp
epiyf;fhJ NghFk;.
3 ey;yhiuf; fhz;g JTk; ed;Nw eyk;k pf;f ……..
nghUs; : ey;ytu;fisf; fhz;gJk;> ekf;F ed;ik gaf;Fk; mtu;

nrhy;iyf; Nfl;gJTk; mtu;fs; Fzq;fis kw;w
tuplj;jpy; nrhy;tJTk; mtu;fNshL Nru;e;J ,Ug;gJTk;
ey;yJ.
4 ney;Yf;F ,iwj;j ePu; tha;f;fhy; top Xbg; …….
nghUs; : cotd; ney;Yf;Fg; gha;r;Rk; ePu; mq;fpUf;Fk; Gy;Yf;Fk;

gaidj; jUk;. mJ NghyNt ,e;jg; goikahd cyfpy;
ey; y tu; xUtu; f ; f hfg; nga; A k; kio (gyd; f s; )
vy;yhUf;FNk gaidj; jUk;.
5. mw;w Fsj;j py; mWePu;g ; gwitNghy;…….
nghUs; : Fsj;jpy; ePu; tw;wpa cld; tpyfpr; nry;Yk; gwitfs;

Nghy> ekf;Fj; Jd;gk; te;jNghJ ek;ik tpl;L tpyfpr;
nry;gtu;fs; cwtpdu; my;yu;. me;jf; Fsj;jpNyNa
mg;NghJk; Nru;e;J thLk; nfhl;b> my;yp> nea;jy;
nfhbfisg; Nghy> ek;KlNdNa ek; Jd;gq;fisAk;
gfpu;e;Jnfhs;gtu;fNs ek; cwT.
nraw;g hL 7
 nfe; jp tpisahl;i l mwpKfk; nra; Aq;f s; . tpisahl; L tpjpfisAk;
mtu;fSf;F tpsf;Fq;fs;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
nfe;jp tpisahl;L
ehk; ek; gz;ila tpisahl;Lf;fis Kw;wpYk; kwe;J tplN; lhk;. mtw;wpy;
xd;W jhd; nfe;jp tpisahl;L. XLgtu;fis xw;iwf;fhyhy; nfe;jp
mbj;Jj; njhLtJ nfe;jp tpisahl;lhFk;. ,J rpWtu;fSf;F rpwe;j
clw;g apw; rp MFk;. nfe;j p tpisahl;L gps;i sfspd; clYf; Fg;
Gj;Jzu;r;rpia mspj;J> mtu;fspd; Nrhk;Ngwpj;jdj;ijf; Fiwf;fpwJ.
,J fhy;fSf;F ,uj;j Xl;lj;ij mjpfg;gLj;JfpwJ. ,og;gpy; <Lfl;Lk;

Mw;wiyj; jUtNjhL> jd;dk;gpf;ifiaAk; mjpfupf;fpwJ.
114
nfe;jp tpisahl;bw;F ,j;jid Ngu; tpisahl Ntz;Lk; vd tiuKiw
vJTk; ,y;iy. ,jpy; vj;jid Ngu; Ntz;LkhdhYk; gq;Fgw;wyhk;.
tl;lk; my;yJ rJuk;> ,jpy; VNjDk; xd;iw Nghl;Lf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;
tpisahl;by; fye;J nfhz;ltu;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l vy;iyf;Fs; Xl Ntz;Lk;.
mtu;fis xUtu; nfe;jp mbj;Jr; nrd;W njhlNtz;Lk;. nfe;jp mbj;Jr;
nry;gtupd; fhy; typj;jhy; Fwpg;gpl;l vy;iyf;Fs; (fhiy itj;J)
Nghlg;gl;bUf;Fk; rpW tl;lj;jpDs; epd;W nfhs;syhk;. tl;lj;ij jtpu
kw;w gFjpapy; fhiy Cd;wf; $lhJ. nfe;jp mbj;Jr; nry;gtu; xUtiuj;
njhl;lhy;> njhlg;gl;ltu; Ml;lj;jpypUe;J ntspNaw Ntz;Lk;. Fwpg;gpl;l
vy;iyf;Fs; fhiy Cd;wpdhy; mjw;F Kd; njhlg;gl; ltu; cs; Ns
kPz;Lk; te;J XLk; tha;g;ig ngWthu;. ,t;thW nfe;jp tpisahl;L
f;
njhlUk;.
 ,t; tpjpKiwfis khztu;fSf;Fg; GupAk;gb vLj;Jf;$Wq;fs;. mjd; gpd;du;

nfe;jp tpisahl;L njhlu;ghd gapw;rpfis toq;Fq;fs;.
Fwpg; G : ,J Nghd; w cq; fsJ gpuNjrj;jpYs;s rpWtu;fSf;fhd NtW

tpisahl;Lf;fisAk; mwpKfk; nra;Aq;fs;.
nraw;g hL 8
 gz;biffspd; NghJ> epfo;Tfspd; NghJ thrpf;fg;gLk; ,irf; fUtpfs; gw;wpf;
Nfl;lwpAq;fs;. thrpf;Fk; thj;jpaf; fUtpfis khztu;fSld; Nru;e ;J
gl;baw;g Lj; Jq; fs; . mtw; wpd; ngau;f is mg; gpahrf; nfhg;gpapy; vOj
khztu;fSf;F topgg ; Lj;Jq;fs;. mtw;wpd; mUNf glq;fis xl;b mf;fUtpfs;
gw;wp rpwpa Fwpg;Gf;fisAk; vOj topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
gz;ilj; jkpou;fs;> ,irf;fUtpfis> Njhw; fUtp> euk;Gf;fUtp> Jisf;fUtp>
fQ;rf;fUtp vd tifg;gLj;jpg; gad;gLj;jpapUf;fpwhu;fs;.
Njhw; f Utpfs; :
Njhiy ,Wf;fpf; fl;b> mj;Njhiyj; jl;Ltjd; %yk; xyp vOg;gf;$ba
thj;jpaq;fs; Njhw;fUtpfshFk;.
jtpy;> fQ;rpuh> kpUjq;fk;> jNgyh
euk; G f;f Utpfs;
je;jpfs; %yk; ehjk; cz;lhFk; thj;jpaq;fs; euk;Gf;fUtpfshFk;.
jk;Guh> tPiz> rpj;jhu;> taypd;> Nfhl;L thj;jpak;
Jisf;f Utpfs; :
,irf;fUtpfspy; cs;s Jisfspd; Clhff; fhw;Wg; GFe;J ntsptUtjd;
%yk; ,ir cz;lhFk; thj;jpaq;fs; Jisf;fUtpfshFk;.
ehj];tuk;> kFb> Gy;yhq;Foy;
fQ;rf; fUtpfs;
cNyhfj;jpdhy; nra;ag;gl;l ,irf;fUtpfs; fQ;rf;fUtpfs; vdg;gLk;.
Nkhu;rpq;> ifj;jhsk;
115
muq;f pirapy; thrpf;fg;g Lk; Kf;fpa fUtpfs;
tPiz> Nfhl;L thj;jpak;> Gy;yhq;Foy;> ehjRtuk;> taypd;
muq;f pirapy; thrpf;f g;g Lk; Jizf;f Utpfs;
taypd;> kpUjq;fk;> jtpy;> fQ;rpuh
fpuhkpa ,irf;f Utpfs;
vf;fhsk;> fQ;rpuh> jtz;il> cLf;if> jk;gl;lk;
 ghuk;g upa ,irf; fUtpfisg; gw; wpj; Njbawpe; J mf; fUtpfs; gw; wpf;
Fwpg;Gf;fis vOJtjw;F khztu;fis Cf;fg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L :
flk;: flk; fu;ehlf ,irAld; njhlu;Gila jhs thj;jpaf; fUtpfspy;
xd;whFk;. ,J kpf vspikahd Xu; ,irf;fUtp MFk;. ,J xU ngupa kz;
ghidapy; jl; Ltjd; %yk; xyp vOg; g g;g Lk; ,irf;f UtpahFk; . fl
,irf;fiyQu;fs; mku;e;j epiyapy; flj;jpd; thiaj; jd; tapw;NwhL xl;l
itj;Jf; nfhz;L ,uz;L iffshYk; mbj;J thrpg;ghu;.
ehj];tuk;: ehj];tuk; Jisf;fUtp tifiar; Nru;e;j Xu; ,irf;fUtpahFk;.
,J ehjRtuk;> ehjRuk;> ehfRuk;> ehf];tuk;. ehadk; vd;W gythW
miof;fg;gLtJ cz;L. jpwe;j ,lj;jpy; ,irg;gjw;F Vw;wJ. ntF J}uj;jpy;
,Ue;J Nfl;lhYk; ,d;gj;ijj; jUk; ,ay;gpidf; nfhz;lJ.
 ghlrhiyapy; rpy Gj; jspg; Gf; ; fUtpfisr; nra;J gad; gLj;J tjw;F k;
khztu;fis Cf;FtpAq;fs;.
 mjpgupd; mDkjpAld; ngw;Nwhupd; xj;Jiog;igAk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sq;fs;.
ghuk;gupa ,irf; fUtpfisNah khjpup thj;jpaf; fUtpfisNah fhl;rpg;gLj;j
khztu;fSf;F cjTq;fs;. ,irf; fUtpf; fz;fhl;rp vd;w ngaupy; fz;fhl;rpia
tFg;G kl;lj;jpy; Vw;ghL nra;Aq;fs;. mf;fz;fhl;rpapy; xypf; fPw;Wf;fisAk;
(Mp3) xypf;fr; nra;ayhk;. fz;fhl;rpia ghu;itapl tUNthUf;F ,irf;
fUtpfs; gw;wpa tpsf;fq;fis khztu;fNs toq;Ftjw;F mtu;fisg;
gapw;WtpAq;fs;.
fzpg;gPL :
 fhl;rpg; glq;fisg; ghu;j;J epfo;fhyj;jpy; $Wjy;> vOJjy;
 Rarupijia> Nghyr; nra;jy; %yk; Kd;itj;jy;> vOJjy;
 tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;l %Jiu mbfisg; gpioapd;wpf; $WjYk; vOJjYk;
 fpuhkpa tpisahl;Lf;fis mwpe;J $WjYk; tpUg;Gld; tpisahLjYk;
 ghuk;gupa ,irf; fUtpfs; njhlu;ghd mDgtj;ijg; gfpu;e;Jnfhs;sy;
116
kPll
; w; gapw;rpfs;
 khztu;fSf;Fg; gpd;tUtd Nghd;w kPl;lw; gapw;rpfis toq;fp fzpg;gpLq;fs;.
gapw;rp 4
 gpd; t Uk; ge;j papYs;s Nfhbl;l ,lq;f is fl;l j;j pw;F s; jug;g l; L s;s
nrhw;f spypUe;J njupe;njLj;J g; G+u;j ;j p nra;f .
gUg;G> tiffspy;> khr;rj;J> muprp> clYf;F> czthf>
cyfj;jpNy cs;s vy;yh kf;fSf;Fk; Kf;fpa 1. ....................... mike;jit

jhdpa czT tiffNs. muprp> NfhJik> Nfo;tuF> Nrhsk;> fk;G Kjypa
jhdpa tiffs; czthff; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. jhdpa cztpy; nghJthf
2. ........................ ,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,J czT 3. .......................... Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
4. .......................... ekJ ehl;L kf;fspd; Kf;fpa czthFk;. jhdpa cztpw;F
mLj;jgbahf 5. ................................. tiffs; ekJ cztpy; Kf;fpa ,lk;
tfpf;fpd;wd. gUg;GfSk; gaWfSk; jirfSf;Fg; gye;je;J 6. .....................
cukspf;fpd;wd.
gapw;rp 5
 gpd; t Uk; thf; f paq; f spy; cs; s ,ilntspfis jbj; j vOj; j pYs; s
,iznkhopfisf; nfhz;L G+u;j;jp nra;f.
thb tjq;fp> efKk; rijAk;> my;Yk; gfYk;> Xb Mb
1. tptrhapfs; .................................. Ntiy nra;fpd;wdu;.
2. mtu;fs; ....................................... Nghy; tho;e;j hu;fs;.
3. taypy; ngz;fs; ....................................... Ntiy nra;jdu;.
4. re;ijapy; fha;fwpfs; .......................... f; fhzg;gl;ld.
gapw;rp 5
 gpd;tUk; gonkhopfspd; fUj;jpid vOJf.
1. cg;gpl;ltiu cs;ssTk; epid.
..................................................................................................................................
2. rpW Jsp ngU nts;sk;.
...................................................................................................................................
3. fhw;Ws;s NghNj J}w;wpf; nfhs;.
..................................................................................................................................
4. mlk;gd; nfhbAk; jpuz;lhy; kpLf;F.
...................................................................................................................................
117
gapw;rp 8
 gpd;tUk; njhlu;fSf;Fupa jdpr; nrhy;iy vOJf.
1. ek;gKbahj fij : ..........................................
2. tPz; nryT nra;gtd; : ..........................................
3. xNu ghlrhiyapy; xd;whfg; gbj;jtd; : ..........................................
4. Nju;jy; xd;wpy; Nghl;bapLgtu; : ..........................................
gapw;rp 10
 fPNo jug;glLs;s milg;Gf;Fs; ,Ue;J nrhw;fisj; njupen
; jLj;J thf;fpaq;fisg;
G+u;j;jpnra;f.
fzPu; fzPu;> klkl> FLFL> fyfy> fkfk
1. ghl;b .................................. vd;W ele;jhu;.

2. Mya kzp .................................. vd;W xypj;jJ.
3. vdJ jq;if .................................. vd;W rpupj;jhs;.
4. mtd; ,sePiu .................................. vd;W Fbj;jhd;;.
gapw;rp 11
 fPNo jug;gl;Ls;s RUf;ff; FwpaPLfSf;fhd tpuptpid vOJf.
1. K.g
..................................................................................................................................
2. fp.gp
...................................................................................................................................
2. gp.F
...................................................................................................................................
gapw;rp 12
 gpd;tUk; nrhw;fisr; Nru;j;J vOJf.

1. ghy; + NrhW = ..............................................................
2. kh + fha; = ..............................................................
3. gok; + tif = ..............................................................
4. kz; + Flk; = ..............................................................
5. thio + Fiy = ..............................................................
118
gapw;rp 4
 gpd;tUk; ciuahlypy; ,lk;ngwNtz;ba epWj;jf; Fwpfisg; nghUj;jkhd
,lq;fspy; ,Lf.
jhj;jh : VNjh Nfl;f Ntz;Lk; vd;whNa Nfs;
Ngud; : fhfpjj;ijf; fz;L gpbj;jJ ahu; jhj;jh
jhj;jh : fhfpjk; rPdhtpy; jhd; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ fhfpjj;ijf;
fz;lwpe;jtu; ahu; vd;W Nfl;lhy; xUtUila ngaiur;
nrhy;tJ rpukk;
Ngud; : Vd; jhj;jh
jhj;jh : rPdhtpy; gy jiyKiwfspy; ntt;NtW egu;fs; Kjd;
Kiwahfj; jahupj; j pUf; f pd; w hu; f s; vd; f pwhu; f s;
,tu;fSs; jdpj;Jtkhfj; njupAk; ngau; rha;Y}d;
gapw;rp 5
 gpd;tUk; jfty;f is thrpAq;f s;.
rq;fuDf;F xd;gJ tajhfpd;wJ. mtd; gpwe;j ,lk; fz;b. mtdJ
mg;ghtpd; ngau; rptuhkd;. rq;fud;> G+q;Fd;wk; jkpo; tpj;jpahyaj;jpy;
juk; ehd;fpy; fy;tp fw;fpdw ; hd;. tFg;ghrpupaupd; ngau; f. jhkiur;nry;tp.
Kj; j piu Nrfupg; g J mtdJ nghOJNghf; f hFk; . mtd; vdJ
tP l ; L j; N jhl; l k; vd; w jiyg; g py; rpj; j puk; tiue; J > Nghl; b f; F
mDg;gTs;shd;.
cq;fisr; rq;f udhff; fUjpf;n fhz;L rpj;jpug;Nghl;bf;f hd tpz;z g;gg;
gbtj;i jg; G+u;j;j p nra;A q;fs;.
rpj;jpug;Nghl;b tpz;zg;gg;gbtk;
1. rpj;j puj;jpd; jiyg;G : ..................................................................
2. khztu; KOg; ngau; : ..................................................................
3. gpwe;j jpfjp : ..................................................................
4. fw;Fk; ghlrhiy : ..................................................................
5. fw;Fk; tFg;G : ..................................................................
6. tFg;g hrpupaupd; ngau; : ..................................................................
Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l jfty;fs; midj;Jk; cz;ikahdit vd

................................................................
khztuJ ifnahg;gk;
Fwpg;G:
 ,uz;lhe; jtizapd; ,Wjpapy; kPl ;l w; gapw;rpfis khztu;f Sf;F
toq;F q;f s;. NkNy jug;g l;l thwhd gapw;rpfis khztu;f Sf;F
toq;f pf; fzpg;g PL nra;Aq;f s;.
 cWg;gika vOJk; Nghl;b iaAk; tpLfijfis tpLtpf;Fk;
Nghl; b iaAk; elhj;J q;fs;. khztu;fs; midtUf;Fk; re;j u;g ;g k;
toq;Fq;fs;. vy;yh khztu;f isAk; ghuhl;b Cf;f g;gLj;J q;f s;.
119
8 L8 S8 R8 W8
Nju;r;rpfs; :
L8 – fw;wy; tpUj;jpf;fhfr; nrtpkLg;ghu;.
S8 – fw;wy; tpUj;jpf;fhfg; NgRthu;.
R8 – fw;wy; tpUj;jpf;fhf thrpg;ghu;.
W8 – fw;wy; tpUj;jpf;fhf vOJthu;.
cs;slf;fk; :
 xspg;glq;fs;/fhl;rpg; glq;fs;
 mDkhdpj;jy; / njhlu;GgLj;jy; / vjpu;T $wy;
 topfhl;lw; Fwpg;Gfs; (fij)
 jpdrupf; Fwpg;Gfs; (ehl;Fwpg;G vOJjy;)
 Rw;Wyh
 gRik cyF
fw;ww;N gWfs; :
 xspg;glq;fisg; ghu;j;J> ,urpj;J fUj;Jf;fisf; $Wthu;> thf;fpaq;fis
epfo;fhyj;jpy; vOJthu;.
 mDkhdpj;jy;> njhlu;GgLj;jy;> vjpu;T $wy; Nghd;wtw;wpy; Nju;r;rp ngWthu;.
 topfhl;lw; Fwpg;Gfisf; nfhz;L fijfisf; fl;bnaOg;Gthu;.
 jpdrupf; Fwpg;Gfis vOJk; tof;fj;ij tpUj;jpnra;J nfhs;thu;.
 Rw;Wyh nrd;w mDgtq;fisg; gfpue
; ;Jnfhs;thu;; mtw;iwf; FwpjJ
; f;nfhs;thu;.
 kuq;fis tsu;g;gjd; mtrpaj;ij czu;e;J nfhs;thu;. mjd; gad;ghl;ilAk;
mwpe;J kw;iwatu;fSf;Fk; njuptpg;ghu;.
tsq;fs; :
 xspg;glq;fs;/fhl;rpg; glq;fs;> Rw;Wyhg; glq;fs;> thf;fpa ml;ilfs;>
fzpdp (,izaj;jsk;)> gRik cyF njhlu;ghd glq;fs;

nraw;ghL 1
 khztu;fSf;F ,urpff ; f;$ba xspgg
; lq;fisf; fhl;rpgg
; Lj;Jq;fs;. mg;glq;fisg;
ghu;j;J ,urpj;J> fUj;Jf;fisf;$w tha;gn ; ghd;iw toq;Fq;fs;. (xspg;glj;ij
A4 mstpy; ntz;gyifapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jq;fs;.)
120
vLj;J f; f hl;L :
 xspg;glq;fs;/fhl;rpg; glq;fisg; ghu;j;Jf; fUj;Jf;fisj; njuptpj;j gpd;du;

epfo;fhyj;jpy; thf;fpaq;fis vOj topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
1. ................................................................................................................................
2. ................................................................................................................................
3. ................................................................................................................................
nraw;ghL 2
 khztu; tpUk;Gfpd;w xspg; glnkhd;iwj; njupT nra;Aq;fs;. RakhfNt
jkJ fUj;Jf;fis tpUg;Gld; $Wtjw;Fk; Vidatu;fSld; fye;Jiu
ahLtjw;Fk; re;ju;gg
; k; toq;Fq;fs;. khztu;fSld; Nru;eJ; xspgg; lk; njhlu;ghd
fUj;Jf;fisj; njuptpAq;fs;. ,lu;gg ; Lk; khztu;fsplk; tpdhf;Nfl;L mjD}lhf
mtu;fspd; fUj;Jf;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sq;fs;.
121
 xspg;glq;fs;/fhl; rpg; glq;fisg; ghu;j;J epfo;fhyj;jpy; thf;fpaq;fis
1. ................................................................................................................................
2. ................................................................................................................................
3. ................................................................................................................................
 xspg;glq;fs;/fhl; rpg; glq;fisg; ghu;j;J epfo;fhyj;jpy; thf;fpaq;fis

1. ................................................................................................................................
2. ................................................................................................................................
3. ................................................................................................................................
122
 xspg;glj;ijg; ghu;j;J epfo;fhyj;jpy; thf;fpaq;fis vOjp Kw;Wg;Gs;sp ,l
topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
1. .................................................................................................................................
2. .................................................................................................................................
3. .................................................................................................................................
nraw;g hL 3
 nrtpkLf;Fk; jfty;fisf; nfhz;L> rpytw;iw mDkhdpjJ
; f;$w> njhlu;Gfhz>
vjpu;T$w> khztu;fis topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
mDkhdpj;j y;
vLj;J f;fhl;L :
1. ehd; Mfhaj;jpy; gwg;N gd;. Mfhaj;jpy; Kfpy;fSf;F ,ilNaAk; ehd;
rpyNtisfspy; gwf;fpdN ; wd;. rpwFfis mirf;fhky; vd;dhy; gwf;fj;jf;fjhf
,Uj;jy; GJikahd tplakhFk;. ehd; gwf;Fk; NghJ rj;jk; cz;lhfpdw ; ikahy;
fPNo cs;stu;fs; ehd; Mfhaj;jpy; gwg;gij mwpe;J nfhs;tu;. tpNrlkhfr;
rpwpa gps;isfs; vd;idg; ghu;j;J kfpo;r;rpailtij ehd; mwpNtd;. ehd;
kuq;fspy; jq;fpapUg;gjpy;iy. ehd; tpNrl ,lq;fspy; khj;jpuk; ,wq;FNtd;.
(...............................)
2. ehd; gy;NtW epwq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;Nsd;. rpyNtisfspy; rptg;ghf ,Ug;Ngd;.
fgpy epwkhf ,Ug;Ngd;. ePy epwkhf ,Ug;Ngd;. ntz;zpwkhf ,Ug;Ngd;.
rpyNtisfspy; vdf;F epwNk ,y;iy. rpy tpNrl re;ju;g;gq;fspy; kdpju;fs;
vd;idf; Fbg;gu;. vd;idf; Fbg;gjd; %yk; kdpju;fSf;F ed;ikad;wpj;
jPik Vw;gLtjpy;iy. vdpDk; ngUk;ghyhdtu;fs; tpUg;gkpd;wp vd;idf;
Fbg;gij ehd; mwpNtd;. tpNrlkhfr; rpWgps;isfs; vd;i df; Fbf;f
tpUk;Gtjpy;iy.
(...............................)
123
njhlu; G gLj; j y;
vLj;Jf;fhl;L :
gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fspy; cs;s Gs;spf; Nfhbl;l ,lq;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd
nrhy;iyj; njupT nra;J vOJf.
1. kPdtDf;Ff; fly; Nghd;W tpisahLgtDf;F ...........................................

1. ikjhdk; 2. ge;J 3. JLg;G
2. MrpupaUf;F khztd;; Nghd;W kUj;JtUf;F ...........................................

1. nghJkf;fs; 2. Nehahsp 3. jhjp
3. grpf;F czT Nghd;W Neha;f;F ...........................................

1. itj;jparhiy 2. itj;jpau; 3. kUe;J
4. tpkhdj;jpw;F tpkhdp Nghd;W fg;gYf;F ...........................................

1. khYkp 2. rhujp 3. kPfhkd;
5. E}yfj;jpw;F E}y;fs; Nghd;W NgUe;Jf;F ...........................................

1. tpahghupfs; 2. elj;Jeu;; 3. gazpfs;
vjpu; T $wy;
vLj;Jf;fhl;L :
1. thdk; fWf;fpd;wJ> Fspu;fhw;W tPRfpwJ; <ry;fs; gwf;fpd;wd;
Ml;fhl;bf;FUtpfs; fj;Jfpd;wd.
vd;d elf;fg; NghfpwJ? ............................................................................
2. thfdq;fs; tUfpd;wd.
rptg;G tpsf;F vupfpd;wJ.
thfdq;fs; epWj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
kQ;rs; tpsf;F vupfpd;wJ.
thfdq;fs; Gwg;glj; jahuhfpd;wd.
mLj;J vd;d epfOk;? ..............................................................................
,it Nghd;w gapw;rpfis Mf;fp> khztu; fUj;J}d;wp thrpj;J mDkhdpf;f>

njhlu;Gfhz> vjpu;T$w topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
124
nraw;g hL 4
 khztu;fSf;F fijnahd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhd topfhl;lw; Fwpg;Gfis
Kd;$l;bNa toq;Fq;fs;. mf;Fwpg;Gf;fis cjtpahff; nfhz;L fijia
Mf;fp VidNahUf;Ff; $w topg;gLj;Jq;fs;. (fij nrhy;Yk; Neuk; FWfpajhf
,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.)
vLj;Jf;fhl;L :
fijia Mf;F tjw;fhd topfhl;l w; Fwpg;Gfs;
xU ehs; - khiyg;nghOJ - eup - fhy; jtwp - fpzW - tpOe;J tpl;lJ -
jz;zPu; ,y;iy - gioa fpzW - Js;spj;Js;sp - jhtpaJ - Fjpj;jJ -
Kbatpy;iy - ML - fpzW - vl;b - ghu;j;jJ. eupahNu - vd;d nra;fpwPu; -
vd;wJ - eup - Urp - Gy; - rhg;gpLfpNwd; - vd;wJ. Gy;iyah - ePah - ML.
tpag;G - Nfl;lJ. eup - mG+u;tg;Gy; - rupahd Urp - je;jpuk; - gjpy; - mwptw;w
ML - ek;gpaJ - ehDk; tUfpNwd; - Fjpj;jJ ML - eup - kl;lw;w kfpo;r;rp
- Ml;bd; - KJF - Vwp ntspNa - te;jJ - ez;gNd - tUfpNwd; - Xl;lk;
gpbj;jJ eup - ML. jtW - epidj;J - mOjJ.
 khztu;fs; RakhfNt fijia Mf;fp vOJtjw;F tha;gG

; fis toq;Fq;fs;.
 ,lu;g;gLk; khztu;fSf;F mr;re;ju;g;gj;jpNyNa cjTq;fs;.
 ,J Nghd;w NkYk; gapw;rpfis toq;Fq;fs;.
nraw;ghL 5
 khztu;fisr; Rw;Wyh mioj;Jr; nry;Yq;fs;. fy;tpr; Rw;Wyh %yk;
khztu;fs; gy tplaq;fisf; fw;Wf;nfhs;fpwhu;fs;. vdNt mjpgupd; mDkjpia
Kd;$l;bNa ngw;W mjd; gpdd; u; ngw;Nwhupd; mDkjpiaAk; ngw;Wr; Rw;Wyhit
xOq;Fnra;Aq;fs;. mr;Rw;Wyh nry;Ykplk; mUfpYs;s Cuhff;$l ,Uf;fyhk;
my;yJ fsg;g azkhff;$l ,Uf;f yhk;. Rw;Wyh nrd; W te;j gpd;d u;
mDgtq;fisf; $wTk;> $wpa mDgtq;fis vOjTk; rpj;jpukhf tiuaTk;
Cf;fg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
nraw;g hL 6
 khztu;fis ehl;;Fwpg;G vOJtjw;Fg; gapw;rp mspAq;fs;.
ehl;Fwpg;G
ehl;Fwpg;G vd;gJ jdp kdpjdpd; xU ehisa epfo;Tfisg; gjpT
nra;tJ my;yJ md;iwa gzpfisf; Fwpj;J nfhs;tjhFk;. il];
vd;w ,yj;jPd; nrhy;Yf;F ehs; vd;gJ nghUs; MFk;. ,e;j
nrhy;ypypUe;J ilupak; vd;Dk; ,yj;jPd; nrhy; cUthdJ. ,e;jr;
nrhy;Yf;F ehl;Fwpg;G vd;gJ nghUs;. ,jpypUe;Nj ilup vd;w
Mq;fpyr; nrhy; cUthdJ.
juk; ehd;F khztu;isj; jpdKk; fw;Fk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf ehl;Fwpg;gpid
vOj Cf;fg;gLj;Jq;fs;. md;iwa ehspd; fw;wy; epfo;Tfisg; gjpT nra;a
topg;g Lj; JtjD}lhf khztu;fspilNa ehl; Fwpg;n gOJk; fyhrhuj; ij
cUthf;Fq;fs;.
ehl;Fwpg;igr; RUf;fkhfTk; Mf;fj;jpwDlDk; vOj topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
125
vLj;J f; f hl;L :
jpq;fl;fpoik
.
,d;W tFg;ghrpupau; gRik cyF vd;w
ghliyr; nrhy;ypj; je;jhu;.
ehq;fs; kdjpy; gjpf;f Ntz;ba ,e;jg; ghly;

mbfis vOJkhW $wpdhu;.
Rfhjhuk; Ngzpl;lhy;
Rftho;T mike;jpLNk
,aw;if czT cz;bl;lhy;
,dpa tho;T kyu;e;jpLNk
fzpj ghlj;jpy; je;j fzf;Ffisg;

gpioapd;wp Kjypy; nra;J fhl;bNdd;.
tFg;ghrpupau; KJfpy; jl;bg; ghuhl;bdhu;.
vy;NyhiuAk; ifjl;bg; ghuhl;lr; nrhd;dhu;.
vg;gb ,Ue;jJ njupAkh?
mk;khtplk; nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;.

mk;kh fl;bg;gpbj;J Kj;jk; jUthu;.
126
nraw;ghL 7
 gRik cyF gw; wpa rpe; jidia khztu;fs; kdjpy; tpijg;gjw;fhf
,f;ftpijfis khztu; kdjpy; gjpa itAq;fs;.
vLj;J f; f hl;L :
kuq;fis tsu;jj
; pl;lhy;
kz;zupg;G jilg;gLNk!
gRik cyF tdq;fisf; fhj;jpl;lhy;

ntk;ikAk; jzpe;jpLNk!
capu;fis Nerpj;jhy; kioePiur; Nrkpj;jhy;

cz;ikad;G fpilj;jpLNk! kyu;rr; pAk; te;jpLNk!
kdpjNeak; xspu;ej
; pl;lhy; tPl;Lj;Njhl;lk; nra;jpl;lhy;
khz;Gjid cau;j;jpLNk ! tho;fi ; fr;nryT Fiwe;jpNk!
Rfhjhuk; Ngzpl;lhy; ,aw;ifia Nerpj;jhy;

Rftho;T mike;jpLNk! ,dpaTyF gpwe;jpLNk!
,aw;ifAzT cz;bl;lhy; gRikAyF Njhd;wptpl;lhy;
,dpatho;T kyu;ej; pLNk! ghupUs; ePqf
; pLNk!
tp.vd;.v]; cjare;jpud;
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
kioAk;
kioAk;nga; aaNtz;
nga; Ntz;LLnkd;
nkd;wwhy;
hy;
kuq;fs;ehuhazrhkp
h.ng. Ntz;LNk!
kuq;fs; Ntz;Lk;! kuq;fs; thoNtz;Lnkd;why;
kdKk; Ntz;LNk!
kdkpUe;jhy; kuq;fs; jik
cyfk; tho Ntz;Lnkd;why; ntl;ly; jtpu;ffyhk;!
ciof;f Ntz;LNk! kdkpUe;jhy; kuq;fs; jik
ciog;G ed;F Ntz;Lnkd;why; el;L tsu;ff ; yhk;!
czT Ntz;LNk!
cyfk; thoNtz;Lnkd;why;
czT cz;z Ntz;Lnkd;why; kuq;fs; Ntz;LNk!
gapu;fs; Ntz;LNk! capu;fs; thoNtz;Lnkd;why;
gapu;fs; tho Ntz;Lnkd;why; kuq;fs; Ntz;LNk!
kioAk; Ntz;LNk! - Nfh.ng. ehuhazrhkp
127
nraw;g hL 8
 gad;jUk; kuq;fis mg;gpahrf; nfhg;gpapy; tiue;J mtw;wpdhy; fpilf;Fk;
gad;fis vOJkhW khztu;fis topg;gLj;Jq;fs;. mjd; gpd;du;> vOkhwhf
khztu;fis mioj;J thrpj;Jf;fhl;l topg;gLj;Jq;fs;. mjd; gpd;du;>
MrpupaUk; kuq;fspd; gad;fis fUk;gyifapy; / ntz;gyifapy; vOJjy;
Ntz;Lk;. mtw;iw khztu;fs; mg;gpahrf; nfhg;gpapy; vOj topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
mjd; gpd;du; nghUj;jkhd tpdhf;fisf; nfhLj;J tpil vOj khztu;fis
topg;gLj;Jq;fs;. tpj;jpahrkhd gapw;rpfisAk; jahupj;J toq;Fq;fs;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
gyhkuk; jUk;
gad;fs; vd;d?
gyhkuk; epoy; jUfpwJ. gwitfSk; gpuhzpfSk; ciwfpdw ; d. fhw;wpd; mjPj Ntfj;ijf;

fhl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ. Ntu;fNsh epy mupgi
; gj; jLj;J kz;zpd; <uj;jd;ikiag; NgZfpdw ; d.
jtpu> czthfTk;> fl;ilahfTk; gad;gLfpwJ.
vj;jid gad;fs;! ,iyfs; MLfSf;F

czthfpdw ; d. tPL fl;lTk;> kug;nghUl;fs;
nra;aTk; kuj;ij cgNahfg;gLj;JfpNwhk;.
kPeJ
; Nghd Jz;Lf; fl;ilfis tpwFfshf
vupff; pNwhk;. fdpfs; czthfpd;w d. gyhf;f hia
,uz; L tpjq; f sp y; rikf; f yhk; .
goq;fisAk; nfhl;ilfisAk; ePupNyh
my; y J MtpapNyh Ntfitj; J j;
Njq; f hAld; fye; J cz; z yhk; .
Fok; g hfTk; ,ijr; rikf; f yhk; .
g hY}l ; Lk; jha ; f ; F , J kp fT k;
cfe;jJ. goj;ijAk;> nfhl;iliaAk;
ntapypy; cyu itj;J > mLg;Gf;F
NkNy itj; j pUe; J > tpUe; J f; F j;
Njitg;ghl;lhy; vz;nzapy; nghupj;Njh
ru;ff
; iug;ghFld; fye;Njh cz;zyhk;.
ehtpy; ePu; nrhl;litf; Fk; mg;gbnahU
Urp!
mJ kl;Lkh! kzYld; Nru;j;J

tWj; j hy; gyhf; n fhl; i lfs;
Ritahf cs; s d. ,tw; i w
Ntfitj;Njh kzYld; tWj;Njh>
vLj;J Rj;j g;gLj;j p> nghbj;J
Njq; fhAk; nty;y Kk; fye;J
yl;Lfshfg; gpbj;J cz;lhy;....
k;...k;....!
nraw;g hL 9
 khztu;fis Itu; nfhz;l FOf;fshf;Fq;fs;. mjd; gpd;du;> kWgf;fj;jpy;
jug;gl;Ls;s fhl;rpg;glj;ijg; gpujp vLj;J FOf;fSf;F xU fhl;rpg;glk; tPjk;
toq;Fq;fs;. Rw;Wg;Gwr; #oiy ehk; Vd; ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk;? fhLfis Vd;
mopf; f f; $lhJ? kuq; f is Vd; el Ntz; L k; ? vd; w tpdhf; fSf; F
fhl;rpg;glj;ijg; ghu;j;J tpil Njl khztiu topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
128
vLj;J f;fhl;L :
fzpg;gPL :
 xspg;glq;fs;/fhl;rpg; glq;fs; njhlu;ghff; $Wjy;> vOJjy;
 mDkhdpj;jy; / njhlu;Gfhzy; / vjpu;T$wy;
 jpdrupf; Fwpg;Gf;fs; / ehl;Fwpg;Gf;fis vOJjYk; thrpj;jYk;
 Rw;Wyh my;yJ fsg;gazk; nrd;w mDgtq;fisf; $Wjy;> vOJJy;
 gRik cyfpd; mtrpaj;ijf; $Wjy;> vOJjy;
129
9 L9 S9 R9 W9
Nju;r;r pfs; :
L9 – fpufpj;jYf;fhfTk; Mf;fj;jpwid ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfTk; fUj;J}d;wpr;

nrtpkLg;ghu;.
S9 – fpufpj;jtw;iw Mf;fj;jpwDlDk; re;ju;g;gj;jpw;F Vw;wthW nghUj;jKwTk;
NgRthu;.
R9 – fpufpj;jYf;fhfTk; Mf;fj;jpwid ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfTk; fUj;J}d;wp
thrpg;ghu;.
W9 – fpufpj;jYf;fhfTk; Mf;fj;jpwid ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfTk; vOJthu;.
cs;slf;fk; :
 rpWtu; fijg; ghly;fs;
 rpWtu; fijfs; (eifr;Rit)
 tpQ;Qhdpfs; / nra;Kiw tpsf;fk;
 jfty;fs; (gpuhzpfs;)
 rpWtu; ,izaj;jsq;fs;
 rpWtu; rQ;rpiffs;
 rpWtu; E}y;fs;
fw;ww;N gWfs; :
 rpWtu; ghly;fis thrpj;J> mg;ghly;fspd; fUj;Jf;fis Mf;fj;jpwDld;
ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
 rpWtu; eifr;Ritf; fijfis ,urpj;J Mf;fj;jpwDld; ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
 tpQ;Qhdpfisg; gw;wp mwpe;J Mf;fj;jpwd;fis ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
 nra;Kiw tpsf;fq;fisg; Gupe;Jnfhz;L mjd;gb nraw;gLthu;.
 gpuhzpfs; gw;wpa jfty;fis mwpe;J Mf;fj;jpwDld; ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
 rpWtu; ,izaj;jsq;fs;> rpWtu; rQ;rpiffs;> rpWtu; E}y;fs; Mfpatw;iwg;
ghu;itaplL
; > mit njhlu;ghd Kf;fpa jfty;fis Mf;fj;jpwDld; rku;gg
; pgg
; hu;.
tsq;fs; :
 fij ml;ilfs;> ghly; ml;ilfs;> fzpdp> ,izaj;jsq;fs;> rpWtu;
rQ;rpiffs;> rpWtu; E}y;fs;> gpuhzpfs; gw;wpa jfty;fs;> fijfs;> ghly;fs;>
tpQQ; hdpfs; gw;wpa jfty;fs;> nra;Kiw tpsf;fk; Nghd;wtw;iw xyp> xspgg
; jpT
nra;j ,Wtl;Lfs;
nraw;ghL 1
 khztu;fSf;F “rpd;dr; rpd;dg; gwit” vd;w rpWtu; ghliy mwpKfk;
nra;Aq;fs;. ghbf; fhl;Lq;fs;> ftpij eilapy; khztu;fSld; Nru;e;J
thrpAq;fs;.
 tPl;bd; [d;dy;fspy;> nkhl;il khbfspy; Rw;wpj;jpupe;j mofpa rpl;Lf;FUtpfs;
,dk; ,d;W mUfp> moptpd; tpspk;gpy; cs;sd. fle;j 25 Mz;Lfspy; 60
rjtPj rpl;Lf;FUtpfs; mope;Jtpl;ljhf Ma;Tfs; $Wfpd;wd. fhyk; khwpaJ.
fhydhf ifg;Ngrpfs; te;jd. ifg;Ngrp miyfs; rpl;Lf;FUtp ,dj;ij
mopj;jd. ehs;NjhWk; jkJ tho;Tf;fhf mit vjpu;Nehf;Fk; gpur;rpidfis
kf;fSf;F vLj;Jf;$wp mjd; %yk; mtu;fSf;F xU tpopg;Gzu;it Vw;gLj;j
Mz;LNjhWk; khu;r; 20 Mk; jpfjpad;W (2010 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J) cyf
rpl;Lf;FUtpfs; ehshf epidT$ug;gLfpwJ.
130
rpd;dr; rpd;dg; gwit
rpd;dr; rpd;dg; gwitahd
rpl;Lf;FUtp>
Njbj;Njbj; jpuptnjd;d?
rpl;Lf;FUtp.
vd;d Ntz;Lk;? vd;d Ntz;Lk;?
rpl;Lf;FUtp.
vd;dplk;eP nrhy;yNtz;Lk;
rpl;Lf;FUtp.
czTNjbj; jpupfpd;whNah?
rpl;Lf;FUtp.
Cf;fkJ iftplhj
rpl;Lf;FUtp.
gzKk; Ntz;lhk;; fhRk;Ntz;lhk;
rpl;Lf;FUtp.
gr;irney;iy ehd;jUNtd;>
rpl;Lf;FUtp.
$Lfl;b tho;tjw;F
rpl;Lf;FUtp.
Fr;rpfisj; NjLfpd;whah?
rpl;Lf;FUtp.
ghLgl;L Ntiynra;a>
rpl;Lf;FUtp.
ghlnky;yhk; fw;Wj;jUk;
rpl;Lf;FUtp.
tPl;Lf;Fs;Ns ve;j,lk;
rpl;Lf;FUtp.
Ntz;LNkheP nrhy;ypLtha;
rpl;Lf;FUtp.
$l;ilmq;Nf fl;bf;nfhs;tha;
rpl;Lf;FUtp.
nfhLf;fNtz;lhk; thlifAk;
rpl;Lf;FUtp.
$l;ilehq;fs; fiyf;fkhl;Nlhk;
rpl;Lf;FUtp.
FQ;Rfisj; njhlTkhl;Nlhk;
rpl;Lf;FUtp.
Nrl;ilnahd;Wk; nra;akhl;Nlhk;
rpl;Lf;FUtp.
jpz;zk;,J jpz;zkhFk;
rpl;Lf;FUtp.
- mo. ts;spag;gh
131
 ,g;ghlypd; fUj;ij khztu;fSf;F czu;j;Jq;fs;. ghliy ehd;F ehd;F
mbfshfr; nrhy;ypf; nfhLq;fs;. ,g;ghliy vOjpatu; gw;wpAk; $Wq;fs;.
ghlYld; njhlu;Gila gy;NtW gapw;rpfis toq;Fq;fs;.
nraw;g hL 2
 ntz;z pyh vd;w ghliy khztu;fSf;Ff; ftpij eilapy; mwpKfk;

nra;Aq;fs;. mjd; gpd;du; ghlypd; Kjy; ,U mbfisAk; thrpAq;fs;. mjd;
gpd;du; ,t;tpU mbfshf tpsf;Fq;fs;.
vLj;J f; f hl;L :
ntz; z pyh
,Utpsf;fpy; xU tpsf;fhk; ntz;zpyhNt
,uhf;fhyj; njhspnfhLg;gha; ntz;zpyhNt
#upad;Ngha; kiwe;jgpd;G ntz;zpyhNt

J}anthsp gug;gpLtha; ntz;zpyhNt
japu;f;flypy; ntz;nza;Nghy ntz;zpyhNt

jdptpRk;gpw; wto;e;jpLtha; ntz;zpyhNt
ngz;fs; Kfk; Nghy;tUtha; ntz;zpyhNt

gpiwahfp tsu;e;jpLtha; ntz;zpyhNt
vz;zpuz;L fiyAlNd ntz;zpyhNt

vOe;Jepyhg; nghope;jpLtha; ntz;zpyhNt
tsu;e;Jgpd;G Nja;e;jpLtha; ntz;zpyhNt

tWiknry;t Kdf;FKz;Nlh ntz;zpyhNt
xU ehspy; kiwe;jpLtha; ntz;zpyhNt

xspapd;wp thLtNk ntz;zpyhNt
mKjnthsp gug;gptUk; ntz;zpyhNt

md;GlNd thopnad;Wk; ntz;zpyhNt
- f. NrhkRe;j ug; Gytu;

fUj;J:
,Utpsf;F - R+upaDk; re;jpuDk; fiy - re;jpudpd; ghfk;

J}anthsp - ntz;ikahd ntspr;rk; vz;zpuz;L - gjpdhW
mKjnthsp - Fspu;e;j ,dpa ntspr;rk; tpRk;G - Mfhak;
132
 mjd; gpd;du; ,t;tpU mbfshf khztu;fs; mg;gpahrf; nfhg;gpapy; vOjTk;
mt;tbfspd; fUj;ij tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sTk; cjTq;fs;. ,g;ghliy ,t;tpU
mbfshf tFg;gpy; vOjpf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jq;fs;. ghlYf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd
gapw;rpfis khztu;fSf;F toq;Fq;fs;.
nraw;g hL 3
 Nrtfdpd; Mo;e;j rpe;jid eifr;Ritf; fijia xypg;gjpT nra;J
khztu;fisr; nrtpkLf;fr; nra;Aq;fs;. mjd; gpd;du;> Mrpupau; fijia
thrpf;f khztu;fs; ftdpj;J nksdkhf thrpf;f topg;gLj;Jq;fs;. mjd;
gpd;du; khztu;fSld; Nru;e;J Mrpupau; fijia cuj;J thrpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: eifr;Ritf; fij
Nrtfdpd; Mo;ej
; rpe;jid
xu; muruplk; Nrtfd; xUtd; Ntiy nra;J te;jhd;. mtDf;Fr;
Rakhf rpe;jpf;fj; njupahJ. xU ehs; muru;; mtDld; ntspA+u;
nrd;whu;. topapy; ,Ul;b tpll
; J. vdNt mq;fpUe;j xU rj;jpuj;jpy;
jq;f KbT nra;jhu;.
Nrtfd;> Fjpiuia ntspapy; cs;s xU kuj;jpw; fl;bdhd;.
muru; Nrtfdplk;> “,uT KOtJk; epj;jpiu nfhs;shky;
Fjpiuiag; ghu;j;Jf; nfhs;” vd;whu;.
Nrtfd; “muNr! ,uT KOtJk; vg;gb epj;jpiu nfhs;shky;;
,Ug;gJ” vd;W Nfl;lhd;. murUk; “VNjDk; jPu;f;f Kbahj
gpur;rpid gw;wpr; rpe;jpj;Jf; nfhz;bU. epj;jpiu tuhJ” vd;whu;.
mtDk; rup vd;whd;.
mtd; vd;d nra;fpwhd; vd;gijr; Nrhjpf;f muru; tpUk;gpdhu;.
rpwpJ Neuk; fopj;J mq;Nf te;jhu;. muru; Nrtfidg; ghu;j;J>
“,g;NghJ vd;d Nahrpj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpwha;?” vd;W Nfl;lhu;.
“muNr> ehd; epj;jpiu nfhs;stpy; iy. thdpy; ,Uf;F k;
el;rj;jpuq;fs; jhdhf te;jjh? my;yJ ahNuDk; nfhz;L te;J
Nghl;lhu;fsh? vd;W Nahrpj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpNwd;.”vd;whd;.
ey;yJ vd;W $wpr; nrd;w muru;> es;sputpy; kPz;Lk; te;jhu;.
muru; Nrtfidg; ghu; j ; J > “,g; N ghJ vd; d Nahrpj; J f;
nfhz;bUf;fpwha;?” vd;W Nfl;lhu;. “muNr> flypy; cg;G jhdhf
te;jjh? my;yJ ahNuDk; nfhz;L te;J nfhl;bdhu;fsh? vd;W
NahrpjJ
; f; nfhz;bUf;fpNwd;.”vd;whd;.
murUk; epk;kjpAld; epj;jpiuf;Fr; nrd;whu;. fhiyapy; vOe;J
te;J Nrtfidg; ghu;j;jhu;. Nrtfd; Mo;e;j NahridAld;
,Ug;gijg; fz;lhu;. muru; kfpo;r;rp mile;jhu;. muru; Nrtfidg;
ghu;j;J> “,g;NghJ vd;d Nahrpj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpwha;?” vd;W
Nfl;lhu;. mjw;F mtd; “muNr> cq;fs; Fjpiu jhdhf Xb
tpl;ljh? my;yJ ahNuDk; jpUbr; nrd;W tpl;lhu;fsh? vd;W
Nahrpj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpNwd;.” vd;whd;.
muru; mjpu;r;rp mile;jhu;.
133
nraw;g hL 4
 fijapy; tUk; gpd;tUk; nrhw;fis itj;J fUj;Js;s thf;fpaq;fis Mf;fp

vOj topg;gLj;Jq;fs;. vOjpa thf;fpaq;fisr; rupahf cr;rupj;J thrpf;fTk;
topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
1. ntspA+u; : .............................................................................................................
2. Nrtfd; : .............................................................................................................
3. es;spuT : .............................................................................................................
4. epj;jpiu : .............................................................................................................
5. kfpo;r;rp : .............................................................................................................
nraw;g hL 5
 Nrtfdpd; Mo;e;j rpe;jid vd;w fijapy; tUk; ciuahly; thf;fpaq;fs;

njhlu;ghf khztu;fSld; fye;JiuahLq;fs;. khztu;fis Itu; nfhz;l
FOf;fshf;Fq;fs;. fPNo jug;gl;Ls;s ciuahly; thf;fpaq;fis ml;ilfspy;
vOjp xU FOTf;F Xu; ml;il tPjk; toq;Fq;fs;. fye;JiuahLq;fs;. FOthf
khztu;fs; ciuahly; thf;fpaq;fis Vw;w ,wf;fq;fSld; thrpj;Jf;
fpufpff
; Tk; topgg
; Lj;Jq;fs;. fijapy; tUk; Kf;fpa ciuahly;fis mg;gpahrf;
nfhg;gpapy; vOjp tFg;gpd; Kd; jhkhf Kd;te;J thrpf;fTk; Mu;t%l;Lq;fs;.
vLj;J f; f hl;L :
1. muru; Nrtfdplk;> “,uT KOtJk; epj;jpiu nfhs;shky;

Fjpiuiag; ghu;j;J f; nfhs;”vd;w hu;.
2. Nrtfd; “muNr! ,uT KOtJk; vg; g b epj; j piu

nfhs;shky;; ,Ug;gJ” vd;W Nfl;lhd;.
3. murUk; “VNjDk; jPu ;f ;f Kbahj gpur;rpid gw;w pr;

rpe;j pj;J f;n fhz;bU. epj;j piu tuhJ” vd;w hu;.
4. muru; Nrtfidg; ghu;j;J> “,g;NghJ vd;d Nahrpj;Jf;

nfhz;bUf;fpwha;?” vd;W Nfl;l hu;.
5. “muNr> ehd; epj;jpiu nfhs;stpy;iy. thdpy; ,Uf;Fk;

el; r j; j puq; f s; jhdhf te; j jh? my; y J ahNuDk;
nf hz;Lte;J Nghl;lhu;f sh? v d;W Nahrpj;Jf ;
nfhz;bUf;f pNwd;.” vd;whd;.
 fijapy; tUk; NtW ciuahly; thf;fpaq;fis khztu;fs; thrpjJ

; f; fpufpjJ
;
epidTgLj;jp Mf;fG+u;tkhf Kd;itf;f Cf;fkspAq;fs;.
134
nraw;g hL 6
 Njhk]; my;th vbrd; gw;wpj; jug;gl;Ls;s jfty;fis khztu;fs; Rygkhf
fpufpjJ
; f; nfhs;tjw;fhf xypgg ; jpT nra;J nrtpkLf;f Mu;t%l;Lq;fs;. ,jD}lhf
fpufpj;Jr; nrtpkLf;Fk; jpwd; tsUk; vd;gij epidtpw; nfhs;Sq;fs;.
 khztu; fs; fUj; J}d;w p thrpf; fTk; jfty;f isj; jpul;b f; nfhs; sTk;
tha; g ; G fis toq; F q; f s; . mjd; gpd; d u; tpdhf; f Sf; F tpil vOj
Cf;fg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
Njhk]; My;th vbrd; uapy; epiyaj;jpy; je;jp ,af;Fgtuhfg; gzpahw;wpa

NghJ> uapy; ngl;biaNa mr;rfkhf khw;wp
cyf tuyhw;wpy; mjpf fz;Lgpbg;GfSf;Fr; tPf;yp nùhy;L thug; gj;jpupifia mr;rpl;L
ntspapl;lhu;. mq;F Nrhjidf; $lk; mikj;J
nrhe;jf;fhuhd Njhk]; My;th vbridg; gw;wpa fz;L gpbg;Gf;fisj; njhlq;fpdhu;.
mupa Kj;Jf;fs; gj;J :
xUKiw mq;F mtu; itj;jpUe;j ngh];gu];
vupe;J uapy; ngl;bapy; jPg ;gw;w paJ. uapy;Nt
mnkupf;fhtpd; Xi`Nah khepyj;jpy; gpwe;jtu;. mjpfhup Mj;jpukile;J miwe;jjpy; mtuJ xU
FLk;gk; kpr;rpfdpy; cs;sA+Nuhd; JiwKfg; gf;ff; fhJ Nfl;fhky; NghdJ.
gFjpf;F ,lkngau;e;jJ. mg;gh ku tpahghup. rpW ,tu; jd; tho;ehspy; fz;lwpe;j tp\aq;fs;
tajpy; ];fhu;yl; fha;rr
; yhy; ghjpff; g;gl;l vbrd; nkhj;jk; 1300. cyf rupj;jpuj;jpy; NtW vtUk;
vl;L tajpy; gs;spapy; Nru;ff
; g;gl;lhu;. mUfpy; neUq;f Kbahj vz;zpfi ; f ,J. 1093
fz;L gpbg; G fSf; F fhg; G upik ngw; w hu; .
,j;jidf;Fk; mwptpay;> fzpjk; vd;W vijAk;
Mrpupau; jpl;bajhy; %d;Nw khjq;fspy; mtiu Kiwahf fw;wtu; my;y.
gs;spiatpl;L epWj;jpa mk;kh> jhNd ghlk;
nrhy;ypj; je;jhu;.ghlq;fNshL> iggps;> ey;y nkd;Nyh ghu;f; gFjpapy; 1876 ,y; Muha;rr; pf$
; lk;
mikj; j hu; . kpd; r huf; F kpo; > fpuhk/Nghd; >
E}y;fisg; gbf;FkhW mg;gh $wpdhu;. xt;nthU Nghd;wit ,tuJ fz;L gpbg;Gfspw;; Fwpg;gplj;
Gj;jfk; gbj;J Kbj;j NghJk; 10 nrd;l; mspj;J jf;fit.
Njhk]; my;th vbrid cw;rhfg;Lj;jpdhu;. xU rhjidia epfo;j;jpa gpwF> mjw;fhd
ghuhl;Lfisg; ngw mtu; mq;Nf ,Uf;f khl;lhu;.
ghu;f;Fk; vijAk; Nrhjpj;J mwpAk; Mu; tk; rpW mLj;j fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fhf Muha;rr ; pf; $lj;Jf;Fs;
tajpy; ,Ue; N j mtUf; F cz; L . Nfhop NghapUg;ghu;. ,Jgw;wp Nfl;lhy;> New;iwa fz;L
gpbg;G gw;wp Ngrp ,d;i wa Neuj;ij tPzbf;f
milfhj;J FQ;R nghupg;gijg; ghu;j; j rpWtd; tpUk;gtpyi ; y vd;ghu;.
vbrd; jhDk; Kl;ilfs; Nky; mku;eJ ; Nrhjid
nra;J ghu;jj
; pUf;fpwhd;. Njhk]; my;th vbrd; vz;gj;J ehd;f htJ
tajpy; kiwe;;jhu;. mtuJ cliy mlf;fk;
nra;Ak; NghJ> md;iwa mnkupf;f mjpgupd;
uprr
; u;l; ghu;ff
; u;> Njhk]; igd;> Nru; Irf; epA+ll
; d; cj; j utpd; Ngupy; > mnkupf; f h KOtJk;
MfpNahupd; Gj; j fq; f s; cl; g l Vuhskhd kpd;; tpsf;Ffs; xU epkplk; mizf;fg;gl;ld.
Gj;jfq;fis 11 taJf;Fs; fw;Wj; Nju;ej ; hu; vbrd;. ed;wp: ,e;J
 khztu;fs; fUj;J}d;wp thrpff

; Tk; jfty;fisj; jpul;bf;nfhs;sTk; tha;gG
; fis
toq;Fq;fs;. mjd; gpd;du; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil vOj Cf;fg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
nraw;g hL 7
 khztu;fs; fpufpjJ
; j; Jyq;Ftjw;fhfTk; Mf;fj;jpwid ntspgg
; Lj;Jtjw;fhfTk;
nra;Kiw tpsf;fj;ijg; gpd;gw;wp khztu;fs; nraw;gLtjw;F cjTq;fs;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
tz;zf; Nfhyq;fs;
135
 khztu;fs; vy;NyhiuAk; fz;zhbf; Ftis xd;Wk; czTr; rhaq;fs;
%d;Wk; nfhz;L tUkhW (xU thuj;jpw;F Kd;dNu) $Wq;fs;.
 mtu;fs; nfhz;L te;j fz;zhbf; Ftisapy; Kw;W KOjhf ePu; epuk;gf;

$ba tifapy; ePiu epug;GkhW $Wq;fs;.
 khztu;fis ntspNa nrd;W kuq;fSf;F fPNo tpOe;Js;s %d;W kpfr;

rpwpa ,iyfis vLj;J tUkhW $Wq;fs;.
 mtu;fs; nfhz;L te;j %d;W ,iyfspYk; %d;W epw czTr; rhaj;

Jspfis (rptg;G> kQ;rs;> ePyk;) ,l;L fz;zhbf; Ftis ePupy; kpjf;f
tpLkhW $Wq;fs;.
 khztu;fisf; $u;e;J rpwpJ Neuk; ePu;f; Ftisia mtjhdpf;FkhW

$Wq;fs;.
 ePuf
; ; Ftisf;Fs; Njhd;Wk; tz;zf; Nfhyq;fis mtjhdpf;fpd;whu;fsh
vd Nehf;Fq;fs;.
 khztu;fs; mwpTWj;j y;fisg; gpd;gw;wp;r; nraw;gLtjw;Fk; Mf;fj;jpwid

ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;F k; cjTq;fs;. ,r; nraw;ghl;il jkJ nkhopeilapy;
$Wtjw;Fk; mg;gpahrf; nfhg;gpapy; vOjp thrpg;gjw;Fk; topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
 tz;zf; Nfhyq;fs; nra;Kiw tpsf;fj;ijg; gpd;gw;wpr; nra;Ak; NghJ fpufpj;jw;

jpwDk; Mf;fj;jpwDk; tpuptilfpwJ vd;gij epidtpw; nfhs;Sq;fs;.
khztu;fs; jkJ Mf;fj;jpwid ntspg;gLj;j tha;g;Gfis toq;Fq;fs;.
nraw;g hL 8
 khztu;fs; gpuhzpfs; gw;wpa jfty;fisj; jpul;b vOj topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.

gpuhzpfs; gw;wpa jfty;fis mg;gpahrf; nfhg;gpapy; Fwpj;J tFg;gpd; Kd;
thrpj;Jf;fhl;l khztu;fis topg;gLj;Jq;fs;. mjd; gpd;du; gpuhzpfs;
njhlu;ghd tpdhf;fSf;F tpilnaOj newpg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
vLj;Jf;f hl;L : 1
fpuhkk;> efuk;> G+q;fh> kuk;> nrb>

nfhb vd vq;F Ntz;LkhdhYk; rpl;Lf; FUtpfs;
$L fl;b thOk;.
rpl;Lf; FUtpfs; rpW rpW
$l;lq;fshf trpf;Fk;.
Mz; FUtpfSf;F rhk;gy;
epwj;jpy; rpwpa nfhz;il
,Uf;Fk;.
ngz; FUtpfSf;F nfhz;il
,Uf;fhJ. jq;fSf;Fs; rpwpa rj;jq;fs;>
,iltplhj fPf;Rr; Fuy;fs;
rpl;Lf; FUtpfspd; MAl;fhyk; %yk; kw;iwa FUtpfisj;
Rkhu; gd;dpuz;L Mz;Lfs; njhlu;G nfhs;fpd;wd.
MFk;.
136
vLj;Jf;f hl;L : 2
nraw;g hL 9
 khztu;fis fzpdpf;$lj;jpw;F mioj;Jr;nry;Yq;fs;. rpWtu; ,izaj;

jsq;fis thrpjJ
; f; fpufpj;J Mf;fG+ut
; khd tplaq;fisj; jpul;bf; nfhs;sTk;
khztu;fSf;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fq;fs;.
vLj;J f; f hl;L :
ney;ypapy; KO ney;yp> miu ney;yp

mjpakhd; fdp! vd ,U tiffs; cz; L . ney; y p> fdp
tifiar; Nru;e;jJ vd;whYk;> ehk; fha; vd;Wk;
miof; fpNwhk;.
xsita hUf; F
mj pa kh d; ney;ypf;fhapy; tpw;wkpd; rp.gp. jhkpuk;>
ne y; y p f; f dpia f; fy;rpak;> ngh];gu]; kw;Wk; khq;fdPR> Gujk;>
nfhLj; j fij> Rz;z hk;Gr; rj;J> ePu;r;rj;J> ,Uk;Gr; rj;Jfs;
ek; vy; N yhUf;F k; ,Uf; fpd; wd.
nj up Ak; .
E}w; w hz;L tho n e y; y p f; fh i a g o ur k; > C W fha ; >
itf; f f; $baJ Jitay; vd ve;j tbtj;jpy; rhg;gpl;lhYk;.
vd; W nrhy; y g;g Lk; mjpy; cs; s tpw; w kpd; f s; mopahJ. Ntf
ne y; y p f; f dpap y; itj;jhYk;> fha itj;jhYk; mjpy; cs;s
Vuhskhd rj; J fs; tpw;wkpd;fs; mopahj; jd;ik nfhz;lit.
cs; s d.
Gspg;G> Jtu;g;G> ,dpg;G Rit nfhz;lJ.
ney; y pf; f ha; > grpiaj; J}z; L k; > m[P u zf;
Nfhshiw ePf;Fk;. ,uj;jj;ij J}a;ikg;gLj;Jk;>
rspia Nghf;Fk;. itu];> ghf;Bupah Nghd;w
Ez;Zapu;fis vjpu;f;Fk;. euk;gpay; NfhshW
fisAk; tuhky; jLf;Fk;.
ney;yp cliy Fspu;r;rpa+l;lf;$baJ.
,jdhy; kj;jpa fhyj;jpy; fha;r;rYf;F rpfpr;ir
mspf;Fk; kUe;jhf ,ijg; gad;gLj;jpdhu;fs;.
MAu;Ntjk;> Adhdp kUj;Jt Kiwfspy;
ney; y pkuj; j pd; ,iy> gl; i l> fha; > tpij
midj;Jk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
ed;wp
137
nraw;g hL 10
 tFg;giw Gj;jf %iyapy; rpWtu; rQ;rpiffisj; jpul;b itj;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs;.

mr;rQ;rpiffspy; jkf;Fg; gpbj;j gf;fq;fis thrpff
; Tk; Njitahd gFjpfis
khztu;fs; vOjf; nfhs;sTk; Cf;fg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
vLj;J f; f hl;L :
Gj;jprhyp ML
XU fhl;by; mwpT epuk;gpa ML xd;W ,Ue;jJ. mJ gf;fj;J fhl;by; ,Ue;j>
jd; ez;gidg; ghu;j;J tpl;L tu tpUk;gpaJ. jd; ez;gDf; F md;gspg;ghfj; ju> xU
Flk; epiwaj; Njid vLj;jthW Gwg;gl;lJ.
ghjp fhl;ilj; fle;jJ. jpBnud;W> kio gpbj;Jf; nfhz;lJ. kiof;F xJq;f
mUfpy; ,Ue;j Fiff;Fs; Eioe;j ML> jpLf;fpl;lJ. cs;N s xU rpq;fKk;> xU
GypAk;> xU XehAk; ,Ue;jd.
Ml;il ghu;jj
; Jk;> rpqf
; j;jpd; ehtpy; vr;rpy; CwpaJ. “th... th mQ;rhky; th!”
vd;W mioj;jJ.
‘‘ehq;fSk; kiof;fhfj;jhd; ,q;F xJq;f te;Njhk;” vd;wJ Gyp. ‘‘ePAk; mjw;fhfj;jhNd
te;jha;” vd;wJ Xeha;.
“,d; Dk; rpwpJ Neuj;jpy; > ,it %d;Wk; vd;idg; gpbf;fg; Nghfpd; wd. ehd;
Vkhwf; $lhJ” vd;d nra;tJ vd;W eLq;fpagb rpe;jpj;jJ ML.
‘‘Flj;jpw;Fs; vd;d nfhz;L te;J ,Uf;fpwha;? ,dpa kzk; tPRfpwNj” vd;W

Nfl;lJ rpqf
; k;.
mg;NghJ ey;y jpl;lk; xd;W> Ml;bd; cs;sj;jpy; Njhd;wpaJ.
‘‘Flj;jpw; Fs; ,Ug;gJ xU kUe;J. mij ahu; rhg; gpl;lhYk; kpFe;j typik
cilatu;fshf Mthu;fs;” vd;wJ ML.
‘‘ehd; ey; y typikNahL ,Uf;fpNwd;. ,d;D k; typik ngw tpUk;GfpNwd;.
me;j kUe;ij vdf;Ff; nfhL” vd;wJ rpq;fk;.
‘‘typik ngwNtz;Lkhdhy;> ,e;j kUe;Jld; ,d;Dk; xU nghUisr; Nru;f;f
Ntz;Lk;. mg;NghJjhd; kUe;J gad;jUk;” vd;wJ ML.
‘‘vd;d Nru;f;f Ntz;Lk; nrhy;?” vd;wJ fu;[pj;jJ rpq;fk;. “Xehapd; thiy>
,e;j kUe;Jld; Nru;f;f Ntz;Lk;” vd;wJ ML.
, ij f; N fl ; l Xeh a;
eLq;fpaJ. rpq;fj; ijg; ghu;j ;J>
vd;id mg;gbg; ghu;f;fhjPu;fs;
vd;W mywpagb Fifia tpl;L
ntspNa te;jJ.
‘‘epy; XlhNj!” vd;W
fl;lis ,l;lJ rpqf
; k;.
‘‘ePqf
; s; NkYk; typik
ngWtij Xeha; tpUk;gtpy;iy.
thiyf; nfhLj;j hy; vd;d ?
capuh Nghfg; NghfpwJ>” vd;wJ
ML.
‘‘ed;wpapy; y hj Xeha;>
mijg; g pbj; J mjd; thiy
m W j ; J t U f p N w d ; . ”v d ; W
fu;[pj;jJ rpqf ; k;.
Xeha; Xl> rpqf
; k; Juj;jj;
Jtq;fpaJ. ,uz;Lk; ntF J}uk;
Xbd.
138
nraw;g hL 11
 rpWtu; E}y;fisg; ghu;itapl E}yfj;jpw;F mioj;Jr; nry;Yq;fs;. mq;F

rpWtu; E}y;fisg; ghu;itapl mDkjpAq;fs;. khztu;fs; njupTnra;Ak; E}y;
xd;wpd; ngau;> mjid vOjpatupd; ngau;> E}ypd; tpiy> cs;slf;fj;jpy;
cs; s jiyg; G fs; Nghd; w tpguq; fis mg; g pahrf; nfhg; g papy; vOj
topg;gLj;Jq;fs;. vy;yh khztu;fSk; jhk; njupT nra;j Gj;jfk; njhlu;ghd
tpguq;fisj; jpul;b vOj topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : (khjpup)
E}y; tpguk;
E}y; jiyg;G : rpWtu; nre;jkpo;
Mrpupau; : f.NrhkRe;jug; Gytu;
nkhop : jkpo;
gjpgG
; : 2004
cupik : MrpupaUf;F
gf;fq;fs; : 164
vOj;jsT : 12 Gs;sp
ethypA+u ;
E}ypd; tpiy : &.120.00
f.NrhkRe; j ug; Gytu;
E}ypd; ngau; : .........................................................
E}yhrpupau; ngau; : .........................................................
Gj;jfj;jpd; tpiy : .........................................................
Gj;jfj;jpd; gf;fq;fs; : .........................................................
Gj;jfj;ijg; gw;wpa rpW Fwpg;G : .........................................................

.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
fzpg;gPL :
 rpWtu; ghly;fspd; fUj;ijg; Gupe;Jnfhs;sy;

 rpWtu; eifr;Ritf; fijfis Mf;fG+u;tkhf ntspg;gLj;jy;
 tpQ;Qhdpfisg; gw;wpf; $Wjy;> jfty;fisj; jpul;Ljy;> vOJjy;
 ,izaj;jsj;ijg; ghu;itaply;> tplaq;fis thrpj;jy;
 rpWtu; rQ;rpiffis tpUg;Gld; thrpj;jy;
 rpWtu; E}y;fspy; ,Ue;J jfty;fisg; ngwy;> mwpf;ifg;gLj;jy;
139
10 L10 S10 R10 W10
Nju;r;r pfs; :
L10 – epak nkhopg; gpuNahfj;jpw;fhfr; nrtpkLg;ghu;.
S10 – epak nkhopg; gpuNahfj;jpw;fhfg; NgRthu;.
R10 – epak nkhopg; gpuNahfj;jpw;fhfTk; nkhopg; gapw;rpf;fhfTk; thrpg;ghu;.
W10 – epak nkhopg; gpuNahfj;jpw;fhfTk; nkhopg; gapw;rpf;fhfTk; vOJthu;.
cs; s lf; f k; :
 xspg; glq;fs;
 gbg;gpid jUk; fijfs;
 ,izaj;jsq;fs;
fw; w w;N gWfs; :
 xspg; glq;fisg; ghu;j;J tpsq;fp epak nkhopapy; tpgupg;ghu;> vOJthu;.

 gbg;gpid jUk; fijfis thrpj;J epak nkhopapy; $Wthu;> vOJthu;.
 rpWtu; ,izaj; jsq;fisg; ghu;itapLtjD}lhfg; ngWk;; jfty;fis epak
nkhopapy; $Wthu;. vOjp thrpg;ghu;.
 nkhopg; gapw;rpf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fisf; fUj;J}d;wpr; nrtpkLg;gJld; thrpj;J
tpsq;fp tpdhf;fSf;Fr; rupahf tpilaspf;f Kay;thu;;.
tsq;fs; :
 xspg; glq;fs;> fijg;gl ml;ilfs;> fzpdp (,izak;); > nkhopgg
; apwr
; p ml;ilfs;

nraw;ghL 1
 khztu;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd xspg; glq;fisj; njupT nra;J> gpujpnaLj;J
khztu; fSf; F toq; F q;f s; . mg;g lq; fisg; ghu; j ; J epak nkhopapy;
thf;fpaq;fis vOjp epWj;jf;Fwpfis ,l topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
vLj;J f; f hl;L :
140
 xspgg
; lj;ijg; ghu;jJ
; epfo;fhyj;jpNyNa thf;fpaq;fis vOj NtzLk; vd;gij
typAWj;jpf; $Wq;fs;.
1. ...................................................................................................................................
2. ...................................................................................................................................
3. ...................................................................................................................................
nraw;ghL 2
 “Neu;ik nfhz;l cs;sk;” vd;w gbg;gpid jUk; fijiaf; fw;gpg;gjw;F
%d;W ehl;fis xJf;fpf; nfhs;Sq;fs;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L :
kupahij ,uhkdpd; jPu;g;Gfs; midj;Jk; Gfo;ngw;w fijfshf
kf;f splk; ,d;W k; Ngrg;gLfpd;wJ. mf;fijfspypUe;J xU fij
Neu;ik nfhz;l cs;sk;

gFjp - xd;W
kupahij ,uhkd; trpj;J te;j Cupy; Nrhkd; vd;w xU gzf;fhuu; ,Ue;jhu;.

mtu; kpfTk; nghy;yhjtu;. gzj;jhir gpbj;jtu;. jd;dplk; Ntiy nra;gtu;fSf;F
rupahd $yp nfhLf;fkhl;lhu;.
xU Kiw Nrhkd; jd; Njhl;lj;jpy; tpise;j Njq;fha;fis re;ijapy; tpw;whu;.
fpilj;j gzj;Jld; jd;Dila khl;L tz;bapy; fhl;L topahf tPl;Lf;F
tUk; NghJ jdJ gzg;igiaj; njhiyj;Jtpl;lhu;.
tPl;L f;F te;jJk; gzg;igiaj; Njbdhu;. midtiuAk; Nfl;L ghu;j;Jf;
fpilf;fhikahy; vd;d nra;tJ vd;W njupahky; tpopj;jhu;. mg;NghJ mtuJ
kidtp; “gzg;igiaf; fz;Lgpbj;Jf; nfhLg;gtu;fSf;Fj; jFe;j rd;khdk;
nfhLf; fpNwd; vd; W nrhy; Yq; fs;. fz;bg;ghf ahuhtJ nfhz; L te;J
nfhLg;ghu;fs;” vd;whu;. ,J ey;y Nahrid vd;W epidj;jhu;. clNd Cu;
KOtJk; jz;Nlhuh Nghl;L nrhy;yptpl;lhu;. Cu; kf;fSk; gzg;ig fpilj;jhy;
nfhLj;Jr; rd;khdk; thq;fyhk; vd;W epidj;jhu;fs;. mg;gbj; Njbg; ghu;j;Jk;
ahUf;Fk; gzg;ig fpilf;ftpy;iy.
,e;jr; rk;gtk; ele;J xU thuj;jpw;Fg; gpd;G me;j CUf;F xU topg;Nghf;fu;
te;jhu;. mtu; ngau; G+ghyd;. kpfTk; ey;y FzKilatu;. Vioahf ,Ue;jhYk;
nfsutkhf tho epidg;gtu;. jd;dhy; Kbe;jtiu mLj;jtu;fSf;F cjTgtu;.
tptrhak; nra;a ePu; fpilf;fhjjhy; mtuhy; tptrhak; nra;a Kbatpy;iy.
NtW njhopy; nra;aNth mtuplk; gzKk; mDgtKk; ,y;iy. gf;fj;J CUf;Fr;
nrd;W VjhtJ Ntiy nra;J> rk;ghjpj;Jj; njhopy; njhlq;f epidj;J> me;j
CUf;F te;jhu;.
mg;gbf; fhl;Ltopahy; tUk; NghJ mq;Nf xU Gwh mbg;gl;Lf; fPNo fple;jJ.
mijf; fz;L ,uf;fg;gl;l G+ghyd; Gwhit J}f;fpdhu;. mUfpy; ,Ue;j Fsj;jpwF
; f;
nfhz;L nrd;W jz;zPiu vLj;J Gwhtpd; thapy; Cw;wpdhu;. gpd;du; me;j
Gwhit mUfpy; ,Ue;j kuf;fpisapy; itj;Jtpl;L te;jhu;. mtu; mg;gb
tUk; NghJ fhypy; VNjh jl;Lg;gl;lijf; fz;lhu;. mJ xU ig. mij
vLj;jhu;. jpwe;J ghu;j;jhu;. mjw;Fs; gzkpUe;jJ.
141
njhiyj;jtiuf; fz;Lgpbj;J nfhLj;Jtpl Ntz;Lk; vd;W me;j CUf;F
tpiue;jhu;. mq;fpUe;j fil xd;wpy; tprhupj;jhu;. filf;fhuu; Nrhkidg;
gw;wpf; $wpdhu;. “mtu; jhd; njhiyj;jtu;; ePq;fs; ,e;jg; igiaf; nfhLj;jhy;>
fz;bg;ghf kfpo;r;rpailthu;; cq;fSf;Fr; rd;khdk; nfhLg;ghu;’’ vd;whu;.
 fijapd; Kjw;gFjpia khztu;fs; FOthf thrpjj ; gpdd
; u; vd;d ele;jpUf;Fk;
vd khztu;fsplk; Nfl;lwpAq;fs;. mtu;fs; $Wgtw;iwr; RUf;fkhf mg;gpahrf;
nfhg;gpapy; vOjp tFg;gpd; Kd; thrpf;f topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
 ,uz;lhk; ehs; “Neu;ik nfhz;l cs;sk;” vd;w fijapd; Kjw; gFjpapd;

RUf;fj;ijf; $Wq;fs;. vOkhwhf rpy khztu;fis mioj;J fijapd;
Kjw; gFjpia $w topg;gLj;Jq;fs;. mjd; gpd;du; fijapd; ,uz;lhk;
gFjpia khztu;fSf;F thrpj;Jf; fhl;Lq;fs;. fijapd; ,uz;lhk;; gFjpia
gpujp vLj;J vy;yh khztu;fSf;Fk; toq;Fq;fs;.
Neu;ik nfhz;l cs;sk;

gFjp - ,uz;L
G+ghyDk; Nrhkd; tPl;ilj; Njbg; gpbj;J> mtuplk; gzg;ig fpilj;j tpguj;ijf;

$wpdhu;. NrhkDf;F re;Njhrk; jhq;fKbatpy;iy. clNd me;jg; gzg;igia
thq;fpf; nfhz;lhu;. mNj Neuk; mtuJ jPa vz;zKk; ntspg;glj; njhlq;fpaJ.
“gzg;ig fpilj;J tpll ; J> gzKk; rupahf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,g;NghJ Vd; ,tDf;F
rd;khdk; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. rd;khdk; nfhLf;fhky; jg;gpff; vd;d nra;ayhk;”
vd;W Nrhkd; Nahrpj;jhu;.
Nrhkd; G+ghyidg; ghu;j;J “eP vd;id Vkhw;wg; ghu;f;fpwha;; ehd; vd;Dila
igapy; itu Nkhjpuk; xd;iwAk; itj;j pUe;Njd;; mijf; fhztpy;iy;
kupahijahff; nfhLj;J tpL; cd;id Rk;kh tplkhl;Nld;” vd;W fj;jpdhu;.
G+ghyDf;F xd;WNk Gupatpy;iy> “xUNtis ,tu; $wpaJ Nghd;W itu
Nkhjpuk; ,Ue;J njhiye;J NghapUf;Fkh! ehd; jhd; vLf;ftpy;iyNa> ,tuplk;
rd;khdk; thq;Ftij tpl gpur;rpidapy; ,Ue;J vt;thW tpLglyhk;” vd;W
Nahrpj;jhu;.
NrhkNdh tplhky; fj;jp Mu;g;ghl;lk; nra;jhu;. G+ghyd; gzg;ig nfhz;L
te;j nra;jpia CuhUf;Ff; $wpa filf;fhuu;> “fQ;rdhd Nrhkd; mg;gb
vd;djhd; gupR nfhLf;fg; Nghfpd;whd; vd;W ghu;g;Nghk;” vd;W midtiuAk;
mioj;J te;jhu;. te;j ,lj;jpy; G+ghyd; Fw;wthsp Nghy; epw;gij fz;l
Cuhu; “Nrhkid Rk;kh tplf;$lhJ. ,e;j gpur;ridia kupahij ,uhkdplk;
jhd; nfhz;L nrd;W jPu;g;G Nfl;f Ntz;Lk;” vd;W $wpdhu;fs;.
 fijapd; ,uz;lhk; gFjpia khztu;fs; FOthf thrpj;j gpd;du; ePq;fs; ,g;

gpur; r pidf; F vt; t hwhd jP u; g ; g pid toq; F tP u; f s; vd khztu; f splk;
Nfl;lwpAq;fs;.
 jPug
; ;gpid mg;gpahrf; nfhg;gpapy; vOjp tFg;gpd; Kd; thrpff
; topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
jkJ jPu;gg ; pidf; $wpa khztu;fs; vy;NyhiuAk; ghuhl;Lq;fs;.
142
 %d;whk; ehs; “Neu;i k nfhz;l cs;sk;” vd;w fijapd; ,uz;lhk; gFjpapd;
RUf;fj;ijf; $Wq;fs;. vOkhwhf rpy khztu;fis mioj;J fijapd;
,uz;lhk; gFjpia $w topg;gLj;Jq;fs;. mjd; gpd;du; fijapd; ,Wjpg;
gFjpia khztu;fSf;F thrpj;Jf; fhl;Lq;fs;. fijapd; ,Wjpg;; gFjpia
gpujp vLj;J vy;yh khztu;fSf;Fk; toq;Fq;fs;.
 khztu; f is ,UtupUtuhf; f p> fijapd; ,Wjpg; gFjpia thrpf; f

topg;gLj;Jq;fs;. vOkhwhf rpy khztu;fis mioj;Jf; fijapd; ,Wjpg;;
gFjpiaf; $w topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
vLj;J f; f hl;L :
Neu;i k nfhz; l cs;s k;

gFjp - %d;W
rpwpJ Neuj;jpy; Nrhkd;> G+ghyd;> Cu; kf;fs; midtUk; kupahij ,uhkd;

Kd;dhy; Ngha; epd;whu;fs;. kupahij ,uhkdplk; Nrhkd; jdJ gzg;igAk;
mjpy; ,Ue;j itu NkhjpuKk; njhiye;j fijiaf; $wpdhu;. G+ghyd; jhd;
gzg;igf; fz;Lgpbj;j fijiaf; $wpdhu;.
Vw;fdNt Nrhkd; mwptpj;j jz;Nlhuh gw;wp kupahij ,uhkDf;Fj; njupAk;.
mg;NghJ jz;Nlhuh NghLk; NghJ ituNkhjpuk; gw;wp xd;Wk; nrhy;yhjJk;
mtUf;Fj; njupAk;.
Nrhkd; Vkhw;Wfpd;whu; vd;gij Gupe;J nfhz;l kupahij ,uhkd;> NrhkDf;F
rupahd jz;lid nfhLf;f epidj;jhu;. “Nrhkd; njhiyj;j igapy; gzKk;
itu NkhjpuKk; ,Ue;jJ vd;W mtNu nrhy;ypapUf;fpwhu;. G+ghyd; nfhz;L
te;j igapy; gzk; kl;LNk cs;sJ. MfNt ,J Nrhkdpd; igNa ,y;iy>
NtW ahNuh njhiyj;j ig ,J. mg;gbj; njhiyj;jtu; ahUk; ,Jtiu
Gfhu; nfhLf;ftpy;iy. mt;thW ahUk; Gfhu; nfhLf;fhjtiu vq;fs; Cu;
tof;fg;gb fpilj;j gzj;jpy; gj;J rjtPjj;ijf; Nfhapy; nryTf;Ff; nfhLj;J
tpl;L> kPjpia vLj;jtNu itj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;. Nrhkdpd; gzk; kw;Wk; itu
Nkhjpuk; nfhz;l igiaf; fz;Lgpbj;jTld; NrhkNd rd;khdk; nfhLg;ghu;”
vd;W jPu;g;Gf; $wpdhu;.
kupahij ,uhkd; jPug
; G
; f; $wpaJk; NrhkDf;F ,jaNk epd;WtpLk; NghypUe;jJ.
G+ghyd; fpilj;j gzj;jpy; gj;J rjtPjj;ijf; NfhapYf;Ff; nfhLj;Jtpl;L>
kPjpia jd; nrhe;j CUf;Ff; nfhz;L nrd;W njhopy; nra;J eykhf tho;e;J
te;jhu;.
 kupahij ,uhkd; toq;fpa jPu;g;gpid mg;gpahrf; nfhg;gpapy; epak nkhopapy;

vOj topg;gLj;Jq;fs;. g+ghydpd; Fztpay;Gfisg; gw;wp khztu;fs; Rakhff;
$wTk; vOjTk; topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
 mjd; gpd;du;> tpdhf;fis toq;fp> tpilfis epak nkhopapy; vOj

topg;gLj;Jq;fs;. ,Jtiu fw;wtw;wpypUe;J gy;NtW tpjkhd gapw;rpfis
toq;Fq;fs;.
143
nraw;g hL 3
 “ nghWikf;Fk; ew;gz;gpw;Fk; fpilj;j gupR|| vd;w fijia khztu;fSf;F
thrpj;Jf;fhl;Lq;fs;. khztu;fisAk; thrpf;f topg;gLj;Jq;fs;. mjd; gpd;du;
tpdhf;fSf;F tpil vOJk; gapw;rpia toq;Fq;fs;.
vLj;J f; f hl;L :
nghWikf;Fk; ew;gz;gpw;Fk; fpilj;j gupR
rpw;W}u; vd;w fpuhkj;jpy; rpy Mz;Lfshf kioNa nga;atpy;iy. me;j Cupy;

fLk; gQ;rk; epytpaJ. kf;fs; grpahy; thbdu;. ey;y cs;sk; gilj;j nry;te;ju;
xUtu; jpdKk; mt;T+u; kf;fSf;F kjpa czit toq;f tpUk;gpdhu;.
,sfpa cs;sk; nfhz;l mtu;> “,e;j Cupy; cs;stu;fs; ahUk; grpahy; thl
Ntz;lhk;. jpdKk; kjpa czT toq;f Vw;ghL nra;fpNwd;||vd;W Cu;g; ngupa
tu;fsplk; $wpdhu;.
mtu;> jd; cjtpahsiu mioj;jhu;. me;j Cupy; cs;s FLk;gq;fspd;

vz;zpf;ifiaf; fzf;nfLj;Jf; nfhz;L tUkhW $wpdhu;.
cjtpahsu; fzf;nfLj;J te;j vz;zpf;iff;F Vw;g kjpa czit nghjp

nra;J nghJ ,lnkhd;wpy; itj;J toq;f Vw;ghL nra;jhu;.
czTg; nghjpiag; ngWtjw;F xt;nthUtUk; Nghl;b Nghl;ldu;. Mdhy;> xNu

xU rpWtd; kl;Lk; mikjpahf ,Ue;jhd;. vy;NyhUk; vLj;Jr; nrd;wJ Nghf>
kpQ;rp ,Ue;j XU czTg; nghjpia vLj;Jf; nfhz;L mq;fpUe;J kfpo;r;rpAld;
nrd;whd;.
,g;gbNa Ie;J ehl;fs; njhlu;e;J epfo;e;jJ. vy;yhtw;iwAk; ftdpj;Jf;

nfhz;bUe;jhu; nry;te;ju;. Mwhk;; ehSk; mg;gbNa ele;jJ. vQ;rpapUe;j
czTg; nghjpia vLj;Jf; nfhz;L me;jr; rpWtd; Gwg;gl;lhd;. jd; tPl;bw;F
te;jtd;;> jd; jhaplk; mijj; nfhLj;jhd;. me;j czTg; nghjpiaj; jpwf;FkhW
jhahu; $wpdhu;. mtd; jhahu; $wpagb czTg; nghjpiaj; jpwj;jhd;;. mjw;Fs;
,Ue;J %d;W jq;ff;fhRfs; fPNo tpOe;jd.
me;jj; jq;ff; fhRfis vLj;Jf; nfhz;L jhahUf;F vJTNk $whky; nry;te;jupd;

tPl;bw;F Xbr; nrd;whd;. “Iah! ,e;jj; jq;ff; fhRfs; ePq;fs; je;j czTg;
nghjpf;Fs; ,Ue;jJ. ,J cq;fSilaJ. jaT nra;J ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sq;fs;!”
vd;whd;. “kfNd> cd;idj; jpdKk; mtjhdpj;Jf;nfhz;L jhd; ,Ue;Njd;.
Cupy; cs;stu;fsplk; cd;idg; gw;wpf; Nfl;Lj; njupe;J nfhz;Nld;. cd;
nghWikf;Fk; ew;gz;gpwF
; k; ehd; mspjj
; gupNr ,e;jj; jq;ff; fhRfs;. kfpor
; r
; pAld;
,tw;iw vLj;Jf; nfhz;L tPl;bw;Fr; nry;||vd;whu; nry;te;ju;. Js;spf; Fjpj;jgb
Xb te;j mtd;;> ele;jij jd; jhaplk; $wpg; nghw;fhRfisAk; nfhLj;jhd;.
jhahu; mtidf; fl;b mizj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;.
 “nghWikf;Fk; ew;gz;gpwF
; k; fpilj;j gupR|| vd;w gbg;gpid jUk; fijapD}lhf
khztu;fspd; kdjpy; ew;rpe;jidfis tpijAq;fs;. ,J Nghd;w gbg;gpid
jUk; fijfis khztu;fis thrpf;f topg;gLj;Jq;fs;. njupT nra;J
toq;Fk; fijfs; khztu;fspd; taJ kl;lj;jpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhdjhf
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij epidtpw; nfhs;Sq;fs;.
144
nraw;ghL 4
 rpWtu; ,izaj;jsj;ijg; ghu;itapLtjd; Clhf gy;NtW jfty;fisj;

jpul;b> epak nkhopapy; vOJtjw;F topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
vLj;J f; f hl;L :
Nfhs;fis mwpNthk;
Gjd; (Mercury) g+kpapy; Vw;gLk; xU ngUk; Gaiy tplTk;> tpahodpy;

,J #upaDf;F gf;fj;jpNyNa ,Ug;gjhy; kpfTk; MW klq;F mjpfkhf GAy; tPRk;. 67 (Jizf;Nfhs;
#lhf ,Uf;fpwJ. ,jd; ntg;g msT 800 bfpup ghud; `Pl;. Natural satellites) epyhf;f s; tpahoDf;F Jizahf
#upadpy; ,Ue;J 57.91 kpy;ypad; fp.kP. J}uj;jpy; (Dis- ,Uf;fpd;wd.
tance) ,Uf;fpwJ. (xU kpy;ypad; vd;gJ gj;J yl;rk;)
,utpy; ikd]; 209 bfpup ghud; `Pl; mstpw;F fLikahff; rdp (Satrun)
Fspu;e;jpUf;Fk;. rdp> #upadpy; ,Ue;J 1.429 gpy;ypad; fp.kP
,ilntspapy; cs;sJ. (xU gpy;ypad; E}W Nfhb) kpfTk;
nts; sp (Venus) mofhd Nfhs; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. fzf;fplNt
#upaidr; Rw; wp tu 225 ehl; fs;; vLj; Jf; Kbahj gdpf;fl;bfSk;> J}R glyKk; epiwe;J s;s J.
nfhs;fpwJ. jd;idj;jhNd Rw;wptu 243 ehl;fs;. #upaDf;Fk;> ,e;jf; NfhSf;F 62 Fl;b epyhf;fs; cs;s d.
nts;s p NfhSf;Fkhd ,ilntsp 108.2 kpy;ypad; fp.kP.
ghu;g;gjw;F gpq;f; epwj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;. nts;s pjhd; #upaf; a+Nud]; (Uranus)
FLk;gj;jpy; kpfTk; ntg;gkhd Nfhs;. ,jw;F <t;dpq; ];lhu; ,g; g b xU Nfhs; ,Ug;g jhfNt Kjypy;
vd;W xU ngau; cz;L. #upad; kiwAk; NghJ thdj;jpy; tpQ;Q hdpfs; fz;Lgpbf;ftpy;iy. 1781 y; jhd; a+Nud];
Nkw;fpy; ghu;f;fyhk;. tpQ; Q hdpfshy; fz; l wpag; g l; l d. #upaDf; F k; .
a+Nu]PfF; khd ,ilntsp 4.498 gpy;ypad; fp.kP ,e;j f;
g+kp (Eath) Nfhisr; Rw;wp mlu;e;j fly; ePy k; nfhz;l kPj;Njd;
#upaf; FLk;gj;jpy; %d;whtJ Nfhs;> ePyf;Nfhs; thA epuk;gp cs;sjhy; ePy epwkhff; fhl;rp jUfpwJ. 27
vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. capupdq;fs; thof;$ba xNu Jiz epyhf;fs; a+Nud]Pf;F cz;L.
Nfhs;. Rkhu; 4.6 gpy;ypad; tUlq;fSf;F Kd; Njhd;wpaJ.
jd;idj;jhNd Rw;Wtjw;F 24 kzp NeuKk;> #upaidr; neg;ba+d; (Naptune)
Rw;wptu 365.24 ehl;fSk; vLj;Jf;n fhs;fpwJ. #upadpy; #upaDf;Fk;> neg;b a+Df;Fk; 4.498 gpy;ypad;
,Ue;J 149.6 kpy;ypad; fp.kP J}uj;jpy; ,Uf;fpwJ. fp.kP ,ilntsp cs;s J. ,JTk; ePy epwf;Nfhs; jhd;.
1846y; ,e;jf; Nfhs; fz;L gpbf;fg;g l;lJ. #upaid xU
nrt;tha; (Mars) Kiw Rw;wp tu 164 tUlq;fs; vLj;Jf;n fhs; fpwJ.
rptg;G epwj;jpy; cs;s Nfhs;. ,e;j f; Nfhs; vg;nghOJk; 346 bfpup ntg;g epiyapNyNa ciwe;J
#upadpy; ,Ue;J 227.9 kpy;ypad; fp.kP J}uj;jpy; ,Uf;fpwJ. ,Uf;fpwJ.
,q;F fhu;gd; il Mf;irL (Carbon Di oxide) thA mjpfk;
epiwe;Js;sJ. kiyfs; epiwe;Js;sd. nrt;thapy; cs;s GSl; Nlh (Pluto)
fdpk tsq;fs; Fwpj;J Ma;T nra;a Tk;. kdpju;fs; tho #upaDf;F mg;ghy; 3.67 gpy;ypad; fp.kP J}uj;jpy;
jFjp cs;s jh vd;gij mwpaTk;. ,e;jpah> kq;fs;ahd; ,Uf;fpwJ. FWq;Nfhs; (Dwarf) vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
tpz;fyj;ij mDg;gpaJ. fle;j 2014 k; Mz;L nrg;lk;gupy; ikd]; 364 bfpup ghud; `Pl;by; ,f;FWq;Nfhy; ,Uf;Fk;.
,e;jpa tpz;ntsp Ma;T ikak; ,];Nuhl; kq;fs;ahid kw;w vl;Lf;Nfhs;fis tpl ,q;Fjhd; Fspu;r;rp mjpfk;.
tpz;Zf;F mDg;gpaJ. 1930 y; GSl;Nlh fz;L gpbf;fg;gl;lJ. 2014 Mk; Mz;L
ele;j ru;tNjr thdpay; Ma;Tf; fofk; Gs+l;Nlhit
tpahod; (Jupiter) #upa kz;lgj;jpy; xU Nfhshfr; Nru;f;ff;$lhJ vd;W
kw;w vy;yh Nfhs;fis tplTk; kpfg; ngupaJ. $wp> FWq;Nfhshf mwptpj;jJ.
kw;w Nfhs;fis Nru;j;jhy; tUk; vilia tpl> ,uz;L
gq;F ngupaJ. g+kpia tpl 1>300 klq;F ngupaJ. #upadpy; Gjpjhf neg;ba+d; (Naptune) NfhSf;F mg;ghy;>
,Ue;J 778.5 kpy;ypad; fp.kP J}uj;jpy; ,Uf;fpwJ. g+kpia tpl gj;J klq;F mjpf vil nfhz;l> xU Gjpa
Nfhs; ,Ug;gij tpQ;Qhdpfs; fz;lwpe;J ,Uf;fpwhu;fs;.
mjw;F gpshdl; 9 (Planet 9) vd;W jw;fhypfkhf ngau;
itj;jpUf;fpwhu;fs;.
145
nkhopg;gapw;rpfs;
 khztu;fs; fw;wtw;iw ,yFthf fzpg;gPL nra;af;$ba tifapyhd nkhopg;

gapw;rpfis toq;Fq;fs;. mg;gapw;rpfs; mtu;fspd; taJ kl;lj;jpw;F Vw;wjhf
,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gij epidtpw; nfhs;Sq;fs;.
gapw;rp 1
 gpd;tUk; xt;nthU thf;fpaKk; rupahapd; rup vdTk; gpioahapd;

gpio vdTk; Gs;spf; Nfhl;bd; kPJ vOJf.
1. vdJ G+e;Njhl;lj;jpy; mofhd G+f;fs; G+j;Js;sd. (...............)
2. khd;$l;lk; rpjwp Xbad. (...............)
3. xt;nthU Gj;jfKk; ey;yJ. (...............)
4. jhyhl;Lg; ghly;fs; ,dpikahdit. (...............)
gapw;rp 2
 rupahf vOj;Jf; $l;lg;gl;l nrhy;iyj; njupT nra;J mjd; fPo;f;

NfhbLf.
1. njhopyhop njhspyhsp njhopyhsp njhspyhop
2. Kau;r;rp Kar;rp Kaw;r;rp Kaw;rp
3. Muhr;rp Muha;r;rp Muhl;rp Muha;rp
4. el;r;rj;jpuk; el;rj;jpuk; er;rj;jpuk; el;rj;jpwk;
gapw;rp 3
 gpd;tUk; xt;nthU nrhw; $l;lq;f Ss; ve;jr; nrhy; NtWgl;lJ

vdf; fz;L gpbj;J mr;nrhy;iyg; Gs;spf; Nfhl;bd; kPJ vOJf.
1. ik> Ngdh> kyu;> Gj;jfk;> ngd;rpy; (...............)
2. ghlfd;> mk;kh> mg;gh mf;fh mz;zd; (...............)
3. kapy;> FUtp> kiu> Fapy;> fhfk; (...............)
4. kuk;> khd;> Ntu;> fpis> jz;L (...............)
146
gapw;rp 4
 gpd;tUk; thf;fpaq;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd epWj;jf; Fwpfis ,Lf.
1. cdf;Fr; rpye;jpiag; gw;wpj; njupAkh
2. INah tOf;fp tpl;lNj
3. Iah cq;fSf;F ePr;ry; njupAkh
4. INah vdf;F ePr;ry; njupahNj
gapw;rp 5
 gpd;tUk; gpuhzpfspd; ,sikg; ngau;fisg; Gs;spf; Nfhl;by; vOJf.
1. Ml;Lf;..................... 5. mzpw;........................
2. fPupg;......................... 6. eha;f;.........................
3. Fjpiuf;................... 7. khd;...........................
4. Gypf;........................ 8. Fuq;Ff;......................
gapw;rp 6
 gpd;t Uk; thf;fpaq;fspy; Gs;spf; Nfhbl;l ,lq;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd

nrhw;fis fl;lj;jpw;Fs; ,Ue;J njupT nra;J vOJf.
nkJthf> njspthf> mikjpahf> eifr;Ritahf> rupahf
1. mtu; ......................... ele;J itj;jparhiyf;Fr; nrd;whu;.
2. jhj;jh vJTk; Ngrhky; ............................... ,Ue;jhu;.
3. ehk; vg;NghJk; nrhw;fisr; ......................... cr;rupf;f Ntz;Lk;.
4. mg;gh> ve;j Kbit vLj;jhYk; mJ ..................... ,Uf;Fk;.
gapw;rp 7
 gpd;tUk; gpuhzpfspd; xypfis fl;l q;fSf;Fs; vOJf.
gpuhzpfs; xypfs; gpuhzpfs; xypfs;

kapy; fhfk;
Me;i j eup
ahid rpq; f k;
147
gapw;rp 8
 gpd; t Uk; ge; j pia thrpj; J tpdtg; g l; L s; s tpdhf; f Sf; F rupahd

tpiliaj; njupT nra;J mjd; fPo;f; NfhbLf.
khjtd; fhiyapy; tFg;gpw;F te;j NghJ mq;F NtW vtUk;

te;jpUf;ftpy;iy. Gj;jfg; igia Nkir kPJ itj;Jtpl;L mtd;
Jilg;gj;ij vLj;J tFg;igr; Rj;jk; nra;aj; njhlq;fpdhd;. mjd;
gpd;du; te;j gPw;wu; mtDf;F cjtp nra;jhd;. mLj;jjhf te;j
rhe;jp G+r;rhbapy; ,Ue;j G+f;fis mfw;wp tpl;L Gjpa G+f;fisr;
nrUfpdhs;. mjd; gpd;du; te;j fuPk; NkirfisAk; fjpiufisAk;
xOq;FgLj;jp itj;jhd;;.
1. khjtd; fhiyapy; tFg;gpw;F te;j NghJ tFg;gpy; ,Ue;jtu;

ahu;?
1. rhe;jp 2. fuPk; 3. gPw;wu; 4. xUtUkpy;iy
2. tFg;igr; Rj;jk; nra;jtu; ahu;?
1. gPw;wu; 2. rhe;jp 3. khjtd; 4. fuPk;
3. tFg;igr; Rj;jk; nra;tjw;F cjtpatu; ahu;?
1. rhe;jp 2. gPw;wu; 3. fuPk; 4. xUtUkpy;iy
4. G+r;rhbia xOq;F nra;jtu; ahu;?
1. rhe;jp 2. khjtd; 3. gPw;wu; 4. fuPk;
NkNy jug;g l;l ge;jpia kPz;Lk; thrpj;J f; fPN o jug;g l;Ls;s

tpdhf;fSf;F tpil vOJf.
1. NkirfisAk; fjpiufisAk; xOq;FgLj;jpatu; ahu;?
..............................................................................................................
2. Kjypy; te;jtu; ahu;?
................................................................................................................
3. mLj;jjhf te;jtu; ahu;?
................................................................................................................
4. filrpahf te;jtu; ahu;?
................................................................................................................
148
gapw;rp 9
 fPNo jug;glLs;s nrhw;fs; ,uz;L nrhw;fspdhy; Mf;fg;gl;lit. Mdhy;
mtw;w pd; Kjy; vOj;J f;f s; khwpAs;s d. rupahd nrhy;i y Mf;f pg;
Gs;s pf; Nfhl;by; vOJf.
1. ghjpa Gij .......................................................................

2. ciy kr;rp .......................................................................
3. nkha; jhop .......................................................................
4. ntay; tsp .......................................................................
5. Fd; khl;b .......................................................................
6. tPu; ePo;r;rp ........................................................................
8. Mly; fik ........................................................................
9. fhb fuk; ........................................................................
10. kid guk; ........................................................................
gapw;r p -10
 gpd;tUk; ghliy thrpj;J tpdhf;fSf;F tpil vOJf.
rpj;jpiu te;jhy; tre;jk; gpwf;Fk;

tz;z tz;zg; G+f;fs; vq;Fk;
nfhj;Jf; ................ kyu;e;J nghypAk;
,f;fhl;rpjidf; fhzf; fspg;Gld; thuPu;
G+f;fspy; tz;Lfs; Njd; Fbg;gijg; ghuPu;

kfpo;Tld; fPjk; ,irg;gijf; NfsPu;
rpwfbj;J vOe;J mq;Fk; ,q;Fk;
nry;tijg; ghuPu; mNjh nry;tijg; ghuPu;.
NkNy jug;g l;l ghliy thrpj; J f; fP N o jug;g l;L s; s tpdhf; f Sf;F

tpil vOJf.
1. tz;z tz;zg; G+f;fs; vd;gjd; fUj;J ahJ?
................................................................................................................................
2. tz;Lfs; vtw;wpd; kPjpUe;J fPjk;; ,irf;fpd;wd?
................................................................................................................................
3. Kjw; ftpijapy; cs;s ntw;wplj;jpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd xU nrhy;iy
vOJf.
................................................................................................................................
4. re;Njhrkhf vd;Dk; fUj;ijj; jUk; ,U nrhw;fs; ,t;tpU ftpijfspYk;
cs;sd. me;j ,U nrhw;fSk; ahit?
................................................................................................................................
149
gapw;rp 11
 FWf;nfOj;Jg; Nghl;b f;fhd tpilfisf; fz;L gpbj;J vOJf.
FWf;nfOj;Jg; Nghl;b
1 2 3
7 8
,lkpUe;J tyk; fNkypUe;J fPo;
1. ,tw;Wf;F ,wFfs; cs;sd. 1. md;whl nra;jpfis

4. tPl;bDs;Ns ntspr;rj;ijAk; thrpj;J mwpa cjTtJ.
fhw;iwAk; jUtjw;fhfr; 2. cyfk; vd;gjd; xj;j
RtupNy itj;Jf; fl;lg;gLtJ. fUj;Jr; nrhy;.
5. thuj;jpy; ghlrhiy Muk;gpf;Fk; 3. czit nkd;W cz;z
Kjy; ehs;. cjTtJ.
6. Nrhw;Wld; Nru;j;J cz;ZtJ. 6. ,jdhy; ehk; ghu;f;fpNwhk;.
7. ifJ nra;ag;gl;ltu;.
8. G+f;fspy; ,J Njidf; Fbf;Fk;.
150
gapw;r p 12
 fPNo jug;g l;Ls;s thf;f paq;fspy; cs;s gpiofisj; jpUj;jp vOJf.
1. New;W kiy nga;jJ.
..........................................................................................................................
2. kpsfha;r; nrb nrspj;J tsu;e;jJ.
..........................................................................................................................
3. ehd; kdy; tPL fl;bNdd;.
..........................................................................................................................
4. mJ ey;y Nahriz vd;W epidj;jhu;.
.........................................................................................................................
gapw;r p 13
 fhl;rpg;g lj;ijg; ghu;j ;J epfo;f hyj;j py; ehd;F thf;fpaq;f s; vOJf.
1. ................................................................................................................................
2. ................................................................................................................................
3. ................................................................................................................................
4. ................................................................................................................................
151
gapw;r p 14
 gpd; t Uk; nrhw; f spy; vjpu;g ; g hw; nrhw; f s; my; y hj nrhy; y pd; fP o ;f ;
NfhbLf.
1. murd;> ke;jpup> murp> jk;gp> jq;if
2. Njtd;> jk;gp> jq;if> ebfd;> ebif
3. cj;jkd;> cj;jkp> jikad;> kfs;> kfd;
4. rpWtd;> Gjy;t d;> Gjy;tp> Gj;j pud;> Gj;jpup
5. NkNyhd;> ey;ytd;> ey;yts;> ghl;ld;> ghl;b
gapw;r p 15
 xspg;glj;ijg; ghu;j ;J epfo;fhyj;jpy; ehd;F thf;f paq;fs; vOJf.
1. ................................................................................................................................
2. ................................................................................................................................
3. ................................................................................................................................
4. ................................................................................................................................
fzpg; g P L :
 xspg;glq;fisg; ghu;j;J epak nkhopapy; tpgupj;jy;> vOJjy;.

 fijfisf; fpufpj;J nghUj;jKw ntspg;gLj;jy;
 tpdtg;gLk; tpdhf;fSf;F epak nkhopapy; tpil vOJjy;
152
jha;nkhop (jkpo;) fzpg;gPl;Lg; - gbtk;
fzpg;gPlL
NkYk; cjtp Njit
,lu;g;gLfpwhu;/
ntw;wpfukhfr; nra;fpwhu; 
khztu; ngau;
; msTj;j pl;l k;

01. nrtpkLj;Jr; Rakhfg; NgRtjw;F Kd;tUthu;.
02. rupahd nfhz;zpiyapyku;e;J Kiwahfg; ngd;rpiyg; gpbj;njOJthu;.
03. fhl;rpg;glq;fs;> xspg;glq;fisg; ghu;j;Jr; rpwpa thf;fpaq;fs; vOJthu;.
04. fijg;glq;fisg; ghu;j;Jf; fijnahd;iw ,uridAld; ,we;j

fhyj;jpy; $Wthu; / vOJthu;.
05. xyp NtWghLfis ,dq;fz;L rupahf cr;rupj;Jf; $Wthu;./vOJthu;.
06. xUik> gd;ikr; nrhw;fisr; rupahf ,dq;fz;L thf;fpaq;fspy;

gad;gLj;Jthu;.
07. thrpg;Gg; nghwpKiwfis mDrupj;Jg; gpioapd;wp thrpg;ghu;.
08. xj;j fUj;J> vjpu;f;fUj;Jr; nrhw;fis ,dq;fz;L vOJthu;.
09. jpiz> ghy;> vz;> ,lk;> fhyk; Mfpatw;iw mwpe;J cupa tifapw;
mbg; g il nkhopj; j pwd; f s;

gad;gLj;Jthu;.
10. vOtha;> gadpiy> nrag;gLnghUs; Mfpatw;iw thf;fpaq;fspy;

nghUj;jKwg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
11. vOtha;> gadpiy milnkhopfisr; rupahf ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
12. ngau;r;nrhy;> tpidr;nrhy; Mfpatw;iw nghUj;jKw thf;fpaq;fspw;

gad;gLj;Jthu;.
13. epWj;jf; Fwpfis (Kw;Wg;Gs;sp> fhw;Gs;sp> tpdhf;Fwp> tpag;Gf;Fwp)

thf;fpaq;fspw; nghUj;jKwg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
14. ghly;fs;> fijfs; kw;Wk; ciuahly;fis tpUg;GlDk; ,uridAlDk;

nka;g;ghLfSlDk; czu;TG+u;tkhf ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
15. nrtpkLj;j> thrpj;j tpflj;JZf;Ffis ,ay;ghf ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
16. mwptpj;jy;fs;> mwpTWj;jy;fs;> fl;lisfs; Mfpatw;iw tpsq;fp>

Rakhfj; Jyq;Fthu;.
17. Ratpgug; gbtq;fis thrpj;Jg; gpioapd;wpj; njspthfg; G+u;j;jp nra;t hu;.
18. jfty;fs; / Fwpg;Gf;fis jpul;bj; njspthf vOjp Kd;itg;ghu;.
19. fbjk;> kpd;dQ;ry;> kw;Wk; FWQ;n ra;jpfisr; Rakhf vOJthu;.
20. kuGr;nrhw;fs;> ,iznkhopfs; kw;Wk; ,ul;ilf;fpstpfis vOJthu;.
153
21. tpLfijfisf; fUj;J}d;wpr; nrtpkLj;J tpLtpg;ghu;.
22. gonkhopfisAk;; mtw;wpd; fUj;Jf;fisAk; $Wthu;. / vOJthu;.
23. FwpaPLfs;> RUf;ff;FwpaPLfisg; nghUj;jKwg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
24. nrhw;fisf; fUj;J}d;wpr; nrtpkLj;J gpioapd;wpj; njspthf

vOJthu;. (nrhy;tnjOjy;)
25. nghJ ,lq;fspYk; ghlrhiyapYk; tPl;bYk; ngupatu;fSf;F

kjpg;gspj;Jg; gzGld; ciuahLthu;.
26. thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rpr; nra;jp thrpg;G> Neu;Kf tu;zid

Mfpatw;wpd; Clhfj; jdJ jpwikfis ntspf;nfhzu;t hu;.
27. Kf;fpakhd mYtyfq;fspd; ngau;fisj; njupe;J nfhs;t NjhL

jfty;fisAk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s Kay;t hu;.
28. thdpiy njhlu;ghd jfty;;fisg; ngw;W mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jthu;.
29. xl;bfs;> tpsk;guq;fs;> Jz;Lg;gpuRuq;fs;> miog;gpjo;fs;>

Rtnuhl;bfs; Nghd;wtw;iw vOjp thrpg;ghu;.
mbg; g il nkhopj; j pwd; f s;

30. xd;wpd; Rarupijiar; rupahff; $Wthu;. / vOJthu;.
31. tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;l %Jiug; ghly;fis kddQ; nra;t NjhL

mtw;wpd; fUj;Jf;fisAk; $Wthu;.
32. fpuhkpa tpisahl;Lf;fis tpisahLtjd; %yk; nrhw;fsQ;rpaj;

ijAk; clyhNuhf;fpaj;ijAk; tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;t hu;.
33. gy;NtW r%fj;jpdupd; ghuk;gupag; gz;biffSld;; njhlu;Gila

,irf;fUtpfis mwpe;J $Wthu;. / vOJthu;.
34. fhl;rpg;glq;fs; / xspg;glq;fisg; ghu;j;J mg;glq;fs; njhlu;ghf

Mf;fG+u;tkhf thf;fpaq;is vOJthu;.
; 35. tFg;gpy; fw;Fk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghd ehl;Fwpg;gpid jpdKk;
vOJthu;.
36. Rw;Wyh %yk; ngw;w mDgtq;fis rpj;jpukhf tiuthu;.
37. gRik cyfpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij czu;e;J> kuq;fis tsu;j;J

Rw;Wg;Gwr; #oiyg; ghJfhf;f Kd;tUthu;.
38. njupT nra;ag;gl;l gFjpfis xyp - xsp ,Wtl;Lfspd; JizAld;

thrpg;ghu;. / NgRthu;. / vOJthu;.
39. rpWtu; rQ;rpiffs;> gj;jpupiffs;> ,izaj;jsq;fs; Mfpatw;iwg;

ghu;itapl;L> jfty;fisf; Fwpj;Jf; nfhs;thu;.
40 . fijg; ghly;fs;> gbg;gpid jUk; fijfs; Nghd;wtw;iwf;

fUj;J}d;wp thrpj;J> fUj;Jf;fisj; jkJ nkhopeilapy; vOJthu;
41.. nkhopg; gapw;rpfSf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fis thrpj;Jf; fpufpj;J

tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspg;ghu;.
42. thf;fpaq;fisg; gpioapd;wp cWg;gika vOJthu;.
154
khjpupg; ghlf;Fwpg;G
jha;nkhop - jkpo;
jpfjp : ..................... Kjy; ................... tiu tFg;G: juk; 4
Nju;r;rpfs; cs;s lf;fk; fw;w w;N gWfs; tsq;f s; cj;Njr fw;w y; - fw;g pj;jy; fzpg;gPL
Neuk; mZF Kiwfs; (nraw; g h Lfs; )
 fhl;rpg; glq;fs;  fhl;rpg; glq;fisg; ghu;jJ

; jkJ  fhl;rpg; glq;fs;> gl 120 nraw;ghL I  fhl;rpg; glq;fisg;
L7 S7 R7 W7
nkhopeilapy; tpgupg; ghu; > ml;ilfs; epkplq;fs;  fhl;rpg; glq;fisg; ghu;jJ ; ghu;jJ
; epfo;fhyj;jpy;
vOJthu;. epfo;fhyj;jpy; thf;fpaq;fis vOJtijAk; $W
$Wjy;> vOJjy;> FOf;fsp tijAk; fzpg; g P l
ilNa thrpjj ; y; (gf;fk; 110) nra;jy;
 Rarupijfis nkhopahl;rpj;  Rarupij
nraw;ghL 4  khztu;fs; Rakhf
 Ra rupij jpwid tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhf ml;ilfs; 60
jkJ nkhop Rarupij $Wtijf;
Kd;itg;ghu;. epkplq;fs;  Rarupijfis
eilapy; $Wjy; (gf;fk; 110) fzpgg ; L
P nra;jy;
nraw;ghL 5  %Jiug;
 tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;l %Jiug;  %Jiug; ghlybfs;
 %Jiug; ghly; mbfis ghlybfisr;
 %Jiu ghly; mbfis (5 ghly;fs;) vOjg;gl;l 60
kddk; nra;J $Wjy;> rupahf cr;rupjJ; f;
(5 ghly;fs;) kddk; nra; J njspthf ml;ilf; fPyq;fs; epkplq;fs; $Wtjidf;
155
Kd; i t g; g h u ; > mt w ; w p d; vOJjy; (gf;fk; 112)
fzpgg; L
P nra;jy;
; fUj;jpid mwpeJ ; nfhs;thu;.
 fpuhkpa tpisahl;Lf;fspd;  fpuhkpa tpisahl;Lf; nraw;ghL 6  xw;Wikahfr; rpwe;j

120
 fpuhkpa tp jpKiw fis mw pe;J fspd; glq;fs;> nrhy; epkplq;fs;  fpuhkpa tpisahl;Lf;fisAk; njhlu;ghlYld;
tpisahl;Lf;fs; kw; w tu; f Sld; ,ize; J ml;ilfs; tpjpfisAk; mwpKfk; tpisahl;Lf;fspy;
(rpwpa) tpisahLthu;> tpisahl;L nra;jy;> tpisahLjy; <LgL tjidf;
tpjpfis vOJthu;. (gf;fk; 114) fzpgg
; L
P nra;jy;
 ghuk; g upa gz; b iffspy; nraw;ghL 8  gz;biffspy;

 gz;biffspd; NghJ 60
 gz;biffs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ,irf; fUtp  ghuk;gupa gz;biffspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
,irf;fg;gLk; epkplq;fs;
(,irf;f Utpfs;) fisg; gw;w; pj; njupeJ
; nfhs;s gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ,irf; ,irf; fUtpfisg;
,irf;fUtpfs; ;
Kd;t Ut hu ;> mt w; wp d; fUtpfisg; gw;w; pj; njupeJ gw;w
; pa
ngau;fis mwpeJ ; vOJthu;. nfhs;s Kd;tUthu;> mDgtj;jpidg;
mtw;wpd; ngau;fis mwpeJ ; gfpue; J
; nfhs;tijf;
;
vOJthu;. (gf;fk; 116) fzpgg ; L
P nra;jy;
2.0 Rw;;whly;; rhu;;e;j nraw;;ghLfs;;
01. mwpKfk;;
~~Rw;whly; rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfs;| vDk; ,f;fw;wy; Gyk;> kdpjd; kPJk;
kdpj rKjhaj;jpd; kPJk; gy;NtW tpjq;fspy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa
my;yJ nrYj;Jfpd;w ngsjpf> r%f> capupay; njhFjpfs; njhlu;ghfTk;
mtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L epfo Ntz;ba fw;wy; nranyhOq;F
njhlu;ghfTk; topg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.||
Foe;ijg; gUtk; njhl;L ,ay;ghfNt kdpjd;> jdJ Rw;Wg;Gwj;jpd;kPJ Mu;tq;nfhz;L>
fpukkhf mr;Rw;whlYld; ntw;wpfukhf ,ilj;jhf;fk; Guptjw;F mtrpakhd Nju;r;rpfis
mila Kaw; r pf; f pd; w hd; . ,r; n rad; K iwapd; NghJ jdJ GyDWg; G f; f isg;
gad;gLj;JtNjhL mtw;wpd; czu;jpwd;fis tifg;gLj;jy;> ju;ff ; pjj
; y; Nghd;w mwpTrhu;
jpwd;fisAk; tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;fpwhd;. mt;thNw mtw;wpd; Clhfj; jdJ
nrhw;fsQ;rpaj;ijAk; njhlu;ghly; jpwidAk; tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;fpwhd;. jhd; thOk;
Rw;whly; njhlu;ghd jfty;fisf; fz;lwpjy;> Nrfupj;jy;> kPs ntspg;gLj;Jjy; vd;gd
gps;isfspd; tho;f;ifr; nrad;Kiwapd; Xu; mq;fkhFk;. ,J ,ay;ghf ve;jNthu;
capupapYk; epfo;tnjhd;whFk;. gps;isfspd; mg;Nghf;if tpUj;jp nra;tNj ~~Rw;whly;
rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfs;|| fl;bnaOg;Gk; mbg;gilahFk;.
md;whl tho;ifapy; re;jpf;Fk; rthy;fis ntw;wpfukhf vjpu;nfhs;sf;$ba> ehl;bd;
mgptpUj;jpr; nrad;Kiwapy; gq;fspff ; f;$ba> rkepiyahd MSikAila xUtuplj;Nj
gy;NtW Nju;rr ; pfs; tpUj;jpailjy; mtrpakhFk;. Rw;whly; rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfs;
,q;F ngupJk; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wd. fle;j fhyq;fspy; mKyhf;fg;gl;l Muk;gf;fy;tpf;
fiyj;jpll ; q;fspy; mofpaw;fy;tp> Mf;fj; njhopwg; hLfs;> clw;fy;tp> Muk;g tpQ;Qhdk;
Nghd;w ghlq;fs; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jd. Gjpa fiyj;jpl;l j;j py; ~~Rw;w hly; rhu;e ;j
nraw;ghLfs;|| vDk; tpupthd ghlj;jpd; fPo; gy;NtW Gyq;fSf;Fupa Nju;r;rpfisr;
re;ju;gg
; j;jpwN
; fw;wthW ntspfn ; fhzu ,lkspff; g;gl;Ls;sJ. mjhtJ ,J Xu; xd;wpize;j
ghlkhFk;.
%d;whk;> ehd;fhk; juq;fspy; (Muk;gf; fy;tpapd; Kjd;ik epiy ,uz;by;) 16
fUg;nghUs;fspy; ghlj;jpl;lk; tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. Mf;fk;> mofpay;> clw;fy;tp>
Rw;whly; Mfpa ghlg;gug;GfSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Nju;r;rpfis ntspf;nfhzu;tjw;Fk;
rkak;> jha;nkhop> fzpjk; Mfpa gpujhd ghlq;fisr; nrOikg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; “Rw;whly;
rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfisg;” gad;gLj;jyhk;. khztupd; ciuahlYf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd
vspikahd Mq;fpyr; nrhw;fisAk; ,r;nraw;ghLfspd; Clhf ntspf;nfhzuyhk;.
ghlj;;jpl;;lj;;jpy;; cs;;slf;;fg;;gl;l rfy gFjpfSk;; mjpYs;s ; thNw ,yq;;ifapd;; vy;;yhg;;
ghlrhiyfspYk;; eilKiwg;;gLj;;jg;;gly;; Ntz;;Lnkdf; fUjg;gltpy;iy. ,g;gUtg;
khztupd; Rw;w ; hly;; tiuaWf;f ; g;g
; l;l
; jhFk;.; mt;t
; iuaiwapDs;; fhzg;g
; Lgit> epfOgit
ahTk; vy;yhg; ghlrhiyfSf;Fk; nghJthdit my;y. vdNt khztu;fSf;;fhfr;;
nraw;;ghLfisj;; njupT nra;Ak; NghJ jdJ #oy;; tsq;;fSf;;Fg;; nghUj;;jkhdthW
mtw;;iwj;; njupT nra;;Ak;; Rje;;jpuKk;; nghWg;;Gk;; MrpupaUf;F cz;L.
02. Muk;gf; fy;tpg; gUtj;jpw;Fupa Nju;r;rpfs;;

juk; xd;W Kjy;; juk; Ie;J tiuapy; ,f;fw;wy; nraw;ghLfis ntw;wpfukhf epiwT
nra;tjd; Clhf khztuplj;Nj gpd;tUk; mwpT> jpwd;fs;> kdg;ghq;Ffis tpUj;jp
nra;a vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
 jdJ Rw;Wg;Gwj;jpd; mofpid ,dq;fz;L mjD}lhf ,urid ngWthu;.
 tpisahl;L> Xa;T> fspg;G vd;gd tho;f;iff;F mtrpakhd mk;rq;fnsdf; fUjp
mtw;iw ehshe;j tho;tpy; nghUj;jkhfr; Nru;j;Jr; nraw;gLthu;.
156
 mofpay; njhlu;ghdtw;iw kjpj;J mtw;iwj; jdJ ntspg;ghl;L eltbf;iffspd;
NghJ gad;gLj;Jthu;.
 MNuhf;fpa tho;tpw;Fj; Njitahd mbg;gilg; gof;fq;fis ntspf;fhl;Lthu;.
kdpjdpd; Mf;fq;fis kjpg;ghu;.
 jdJ Rw;whlypy; trpf;Fk; capupdq;fs;> mtw;wpd; rpy ,ilj;jhf;fq;fs; vd;gd
njhlu;ghd tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;Wr; nraw;gLthu;.
 kdpj r%fk;> kdpj elj;ijfs;> kdpju; kPJ mtw;wpd; Mjpf;fk; njhlu;ghd
tpsf;fj;Jld; nraw;gLthu;.
 Gtp mjd; tsq;fs;> ntsp vd;gd kdpjd; kPJ nrYj;Jk; nry;thf;if Muha;thu;.
 #oy; ghJfhg;Gr; nrad;Kiwapy; jdJ nghWg;ig tpsq;fp; mjw;Nfw;gr; nraw;gLthu;.
 jdJ Rw;whlypy; rf;jpg; gad;ghL> tpirg; gpuNahfk; vd;gd r%fj;jpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpy;
nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; tpjj;jpidf; $u;e;J Nehf;fp kjpg;ghu;.
 vjpu;fhy NtiyAyfpw;Fj; Njitahd mDgtq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhfj;
jkJ #oypYs;s nghUl;fisAk; cgfuzq;fisAk; Njitf;Nfw;gg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
03. ,uz;lhk; Kjd;ik epiyf;Fupa Nju;r;rpfs;

 ey;y xOq;fikg;Gld; nrayhw;Wtjhy; jdJ fUkq;fis ntw;wpfukhfr; nra;thu;.
 ew;gz;Gfis kjpg;gjd; %yk; mtw;iwg; NgZtjw;F eltbf;if vLg;ghu;.
 rl;ljpl;lq;fis kjpj;J rl;lj;ij kjpg;gtuhf ele;Jnfhs;thu;.
 cly;rhu;> csk;rhu; epiyj;jpUj;jy; Mfpatw;Wf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd nraw;ghLfspy;
<LgLthu;.
 ,yq;if fyhrhu> Njrpa kuGupikfspd; gz;Gfis kjpj;J mtw;iwg; ghJfhg;g
jw;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;thu;.
 gy;NtW kf;fs; ,dq;fs; mtu;fsJ fyhrhug; gz;GfisAk; Msilahsj;ijAk;
kjpj;J mtw;iwf; fhg;gjw;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;thu;.
 Njrhgpkhdk; NknyOkhW mofpay;rhu; uPjpahf Kd;itg;Gfisr; nra;thu;.
 jhtuq;fspilNa epyTk; tpNrlkhd NtWghLfis mtjhdpjJ ; mwpfi
; fg;gLj;Jthu;.
 kuQ;nrbnfhbfspdJk; jhtuq;fspdJk; ngWkjpia kjpj;J mtw;iwf; fhg;gjw;F
eltbf;if vLg;ghu;.
 gpuhzpfs; gw;wpa mbg;gilj; jfty;fs;> tpNrl jpwd;fs;> elj;ijf; Nfhyq;fs;
Mfpatw;iwj; Njbawpe;J mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jthu;.
 gpuhzpfs;> jhtuq;fSlDk; kdpju;fSlDk; nfhz;Ls;s ,ilj;njhlu;Gfis
,dq;fhz;ghu;.
 Rw;whlypd; epiyj;jpUj;jYf;F> gpuhzpfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij kjpjJ
; mg;gpuhzpfisg;
ghJfhg;gjw;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;thu;.
 Fwpj;j fhupak; xd;Wf;fhf tpNrl gz;lq;fisAk; fUtpfisAk; ,dq;fz;L>
mtw;iwr; rupahfTk; fpukkhfTk; ghJfhg;ghfTk; ifahs;thu;.
 tsq;fspypUe;J cr;rg; gaidg; ngWk; tifapy; rpf;fdj;Jld; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
 ehk; gad;gLj;Jk; gz;lnkhd;iw my;yJ Nritnahd;iwg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;NghJk;
toq;Fk;NghJk; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;ba tplaq;fs; gw;wp mtjhdj;Jld;
fhupakhw;Wthu;.
 Rfhjhukhd tho;f;ifia elj;Jtjw;F Ntis czTfis cupa Neuj;jpy;
cl;nfhs;s Ntz;bajd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wp tpsf;fj;Jld; fhupakhw;Wthu;.
 gz;G rhu;e;jJk; kUj;Jtg; gz;Gs;sJkhd czit Efu;tjw;F Kw;gLj;Jthu;.
 czT tpuakhFk; tpjj;ijAk; mtw;iw ew;fhg;Gr; nra;J itg;gijAk; gw;wpa
mwpt+l;lj;Jld; nrayhw;Wthu;.
 czT cz;gjw;fhd gof;ftof;fq;fisAk; ew;gof;fq;fisAk; filg;gpbg;ghu;.
 gy;NtW gz;lq;fisAk; cgfuzq;fisAk; Nghd;Nw njhopDl;gf; fUtpfisAk;
gy;NtW rf;jpfisAk; gad;gLj;Jtjhy; Vw;glf;$ba jPq;Ffs; gw;wpf; ftdj;Jld;
nrayhw;Wthu;.
157
 ghJfhg;gw;w re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; r%f tpNuhjr; nray;fspYk; ,Ue;J jk;ikg;
Nghd;Nw kw;wtu;fisAk; ghJfhg;gijg; gw;wp ftdj;Jld; nrayhw;Wthu;.
 njhw;Wk;> njhw;wh Neha;fs; Vw;gLtijj; jtpu;j;Jf; nfhs;tjw;Fr; nra;af;$ba
NjfhNuhf;fpa Kiwfs; gw;wpa mwpTld; nrayhw;Wthu;.
 ghJfhg;GlDk; vr;rupf;ifAlDk; Ntiy nra;a Ntz;ba tpjj;ij> Ckk;>
ntspg;ghLrhu; mirTfs;> ftpijfs;> ghly;fs; %yk; Kd;itg;ghu;.
 ePUld; gy;NtWgl;lit nraw;gLk; tpjj;ijj; JUtpaha;e;J mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jthu;.
 ePupdhy; Vw;glf;$ba jPq ;FfisAk; Mgj;JfisAk; gw;w pf; ftdk; nrYj;jp>
mtw;iwf; Fiwg;gjw;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;thu;.
 ghijapy; gazk; nra;Nthupdhy; filg;gpbf;fg;gl Ntz;ba rl;ljpl;lq;fisAk;
xOf;fj;ijAk; gw;wpa tpsf;fj;Jld; gydspf;FkhWk; ghJfhg;ghfTk; ghijiag;
gad;gLj;Jthu;.
 nghJ thfdq;fshy; epiwNtw;wg;gLk; Nritfis kjpj;J mtw;iwf; fhg;gjw;Fg;
gq;fspg;Gr; nra;thu;.
 jpl;lkplg;gl;l tPl;Lj;Njhl;lk; xd;wpypUe;J md;whlk; jdJ tPl;bw;Fj; Njitahd
czTg; nghUs;fis cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;thu;.
 tPl;Lj;Njhl;lj;jpw;F Ma;Trhu; uPjpahf gq;fspg;gjd; %yk; kfpo;r;rpailthu;.
 Ntiyia ,yFgLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;Fj; jw;fhyj;jpy; Nghd;Nw Kw;fhyj;jpYk;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;l Kiwfisf; fw;W mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jthu;.
 Ntiyia ,yFgLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;F gz;Grhu; uPjpahd epiwnthd;wpw;fhfj;
jpl;lkpl;L xOq;fhfTk; Kiwg;gbAk; Ntiy nra;tjw;Fg; gofpf;nfhs;thu;.
 Nrit toq;Fk;NghJk; ngWk;NghJk; gz;GlDk; rl;lj;ij kjpj;Jk; fhupakhw;Wthu;.
 jdijg; Nghd;Nw r%fj;jpdJk; ey;tho;f;iff;Fg; gad;gLk; gz;Gfisg; NgZthu;.
 kdpju;f spd; gy;N tW elj; ijfis gy;N tW ntspaPl ;L Clfq;f s; %yk;
Mf;fG+u;tkhf Kd;itg;ghu;.
 kioapypUe;Jk; fhw;wpypUe;Jk; ngwf;$ba gad;fis mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jthu;.
 fhw;wpd; nraw;gL jd;ikiaf; fw;gjd; %yk; fhw;wpd; tYitg; ngwf;$ba gy;NtW
Kiwfis vLj;Jiug;ghu;.
 Rw;whly; khrilAk; tpjk; gw;wp tprhupj;jwpe;J Rw;whlYf;F Vw;gLk; jPq;Ffisj;
jtpu;g;gjw;Fr; nraw;gLthu;.
 jdJ elj;ijapd; kdjpw;Ffe;j khw;wj;jpw;F ftdj;Jld; nraw;gLthu;.
 jkJ mz;ikr; Rw;whlypd; gz;Grhu; khw;wj;jpw;F epyTk; gpur;rpidfisf; fz;lwpeJ
;
mjw;fhd jpl;lnkhd;iwj; jahupg;gjw;Fr; nrayhw;Wthu;.
 njhlu;ghly; eltbf;iffspd;NghJ gz;Gld; nraw;gLthu;.
 ngwg;gLk; jfty;fspilNa nghUj;jkhd jfty;fisg; gFg;gha;eJ ; njupTnra;thu;.
 njhlu;ghly; Clfq;fSld; njhlu;Gila ghjfkhd epiyikfs; Fwpj;j tpsf;fj;
Jld; nraw;gLthu;.
 tuyhw;Wg; ngWkjpkpf;f ,lq;fis kjpj;J mtw;iwg; ghJfhg;gjw;Ff; fhupakhw;W
thu;.
 tuyhWrhu;> fyhrhuQ;rhu; ngWkjpAila kuq;fs;> ,lq;fs;> NtW nghUs;fs;
Mfpatw;iw ,dq;fz;L mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jthu;.
 gz;ilafhyf; fiy Mf;fq;fspd; tpNrlj;Jtj;ijj; JUtpaha;thu;.
 jkJ gpuNjrj;jpy;> ehl;by; jdpj;Jj; njupAk; Nritnahd;iw Mw;wpa Ml;fis
kjpj;J mtu;fis Kd;khjpupahff; nfhz;L nraw;gl Kd;tUthu;.
158
04. ghlrhiyf; n fhs; i fAk; Ntiyj; j pl; l Kk;
• “Rw;whly; rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfs;|| vDk; ghlk;> fw;gpj;jiy tpl fw;wYf;Nf Kjyplk;
toq;Ffpdw ; xU fw;wy; - fw;gpjj; w; nrad;KiwahFk;. khztu;fisf; FOf;fshfNth
jdpj;jdpahfNth nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLj;jyhk;. Njitg;gLkplj;J KO tFg;igANk
mt;thwhd nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLj;jyhk;.
• Mrpupau; Kd;$l;bNa ,jw;fhd jpl;lj;ijj; jahupj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. xU
Fwpj;j re;ju;g;gj;j
; py; ntt;NtW FOf;fis ntt;NtWgl;l Ntiyfspy; <LgLj;jyhk;.
gue;j ghlg;gug;ig cs;slf;Ftjw;F ,J topNfhYk;.
• khztu;fSf;fhfj; jpl;lkpLk; Ntiyfspy;> mtjhdpg;Gfs;> fsg; gpuahzq;fs;>

ifahz;L ghu;j;jy;> FWq;fhyr; nraw;wpl;lk;> Nrfupj;jy;;> tfpghfNkw;wy; Nghd;w
gy;NtW fw;wy; mZFKiwfspD}lhfTk;> kdpju;fs;> E}y;fs;> mr;R Clfq;fs;>
,yj;jpudpay; Clfq;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpD}lhfTk; jfty; Nrfupgg ; jw;Fupa eltbf;iffs;
mlq;fpapUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
• mofpay; rhu;e;j> Mf;fk; rhu;e;j> cly; rhu;e;j Nju;r;rpfis miltjw;fhfg; gue;j

tPr;rpy; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; mDgtq;fis toq;f Kaw;rp Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;bUj;jy;
Gjpa fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; njspthd xU khw;wkhFk;. mk;khw;wj;jpw;F
<LnfhLg;gjw;fhf tFg;giwAk;> xl;Lnkhj;jg; ghlrhiyr; #oYk; khztiu Nehf;Fk;
fz;Nzhl;lKk; khw;wkiljy; Ntz;Lk;. ghlrhiyf; nfhs;if Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fspd;
fPo; jfty;fisr; Nrfupjj ; y;> mtw;iw mwpfi
; fg;gLj;Jk;NghJ ntt;NtW KiwfSf;F
mika mwpf;ifg;gLj;j tha;g;G toq;fg;gLtJ Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
• vdNt ehs; KOtJk; NkiraUNf fjpiuapy; mku;ej

; pUg;gjw;Fg; gjpyhf ntt;NtW
nka;e;epiyfspy; kfpo;r;rpahfg; gy;NtW nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLk; khztiuf;
fhzj;jf;f tifapNyNa “ghlrhiyf; nfhs;ifAk; Ntiyj;jpl;lKk;” xOq;F
nra;ag;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
• ,jw;fhfj; jpl;lkpLk; tFg;gpy; fhzg;glj;jf;f gz;Gfs; tUkhW:

 ,k;khztUf;Fg; gpujhdkhfg; ghlrhiy Neuj;Js; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLtjw;Nfw;w
#oiyj; jahu;g;gLj;jy;.
 ghlrhiy Neuj;jpy; ,k;khztu;f;Fr; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLtjw;Fj; Njitahd
#oiy cUthf;Fjy;.
 tFg;Gf;F ntspNa jpwe;jntspapy; fw;gjw;fhd trjpfis toq;Fjy;.
 ghlrhiyapy; tpisahl;L> mofpay; Ntiyfs;> Mf;f Ntiyfs;> Vida ghl
,izr; nraw;ghLfspy; ftdk; nrYj;Jjy;.
05. khztu; Kd;; N dw; ; wj; ; i jf; fzpg;; g ply;;

• “Rw;whly; rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfs;” ghlf; fzpg;gPl;bd;NghJ mf;fw;wy; nrad;Kiwapd;
Clhf khztu;fSf;F toq;f vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; mwpT> jpwd;fs;> kdg;ghq;Ffs;>
xg;gilfs; Mfpad FwpjJ; f; ftdk; nrYj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;. mj;NjhL r%fj; jpwd;fs;
Fwpj;Jk; tpNrl ftdk; nrYj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.
• khztu; FOf;fsplj;jpNyh jdpj;jdp khztuplj;jpNyh fhzg;gLk; FiwghLfis

mLj;JtUk; fw;wy; gzpfspd;NghJ eptu;j;jp nra;tijAk; Jupjkhff; fw;Fk;
Mw;wiyf; fhl;Lk; khztu;fSf;F NkYk; Cf;fkspg;gijAk; Nehf;fhff; nfhz;Nl
fzpg;gPL elj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
159
• ,jw;fhfg; ngUk;ghYk; Kiwrhu;e;j kjpg;gPl;L KiwfSf;F mg;ghw;gl;l Kiwfisg;
gpdg
; w;w NeupLk;. khztu;fs; Ntiyfspy; <Lgl;bUf;Fk;NghJ mtu;fis mtjhdpjJ
; k;
mtu;fs; $Wgtw;iwr; nrtpkLj;Jk; mtu;fNshL fye;JiuahbAk; ,jw;fhd
tha;g;Gfis cUthf;fpf; nfhs;syhk;. mtw;iw Kiwikahf mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jtjw;
fhf Mrpupau; topfhl;bapy; jug;gl;Ls;s fzpg;gPl;L mwpf;ifg; gbtj;jpidg;
gad;gLj;jyhk;.
06. tPl ;L Ntiy nfhLj;j y;;

• tFg;giwapy; fw;Fk; ghl tplaq;fis NkYk; tpUj;jp nra;Jnfhs;tjw;F
khztu;fshy; nra;af;$ba mstpw;F khj;jpuk; tPl;L Ntiyfis toq;Fq;fs;.
• tPl;L Ntiyfspd;NghJ nra;a Ntz;batw;iwAk; nra;a Ntz;ba KiwapidAk;

khztu;fSf;F tpsq;ff;$ba tpjj;jpy; njspTgLj;Jq;fs;.
• tFg;giwr; nraw;ghLfSf;fhf tPl;bypUe;J nfhz;Ltu Ntz;ba nghUs;fs;

njhlu;ghf Kd;$l;bNa khztu;fSf;Fk; ngw;NwhUf;Fk; mwpT+l;Lq;fs;.
• ngw;NwhUf;F mwpT+lL; k;NghJ gpdt

; Uk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghff; ftdk; nrYj;Jq;fs;.
• tiuaWj;J toq;Fk; tPl;L Ntiyfis khztu;fNs nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
• thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rp epfo;r;rpfisj; njupT nra;tjw;F cjtpnra;jy;
Ntz;Lk;.
• tPl;by; nra;a Ntz;bait njhlu;ghf cjtp Gupjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gd gw;wp
epidT+l;Lq;fs;.
cjhuzk; :
,uT thdj;ij mtjhdpj;jy;> ghly;fisAk; fijfisAk; Nfl;lwpjy;>
tPl;Lj; Njhl;lj; jfty;fisr; Nrfupj;jy;
160
ghlj; j pl; l k;
fUg;nghUs; Nju;r;rp cs;slf;fk;
• ed;F xOq;fikj;Jr; nraw; • jkJ md;whl Ntiyfis ntw;wp
1. vkJ gLtjd; %yk; jkJ Ntiy fukhfr; nra;tjw;fhf Neuj;ij
ey;tho;T fis ntw;wpfukhfr; nra;J cupathW gad;gLj;Jjy;
nfhs;thu;. • VidNahupd; jpwd;fisg; ghuhl;L
• e w ; F zq ; f i s kjp j ; J > jYk; Njitahd cjtpfisr;
mtw;iwg; Ngzptu Mtd nra;jYk;
nra;thu;. • xt;nthUtuJk; jpwikfSf;Fr;
• flikfis epiwNtw; w p> re;ju;g;gkspg;gjw;fhfj; jpahfq;fs;
nghJ Ntiyfspy; gq;fspg; nra;jy;
Gr; nra;thu;. • r%fj;jpd; nghJf; fUkq;fspy;
• rl;lq;fis kjpj;J mr;rl; nghWg;Gfis Vw;Wr; nraw;gly;
lq;fisg; Ngzp elg;ghu;. • md; w hl Ntiyfspy; Vw; W f;
• vkJ ey;tho;itg; Ngzp nfhs; s g; g l; l rl; l jpl; l q; f is
tUtjw; F j; JizahFg kjpj;Jf; filg;gpbj;jy;
itahd Mf;fq;fs; nra; • ey;tho;fi ; fapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij
thu;. vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk; tifapy; tFg;gpy;
• cly;> cs ey;tho;f;iff; fhl;rpg;gLj;jf;$batw;iw Mf;F
fhfg; nghUj;jkhd nraw; jy;
ghLfspy; <LgLthu;. • cly;> cs ey;tho;Tf;Fj; Jiz
• ey;y elj;ijfis vLj;Jf; ahFk; nraw;ghLfs;
fhl;Lk; tifapyhd Mf;fq; • vkJ ey;tho;T gw;wpf; $Wk; Kd;
fs; nra;tjpy; fspg;Gld; khjpupahd Kd;itg;Gfs;
<LgLthu;.
• ,yq;ifapd; gz;ghL kw;Wk; • Njrpaf; nfhb njhlu;ghd mbg;

2. ehk;
N jrp a kuGupikfsp d; gilahd jfty;fs;
,yq;ifau;
,ay;Gfisj; JUtpaha;e;J
• gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fs; rpytw;wpy;
mtw; i wg; ghJfhg; g jpy;
fhzg;gLk; ,ay;Gfisj; JUtp
gq;fspg;Gr; nra;thu;.
Nehf;Fjy;
• tof; f q; f s; njhlu; g hd
• ,yq;if kf;fspd; jdpj;Jtj;ijg;
tpsf; f j; J ld; mtw; i wg;
gpujpgypf;Fk; ,ay;Gfs;
Ngzp tUtjpy; gq;fspg;Gr;
nra;thu;. • jkJ rka cw;rtq;fis kl;L
kd;wp Vida rkaq;fspd; cw;r
• ntt;NtW kf;fl; gpuptpdiu
tq;fisAk; kjpj;jy;
Ak; mtu;fsJ gz;ghl;L
,ay;GfisAk; jdpj;Jtj; • ,yq;ifapy; thOk; ntt;NtW
ijAk; kjpj;J mtw;iwg; kf;fl; gpuptpdupd; gz;ghl;L mk;rq;
ghJfhg; g jpy; gq; f spg; G r; fis kjpj;jy;
nra;thu;. • ,yq;ifapy; thOk; ntt;NtW
• ehl;bd; Rje;jpuk; njhlu;ghf kf;fl; gpuptpdUf;fpilNa el;GuPjp
mu; g ; g zpg; Gld; jpahfq; f ahd kdg;ghq;Ffs; fl;bnaOg;gg;
isr; nra;Njhiu kjpj;J gLk; tifapy; nraw; glj; jf; f
ehl;Lg;gw;Wld; nraw;gLthu;. topfs;
161
• jhk; thOk; gpuNjrj;jpy; • jhk; gpwe;j ehl;bw;fhfj; jk;khy;
ntt;NtW fUkq;fSf;fhfj; nra;af;$bait
JizGupAk; epWtdq;fs; • jhk; thOk; gpuNjrj;jpy; ntt;NtW
gw;wpa tpsf;fj;ijg; ngW e p Wt d q ; f shy ; M w ; w g; g L k;
thu;.
Nritfs;
• ,yq;ifau;fspd; gy;NtW
• rka cw;rtq;fspd;N ghJ gad;
gz; g hLfs; njhlu; g hd
tpsf;fj;Jld; RNjrj;Jtj; gLj;jf;$ba myq;fupg;Gf;fs;
jpw; F Kjd; i kaspj; J > • gpuNjr uPjpapy; gpugy;akhd rpW
ntt;NtW Mf;fq;fs; nra; tpisahl;Lf;fs;
thu;.
• Njrg;gw;iw czu;jJ ; k; ftpijfs;>
• ,yq ; i f kf; f spi lNa ghly;fis fUj;J ntspg;ghl;L
Gof;fj;jpYs;s tpisahl; mirTfSld; Kd;itj;jy;
Lf;fspy; <LgLthu;.
• Njrpag; ngUikia ntspf;
fhl; l g; g Lk; tifapyhd
mofpay; gilg; g hf; f q;
fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
3. kuQ;nrb • mz;ikr; #oypy; kuQ;nrb • jhtug; G+f;fspd; ,ay;Gfisf;
nfhbfs; nfhbfspdJ ,ay;Gfis Fwpg;ghf mtjhdpj;jy;
Ak; mit tsUk; tpjj;ij
Ak; ,dq;fz;L mwpf;ifg; • G+f; f spd; gy; t ifikapd; g b
gLj;Jthu;. jhtuq;fis tifg;gLj;jy;
• j h t u q ; f S f ; f p i l N a • jhtuq;fSf;Fk; gpuhzpfSf;Fk;
fhzg;gLk; Fwpg;ghd NtW ,ilapyhd njhlu;Gfs;
ghLfisj; Njb awpe ; J • jhtug; gFjpfs; %yk; vkf;Fk;
mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jthu;. j ht uq ; f Sf; F k ; fp i l f; F k;
• jhtuq; fSld; kdpjDk; gad;fs;
gpuhzpfSk; fhl;Lk; ,ilj;
• jhtug; gFjpfshyhd Mf;fq;fs;
njhlu;Gfisf; fw;wha;e;J
mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jthu;. • jhtuq;fs; rhu;ej
; jhf cUthf;fpa
• kuQ;nrbnfhbfspd; ngW tpisahl; L f;
f s;
khdj; i j kjpj; J mtw; • kuQ;nrbnfhbfs; gw;wpf; $Wk;
iwg; ghJfhg; g jw; f hfr; ghly; f s; > ftpijfis Kd;
nraw;gLthu;. itj;jy;
• #oypypUe; J ngwf; $ba
tw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp ntt;
NtW Mf;fq;fs; nra;thu;.
• kuQ;nrbnfhbfs; rhu;e;J
nefpo;jd;ik tsu;r;rpf;Fj;
JizahFk; clypaf;fr;
nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLthu;.
• kuQ;nrbnfhbfSf;F ,il
apyhd ,ilj; n jhlu; G f
isf; fhl;Lk; Mly;-ghly;
fs; > ehlfq; f is Kd;
itg;ghu;.
162
4. vk;ikr; • gpuhzpfs; njhlu;ghd mbg; • ntt; N tW ,ay; G fs; kw; W k;

#oTs;s gilj; jfty;fs;> gpuhzp elj;ijfSf;fika maw;#oypy;
gpuhzpfs; fspd; tpNrl jpwd; f s; cs;s gpuhzpfis tifg;gLj;jy;
kw;Wk; gpuhzpfspd; elj;ij • gpuhzpfsJ elj;ijapd; gy;tif
fisj; Njbawpe;J ikAk; tpNrl jpwd;fSk;
mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jthu;.
• gpuhzpfspd; tho;f;if tl;lq;fs;
• gp uhzp fs; > jhtuq; f S
lDk;; kdpjUlDk; nfhz; • gpuhzpfs; %yk; kdpjd; ngWk;
Ls;s ,ilj; njhlu;Gfis gad;fs; njhlu;ghd jfty;fs;
,dq;fhz;ghu;. • k d p j d J k; g p u h z p f s p d J k ;
• #oypd; ,Ug;Gf;fhfg; gpuhzp tho;f;ifapy; thOk; cupikAk;
fspd; Kf; f paj; J tj; i j tho;f;ifapd; ngWkhdKk;
kjpj; J> mg; g puhzpfisg; • gpuhzp tiffisg; ghJfhg;gjw;
ghJfhf;fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra; fhfr; nra;aj;jf;f gq;fspg;G
thu;.
• jkJ ,Ug;G khj;jpukd;wp Vida
• gpuhzpfs; fhuzkhf Vw; gpuhzp tiffsJ ,Ug;G njhlu;
gLk; jPq;Ffs; kw;Wk; tpgj; ghfTk; czu;T fhl;ly;
Jf;fs; njhlu;ghff; ftdk;
nrYj;jpr; nraw;gLthu;. • gpuhzpfs; fhuzkhf Vw; g Lk;
jP q ; F fs; kw; W k; tpgj; J f; f s;
• ntt; NtW Clfq;f isg; njhlu; g hf mwpT+l; l k; ngw; W
gad; gLj; j p> gpuhzpfspd; mtw;wpypUe;J ghJfhg;Gg; ngwy;
cUtq;fs; nra;thu;.
• ntt;NtW Kiwfisf; ifahz;L
• gpuhzpfspd; elj; i jfs; gpuhzp khjpupAUf;fs; Mf;Fjy;
rhu; e ; j m i rT kw; W k;
Nghyr;n ra;j y; nraw; ghL • gpuhzpfspd; elj;ijiag; Nghyr;
fspy; <LgLthu;. nra;J cUthf;fpa tpisahl;Lf;
fs;
• gpuhzpfspd; elj; i jfs;
kw ; W k; gpuhzpfSf; F k; • gpuhzpfspd; elj;ijfis vLj;Jf;
kdpjUf; Fk; ,ilapyhd fhl;Lk; Nghyr;nra;J fhl;ly;fs;
njhl u; G fisf; fhl ; L k;
mirTfis Kd;itg;ghu;.
• jkJ fpl;ba #oypy; ntt;NtW

5. ehk; • Fwpg; g pl; l Ntiyf; f hd
njhopyf
; spy; <Lgl;bUg;Nghu; gad;
gad;gLj; tpNrlkhd nghUs; f s; >
gLj;Jk; cgfuzq;fs; njhlu;ghd
Jgit cgfuzq;fis ,dq;fz;L
jfty;fs;
mtw;iwr; rupahfTk; rPuhd
KiwapYk; ghJfhg;ghff; • md;whlk; gad;gLj;Jk; nghJr;
ifahs;thu;. nrhj;Jf;fs;> gz;lq;fs;> cgfu
zq;fisr; rupahfg; gad;gLj;jYk;
• cgfuzq;fspd; nraw;ghL
rupahfg; guhkupj;jYk;
njhlu; ghd tpsf;f j;Jld;
gad; j Ujd; i k nfhz; l • tYrf;jpiar; rpf;fdkhfg; gad;
jhfg; gad;gLj;Jthu;. gLj;Jjy;
163
• t s q ; f s p y p U e ; J c r ; r • gz;lnkhd;iw thq;Fk;NghJ ju
gaidg; ngwf;$ba tif epakq; f s; Fwpj; J f; ftdQ;
apy; rpff ; dkhfg; gad;gLj;J nrYj;Jjy;
thu;. • md; w hlk; gad; g Lj; J gtw; w py;
• ehk; gad;gLj;Jk; nghUs; ,Ltjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd vspa
fis my;yJ Nritfisg; ijay; Kiwfs;
n g w ; W f ; n f h s ; S k ; N g h J • cgfuzq; f s; rhu; e ; j vwpjy;
ftdj;jpw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba kw;Wk; gpbj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;
t p l a q ; f s ; n j h l u; g h d
fupridAld; nraw;gLthu;. • ntt;NtW nghUs;fisf; nfhz;L
cUthf;fpa Gj;jspg;Gf;
• md;whlk; gad;gLj;J fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;jpr; nra;Ak;
gtw;iw kpfTk; ftu;r;rpfu Mf;fG+u;tkhd $l;lhd thj;jpa
khfj; jahu;nra;tjw;nfdg; ,irg;G
gy;NtW Mf;fq;fis
epUkhzpg;ghu;.
• gy;NtW cgfuzq;fisg;
gad;gLj;jp tY tpUj;jpf;F
cjT k; nraw; g hLfspy;
<LgLthu;.
• ehk; gad; g Lj; J gtw; w pd;
cjtpAld; gy;NtW fpuhkpa
eldq;fspy; <LgLthu;.
6. vkJ • Rfhjhukhd tho;f;i ff;F • fyg;G czT Ntisnahd;wpd;
czT Ntis czTfis cupa Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
Neuj;j py; cz;z Ntz;L
nkd;w tpsf;fj;Jld; ele;J • MNuhf; f pakhd tsu; r ; r pf; F j;
nfhs;thu;. JizahFk; xs\j ,ay;Gfisf;
nfhz; l czT kw; W k; ghd
• jukhdJk; kUj;Jtj;jd;ik tiffs;
nfhz;lJkhd ghd tif
fis Efug; goFthu;. • czT mRj;jkilAk; ntt;NtW
Kiwfs;
• czT tpuakhFk; topfs;
kw;Wk; mtw;iw ePzl; fhyk; • czT ew;fhg;G Kiwfs;
NgZk; Kiwfs; gw; w pa • ghJfhg;gw;w czit Efu;tjhy;
tpsf;fj;Jld; nraw; gLthu;. Vw;glf;$ba Neha;fs;> NfhshW
• czT cz;Zk; kuGfs; fs;
kw;Wk; ew;gof;ftof;fq;fs; • czT gupkhWk; rupahd xOq;F
Mfpatw;iwf; iff;nfhs; fs;
thu;.
• rf;jp tpUj;jpf;Fj; JizahFk;
• ghJfhg; g w; w czTfis tpisahl;Lf;fs;
cl; nfhs;tjdhy; Vw;g lf;
• Mf;fG+ut
; khf czT gupkhWtjw;
$ba Neha; epiyikfs;
fhff; ifahsj;jf;f Kiwfs;
gw;wpa tpsf;fj;Jld; Rj;j
khd czTfis cl;nfhs;
thu;.
164
• rupahd eilKiwfisg; • ghJfhg;gw;w czT> ghdhjpfis
gpd;gw;wp czitg; gupkhW Efu;tjhy; Vw;glj;jf;f epiyik
thu;. fis vLj; J f; f hl; L k; Mly; >
• czT gupkhwYf;nfdg; gy; ghly;fs;
NtW Clfq;fisg; gad;
gLj; j p Mf; f j; j pwd; k pf; f
KbTg; nghUs;fisj;
jahupg;ghu;.
• rf; j p tpUj; j pf; F cjTk;
tpisahl; L f; f spy; <LgL
thu;.
• ehk; cz;Zk; czTfspd;
gy;tifikapd; mbg;gil
apy; ghly;> Mly;> ,irj;
jy;> mq;f mirTfs; Mfpa
tw;iwr; rku;g;gpg;ghu;.
7. ghJfhg;Gk; • tpgj; J f; f s; epfoj; j f; f • maw;#oypy; epfoj;jf;f tpgj;Jf;

fupridAk; topfs; gw;wpa mwpT+l;lj; fspypUe;J ghJfhg;Gg; ngWjy;
Jld; mtw;wpypUe;J ghJ
• md; w hlk; nra; A k; ntt; N tW
fhg;Gg; ngw Mtd nra;thu;.
Ntiyfspd; N ghJ epfoj; j f; f
• njhopy;El;gr; rhjdq;fis tpgj;JfSk; ,og;GfSk;
Ak; ntt; N tWgl; l rf; j p
fisAk; gad;gLj;Jtjhy; • njhw; W Neha; f s; guTtijj;
Vw; g lf; $ ba ghjpg; G fs; jtpu;f;ff;$ba KiwfSk; me;
njhlu;ghff; ftdQ; nrYj; Neha ; f spyp Ue; J ghJfhg; G g;
jpr; nraw;gLthu;. ngWjYk;
• njhw; W Neha; f s; kw;W k; • njhw;whj Neha;fs; Vw;gLtijj;
njhw;whj Neha;fs; Vw;gL jtpu;f;ff;$ba topfs;
tijj; jtpu; g ; g jw; f hff; • ghJfhg; G j; njhlu; ghd nra;j p
ifahsf; $ ba Rfhjhug; fisf; nfhz; l Rtnuhl; bfs;
ghJfhg;G Kiwfs; njhlu; Mf;fy;
ghf mwpT+l;lj;Jld; nraw;
gLthu;. • ghJfhg;Gj; njhlu;ghff; ftdQ;
nr Yj ; j p a t h W t p i s a h L k ;
• ghJfhg;G njhlu;ghd czu;
tpisahl;Lf;fs;
jd; i kAld; Mf; f q; f s;
nra;tjpy; <LgLthu;. • ghJfhg;Gj; njhlu;ghd nra;jpfs;
• ghJfhg; G j; njhlu; g hff; mlq; f pa Mly; - ghly; f s; >
ftdQ;nrYj;jpathW ftpijfs;
Jyq;fy; (vjpu;tpid) Ntf
tsu;r ; r pr; nraw; g hLfspy;
<LgLthu;.
• ghJfhg; g hfTk; ftdkhf
Tk; Ntiynra;a Ntz;ba
tpjj; i j Ckk; %yKk;
fUj;J ntspg;ghl;L mq;f
mirTfs; %yKk; nra;J
fhl;Lthu;.
165
8. ePu; • ePUld; gy;NtW nghUs;fs; • ePupd; jd;ik NtWgLk; tpjk;
,ilj;jhf;fkilAk; tpjj; • ePupd; njhopw;ghl;ilj; Njbawpjy;
ijf; fz;lwpe;J mwpf;ifg;
gLj;Jthu;. • mRj;jkhd ePu; fhuzkhf Vw;glj;
jf;f ghjpg;Gfis ,opthf;fy;
• gy;NtW topfspd; %yk;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLk; ePiu • e P u p d ; % y k ; , a f ; f f ; $ b a
tpidj; j pwdhf Kfhik Mf;fq;fs;
nra;J ghJfhg;ghf Efu; • eP i ug; gad; g Lj; j p ntt; N tW
thu;. xypfisg; gpwg;gpf;Fk; Mf;fq;fs;
• ePupdhy; Vw;glf;$ba ghjpg;G • ePiuf; nfhz;Lnry;yy; rhu;e;j
fs;> tpgj;Jfs; njhlu;ghff; Mf;fG+u;tkhd tpisahl;Lf;fs;
fz;lwpe;J mtw;iwf;
Fiwg;gjw;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; • eP i ug; gad; g Lj; j p ntt; N tW
nra;thu;. xypfisg; gpwg;gpj;jy; njhlu;ghd
fspg;G+l;Lk; mDgtq;fs;
• ePupd; njhopwg
; hL njhlu;ghd
gy;NtW Mf;fq;fspy; <LgL
thu;.
• eP u ; rhu; e ; J cUthf; f pa
tpisahl;Lf;fspy; <LgL
thu;.
• ePu; rhu;e;j gy;NtW re;ju;g;
gq;fis kfpo;Tld; rku;gg ; pg;
ghu; .
9. Nghf;F • tPjpapy; gazpg;Nghu; gpdg
; w;w • ngUe;njUf;fspy; gazk; nra;Ak;
tuj;J Ntz; b a tpjpKiwfs; > NghJ gpd; g w;w Ntz; b a tP j p
xOf;fq;fs; gw;wpa tpsf;fj; xOq;Ffs;
Jld; tP j pfisg; gad;
• tPjp xOq;Ffisg; gpd;gw;whik
kpf;fjhfTk; ghJfhg;ghfTk;
ahy; Vw;glj;jf;f tpgj;Jf;fs;
gad;gLj;Jthu;.
• thfdq;f shy; Vw; gLj; jg;
gLk; ghjfkhd jhf; f q; • Nghf;Ftuj;jpw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;
fis Muha; e ;J mtw;w p gLk; thfdq; f Sk; mtw; w pd;
ypUe;J ghJfhg;Gg; ngWt gad;fSk;
jw;F eltbf;if vLg;ghu;. • nghJthfdq;fisg; ghJfhg;gjw;
• nghJ thfd q; f spd hy; fhfr; nra;af;$bait
Mw; w g; g Lk; Nritfis • N g h f ; F t u j ; j p d ; N g h J j k J
kjpj;J mtw;iwg; ghJfhg; ghJfhg; G f; f hd nra; j pfisf;
gjw;Fg; gq;fspgG; r; nra;thu;. nfhz;l Rtnuhl;bfs; Mf;Fjy;
• Nritia tpidj;jpwdhf • thfdq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ
Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fg; gy;NtW nraw;gl Ntz;ba tpjk; njhlu;
tifg; g l; l nghwpKiwr; ghd nra;jpfslq;fpa ftpijfs;>
rf;jpAld;$ba thfdq;fs; ghly;fs;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; tpjj;ijj;
JUtpaha; e ; J mwpf; i fg;
gLj;Jthu;.
166
• Nghf;Ftuj;Jld; njhlu;ghd • Nghf;Ftuj;J njhlu;ghd elj;ij
gy; N tW re; j u; g ; g q; f is fis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk; Mf;fG+u;t
xl;ba Mf;fq;fs; nra;thu;. khd tpisahl;Lf;fs;
• ntt; N tW gazq; f spd;
gy;tifikia mbg;gil
ahff; nfhz;l mirTr;
• Nghf;Ftuj;Jld; njhlu;ghd
elj;ijfis ntspff ; hl;Lk;
fspg;g+l;Lk; nraw;ghLfis
Kd;itg;ghu;.
10. tPl;Lj; • jpl;l kpl;l tPl; Lj; Njhl;l k; • vkf;F md;whlk; Njitg;g Lk;
Njhl;lk; %yk; md;whlk; jkJ tPlb ; w; czT - ghdq; f is tP l ; L j;
Fj; Njitahd czTg; Njhl;lj;jpNyNa cw;gj;jp nra;
nghUs;fis cw;gj;jp nra; tjw;fhfr; nra;aj;jf;f gq;fspg;G
tjpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;thu;.
• gap u; f isr; nra ; i fgz; Z k;
• nra;ifgz;zpa gapuf ; isg; ntt;NtW Kiwfs;
ghJfhg;gjw;fhff;ifahSk;
cj;jpfs; gw;wpj; Njbawpe;J • moF ntspg; g LkhW tP l ; L j;
mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jthu;. Njhl;lr; nra;ifapy; <LgLjy;
• tptrhaj; Jld; ,ize; j • gapu;r;nra;ifiag; ghJfhg;gjw;

gz;ghl;Lg; ngWkhdq;fis fhfg; gad; g Lj; J k; ghuk; g upa
kjpg;ghu;. kw;Wk; etPd El;g Kiwfs;
• tP l ; L j; N jhl; l j; j pypUe; J • ,urhadg; grisfs; kw;Wk; G+r;rp

ngwf;$ba nghUs;fisf; ehrpdpfisg; gad;gLj;J tjhy;
nfhz;L Mf;fq;fs; nra; #oYf; F k; capupdq; f Sf; F k;
thu;. Vw;gLk; ghjpg;Gfs;
• tP l ; L j; N jhl; l j; j pypUe; J • Mf; f g+u; t khd tP l ; L j; N jhl; l

ngw f; $ b a nghUs; f s; nkhd;iw mikj;jy;
rhu;ej ; tpisahl;Lf;fspYk; • tPl ; L j; N jhl; l j; j pypUe;J ngwf;
nraw;ghLfspYk; <LgLthu;. $batw;iwf; nfhz;L nra;Ak;
• tPl;Lj;Njhl;lj;jpd; moif Mf;fq;fs;
Ak; ngWkhdj;ijAk; • fha; f w pfs; > go ti ffsp d;
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk; Mf;fq;fs; ngau;fisg; gad;gLj;jpr; nra;Ak;
nra;tjpy; fspg;Gld; <LgL rpW tpisahl;Lf;fs;
thu;. • mofhd tPl;Lj;Njhl;l nkhd;wpd;
moif vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk; Mly; -
ghly;fs;
167
11.Ntiyia • Ntiyfis ,yFgLj;jpf; • Ntiyfis ,yFgLj;jpf; nfhs;
,yFgLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;fhfj; jw;fhyj; tjw;fhf Kw;fhyj;jpy; ifahsg;
nfhs;Sk; jpy; ifahsg;gLk; cj;jp gl;l cj;jpfs;
topfs; fi sAk; K w; f hy j ; j p y ;
ifahsg; gl;l cj;jpfis • ,Oj;jy;> js;Sjy; %yk; gz;lq;
Ak; fw;wha;e;J mwpf;ifg; fspd ; mi kt pl j ; i j khw ;w
gLj;Jthu;. Kbfpd;wik
• Ntiyfis ,yFgLj;jpf; • xOq; f hfTk; KiwikahfTk;

nfhs;tjw;fhfTk; Neu;j;jp nraw;gLtjhy; md;whl Ntiy
a h fr ; nr a ; J K b g ; gj w ; f i s , y F g L j ; j p f ; n fh s ; s
fhfTk; jpll; kplL
; > xOq;fhf Kbfpd;wik
Tk; rPuhfTk; Ntiynra;ag; • a hN j D k; N t i y i a c up a
goFthu;. Neuj;jpy; nra;J Kbf;Fk; guprr
; ak;
• $l;lhfr; Nru;e;J nraw;gL • Nritfisg; ngWk; NtisfspYk;
tjd; %yk; Ntiyfis toq;Fk; NtisfspYk; kupahij
,yFgLj;jpf;nfhs;sr; i a A k ; rl ; l j p l ; l q ; fi s Ak ;
nraw;gLthu;. NgZjy;
• Nritfisg; ngWk;NghJk; • ahNjDk; Ntiyiar; nra;tjw;F
toq;Fk;NghJk; kupahij kdpjdpd; clw; r f; jp khj; jpuk;
ahfTk; rl;lq;fis Nghjpajhfhik
kjpj;Jk; nraw;gLthu;. • fhe;jq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp Ntiy
• kpd;rhuk;> fhe;jk; kw;Wk; fis ,yFgLj;j pf; nfhs; Sk;
vspa nghwpfisg; gad; topfs;
gLj;jp Ntiyfis ,yF • kpd;rhuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp Ntiy
gLj; j pf; n fhs; S k; topf fis ,yFgLj;j pf; nfhs; Sk;
isf; $u;e;JNehf;fp mwpf; topfs;
ifg;gLj;Jthu;.
• ntt; N tW Mf; f q; f s; %yk;
• md;whl Ntiyfis ,yF tYrf;jp %yq;fisg; gad;gLj;
gLj; j pf; nfhs; t jw; f hfg; JtJ njhlu; g hd ifahz; L
gad;gLj;jf;$ba rf;jpfs; ghu;j;jy;fs;
njhlu; g hff; ifahz; L
ghu;j;Jf; fspg;GWthu;. • FOepiyapy; xj;Jioj;J tpis
ahLk; tpisahl;Lf;fs;
• xj;Jiog;G kw;Wk;
$l;Lzu;T %yk; ntw;wpia • Ntiyfis ,yFgLj;jpf; nfhs;
mDgtpf;fj;jf;f tpisahl; tjw;Fk; mjd; %yk; fspgG; Wtjw;
Lf;fspy; <LgLthu;. Fk; Vw;wthwhd ghly;fis Mw;W
ifg;g hq;fhd mq;f - mirT
• Ntiyfis ,yFgLj;jpf; fSld; Kd;itj;jy;
nfhs; t jw; f hfr; nra; a f;
$ba gy; N twhdtw;i wf;
fspg;GlDk; Mw;Wif
ahfTk; Kd;itg;ghu;.
168
• jdJk; r%fj;j pdJk; ey • jkJ jpwd; f is kjpg; g NjhL

12. kdpj khd ,Ug;Gf;Nfw;w tifap V i d N a hu p d ; j p w d ; f i s A k ;
elj;ijfs; yhd gaDila gz; G f kjpj;jy;
isg; NgZthu;. • vidNahupd; fUj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk;
• ey;y ,ilj;njhlu;Gfisg; elj; i jfs; rhu; g hf rupahfj;
NgZtjw;F Vw;w tifap Jyq;Fjy;
yhd Mf;fq;fs; nra;thu;. • xt; n thUtUf; F k; fy; t pngWk;
• gq; N fw; G f; f hfr; rkkhd cupik ,Uf;fpd;wik
re; j u; g ; g q; f isg; ngw; W • V i d N a h u J e y p T g h L f i s
cgfuzq; f isf; ifah ,fohik
Sk; Mf;fj;jpwdhd tpis
ahl;Lf;fspy; <LgL thu;. • ey;y njhlu;Gfisg; Ngzptuj;
JizahFk; tifapyhd tho;jJ ;
• kdpju;fspd; gy;NtW ml;ilfs; Mf;Fjy;
elj;ijfis czu;TG+u;t
khfg; gy;NtW ntspg;ghl;L • ge;Jfs; kw;Wk; tisaq;fisf;
Clfq;fs; %yk; Mf;fj; nfhz;L tpisahLk; Mf;fG+u;t
jpwd;kpf;f tifapy; Kd; khd tpisahl;Lf;fs;
itg;ghu;. • kdpj elj;ijapd;NghJ gupTzu;
Tld; nraw;gl Ntz;ba re;ju;gg ; q;
fis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk; ghly;fSk;
ehlfq;fSk;
• epy Nkw;gug;gpd; gy;tif • epy Nkw;gug;gpdJ gy;tifikap

13. epyKk; ikiaj; Njbaha;thu;. dhy; ntspg;gLk; moF
thDk; • eP u ; rhu; e ; j #oy; f spd; • kz;zpd; gy;tifikiaj; JUtp
,ay;Gfisj; Njbaha;thu;. aha;e;J kz;fhg;Gf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr;
nra;jy;
• kio Vw;gLtJ njhlu;ghf
#oypy; Vw; g Lk; khw; wq; • rJg;G epyq;f s; > ePu ; epiyfis
fis mtjhdpj;J mwpf; mz;ba epyq;fs; rhu;e;j #oypd;
ifg;gLj;Jthu;. jdpr;rpwg;ghd ,ay;Gfs;
• fhw; w pd; njhopw; g hl; i l • kioapdhy; fpilf;Fk; gad;fs;
Muha;e;J fhw;W tYitg; • fhw;wpd; njhopw;ghL
ngwf;$ba gy;NtW
• ,aw;ifr; #oypy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;
Kiwfisj; JUtpaha;thu;.
fs; kw; W k; jpBu; epiyikfs;
• ,aw;ifahd nghUs;fspd; njhlu; g hff; ftdQ; n rYj; j pr;
njhopw;ghl;ilAk; mtw;wpd; nraw;gly;
%ykhfr; #oypy; Vw;gLk;
• Gtpapd; Row;rpAk; ,uT - gfy;
jhf;fq;fisAk; Njb
Njhd;WjYk;
aha;e ;J mwpf;i fg; gLj; J
thu;. • xspiaj; jkJ md;whl Ntiy
fSf;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jk; topfs;
• jdJ md;whl eltbf;if
fSf;nfd xspia gad;
gLj;Jk; tpjj;ij Muha;
thu;.
169
• ,yq ; i fap d; mi kit • ,yq;ifj; Njrg;glnkhd;wpy; jkJ

,dq;fz;L $Wthu;. gpuNjrk; mlq;fpAs;s khfhzk;>
khtl; l k; > efuk; Mfpatw; i w
• thdk;> epyk; Mfpatw;wpd;
mtjhdpj;jy;
jd; i k gw; w pf; ftdQ;
nrYj;jp Mf;fq;fspy; <LgL • thdk; rhu;e;j Mf;fq;fs;
thu;. • cgfuzq;fisg; NghLjy; kw;Wk;
• epiyf;Fj;J kw;Wk; fpil e pi y f; F j ; j hf i tf; f g; g l; l
ntspfisg; gad;gLj;jpr; tisaq;fspd; Clhf vwpjYk;
nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLthu;. gpbj;jYk; rhu;ej ; tpisahl;Lf;fs;
• epyk;> thd; Mfpatw;wpd; • Nky; > fP o ; j ; js ntspfisg;

tpaj; j F jd; ik gw;w pa gad;gLj; jpr; nra;ag;gLk; re;j
fspg;G+l;Lk; kfpo;rr
; pr; nraw; mirTr; nraw;ghLfs;
g hL fi s > f t p i j f s; >
ghly;fs;> Mw;Wiffshf
Kd;itg;ghu;.
• mz;kpa #oiyr; Rj;jkhf • j kJ #o i y r; Rj ; j khfTk;
14. vk;khy; Tk; Neu;j;jpahfTk; itj; xOq;fhfTk; itj;jpUg;gjw;fhfr;
nra;af;$ba jpUf;ff; fUkkhw;Wthu;. nra;af;$ba gq;fspg;G
khw;wq;fs; • jkJ mz; k pa #oypy; • ey;y khw;wq;fis eilKiwg;
gz;G uPjpahd khw;wj;ij gL j; J t jw; F g; nghU j; j khd
Ntz;b epw;Fk; gpur;rpid jpl;lq;fs;
fisj; Njbawpe;J mjw; • tP l ; L r; #oypy; juk; rhu; e ; j
fhfj; jpl;l k; jahupj;J r; nra;aj;jf;fjhd khw;wq;fs;
nraw;gLthu;.
• gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd
• ey; y njhU khw; w j; i jr; rpj;jpuq;fs; kw;Wk; gpd;dy;Ntiy
nra;tjw;fhfj; JizahFk; Mf;fq;fs; nra;jy;
Mf; f q; f s; nra; t jw; F j;
Njitahd gupr;raj;ijg; • ntt;NtW nghUs;fisg; gad;
ngWthu;. gLj;jp> Mf;fG+u;tkhd khw;wq;fs;
nra;aj;jf;f tpisahl;Lf;fs;
• tpisahl;Lj; jplypy;
• ey;y elj;ijfis Nkk;gLj;Jk;
khw;wq ;fisr; nra;J
tifapyhd tfpghfNkw;W
fspg;G+l;Lk; tpisahl;Lf;
ebj;jy;fs;
fspy; <LgLthu;.
• jkJ elj; i jfis ey;
yitahf khw;wpf;nfhs;s
Kbfpd; wikia vLj;Jf;
fhl; l j; j f; f fspg; G +l; L Q;
170
• nj hl u ; g hl w ; fU k q ; f s; • Kw;fhyj;jpy; jfty; gupkhw;wk;

15. kdpjDk; epfOk; tpjj;ijf; fw;wha; nra;j topfs;
jfty;fSk; thu;.
• ntt;NtW Kiwfisf; ifahz;L
• njhlu; g hlw; fUkq; f spd;
jfty;fis mwpf;ifg;gLj;jy;
NghJ kupahijahfr; nraw;
gLthu;. • VidNahupd; fUj; J f; f isr;
• ntt;N tW Clfq;fisAk; rfpj;J jkJ fUj;Jf;fis epjhd
KiwfisAk; gad;gLj;jp khf (Assertive) Kd;itj;jy;
jfty; ngWthu;> mj;jfty; • ntt;NtW njhlu;ghly; Clfq;f
fis mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jthu;. isAk; njhlu;ghlw; rhjdq;fis
• fp ilf; F k; jft y; f Ss; Ak; gad;gLj;Jk; gupr;rak;
nghUj;jkhd jfty;fisg; • ntt; N tW Clfq; f s; %yk;
gFg;gha;e;J njupT nra;J fpilf;F k; jfty;f isg; gFg;
nfhs;thu;. gha; T nra; J > nghUj; j khd
• njhlu;ghl y; Kiw fs; jfty;fisj; njupT nra;J
njhlu;ghf ntt;NtW Mf; nfhs;sy;
fq;fs; nra;J ifahz;L
• jfty; njhlu;ghlYf;fhfg; gad;
ghu;j;jy;fspy; <LgLthu;.
gLj;J k; Kiwfs; njhlu; g hd
• rkp f ; i Qfs; > Vt y ; fs; > Rtnuhl;bfs; Mf;Fjy;
nra;jpfisg; gad;gLj;jpr;
nra;j Mf;fq;fisf; • Vty;fSf;F mikthf cUthf;
nfhz; L nraw; g hLfspy; fpa tpisahl;Lf;fs;
<LgLthu;. • rupa hd njhlu; g hlypd; N ghJ
• rupahd mwptpj;jnyhd;wpd; filg;gpbf;f Ntz;ba gz;Gfisg;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij typAWj;jp Nghyr;nra;J fhl;Lk; Kd;itg;G
Mly; - ghly;fspYk; ghj;jpu fs;
ebg;GfspYk; <LgLthu;.
• tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;JtKs;s • tuyhw; W g; ngWkhdq; n fhz; l

,lq; f is kjpj; J mtw; ,lq;fis ,dq;fhzYk;
16. vkJ
iwg; ghJfhf;fr; nraw;gL mtw;iw kjpj;jYk;
gz;ila
thu;.
jfty;fs; • gz; g hl; L Kf; f paj; J tKs; s
• jkJ gpuNjrj;jpy; my;yJ jhtuq;fs; / ,lq;fs; njhlu;ghd
khfhzj ; j p y; tuyhw; W > jfty;fs;
gz;ghl;L Kf;fpaj;JtKs;s
jhtuq;fs;> ,lq;fs; kw;Wk; • ehl;bd; ew;ngaiuf; fl;bnaOg;G
Vidatw;i w ,dq; fz;L tjpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Njhu;.
mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jthu;. • gz; ila fiyg; gilg;Gfspy;
• jkJ gpuNjrj;jpy;> ehl;by; cs;s Nfhyq;fisf; fw;wha;e;J
fhj;jpukhd Nritfs; nra;j jkJ Mf;fq;fSf;fhf mtw;iwg;
Ml;fis kjpj;J mtu;fis gad;gLj;jy;
Kd; k hjpupahff; nfhz; L • jkJ gpuNjrj;jpw;NfAupa jdpjJ
; t
nraw;gLthu;. khd vspa fpuhkpa tpisahl;Lf;
fs;
171
• gz; i la kuGupikfis • ehl;Lf;fhfg; gzpahw;wpa %jhij

vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk; Mf;fq;fs; aupd; Kd; k hjpupahd ghj; j puq;
nra;thu;. fis ebj;Jf; fhl;ly;
• gz; L njhl; L tpisahlg;
gLk; fpuhkpa tpisahl;Lf;
fis kjpj;jthW mtw;wpy;
<LgLthu;.
• ek; Kd;Ndhu; ehl;bw;fhf
Mw ; w p a NritfisAk;
ehl;bd; gz;ila ngUik
fisAk; vLj; J f; f hl; L k;
tifapy; fspg;G+l; lj;j f;f
172
fUg;nghUs; 1 : vkJ ey;tho;T
mu;j;jG\;bahd tho;f;iff;fhf ew;Fzeyd;fshy; Nghrpf;fg;ngw;W ntw;wpia

mDgtpfF ; k; Nehf;Fld; nraw;gLtJ mtrpakhFk;. flikfis epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhf
tpopg;GlDk; kyu;rr ; pahd cw;rhfj;JlDk; nghWg;Gfis ntw;wpfukhf vjpu;nfhz;L
Ra mgpkhdj;Jld; tho;jyhdJ tho;f;ifapd; mu;j;jG\;bahd jd;ikia NkYk;
Nkk;gLj;jpf;nfhs;sj; JizGupAk;. csr; Rfk;> cly; rkepiy Mfpatw;iw
Nehf;fhff; nfhz;L> Njitahd gupr;raq;fisg; ngWtNjhL ey;ytw;iwNa
nra;tjpy; Mu;tk; fhl;Lk; MNuhf;fpakhd xUtu; ehl;bw;F xU nry;tkhf mikthu;.
VidNahupd; fUj;Jfisr; nrtpkLj;J> mtw;iw kjpj;J> ntw;wp - Njhy;tpiar;
rkkhf mDgtpj;J> xw;WikahfTk; rl;lj;ij kjpj;Jk; Md;kpf uPjpapy; fspg;G+l;Lk;
mDgtq; f isg; ngWfpd; w > ,uridAzu; T epuk; g g; n gw; w > Mf; f G+u; t khf
tho;fi
; fia xOq;Fnra;Jnfhs;sf;$ba xUtiuNa ehk; cUthf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.
mjw;fika mjw;Fj; Njitahd gapw;rpfisAk; topfhl;ly;fisAk; ,f;fUg;
nghUspd; Clhf toq;f vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
Nju;r;rpfs; :
 ed;F xOq;fikj;Jr; nraw;gLtjd; %yk; jkJ Ntiyfis ntw;wpfukhfr;
nra;Jnfhs;thu;.
 ew;Fzq;fis kjpj;J> mtw;iwg; Ngzptu Mtd nra;thu;.
 flikfis epiwNtw;wp> nghJ Ntiyfspy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;thu;.
 rl;lq;fis kjpj;J mr;rl;lq;fisg; Ngzp elg;ghu;.
 vkJ ey;tho;itg; NgzptUtjw;Fj; JizahFgtw;iw Mf;Fthu;.
 cly;> cs ey;tho;f;iff;fhfg; nghUj;jkhd nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLthu;.
 ey;y elj;ijfis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk; tifapyhd Mf;fq;fs; nra;tjpy; fspg;Gld;
<LgLthu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; :
 ahNjDk; Ntiyiaf; Fwpj;j Neuj;jpy; ed;F nra;J Kbg;ghu;.
 jkJ tho;f;ifapd; ntw;wpf;Fj; Njitahd ew; Rfhjhug; gof;fq;fis Vw;gLj;jpf;
nfhs;thu;.
 jd;dk;gpf;ifAld; jkJ Ntiyfisr; jdpahfr; nra;thu;.
 nghJ ,lq;fisg; ghJfhg;gjpYk; mq;F rupahd elj;ijfisf; fhl;LtjpYk;
Kd;dpd;W Kd;khjpupahd tho;f;iff; Nfhyj;ij ntspg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.
 vjpu;fhyj;ij ntw;wp nfhs;tjw;F cjtf;$ba ew;nray;fspy; <LgLthu;.
 clypd; nefpo;jd;ikf;Fk; clypd; tsu;r;rpf;Fk; nghUj;jkhd nraw;ghLfspy;
<LgLthu;.
 csr; Rfj;ijAk; csr; rkepiyiaAk; Nkk;gLj;Jk; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLthu;.
 ,uridf;fhfTk; fspg;GWtjw;fhfTk; Kd;khjpupahd ghly;fs; ghLthu;> ,irg;ghu;>
eldkhLthu;.
 $l;lhfr; nra;Ak; nraw;ghLfspy; <Lgl;L> r%fj;jpw;fhfr; Nrit nra;tjpy;
gq;fspg;Gr;nra;thu;.
173
nraw;ghL : 1
 NghJkhd msT #upa xsp fpilf;fj;jf;f Xu; ,lj;jpw;F khztiu mioj;Jr;
nry;f.
 Mrpupau; Vw;fdNt Maj;jg;gLj;jp> kiwj;J itj;Js;s (Vwj;jho 60 - 90 nrd;wp
kPw;wu; my;yJ mjpYk; $ba caukhd) epiyf;fz;zhbiag; nghUj;jkhd Xu;
,lj;jpy;> khztu; jk;ik mjpy; ghu;f;ff;$ba kl;lj;jpy; epWj;jp itf;Ff.(mjw;F
Nkyjpfkhf rPg;G> efntl;b Nghd;wtw;iwj; jahu;g;gLj;Jf.)
 xt;nthUtUf;Fk; jhk; nfhz;Ls;s ey;ytw;iw epiyf;fz;zhbapy; ghu;f;fr;
re;ju;g;gkspf;fg;Nghtjhf khztuplk; $Wf.
 khztu; xt;nthUtuhff; fz;zhbapd; mUNf nrd;W mf;fhz;zhbapy; Njhd;Wk;
jkJ cUtj;ij ed;F ghu;f;FkhW $Wf.
 jkJ Njhw;wj;jpy; mofhf> xOq;fhf> ed;whf ,Ug;git ahitnadf; $wr;
re;ju;gg; k; toq;Ff. (cjhuzk; : cil> jiyKbiar; rPtpAs;s tpjk;> ... Nghd;wit)
 jkJ Njhw;wj;jpy; mofhf> xOq;fhf> ed;whf ,y;yhjit fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wdth
vd mtjhdpj;Jf; $wr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff. (cjhuzk; : cil> fOj;Jg;gl;b>
jiyKb> ghjzpfs;> fOj;Jg;gl;b> ... Nghd;wit)
 xOq;fpdw ; pf; fhzg;gLk; ahNjDnkhd;W gw;wpf; $wpdnudpd;> mjid Neu;jj; pahf;fpf;
nfhs;SkhW Mu;t%l;Lf. mjdhy; fpilf;Fk; gad;fis khztUld; Nru;e;J
fye;JiuahLf.
 jk;kplj;Nj fhzg;gl;l ahNjDk; xU Fiwghl;ilNaDk; mr;re;ju;g;gj;jpNyNa
rPu;nra;j gpd;du; kPz;Lk; fz;zhbapy; jk;ikg; ghu;f;fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
 “fz;zhbapy; fz;l vdJ cUtk;” vDk; jiyg;gpy; jhk; tpUk;gpathW xU
rpj;jpuk; tiua topg;gLj;Jf.
 gpdd ; u; khztu;fs; ,UtupUtuhfr; Nru;eJ; jhk; tiue;j rpjj; puj;ij me;ez;gDf;Ff;
fhl;b mjid tptupf;fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
 ,f;fUg;nghUspd; ,Wjpapy; “fz;zhbapy; ghu;j;j vdJ cUtk;” vDk; jiyg;gpy;
rpj;jpuf; fz;fhl;rpnahd;iw elj;Jf.
 gpd;du; ghliyf; $l;lhfr; Nru;e;J ghLf.
nraw;ghL : 2
gbKiw - 1
 khztUld; Nru;e;J vy;yhUf;Fk; nghJthd xU ehSf;Fupa Neu#rpnahd;iwf;
fUk;gyifapy; fl;bnaOg;Gf.
(mjpfhiy epjj; piutplL
; vOk;GtJ njhlf;fk; ,uT epjj
; piuf;Fr; nry;Yk; tiuahd
Neuj;ij cs;slf;Ff.)
 ahNjDk; Ntiyiaf; Fwpj;j Neuj;jpy; ntw;wpfukhfr; nra;tjw;fhf> rpWguhak;
KjNy xU Neu#rpapd;gb Ntiy nra;ag; goFtjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Ff.
 Neuj;jpw;F Ntiy nra;tJ gw;wpf; $Wk; ghlnyhd;iw tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;Ff.
 mg;ghliy khztUld; Nru;e;J ghLf.
ahNjDk; Ntiyia cupa Ntisapy; cupa Neuj;jpy; rupahfr;nra;J Kbg;gjhy;
fpilf;Fk; ed;ikfs; gw;wpAk; fye;JiuahLf.
 cupa Neuj;jpy; Ntiyfisr; nra;J Kbf;fhikahy; khztu; vjpu;Nehf;f Neupl;l
gpur;rpid epiyikfs; Fwpj;J> jkJ mDgtq;fisf; $w khztu;f;Fr; re;ju;g;gk;
mspf;Ff.
174
gbKiw - 2
 khe;Njhg;Gf; fpuhkj;jpy; rpwe;j fkf;fhuidj; njupT nra;Ak; Nghl;bapy; mWgJ
taijj; jhz;ba KUNfRj; jhj;jh ntw;wpngw;whu;. ,isQu;fs; gyu; ,Uf;ifapy;
60 taJ jhz;ba jhj;jh ntw;wpngw;wjw;fhd fhuzj;ij mwptpg;ghsu; jhj;jhtplk;
tprhupj;jhu;.
mwptpg; g hsu; : KUNfRj; jhj;jh> cq;fsJ ,e;j ntw;wpfF

; vd;d fhuzk;
vdf; $WtPu;fsh?
KUNfRj; jhj;j h : ehd; vdJ Ntiyfisr; rupahd Neuj;jpy; nra;Njd;.
mwptpg; g hsu; : nfhQ;rk; tpsf;fkhff; $Wq;fs;.
KUNfRj; jhj;j h : kiof;fhyj;jpy; taypy; Ntiy nra;Njd;.
Nfhil fhyj;jpy; Nridapy; Ntiy nra;Njd;.
rupahd Neuj;jpy; tpij tpijj;Njd;.
rupahd Neuj;jpy; mWtil nra;Njd;.
mwptpg; g hsu; : ePq;fs; xU RWRWg;ghd fkf;fhuu;.
KUNfRj; jhj;j h : ~~ve;j NtiyiaAk; Neuj;jpw;Fr; nra;J Kbf;f Ntz;Lk;||
vd;W vdf;Fr; rpd;d tajpNyNa vdJ mg;gh nrhy;ypj;
je;jhu;.
 Nkw;gb rk;gtj;ij xU fijNghd;W tFg;gpy; Kd;itj;J KUNfRj; jhj;jh
fkf;fhuu; Nghl;bapy; ntw;wpngw;wjw;fhd fhuzq;fis ntspf;nfhzu;tjw;fhd
rpe;jidf; fpsu;it elj;Jf.
 khztu; $Wk; tpilfisf; fUk;gyifapy; gl;baw;gLj;Jf / Fwpf;Ff.
 khztu; Kd;itj;j tpilfisj; jOtp> cupa Neuj;j py; Ntiy nra;tjd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ntspf;nfhzug;gLk; tifapy; fye;JiuahLf.
gbKiw - 3
 khztiu ,uz;L FOf;fshfg; gpupjJ
; > gpdt
; Uk; nraw;ghLfspy; <Lgl topgg
; Lj;Jf.
FO A - ahNjDk; Ntiyia cupa Neuj;jpy; nra;J Kbg;gjhy; fpilf;Fk;
ed;ikfs; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLf.
FO B - ahNjDk; Ntiyia cupa Neuj;jpy; nra;J Kbf;f Kbahkw;Nghtjhy;
Vw;gLk; ghjfkhd epiyikfs; Fwpj;Jf; fye;JiuahLf.
 mj;jfty;fis Kd;itf;FkhW khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.

 khztuJ mDgtq;fis ntspapLtjw;Fk; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
 rpWguhak; KjNy ahNjDk; Ntiyia cupa Neuj;jpy; nra;J Kbg;gjhy; fpilf;Fk;
ed;ikfs; njhlu;ghf NkYk; typAWj;Jf.
nraw;g hL : 3
 kdpju; nghJ ,lq;fspy; jtwhd tifapy; ele;Jnfhs;Sk; re;ju;g;gq;fs; nra;Ak;
jtWfs; kw;Wk; nghJ ,lq;fisg; ghJfhg;gJ njhlu;ghf khztUld; fye;Jiu
ahLq;fs;.
 mt;thwhd jtwhd elj;ijfis> vt;thW jpUj;jpf;nfhs;syhnkdTk; nghJ
,lq;fisg; ghJfhf;Fk; topfs; gw;wpAk; khztuplk; tpdTf.
175
 khztu;fs; Kd;itf;Fk; tpilfis kjpj;Jf; fye;JiuahLf.
 gpd;du; khztiu A, B vd ,uz;L FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff. NkNy fye;Jiuahba
nghJ ,lq;fs; rpytw;wpd; ngau;gg
; l;banyhd;iwf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
 E}yfk;  ngUe;njU
 NgUe;J epiyak;  nghJ kyry$lk;
 itj;jparhiy  nghJ thfdq;fs;
 tq;fp  nghJr; re;ij
 NkNy fhl;rpg;gLj;jpa nghJ ,lq;fs; gl;baypypUe;J ahNjDk; xU nghJ ,lj;ij>

A FOtpd; KjyhtJ khztDf;F toq;fp> mt;tplj;jpy; jhk; mtjhdpjj ; kdpju;fsJ
jtwhd elj;ijnahd;wpidf; $WkhW topg;gLj;Jf.
 FO B apd; KjyhtJ khztid mioj;J> mj;jtwhd elj;ijiaj; jpUj;Jk;
tpjk; my;yJ rupahd elj;ijiaf; fhl;Lk; tpjj;ij Kd;itf;FkhW topg;gLj;Jf.
cjhuzk; : E}yfk;
 A jtwhd elj;ij - cuj;Jg; Ngrp VidNahUf;F ,ilQ;ry; tpistpf;Fk;
tifapy; elj;jy;
 B rupahd elj;ij - mikjpahf> VidNahUf;F ,ilQ;rypd;wp elj;jy;
 gpd;du; FO B apd; kw;WnkhU khztDf;F> kw;WnkhU nghJ ,lj;jpd; ngaiu

toq;fp> mt;tplj;jpy; jhk; mtjhdpjJ
; s;s Xu; jtwhd elj;ijiaf; $w topgg
; Lj;Jf.
 mj;jtwhd elj;ijiaj; jpUj;Jk; tifapyhd rupahd elj;ijiaf; $WkhW
FO A apd; kw;WnkhU khztid topg;gLj;Jf.
 ,t;thwhf khztUld; fye;Jiuahbg; nghJ ,lq;fspy; rupahf ele;Jnfhs;Sk;
tpjk; gw;wpAk; nghJ ,lq;fisg; ghJfhf;Fk; tpjk; gw;wpAk; tpsf;fj;ij
khztuplj;Nj cWjpg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; nraw;ghl;il elj;Jf.
nraw;ghL : 4
 MNuhf; fpakhd> nraw; wpwd;kpf;f tho;f; iff;Fj; Njitahd cly; > csj;
jifikia Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf #upa ek];fhur; nraw;ghl;bw;fhd re;ju;g;gj;ijj;
jpll
; kpLf. (,jd; nghUl;Lg; nghUj;jkhd Miliag; gad;gLj;JkhW khztu;fSf;f
MNyhrid toq;Ff.)
 “#upa ek];fhur;” nraw;ghLfspy; gupr;rak; ngw;W> jpdrup mg;gapw;rpfspy; <Lgl
khztiu topg;gLj;Jf. (ghlrhiyapy; kl;Lkd;wp tPl;bYk;)
 gpd;tUkhW khztiu ,lg;gLj;Jf / epWj;Jf.
176
 xd;Wtpl;nlhUehspy; jiyikj;Jtk; tfpf;Fk; re;ju;gg
; j;ij kw;WnkhU khztUf;F
toq;Ff.
 #upa ek];fhuj;jpd; gbKiwfSf;fpilNa cupa Neu tPr;ir / ,ilntspiag;
NgZf.
 xU nraw;ghl;bypUe;J kw;iwa nraw;ghl;bw;F khWtjw;fhd 1....2....3....4 vd;wthW
fhyq;Fwpf;Ff.
 mjd;NghJ 4 vdf; $wpaTld; khztiu mLj;j nka;e;epiyf;F khWkhW
topg;gLj;Jf.
 mLj;j nka;e;epiyf;F tUk;NghJ Kd;ida nka;e;epiyapy; ,Ue;J nefpo;
jd;ikAld; #upa ek];fhu vz;iz miltjw;F topg;gLj;Jf.
 ,jw;fhf> jhs ,ir my;yJ Nks ,iriag; gad;gLj;Jtjhy; khztuJ Mu;tj;ij
mjpfupj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.
 #upa ek];fhur; re;ju;g;gq;fs; :
1 2 3 4
5 6
177
 jpdKk; cly;> cs> Md;kpf eyj;jpw;fhfr; #upa ek];fhuj;ijr; nra;tjw;Fupa
rupahd Kiwapaiy khztu;fSf;F toq;Ff.
 ~~#upa ek];fhuk;|| vDk; ,j;jiyg;igr; nraw;gLj;Jk; Ntisapy; khj;jpukd;wp>
mjid xU tho;f;ifg; gof;fkhf Mf;fpf;nfhs;tjw;fhd mbj;jsj;ij mikf;Fk;
gzpia ,j;juj;jpNyNa Muk;gpf;f topg;gLj;Jf.
nraw;ghL : 5
 cly;> csr; Rfj;jpw;fhfg; gpd;tUk; nraw;ghLfspy; khztiu <LgLj;Jf.
 cly;> csr; Rfj;jpw;fhfr; nraw;ghLfspd; Kjyhk;> ,uz;lhk;> gbKiwfis
xt;nthU Gjpa ghlNtisapdJk; Muk;gj;jpy; nra;a topg;gLj;Jf.
 fUg;nghUis eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; ehspy;> cly; - csr; Rfj;jpw;fhd nraw;ghL
fisj; njhlq;Ff.
 Md;kpfg; nghUj;jg;ghl;bw;fhf ehshe;jk; tho;f;ifg; gof;fkhf;fpf;nfhs;s Ntz;ba
xU nraw;ghlhf ,r;nraw;ghLfis khztu;fF ; toq;Ff.
gbKiw - 1 cliyj; jsu;j;Jjy;

 nrsfupakhf mkUf. fz;fis %bf;nfhs;f. nky;ynky;y if> fhy;fisj;
jsu;j;Jf. fhy; tpuy;fs;> fizf;fhy;fs;> Koq;fhy;fs;> tapW> ,Lg;G> neQ;R>
Njhs;fs;> iffs;> iftpuy;fisj; jsu;j;Jf. fOj;J - jiyg; gpuNjrq;fisj;
jsu;j;Jf. cs;%r;R thq;Ff. ntsp%r;R tpLf............ Rthrpf;Ff.
178
gbKiw - 2 cs;sj;ijj; jsu;j;Jjy;
 khztiu tpopj;Jg; gpd;tUkhW $Wf.
~~cq;fsJ cly; ,g;NghJ jsu;e;Jtpl;lJ. cq;fsJ cly; ,jkhf ,Uf;fpwJ.
,dp cs;sj;ijAk; ,jg;gLj;JNthk;. ,dp cs;sj;ijj; jsu;j;JNthk;. J}uj;Nj
Nfl;Fk; xypfisr; nrtpkLq;fs;. Rw;Wg;Gwj;jpy; Nfl;Fk; xypfisr; nrtpkLq;fs;.
mUNf Nfl;Fk; xypfisr; nrtpkLq;fs;. cq;fs; ,jaj;Jbg;igr; nrtpkLq;fs;.
vkJ Rthrj;ijr; nrtpkLg;Nghk;. rpdf;Fk; ftiyg;gLk; cs;sj;ij tpLj;Jk;
epidTfspypUe;Jk; ePq;FNthk;. vz;zq;fisj; jsu;j;JNthk;.
cs;sk; mikjp ngwl;Lk;> cs;sk; ,jk; ngwl;Lk;> cs;sj;jpy; mikjp epiyf;fl;Lk;>
cs;sk; ,tw;iw czul;Lk;> vz;zq;fs; ey;yitahfl;Lk;!||
gbKiw - 3 jplrpj;jk;
 khztiu tpopj;Jg; gpd;tUkhW $Wf. gpd;tUkhW vz;zpg;ghu;f;FkhW gpNuupf;f.
~vdJ cs;sj;ij vd;dhy; mikjpg;gLj;j KbAk;. vdJ cs;sj;jpd; mikjpia
VidNahu; czuj;jf;f tifapy; ehd; ele;Jnfhs;Ntd;. vdJ tFg;gpw;F -
ghlrhiyf;F - tPl;bw;F ehd; xspahNtd;. ehd; Mrpupaupd; mwpTiug;gb ele;J>
fy;tpapy; ntw;wpngw;NwahFNtd;. ehd; vdJ FLk;gj;jpw;Fk; tPlb
; w;Fk; ew;gz;Gs;s
xU ey;y gps;isahNtd;. ehd; ehl;bw;Fk; cyfpw;Fk; gaDs;s xUtdhNtd;.|
gbKiw - 4 gpuhu;j ;jid

 vdJ cs;sk; mikjpAWtjhy; fpilf;Fk; epk;kjpia czul;Lk;! vkJ ez;gu;fspd;
cs;sq;fSk; mjid czul;Lk;!
 vdJ FLk;gj;jhu; midtuJ cs;sq;fSk; mjid czul;Lk;! rpwpa tFg;Gfisr;
Nru;e;j jk;gp - jq;iffspd; cs;sq;fSk; mjid czul;Lk;! ghlrhiyapy;
cs;s vy;NyhuJ cs;sq;fSk; mjid czul;Lk;!
 gpuhzpfSk; kuQ;nrbnfhbfSk; mjid czul;Lk;! midtuJ cs;sq;fSk;
mikjp ngwl;Lk;! epk;kjp ngwl;Lk;!
gbKiw - 5 cjpg;G
 vdJ cs;sk; mlf;fkhf cs;sJ. vdJ cs;sj;jhy; czug;gLk; epk;kjpia
tFg;G ez;gu;fSf;Fk; ,g;NghJ vd;dhy; gfpu KbAk;. vdJ mz;ik ez;gu;fSf;Fk;
gfpu KbAk;. vdJ tFg;gpw;Fk; ghlrhiyf;Fk; ehd; Xu; xsptpsf;fhNtd;. vdJ
FLk;gj;jhUf;F ehd; xU kzp tpsf;fhNtd;. ehd; Xu; xsptpsf;fhf cyfpw;F
xspA+l;LNtd;.
,dp> nraw;ghl;ilg; gpd;tUkhW epiwT nra;f.
 ,dp> ,jkile;j cs;sj;Jld; Ntiy nra;tjw;fhf rpy jlitfs; RthrpAq;fs;.

cs;%r;R thq;fp> ntsp%r;ir tpLq;fs;.
 cs;sj;ij mikjpahf itj;J> ,uz;L epkpl Neuj;ijf; fopg;gjw;F khztu;f;Fr;
re;ju;g;gkspf;F f.
179
nraw;ghL : 6
jpthfudpd; fij
jpthfud; fhiyapy; JapnyOe;jhd;. Rw;WKw;Wk; ghu;j;j hd;. mk;kh vq;N f>

fhztpy;iyNa. ghl;bapd; miwiag; ghu;j;jhd;. (jpthfudpd; mk;kh mtrukhd
xU Ntiyf;fhf mjpfhiyapNyNa ntspNa Nghdhu;.) vdf;F ,Lg;G typf;fpwJ.
vOe;jpUf;f Kbatpy;iy. cq;fis Maj;jg;gLj;jTk; vd;dhy; KbahJ. ehd;
uPr;ruplk; nrhy;YfpNwd;. ,d;iwf;F tPl;by; ,Uq;fs;.
ePq;fs; vOe;jpUf;f Ntz;lhk;. ghl;b! jpthfud; gy;Jyf;fp> Kfk; fOtp>
rPUilazpe;J> ghjzpfs; mzpe;J> jiy rPtp ghl;bapd; miwapd; mUNf
te;j hd;. jdpahf Maj; jkhfptpl;l hah? ey; y gps; is. Mk; ghl; b ehd;
Maj;jkhfptpl;Nld;.
gps;isf;F ,iwtd; Jiz. ftdkhfg; Ngha;thUq;fs;!
ghl;bf;Fr; rupahd ftiy. ghl;b mk;khTld; njhiyNgrpapy; njhlu;Gnfhz;L
ele;jtw;iw tptupj;jhu;. mk;kh ngupJk; kfpo;e;jhu;. mk;kh clNd MrpupiaAld;
njhlu;Gnfhz;L tptuq;fisf; $wpdhu;.
fhiyapy; ghlrhiy Muk;gkhfpaJ. ghlrhiyiaj; njhlq;FKd;du;> Mrpupau;
jpthfuid mioj;jhu;. jpthfud; tFg;gpd; Kd;Nd epdW
; nfhz;bUe;jhd;. jpthfudpd;
nfl;bj;jdj;ij ez;gupd; vjpNu Mrpupau; $wpdhu;. ghuhl;bdhu;.
,g; g bahd gps; i sfs; j hd; vjpYk; ntw; w pailthu; f s; . rup vy; N yhUk;
jpthfuDf;fhf xU jlit ifjl;Lq;fs;.
 jpthfudpd; fijiar; RitahfTk; Mu;tj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; tifapYk; tFg;gpy;

Kd;itAq;fs;. (ntspahd Xu; ,lj;ijj; njupTnra;J nfhs;f.)
 fijiaf; $Wk;NghJ…
1. mk;kh> vq;Nf fhztpy;iyNa…
2. mk;kh mtrukhd xU Ntiyf;fhf mjpfhiyapNyNa ntspNa Nghdhu;.
3. cq;fis Maj;jg;gLj;j vd;dhy; KbahJ.
4. ehd; uPr;ruplk; nrhy;Yfpd;Nwd;. ,d;iwf;F tPl;by; ,Uq;fs;.
Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; fij $Wtij epWj;jp> khztu; xt;nthUtuhff; fijiaf;

fl;bnaOg;gr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
 khztu;fs; ntt;NtW fUj;Jf;fisj; njuptpj;j gpd;G> fijiar; rupahf

Kd;itf;Ff.
 khztu;fs; $Wgtw;iwf; fye;Jiuahb> jkJ Ntiyfisj; jhNk nra;J
nfhs;tjhy; fpilf;Fk; kfpo;r;rp> mjd; gad;fs; Mfpad gw;wp khztUld;
fye;JiuahLf.
 tFg;gpy; mt;thwhfr; nraw;gLk; khztiug; ghuhl;Lf. VidNahiuAk; mt;thW
nraw;glj; J}z;Lk; tifapy; nraw;gLf.
 jpthfudpd; fijapy; jhk; tpUk;Gk; xU rk;gtj;ij njupTnra;J rpj;jpukhf
tiuAkhW khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.
 mjw;fika khztu;fs; jkJ Ntiyfisj; jhNk nra;J nfhs;tjhy; fpilf;Fk;
kfpo;r;rpiaAk; gad;fisAk; khztUld; fye;JiuahLf. (gy; Jyf;Fjy;> Kfk;
fOTjy;> cil mzpjy;> ghjzp mzpjy;> jiy Kb rPTjy;> jkJ cilfisj;
Jitj;jy; Nghd;w tplaq;fspd;ghy; ftdQ; nrYj;Jf.)
180
 jhk; tiue;j rpj;jpuj;jpd; fPo;> rpwpa ,lj;ij kPjg;gLj;jp>
~~vdJ Ntiyia ehNd nra;Jnfhs;fpNwd;.” vDk; $w;iw vOJkhW topgg
; Lj;Jf.
 rpj;jpuq;fis tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
nraw;ghL : 7
 khztiuj; jpwe;j ntspahd Xu; ,lj;Jf;F mioj;Jf; nfhs;f. (Njitahd
Kd;dhaj;jq;fisr; nra;j gpdd
; u;) gpdt
; Uk; ~~,ir ehlfj;ij” ebf;f topgg
; Lj;Jf.
,ir ehlfk;
khztu;: nghupj;j czTfs;

,dpg;Gg; gyfhuq;fs;
tz;z tz;z I]; gf;nfw;
cz;z vkf;F Mir
ghl;b: nghupj;j czTfs;

cz;z Ntz;lhk; gps;isfNs//
khztu; : rup… ,dp ehk; cz;z khl;Nlk;.
ghl;ld; : ,dpg;Gg; gyfhuq;fs;

khztu; : rup ,dp ehk; cz;z khl;Nlhk;
Mrpupia : tz;z tz;z I]; gf;nfw;

khztu; : rup ,dp ehk; cz;z khl;Nlhk;.
PHI nghJr;
Rfhjhug;
gupNrhjfu; : KUq;iff; fPiu> mfj;jp> ty;yhiu> rhuiz
cz;z ey;y fPiufs;
midtUk; : ey;y Rit ey;y Rit

Rfe;jUk; fPiufs;
itj;jpau; : tPl;Lj;Njhl;l fha;fwp

fj;jupf;fha;> ghfw;fha;>
thiof;fha;> jhf;fhsp
jtpl;luprpr; Nrhw;WlNd
cz;Zq;fs; gps;isfNs
midtUk; : ey;y Rit ey;y Rit

Rfk; jUk; czTfs;!
Mrpupia : cly; ed;F tsUNk

rf;;jpAk; fpilf;FNk
vkJ tFg;G gps;isfs;
ehL Nghw;Wk; gps;isfs;
ehk; ntw;wp ntWNthk;
ehk; ntw;wp ngWNthk;.
181
 Nkw;gb ,ir ehlfj;Jf;F Nkyjpfkhf> Kd;khjpupahd ew;gof;fq;fis ntspg;
gLj;Jk; tifapy; glq;fs;> ehlfq;fs;> fijfisj; Njb tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;FkhW
khztu;f;F Mu;t%l;Lf.
cjhuzk;:
Mir it!
gs;spf;$lk; nry;tjw;F Mir it! - jk;gp

ghlq;fisg; gbg;gjw;F Mir it!
Js;sp tpisahLjw;F Mir it! - vd;Wk;

J}a;ik eyk; fhg;gjw;F Mir it!
fs;skpd;wpg; goFjw;F Mir it! - kpf;ff;

fdpTlNd NgRjw;F Mir it!
nts;isAs;sk; nfhs;tjw;F Mir it! - tho;tpy;

ntw;wp ngw ciog;gjw;F Mir it!
md;id je;ijaiu kjpf;f Mir it! - cdJ

Mrhd; nrhd;dgb elf;f Mir it!
md;Gk; gz;Gk; nfhz;nlhOf Mir it - kf;fs;

midtiuAk; tpUk;Gjw;Nf Mir it
Nghd;w ghly;fis Kd;itf;fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
 khztuJ Kd;itg;Gf;fisg; ghuhl;Lf.
nraw;ghL : 8
 khztiu %tu; %tuhff; FOf;fshfg; gpupjJ

; ntt;NtW jiyg;Gf;fspy; Mf;fq;fs;
nra;a topg;gLj;Jf.
 ey;ytw;iwg; gofpf;nfhs;Nthk;. vDk; jiyg;gpid Mf;ff;fhl;rpg; gyifia

mikj;jy; kw;Wk; Mf;fq;fisj; njhq;ftpLtjw;fhfg; ngw;whupd; Jiziag;
ngWf.
 khjj;Jf;F xU jlit> khztUld; Nru;e;J Fwpj;j xU Neuj;ij xJf;fp>

ey; ytw; i wg; gofpf; n fhs;N thk; . fhl; rpg; g yifiag; Gjpatw;i wf; n fhz; L
myq;fupf;Ff.
nraw;ghL : 9
 khztiuj; jpwe;j ntspahd Xu; ,lj;Jf;F mioj;Jr; nry;f.
 jhq; fpfs; kPJ nghUj;Jtjw; Nfw;wthW jahu; gLj;jpa ghlrhiy> Nfhapy;>

itj;jparhiy> g]; epiyak;> ePu;fF; oha; thapy;> E}yfk;> kyry$lk; Mfpa
ngau; ml;ilfisf; nfhz;L nry;f.
182
 Nkw;fhl;bathW jpl;lj;ijj; jahupj;Jf;nfhs;f.
 khztiu 5 Ngu;nfhz;l FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff.
 jpl;lg;glj;jpy; ~~Muk;gpf;Fk; ,lk;|| vdf; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,lj;jpy; khztiu
epWj;Jf. (tl;lj;jpd; tpl;lk; Vwj;jho Xu; 30 nrd;wpkPw;wu;)
 mt;nty;iyiaj; jhz;lhjthW kw;iwa khztu; ,Uf;Fk; ,lj;Jf;Fg; ge;ij
cUl;Ljy; Ntz;Lk;. ge;ijg; ngWk; khztid mt;tplj;jpy; ,Ue;J ,uz;lhk;
khztDf;Fk; mtu; %d;whk; khztDf;Fk; mtu; ehd;fhk; khztDf;Fk;
mtu; Ie;jhk; khztDf;Fk; ge;ij mDg;Gjy; Ntz;Lk;.
 kPz;Lk; Ie;jhk; khztupy; Muk;gpj;J Kjyhk; khztu; tiu ge;ij cUl;b
mDg;gp Muk;g ,lj;jf;F mDg;Gjy; Ntz;Lk;.
 FOtpd; ,U Gwq;fspYk; Vwj;jho 30 nrd;wpkPw;wu; J}uj;jpy; cs;s nghJr;
nrhj;Jf;fisf; fhl;Lk; FwpaPLfs; ghJfhf;fg;gLk; tifapy; nraw;gLjy;>
rl;ljpl;lq;fisr; rupahfg; gpd;gw;Wjy;> Jupjkhfr;nra;J Kbj;jy; Mfpatw;iwf;
ftdj;jpw;nfhz;L ntw;wpngWk; FOitj; jPu;khdk; nra;J nfhs;syhk;.
 Kjw;fl;lj;jpy; ntw;wpngw;w FOf;fSf;F ,ilNa kPzL
; k; tpisahl;il elj;jyhk;.
 Nghl;bj;jd;ikiaAk; rthiyAk; mjpfupgg
; jw;fhf nghJ ,lq;fis itj;jpUf;Fk;
J}uj;ij 15 nrd;wpkPw;wu; tiu Fiwj;Jk; tpisahl;il elj;jyhk;. (,uz;lhk;
Rw;wpy; khj;jpuk;)
 tpisahl;bd; gpd;du; tFg;giwf;F te;J> $l;Lzu;T> gq;Nfw;G> cly; - cs
xUikg;ghL> rthy;fis ntw;wpnfhs;sy;> nghJr; nrhj;Jf;fisg; ghJfhj;jy;
njhlu;ghff; fhl;Lk; Mu;tk; Nghd;wit ntspf;nfhzug;gLk; tifapy; fye;Jiu
ahly; elj;Jf.
r%f xUikg;ghl;Lf;nfd vOjg;gl;Ls;s fijj;jpul;by; mlq;fpAs;s

~~rpwe;j gupR> kzk; tPRk; kyu;fs;|| vDk; fijia
,f;fUg;nghUSf;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jf.
183
fUg;nghUs; 2 : ehk; ,yq;ifau;
ntt;NtW kf;fl; gpuptpdUld; xj;Jioj;J thOk; ,yq;ifg; gpuirfshfpa vkJ

flikfSk; nghWg;GfSk; gythFk;. cau;T - jho;T vd;w Ngjq;fs; ,d;wp
ntt;NtW kf;fl; gpuptpdu;fsJ gz;ghLfis kjpj;J mtw;wpw;Ff; nfsutkspj;Jr;
rftho;T tho; tJ njhlu; ghd ey;y kdg; ghq; Ffisr; rpWguhak; KjNy
khztuplj;Nj tsu;j;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Njrpaf;nfhb> Njrpa fPjk;> Njrpa ,yr;rpid
Nghd;w ehl;bd; jdpj;Jtj;ijr; Rl;bf;fhl;b epw;git njhlu;ghff; $Ljy;
ftdQ;nrYj;jp ehl;bd; ngUikia kjpf;Fk; kw;Wk; ehl;Lg;gw;Wkpf;f Kjpu;r;rp
ngw;w gpuirfis cUthf;Fk; Nehf;FlNdNa ,f;fUg;nghUs; Kd;itf;fg;gLfpwJ.
Nju;r;r pfs; :
 ,yq;ifapd; gz;ghL kw;Wk; Njrpa kuGupikfspd; ,ay;Gfisj; JUtpaha;e;J
mtw;iwg; ghJfhg;gjpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;thu;.
 tof;fq;fs; njhlu;ghd tpsf;fj;Jld; mtw;iwg; Ngzp tUtjpy; gq;fspgG
; r; nra;thu;.
 ntt;NtW kf;fl; gpuptpdiuAk; mtu;fsJ gz;ghl;L ,ay;GfisAk; jdpjJ ; tj;ijAk;
kjpj;J mtw;iwg; ghJfhg;gjpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;thu;.
 ehl;bd; Rje;jpuk; njhlu;ghf mu;g;gzpg;Gld; jpahfq;fisr; nra;Njhiu kjpj;J
ehl;Lg;gw;Wld; nraw;gLthu;.
 jhk; thOk; gpuNjrj;jpy; ntt;NtW fUkq;fSf;fhfj; JizGupAk; epWtdq;fs;
gw;wpa tpsf;fj;ijg; ngWthu;.
 ,yq;ifau;fspd; gy;NtW gz;ghLfs; njhlu;ghd tpsf;fj;Jld; RNjrj;Jtj;jpw;F
Kjd;ikaspj;J> ntt;NtW Mf;fq;fs; nra;thu;.
 ,yq;if kf;fspilNa Gof;fj;jpYs;s tpisahl;Lf;fspy; <LgLthu;.
 Njrpag; ngUik ntspf;fhl;lg;gLk; tifapyhd mofpay; gilg;ghf;fq;fis
Kd;itg;ghu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; :
 Njrpaf;nfhb cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpjk; njhlu;ghfj; jfty;fisj; Njbawpe;J
mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jthu;.
 mur ,yr;rpid kw;Wk; Njrpaf; FwpaPLfs; njhlu;ghf mwpT+l;lj;Jld; nraw;gLthu;.
 jkJ gz;ghl;il vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk; Cu;tyq;fs;> cw;rtq;fs; njhlu;ghf tprhuiz
nra;thu;.
 jkJ rka cw;rtq; fisAk; VidNahuJ rka cw;rtq;f isAk; kjpf; fg;
gofpf;nfhs;thu;.
 ,yq;ifapy; thOk; ntt;NtW kf;fl; gpuptpdiu ,dq;fz;L mtu;fsJ gz;ghl;L
mk;rq;fis kjpg;ghu;.
 ,yq;ifapy; thOk; kf;fl; gpuptpdupilNa el;G kdg;ghq;Ffs; fl;bnaOg;gg;gLk;
tifapy; nraw;gLthu;.
 gpwe;j ehl;bw;fhfj; jk;khyhdtw;iwr; nra;thu;.
 ntt;NtW epWtdq;fshy; jkJ gpuNjrj;jpy; nra;ag;gLk; Nritfisj; Njbawpe;J
mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jthu;.
 rka cw;rtq;fspy; gad;gLk; myq;fhuq;fis Mf;fpf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jthu;.
 jkJ gpuNjrj;jpy; gpugy;ak; ngw;Wf; fhzg;gLk; rpW tpisahl;Lf;fis ,dq;fz;L
mtw;wpy; <LgLthu;.
 xU Njrk; vd;w tifapy; vkJ ngUikia vLj;Jf;$Wk; ghly;fs;> ftpijfis
mq;f mirTfSld; Kd;itg;ghu;.
184
nraw;ghL : 1
 nraw;ghl;i l Muk;g pf;Fk; jpdj;j pw;F xU thuj; jpw;F Kd;djhfr; nra;Ak;
Kd;dhaj;jkhfj; Njrpaf;nfhb njhlu;ghd jfty;fisj; Njb tUkhW Mu;t%l;L
tjw;Nfw;wthW gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;fikaj; jfty;fisj; jpul;LkhW khztiu
topg;gLj;Jf.
 Njrpaf;nfhb Vd; vkf;F Kf;fpakhdJ?
 Njrpaf;nfhbapYs;s ntt;NtW FwpaPLfs; ahit?
 vt;thwhd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; Njrpaf;nfhb Vw;wg;gLfpwJ?
 khztu;fsJ fUj;Jf;fisg; ngw;W mit njhlu;ghf mtu;fSld; fye;JiuahLf.
 Njrpaf; nfhbapd; ngupa msthd xU khjpupiag; ngw;W mjid tFg;gpy;
fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
 khztu; Njbg;ngw;w tplaq;fisAk; ftdj;jpwn
; fhz;L Njrpaf;nfhbapy; mlq;fpAs;s
ntt;NtW FwpaPLfisg; gw;wp tpdTf.
 rptg;G epwg; gpd;dzpapy; kQ;rs; epw thNse;jpa rpq;f cUtk; - rpq;fs
kf;fisf; Fwpf;fpwJ
 nrk;kQ;rs; epwg; gl;b - jkpo; kf;fisf; Fwpf;fpwJ
 gr;ir epwg; gl;b - K];ypk; kf;fisf; Fwpf;fpwJ
 KOf; nfhbiaAk; Rw;wptu ,lg;gl;bUf;Fk; kQ;rs; epwg; gl;b - ,dq;fSf;F
,ilapyhd xw;WikiaAk; nfhbapd; KOikg;ghl;ilAk; Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
 nfhbapd; cs;NsAs;s ehd;F mur ,iyfs; - ,uf;fk;> fhUz;ak;>
jpUg;jp> gw;wpd;ik Mfpa ehd;F gz;Gfisf; Fwpf;fpd;wd.
 khztu;fs; Kd;itj;j tplaq;fisAk; ftdj;jpw;nfhz;L Nkw;gb tplaq;fis
typAWj;Jf.
 gpd;du; khztiuj; jpwe;jntspahd Xu; ,lj;jpw;F mioj;Jr;nry;f.
 Njrpaf;nfhbiag; nghUj;jkhd Xu; ,lj;jpy; (Vw;wf;$bathW) itj;jpUf;Ff.
 tFg;G khztu; xUtu; my;yJ Mrpupia mj;Njrpaf;nfhbia Vw;Wf.
 gpd;du; Njrpa fPjj;ijg; ghlr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
Njrpa fPjj;ijg; ghLk;NghJ epw;fNtz;ba nka;ee ; piy> ghb Kbj;jJk; jiyFdpeJ
;
kupahij nrYj;Jjy; Nghd;w juk; 3 ,y; typAWj;jg;gl;l tplaq;fisr; rupahfr;
nra;fpd;wduh vd;gijf; ftdpf;Ff. mt;thW nra;tjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Fwpj;J
khztUf;F tpsf;Ff.
 ,tw;iwr; rupahfr; nra;aj;jtwpa khztu;fs; njhlu;ghff; ftdQ;nrYj;Jf.
 Njrpa fPjj;ijg; ghlE}ypy; mr;rplg;gl;Ls;sthwhf rupahd nrhw;fSld;> rupahd
cr;rupg;Gld;> mjd; nghUis tpsq;fp> ehl;Lg;gw;WlDk; tpsf;fj;JlDk; kPz;Lk;
ghLkhW topg;gLj;Jf.
 ,t;thwhf kupahijahf xOf;fk;Ngzp> Njrpaf;nfhbia Vw;Wjy;> Njrpa fPjj;ijg;
ghLjy; njhlu;ghf khztUld; tpdhf;fis tpdtp cWjpg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;f.
nraw;ghL : 2
gbKiw - 1
 Njrpa ,yr;rpidia vt;thwhd ,lq;fspy; fhzyhk; vd khztuplk; tpdtp>
khztu; gad;gLj;Jk; ghlE}y;fspy; Njrpa ,yr;rpid fhzg;gLfpd;wdth vdg;
guprPypj;Jg; ghu;f;fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
 gpd;du; Njrpa ,yr;rpid nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,lq;fs;> fl;llq;fs;> Mtzq;fs;
rpytw;iwg; ghu;g;gjw;F khztu;fF ; r; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff. (ghlrhiy> mYtyfk;>
xspg;glq;fs;> nra;jpj;jhs;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpd; JizAld;)
185
 mur ,yr;rpidapd; gFjpfs; ed;F GydhFkhW cUg;ngUf;fpa xU glj;ij
tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
ju;k rf;fuk;
new;fjpu;fs;
thNse;jpa rpq;fk;
epiwFlk; g+tpjo;fs;
re;jpud; #upad;
 gpdd
; u;> mur ,yr;rpid njhlu;ghd rupahd jfty;fis khztUld; fye;JiuahLf.
cjhuzk; :
“jd;dpiwthd xU ehl;by;> #upaDk; re;jpuDk; ,Uf;Fk; fhynky;yhk;
mwj;ijg; ghJfhj;jthW kf;fs; ahtUk; Xq;fl;Lk;” vDk; xl;Lnkhj;jf;
fUj;J vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gLfpd;wik
mjw;fika
 epiwFlj;jpdhy; - nrsghf;fpaKk;
 new;fjpupdhy; - jd;dpiwTk; nropg;Gk;
 kj;jpapy; ,Uf;Fk; thNse;jpa rpq;fj;jpdhy; - ehLk; fl;Lg;ghlhd kf;fSk;
 ju;k rf;fuj;jpdhy; - jhu;kPfKk;
 #upad;> re;jpud; - epiyj;jpUg;Gk;
fhl;lg;gLfpd;wikia tpsf;Ff.
 mur ,yr;rpid> Njrpaf;nfhb> Njrpa fPjk; Mfpatw;wpw;F Nkyhfg; gy;NtW
ehLfs; jkJ ehl;bd; ngUikiaAk; jdpj;Jtj;ijAk; fhl;Ltjw;fhf ntt;NtW
FwpaPLfisg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd vd;gijAk; ,yq;ifapYk; mt;thwhd FwpaPLfs;
gad;ghl;by; cs;sd vd;gijAk; tpsf;Ff.
 mt;thwhd FwpaPLfs; njhlu;ghd jfty;fisj; jpul;btUtjw;F khztu;f;Fr;
re;ju;g;gkspf;F f.
cjhuzk; :
 ,yq;ifapd; Njrpag; gwit - fhl;Lf;Nfhop
 ,yq;ifapd; Njrpa kyu; - ePNyhw;gyk; (Water Lily)
 ,yq;ifapd; Njrpa tpisahl;L - fug;ge;J (nthypNghy;)
 ,yq;ifapd; Njrpa kuk; - ehfkuk;
186
(,f;FwpaL P fs; mlq;fpa xU glj;njhFjpia khztu;fs; ghu;ff
; j;jf;fthwhf tFg;gpy;
fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.)
nraw;ghL : 3
 khztiuj; jpwe;jntspahd Xu; ,lj;jpw;F mioj;Jr;nry;f.
 jhk; ghu;j;j Cu;tyq;fs; njhlu;ghd jfty;fis khztuplk; tpdTf.
 Cu;tyk; nry;tijf; fz;l ,lk;
 Cu;tyk; elj;jg;gl;ljw;fhd fhuzk;
 Cu;tyj;jpd; rpwg;gk;rq;fs;
 Cu;tyj;ijg; ghu;j;j tpjk; .... Nghd;wit
 khztu; jUk; gjpy;fisg; ghuhl;b> Cu;tyk; njhlu;ghfg; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fspd;
fPo;f; fye;JiuahLf.
 elj;Jtjw;fhd fhuzk;
 elj;jg;gLk; fhyg;gFjp
 ,lk;ngWk; gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
(Mly; - ghly;fs;> myq;fupg;Gfs;> thj;jpaf; fUtpfs;>> Milazpfs;>
.... Nghd;wit)
 ,jw;fhf> glq;fs;> fhnzhspf; fhl;rpfs; Nghd;wtw;iwAk; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd
xOq;Ffisr; nra;f.
 xt;Nthu; ,dj;jpw;Fk; jkf;NfAupa gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fs; cs;sd vd;gijAk;
mit cupa rka vz;zf;fUf;fSld; njhlu;Gilait vd;gijAk; khztUf;F
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
 ntt;NtW ,dq;fSf;fpilNaAk; rkaq;fSf;fpilNaAk; mt;thwhd jdpj;Jtj;ij
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk; ,ay;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wikia tpsf;Ff.
cjhuzk; :
 Nty; Cu;tyk;
 fjpu;fhk Cu;tyk;
 kPyhj; tpoh
 fj;Njhypf;f / fpwp];jt Njthya Cu;tyq;fs;
 fNuhy; ghly; epfo;Tfs;
 jyjh Cu;tyk;
 kp`pe;J Cu;tyk;
187
 ,yq;ifapy; fhzg;gLk; gy;NtW gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fs; njhlu;ghf mwpT+l;lk;
ngWk;tifapy; khztu;f;F Mu;t%l;Lf.
 ed;F xOq;Fnra;J> ,ad;wsTf;Ff; Fiwe;j nryTld; ghlrhiy tstpy;
Cu;tynkhd;iw elj;j Mtd nra;f.
 jj; j kJ jpwikf; N fw; g > khztu; xt; n thUtUk; Cu; t yj; j py; gq; N fw; f r;
re;ju;g;gkspf;F f.
 khztuJ jpwikfisg; ghuhl;Lf.
 gpd; d u; > khztu; ghu; j ; Js; s gz; g hl; L mk; r q;f isr; rpj;j pukhf tiuar;
re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff. khztu; rpj;jpu Mf;fq;fisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf. ghuhl;Lf.
nraw;ghL : 4
gbKiw - 1
 MSf;F xd;W tPjk; my;yJ xU FOTf;F xd;W tPjk; rpwpa ehl;fhl;bfisg;
ngw khztiu topg;gLj;Jf. ,y;iyNay; FOTf;F xd;W tPjk; toq;Ff.
 ehl;fhl;biag; gad;gLj;jp> Mz;by; tpNrl rka cw;rtq;fs; eilngWk; jpfjpfisf;
fz;lwpe;J ml;ltiziag; G+u;j;jp nra;a topg;gLj;Jf.
cw;rtk; rka k; jpfjp
....................... ............................ ........................

....................... ............................ ........................
....................... ............................ ........................
 mjw;fika> nghJthf xt;nthU rkaj;jpwF ; k; mjw;NfAupa rpwg;ghd ek;gpfi

; ffs;>
topghLfs;> tof;fhWfs;> myq;fupg;Gfs;> cw;rtq;fs; cs;sd.
 midtUk; ,yq;ifau; vd;w tifapy; rfy rkaq;fisAk; kjpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
 vtUk; ve;jnthU rkaj;ijAk; tpku;rpf;fyhfhJ.
 ,aYkhd vy;yhr; re;ju;gg ; q;fspYk; Vida ,dj;jtUlDk; Vida rkaj;jtUlDk;
xw;Wikahfr; nraw;gl Ntz;Lk;.
 xt;n thU rkaKk; jkJ ehl;b d; xUikg; ghl; bw;Fg; ghjfk; Vw;g lhjthW
nraw; g lj; j f; f tpjk; Nghd; w tplaq; f s; ntspf; n fhzug; g Lk; tifapy;
fye;JiuahLf.
 ntt; N tW rkaq; f s; rhu; e ; j myq; f upg; G fisr; nra; t jw; F j; Njitahd
tpguq;fisAk; nghUs;fisAk; nfhz;LtUkhW khztu;f;F Neufhyj;Jld;
mwptpf;Ff.
cjhuzk; :
 Nfhyk; NghLtjw;F> ntrhf; $L nra;tjw;F> ej;jhu; khl;Lj;njhOtk;
mikg;gjw;F>
 khztiu ehd;F FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff.
 khztu; nfhz;Lte;j jfty;fisAk; myq;fupg;Gr; nra;tjw;fhd nghUs;fisAk;
FOf;fSf;Fg; gfpu;ej
; spj;J Mf;fG+ut
; khf> jfty;fspYs;s myq;fhu Mf;fq;fisr;
nra;J Kd;itg;gjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
 ntrhf; gz;biff;fhff; fj;Njhypf;f / fpwp];jt gf;ju;fs; nraw;gl;l tpjk;> ej;jhu;
gz;bifapy; Vida rkaj;jtu; gq;Fgw;wpa re;ju;gg
; q;fs; kw;Wk; xt;nthU rkaj;jhy;
jj;jkJ rka ek;gpf;iffspd; mbg;gilapy; nraw;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fis tpsf;Ff.
cjhuzk; :
 rptndhspghjkiy ahj;jpiu
188
 rfy gf;ju;fSk; <LgLk; fjpu;fhk ahj;jpiu
 rPyk; fhg;NghUf;F md;djhdk; toq;Fjy;
 Gj;jhz;Lg; gyfhu tiffis Vida rkaj;jtu;fSf;Fk; gfpu;e;J
gupkhWjy;
nraw;ghL : 5
 ,yq;ifapy; thOk; ntt;NtW kf;fl; gpuptpdu; njhlu;ghff; fye;JiuahLf.
 jj;jkJ ,dk; jtpu> jhk; mwpe;Jitj;Js;s kw;WNkhu; ,dk; njhlu;ghf khztuplk;
tpdTf.
 khztu;fs; $Wk; tpilfspd;gb mjw;fhd fhuzq;fis tpdtp mwpf.
 gpd;du; khztu;fis ehd;F FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff.
 xt;nthU FOtpw;Fk; gpwp];ly; ml;iliaAk; ngy;w; / khf;fu; NgidAk; toq;Ff.
 xt;nthU FOTk; jhk; mwpe;Js;s jfty;fspd;gb> ntt;NtW ,d kf;fspd;
 czTfs;> ghdq;fs;
 Milazpfs;
 gz;ghL kw;Wk; rka cw;rtq;fs;
 gpw tplaq;fs; (jkJ ntt;NtW ,d ez;gu;fspd; ngau;fs;> .... Nghd;w)
Nghd;wtw;iw ml;ltizg;gLj;jp tptupg;gjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
 FOtpy; cs;s khztu;fs; mwpe;jpuhj> vdpDk; Vida khztu;fs; / Mrpupau;
mwpe;Jitj;Js;s NtW jfty;fs; cs;sdthapd; mtw;iwAk; ml;ltizapy;
Fwpg;gpLf.
 rfy ,d kf;fSk; xw;Wikahf ,yq;ifau;fshfr; nraw;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gij
tpsf;fp> mf;fUj;ijj; jUk; ghlnyhd;iwg; ghb - Mlr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
cjhuzk;: ehq;fnsy;yhk; ,e;ehl;bd; kf;fsd;Nwh
thjkpy;iy Ngjkpy;iy xw;Wikahf tho;e;jpLNthk;.
nraw;ghL : 6
 vkJ ehL njhlu;ghf khztu;fs; mwpe;Jitj;Js;s tplaq;fisf; fye;JiuahLf.
 khztu;fsJ fUj;Jf;fisf; ftdj;jpw;nfhz;L>
 ehl;bd;kPJ md;G nrYj;jf;$ba topfs;
 ehl;bw;Fr; Nrit nra;af;$ba topfs;
 jha;ehl;il kjpf;fj;jf;f topfs;
gw;wpa tplaq;fis tpdTf.
 Neu;ikahd> gzpthd> ek;gfkhd xU khztdhf / gpuirahfr; nraw;gLtjhy;
jhKk; jkJ FLk;gKk; ghlrhiyAk; ehLk; ngUikg;glj;jf;f tpjk; gw;wp khztuplk;
tpdTf> fye;JiuahLf> tpsf;fkspf;Ff.
 mjw;fika ehk; vg;NghJk; ekf;Fk; VidNahUf;Fk; ,ilQ;rNyh> jlq;fy;fNsh>
mOj;jq;fNsh Vw;glhjthW nraw;glNtz;Lnkdj; jplrq;fw;gk; G+Zjy; Ntz;Lk;
vd mwpTWj;Jf.
 1815 ,y; ,yq;if gpupj;jhdpau;fshy; KOikahff; ifg;gw;wg;gl;l gpd;du; ehl;il
mtu;fsJ gpbapypUe;J tpLtpg;gjw;fhf mUk;gzpfs; Mw;wpa> jpahfq;fs; nra;j>
tPujPuk; kpf;f jiytu;fs; ,d> kj Ngjq;fspd;wpr; nraw;gl;l tpjk;> jpahfq;fs;
nra;j tpjk; Mfpad njhlu;ghd jfty;fisj; Njbg;ngw;W tUkhWk; mit
njhlu;ghd tpguq;fis tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;FkhWk; mwpTWj;Jf.
 gpuNjrj;jpy; thOfpd;w ehl;bw;F ew;ngaiu <l;bj;je;Js;s Ml;fis mioj;J
mtu;fSld; fye;JiuahLf. ehL gw;wpa czu;Tld; nraw;gl;l tpjk; njhlu;ghf
khztUld; fye;JiuahLkhW mtu;fis topg;gLj;Jf.
189
 khztUf;F Nkw;gb xt;Nthu; mk;rj;jpypUe;Jk; njupT nra;j ghj;jpuq;fis
tfpghfNkw;W ebj;Jf;fhl;lr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
 mtu;fs; ntt;NtW Jiwfspy; fy;tp fw;W> ehl;bw;Fr; Nritahw;Wtjw;fhf
mu;g;gzpg;Gld; nraw;gl;l tpjk;> xU Njrk; vd;w tifapy; xw;Wikahf Kd;Ndwpr;
nry;tjw;fhfr; nraw;gl;l tpjk; Nghd;wtw;iw tfpghfNkw;W ebj;Jf;fhl;lr;
re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
 khztuJ Kd;itg;Gfisg; ghuhl;Lf.
nraw;ghL : 7
 jkJ gpuNjrj;jpy; cs;s ntt;NtW epWtdq;fis me;epWtdq;fshy; Mw;wg;gLk;
Nritfs; gw;wpa jfty;fis tsu;eN; jhuplk; Nfl;L mwpe;JtUkhW Neufhyj;Jld;
khztu;f;F mwpT+l;lk; nra;f.
 khztu; nfhz; L te; j jfty; f isAk; ftdj; j pw; n fhz; L gpd; t Ukhwhd
ml;ltiziaj; jahupf;Ff.
cjhuzk; :
mur epWtdq;fs; jdpahu; epWtdq;fs;
gpuNjr nrayfk; jdpahu; tq;fp

............................. rpwg;G mq;fhb
............................. .........................
 me;epWtdq;fshy; Mw;wg;gLk; Nritfs; njhlu;ghf khztUld; fye;JiuahLf.

 mur epWtdnkhd;wpd; gpujpepjp kw;Wk; muRrhuh epWtdnkhd;wpd; cau; mjpfhup
xUtiu mioj;J jkJ epWtdj;jpdhy; Mw;wg;gLk; Nritfs; kw;Wk; nghJrd
Nritfs; Fwpj;J khztu;fF ; mwpT+l;lk; nra;tjw;fhd ,uz;L epfo;r;rpfis
xOq;Fnra;J elj;Jf.
 mtu;fSld; el;GwTld; ciuahLkhW khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.
 gpuNjrj;jpYs;s xt;nthU epWtdj;jpdhYk; jkJ gpuNjrq;fspy; nra;ag;gLk;
Nritfs; gw;wp ehk; mwpe;Jnfhs;tJ mtrpak; vd;gijAk; mjw;fhf mg;gpuNjrj;jpy;
thOk; kf;fs; vd;w tifapy; ehk; tpsf;fj;Jld; nraw;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gijAk;
mtu;fs; nra;Ak; Nritfis vg;NghJk; ghuhl;l / kjpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gijAk;
khztu;f;F vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
nraw;ghL : 8
 midtUk; ifNfhu;j;jthW tl;lkhf epw;FkhW khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.
 gpd;du; iffis tpLtpj;J> xU jpirapy; tl;lkhf ele;Jnry;YkhW mwpTWj;Jf.
 tl;lj;jpd; eLNt xU rpwpa tl;lk; tiue;J mjDs; epd;Wnfhs;SkhW xU
khztDf;Ff; $Wf.
 tl;lj;jpd; eLtpy; cs;s khztid “gUe;J” vdg; ngaupLf.
gpd;du; gUe;J Nghd;W gwf;f topg;gLj;Jf.
 gpd;tUkhW $WkhW tl;lj;jpy; epw;Fk; khztu;f;F mwpTWj;Jf.
gUe;J khkp gwe;J te;J khd; Fl;b gpbj;jhs;

gUe;J khkp gwe;J te;J vypf;FQ;R gpbj;jhs;
gUe;J khkp gwe;J te;J Kaw;Fl;b gpbj;jhs;
MdhYk; vd;idg; gpbf;f KbahJ - KbahJ.
 vdf; $wpaTld; ele;Jnry;Yk; khztu;fisj; Juj;jpr;nrd;W xUtiug; gpbj;jy;

Ntz;Lk;.
190
 gpd;du; kPz;Lk; tpisahl;L Muk;gkhFk;.
 Njitnadpd;> vy;iyf; NfhLfspuz;bid milahskpl;L> mf;NfhLfSf;fpilNa
Xbf;nfhz;Nl mila Kd;du; gpbf;fj;jf;fthWk; tpisahl;il khw;wp mikj;Jf;
nfhs;syhk;.
 mt;thW Nfhl;ilj; jhz;l Kd;du; gpbf;f KbahJ Nghdnjdpd; gUe;jhfr; nraw;gl;l
mNj khztd; kPz;Lk; gUe;jhfr; nraw;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,y;iyNay; gpbgLgtu;
gUe;jhf khwp tpisahl;ilj; njhlUjy; Ntz;Lk;.
 ,t;thwhf tpisahl;ilj; njhlu;e;J elj;jyhk;.
nraw;ghL : 9
 xNu Njrk; vd;w tifapy; vkJ ngUikia vLj;Jf;$Wk; ghly;fs;> ftpijfisj;
jpul;LkhW khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.
 khztu; nfhz;Lte;j glq;fs;> ftpijfSs; njupT nra;j rpytw;wpd; fUj;ijAk;
mjd; ngWkhdj;ijAk; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLf.
 khztiur; rpy FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff.
 tFg;gpYs;s Gj;jspg;G thj;jpaf; fUtpfs; my;yJ NtW thj;jpaf; fUtpfis
,irf;Fk; jpwikAs;s khztu;fF ; mtw;iw ,irf;fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
 njupT nra;j ghlypd; nghUs; tpsq;fj;jf;fthwhfTk; ehl;Lg;gw;WlDk; fUj;J
ntspg;ghl;L mq;f mirTfSlDk; ghliy / ftpijia tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;fr;
re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff;
cjhuzk; :
Njrg;g w;W g; ghly;f s;
kfhtyp gha;tJk; ,e;ehNl

khzpf;fk; tpistJk; ,e;ehNl
ghtyu; ,irg;gJk; ,e;ehNl
ghtsk; epiwe;jJk; ,e;ehNl
nre;jkpo; tho;tJk; ,e;ehNl

rpq;fsk; tho;tJk; ,e;ehNl
Mo;fly; #o;e;jJk; ,e;ehNl
mfpk;ir tho;tJk; ,e;ehNl
kiyfs; cau;e;jJk; ,e;ehNl

tay;fs; epiwe;jJk; ,e;ehNl
Njapiy tsu;tJk; ,e;ehNl
njq;Ffs; epkpu;tJk; ,e;ehNl
- ey;iy mkpo;jd;
191
fUg;nghUs; 3 : kuQ;n rbnfhbfs;
Kw;fhyj;jpy; vkJ Kd;NdhUf;Fk; mtu;fsJ #oypypUe;j kuQ;nrbnfhbfSf;Fk;

,ilNa neUq; f pa njhlu; G fhzg; g l; l J. rpwpJ rpwpjhf ,j; n jhlu; G
Fiwtile;jik Fwpj;Jf; ftiyaile;J tpLtJ khj;jpuk; NghJkhdjd;W.
mt;thwhd neUq;fpa njhlu;ig Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s vkJ ,sQ; re;jjpapdiu
topg;gLj;JtJ vkJ nghWg;ghFk;.
kuQ;nrbnfhbfs; tsu;tjw;Fj; Njitahd #oy; fhuzpfs; gw;wp ,f;fUg;nghUspy;
tpQ;QhdG+u;tkhf Nehf;fg;gLtNjhL> vkJ #oypy; fhzg;gLk; ngWkjpkpf;f
kuQ; nrbnfhbfis ,dq; fhz; gjw;F k; mtw;iwg; ghJfhg; gjw;F k; NkYk;
tsu; g ; g jw; F k; topg; g Lj; j vjpu; g hu; f ; f g; g Lfpd; w J. mJkl; L kd; w p xsljg;
ngWkhdKs;s kuQ;nrbnfhbfisf; nfhz;l Rftho;Tf;Nfw;w xU #oiy
cUthf; F tjpy; gq; f spg; G r; nra; a Tk; topg; g Lj; j g; g Lfpd; w J. jkf; F k;
VidNahUf;Fk; Rfkhf tho;tjw;fhfj; jhNk tsu;j;Jg; guhkupf;Fk; #oiy
cUthf;Ftjw;fhd gupr;raj;ij Vw;gLj;jTk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
Nju;r;rpfs; :
 mz;ikr; #oypy; kuQ;nrbnfhbfspdJ ,ay;GfisAk; mit tsUk; tpjj;ijAk;
,dq;fz;L mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jthu;.
 jhtuq; f Sf; f pilNa fhzg; g Lk; Fwpg; g hd NtWghLfisj; Njbawpe; J
mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jthu;.
 jhtuq; f Sld; kdpjUk; gpuhzpfSk; fhl; L k; njhlu; G fisf; fw; w ha; e ; J
mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jthu;.
 kuQ;nrbnfhbfspd; ngWkhdj;ij kjpjJ; mtw;iwg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhfr; nraw;gLthu;.
 #oypypUe;J ngwf;$batw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp ntt;NtW Mf;fq;fs; nra;thu;.
 kuQ;nrbnfhbfs; rhu;e;j nefpo;jd;ik tsu;r;rpf;Fj; JizahFk; clypaf;fr;
 kuQ;nrbnfhbfSf;F ,ilapyhd ,ilj;njhlu;Gfisf; fhl;Lk; Mly; - ghly;fs;>
ehlfq;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; :
 G+f;fspd; ,ay;Gfis> Fwpg;ghf / jpl;ltl;lkhf mtjhdpj;J mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jthu;.
 G+f;fspy; epfOk; khw;wq;fis mtjhdpj;J vspikahd gupNrhjidfs; elj;Jthu;.
 G+f;fs; G+f;Fk; fhyj;jpw;fika jhtuq;fisf; $l;lq;fshf;Fthu;.
 jhtuq;fSf;Fk; tpyq;FfSf;Fkpilapyhd rpy njhlu;Gfis mwpfi ; fg;gLj;Jthu;.
 jhtug; gFjpfs; %yk; vkf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; gad;fisf; $Wthu;.
 jhtug; gFjpfisf; nfhz;L Mf;fq;fs; nra;thu;.
 jhtuq;fs; rhu;e;J mikj;j tpisahl;Lf;fspy; <LgLthu;.
 kuQ;nrbnfhbfs; gw;wpf; $Wk; ghly;fs;> ftpijfisr; re;j mirTfSld;
ghLthu;. / Kd;itg;ghu;.

nraw;ghL : 1
 fUg;nghUis Muk;gpg;gjw;F rpy ehl;fSf;F Kd;du; njhlf;fk; ghlrhiyj;
Njhl;lj;jpYk; tPl;Lj; Njhl;lj;jpYKs;s G+g;G+f;Fk; jhtuq;fis mtjhdpf;FkhW
khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.
192
 mt;thW mtjhdpj;j jhtuq;fs; Fwpj;Jf; fye;JiuahLf.
 mj;jhtuq;fSs; rpytw;wpy; fhy NtWghLfspd;wpg; G+g;G+f;fpd;wikiaAk; rpy
jhtuq;fspy; tUlj;jpd; xU Fwpj;j fhyj;jpy; khj;jpuk; G+g;G+f;fpd;wikiaAk;
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
 mt;thwhf xU Fwpjj ; fhyj;jpy; khj;jpuk; G+gG
; +fF
; k; jhtuq;fs; gw;wpa jfty;fisr;
Nrfupf;FkhW topg;gLj;Jf. jkJ gpuNjrj;jpy; nghJthf tsu;f;fg;gLk; go tifj;
jhtuq;fspy; G+g;G+f;Fk; fhyg;gFjpfs; njhlu;ghfTk; gpuNjrj;jpw;fika Ntk;G>
Njf;F> ,wg;gu; Nghd;w jhtuq;fs; njhlu;ghfTk; Ks;KUf;F> thif> jpUf;nfhd;iw
Nghd;w jhtuq;fs; njhlu;ghfTk; ftdQ;nrYj;Jf.
jhtuk; G+g;G+f;Fk; fhyk;
....................... ..............................
....................... ..............................
....................... ..............................
 G+g;G+f;Fk; fhyk; gw;wpf; $Wk; ghly;fs; / ftpijfisr; re;jj;jpw;F ,irthf>

mq;f - mirTfSld; ghLkhW topg;gLj;jp> khztu;fSf;Fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
cjhuzk; : g+g;g+f;Fk; khjk;
 ij khjk; gpwe;jJ
Gjpa Mz;L kyu;e;jJ
 khrp khjk; gpwe;jJ

kh kuk; g+j;jJ
 gq;Fdp khjk; gpwe;jJ

ghiy tPiu g+j;jJ
 rpj;jpiu khjk; gpwe;jJ

KUq;if Ntk;G g+j;jJ
 itfhrp khjk; gpwe;jJ

tiftif Xf;fpl; g+j;jJ
 Mdp khjk; gpwe;jJ

thif tpsh g+j;jJ
 Mb khjk; gpwe;jJ
ehty; ed;Nw g+j;jJ
 Mtzp khjk; gpwe;jJ

,Yg;ig nfhd;iw g+j;jJ
 Gul;lhrp khjk; gpwe;jJ

gpiwg;g+ g+j;jJ
 Ig;grp khjk; gpwe;jJ

md;dKd;dh g+j;jJ
 fhu;j;jpif khjk; gpwe;jJ

fhu;j;jpifg; g+ g+j;jJ
 khu;fop khjk; gpwe;jJ

jhkiuf; Fsk; g+j;jJ
193
 mg;ghly;fspy; $wg;gLk; jhtuq;fspd; G+f;fis mtjhdpf;fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
(trjp cz;lhapd;)
 fhy NtWghbd;wpg; G+g;G+f;Fk; jhtuq;fs; njhlu;ghfj; NjbawpAkhW khztiu
topg;gLj;Jf.
cjhuzk; : njd;id> thio> nrt;tuj;ij
 khztuJ fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itf;fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
nraw;ghL : 2
 khztu; xt;nthUtUf;Fk; ahNjDk; xU tifiar; Nru;e;j ,uz;L G+f;fis
vLj;JtUkhW Ke;jpa jpdk; mwptpf;Ff.
cjhuzkhf nrt;tuj;jk; G+> ehfkug; G+> ehfypq;fg; G+> jpUf;nfhd;iw Nghd;w
jkJ gpuNjrj;jpy; ngwf;$ba kw;Wk; gFjpfisj; njspthf ,dq;fhzf;$ba G+
tiffspd; ngau;fis khztu;fSf;F toq;Ff.
 G+f;fisr; Nrfupf;Fk;NghJ gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghff; ftdQ;nrYj;JkhW
khztu;fsplk; $Wf.
 jhtuj;jpd; ngau;
 G+ Njhd;wpapUe;j ,lk; (jz;by; / fpis cr;rpapy; / fpisapd; eLg;gFjpapy;
/ #upa xsp ed;F fpilf;Fk; fpisfspy; / epoyhd ,lq;fspYs;s fpisfspy);
 khztu;fs; G+f;fisf; nfhz;Lte;j gpd;du;> mit gw;wpa jfty;fis khztuplk;
tpdTf.
 nraw;ghL KbtilAk; tiuapy; xU tifiar; Nru;e;j xU G+itf; ftdkhfg;
ghJfhg;ghf itj;jpUf;FkhW $Wf.
 mt;tifiar; Nru;e;j kw;iwa G+itg; gbg;gbahfg; gFjpfshf Ntwhf;fp> G+tpd;
ngau; vOjg;gl;l xU jhspd;kPJ ntt;Ntwhf itf;FkhW mwpTWj;Jf.
cjhuzk; : ,jo;fs;> Nfruq;fs;> G+f;fhk;G Nghd;w gFjp
 FOtpy; Vida khztu;fs; nfhz;Lte;Js;s G+f;fspd; gFjpfSld; jkJ G+tpd;

gFjpfis xg;gpl;L mtjhdpf;FkhW topg;gLj;Jf.
 G+ ,jo;fspd; tbtk; rkdhdjh?
 G+ ,jo;fspd; epwk; rkdhdjh / epwq;fs; ahit?
194
 xU G+tpy; vj;jid ,jo;fs; cs;sd?
 ve;nje;jg; G+f;fspy; ,jo;fspd; njhif rkkhf cs;sd?
 vy;yhg; G+f;fspYk; Nfruq;fs; cs;sdth? mit xj;j tbtKiladth?
(iftpy;iyiag; gad;gLj;jp mtjhdpf;f topg;gLj;Jf)
 mtjhdpjj ; tplaq;fspd;gb> khztu; nfhz;Lte;j G+ff
; spd; gFjpfis ntt;Ntwhf
tiue;J> ngaupl topg;gLj;Jf.
 gFjpfis Ntwhf;fp mtjhdpj;j G+itAk; ghJfhg;ghf itj;Js;s mNj tifiar;
Nru;e;j kw;iwa G+itAk; xg;gpl;Lg; ghu;f;FkhW khztu;fSf;Fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
 mjw;fikaj; Njitapd;wpg; G+f;fisg; gwpj;jy;> gFjpfshfg; gpupj;jy; Nghd;wit
fhuzkhfr; #oypd; moF nfLk; vd;gijAk; nrbapy; G+j;jpUf;Fk; epiyapNyNa
G+f;fs; ngupJk; mofhff; fhl;rpaspf;Fk; vd;gijAk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
nraw;ghL : 3
 fhrpj;Jk;ig Nghd;w xU jhtu tifapd; ,uz;L jhtuq;fis Ntu;fs; mwhjthW
ftdkhfg; gpbq;fpnaLf;f. (ntz;zpwg; G+f;fs; g+f;Fk; jhtuq;fs; ngupJk;
nghUj;jkhdit)
 mtw;Ws; xU jhtuj;ij epw%l;ba ePug ; ; ghj;jpunkhd;wpDs;Sk; kw;iwa jhtuj;ij
njspthd ePUs;s ghj;jpunkhd;wpDs;Sk; ,l;L (Ntu;g;gFjp khj;jpuk; mkpOkhW)
ehd;F ehl;fs; tiu itj;Jf;nfhs;f.
 vd;d epfOnkd vjpu;T$WkhW khztiu topg;gLj;jpr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
 khztu; njspthfg; ghu;f;ff;$bathW Xu; ,lj;jpy; ,uz;L ghj;jpuq;fisAk;
itj;J epfOgtw;iw mtjhdpjJ ; f; fUj;Jj; njuptpf;FkhW khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.
 G+f;fs; vt;thW epwj;ijg; ngw;wd vd;gJ Fwpj;J khztUld; fye;JiuahLf.
nraw;ghL : 4
 fha; Njhd;Wk;NghJ G+tpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fis mtjhdpg;gjw;fhf ntz;b> G+rzp>
gaw;iw> kpsfha; Nghd;w fha;f;Fk; jhtuq;fs; rpytw;iwj; njupT nra;J nfhs;f.
KbAkhapd; khztu;fisf; FOf;fshf ,r;nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;Jf.
 njupT nra;j jhtuj;jpy; nkhl;Lr; rpwpjsT tpupe;j gpd;du;> jpdKk; mg;G+it
mtjhdpf;FkhW khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.
 mtjhdpg;gjw;fhf ehspd; xU Fwpj;j Neuj;ijj; njupT nra;J nfhs;f.
 mtjhdpf;Fk;NghJ gpd;tUk; tplaq;fspd;ghy; khztupd; ftdj;ij <u;f;Ff.
 tpiutpy; thbg;NghdJ g+tpd; ve;jg;gFjp?
 Nfruq;fSf;F vd;d ele;Js;sJ?
 fha; Njhd;wpajhapd; mg;gFjp G+ ,jo;fshy; kiwf;fg;gl;bUe;jjh my;yJ
kiwf;fg;glhJ ,Ue;jjh?
 fhahf tsu;r;rpaile;j gFjp> ,jo;fSf;F NkNy ,Ue;jjh?> fPNo
,Ue;jjh?> ,jo;fspd; eLNt ,Ue;jjh?
 NkNy mtjhdpj;jtw;Ws; khztu; tpUk;Gk; ahNjDnkhU re;ju;g;gj;ijr; rpj;jpukhf
tiuar; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
nraw;ghL : 5
 ntt;NtW tifg; G+f;fisAk; ,iyfisAk; cyu;j;jp xl;b> tho;j;Jkly;fs;
my;yJ NtW Mf;fq;fs; nra;AkhW khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.
195
nraw;ghL : 6
 jhtuq;fSf; Fk; gpuhzpfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu; Gfisj; NjbawpAkhW
khztiu topg;gLj;Jf. mt;thW Njbawpa topg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfg; gpd;tUtJ
Nghd;w tpdhf;fis khztuplk; tpdTf.
 gwitfs; vq;Nf $L fl;Lk;?
$L fl;lg; gad;gLj;Jk; nghUs;fs; vit?
 nrt;ntWk;G ve;j kuj;jpy; $L fl;Lk;? jhtuj;jpd; ve;jg; gFjpapy; $L
fl;Lk;?
 gwitfs;> mzpy>; Fuq;F Nghd;w gpuhzpfs; jhtuj;jpd; vg;gFjpfis czthf
cl;nfhs;fpd;wd?
 G+f;fspy; Njd; gUf tUk; gpuhzpfs; vit?
 mg;gpuhzpfshy; jhtuq;fSf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; gad;fs; vit?
 kapu;nfhl;b> ej;ij> khL Nghd;w gpuhzpfs; jhtuq;fspd; ve;jg; gFjpfis
cz;Zk;? mtw;why; jhtuq;fSf;F Vw;gLk; jPq;F / ghjpg;G ahJ?
 ,t;thwhd fye;Jiuahliyf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;Fj; Njitahd mDgtq;fis
khztu; ngw topnra;f.
cjhuzk; :
 ghlrhiyj; Njhl;lj;jpy; my;yJ mz;ikapy; cs;s mtjhdpf;fj;jf;f
,lq;fisg; ghu;itaplr; nra;jy;
 glq;fs;> fhnzhspf; fhl;rpfisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jy;
 mjw;fika> jhtuq;fSf;Fk; gpuhzpfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;Gfs; rpytw;iw
,dq;fhz khztu;fF ; r; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
 mj;njhlu;Gfspd;N ghJ ngUk;ghYk; jhtuq;fshy; gpuhzpfSf;F ed;ikfs;
fpilf;Fk; vd;gijAk; kw;Wk; rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; gpuhzpfs; %yk; jhtuq;fSf;F
ed;ik fpilf;Fk; my;y J jPq; F tpisAk; vd;g ijAk; cjhuzq;fhl;b f;
fye;JiuahLf.
 jhtuq;fshy; gpuhzpfSf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; ed;ikfs; :
 czT fpilj;jy;
 thoplk;> ghJfhg;G> epoy; Mfpad fpilj;jy;
 gpuhzpfshy; jhtuq;fSf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; ed;ikfs; :
 G+f;fspy; kfue;jr; Nru;f;iff;F cjTjy;
 tpj;Jfisg; gug;g cjTjy;> mjd; %yk; jhtuq;fs; ngUf;fkila cjTjy;
 gpuhzpfspd; ky - ryk; jhtuq;fSf;Fg; grisahjy;
 gpuhzpfshy; jhtuq;fSf;F Vw;gLk; jPq;Ffs; :
 gpuhzpfs; jhtug; gFjpfis cz;Zjy;
 jhtuq;fspd; fpisfis Kwpj;jy;> mjd; tpisthfj; jhtuq;fspd; tsu;r;rp
Fiwtiljy; / jhtuq;fs; ,wj;jy;
nraw;ghL : 7
 Nkw;gb nraw;ghl;by; fye;Jiuahba jhtuq;fs; - gpuhzpfSf;F ,ilapyhd
njhlu;GfSf;F Nkyjpfkhf> jhtunkhd;wpd; ntt;NtW gFjpfs; %yk; kdpju;
gy;NtW gad;fisg; ngWfpdw; ikia vLj;Jf; fhl;Ltjw;fhfg; gpdt
; Uk; nraw;ghl;by;
khztiu <LgLj;Jf.
 jhk; ghlrhiyapy; cz;gjw;fhff; nfhz;Lte;j cztpy; mlq;fpAs;stw;Ws;
jhtuq;fspypUe;J ngw;wtw;iwf; $WkhW khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.
196
 mjw;fikaj; jhtuj;jpd; ,iy> G+> fha;> Ntu; Nghd;w ntt;NtW gFjpfis ehk;
czthf cl;nfhs;fpd;wikia vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
cjhuzk; :
 mfj;jp ,iy> KUq;if ,iy
 mfj;jpg; G+> nrt;tuj;ijg; G+
 czT> ghdq;fshf kl;Lkd;wp> xsljq;fshfTk; jhtug; gFjpfs; gad;gLj;jg;
gLfpd;wikia cjhuzq;fs; %yk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
cjhuzk; :
 nghd;dhtiug; G+> tpy;tk; G+ Nghd;w G+ tiffs;
 fwpNtg;gpiy> rhj;jhthup Nghd;w ,iy tiffs;
 ntl;bNtu;> MlhNjhil kug;gl;il
 Nkw;$wpa gad;fs; jtpu> jhtug; gFjpfs; %yk; ehk; ngWk; NtW gad;fs;
gw;wpAk; fye;JiuahLf.
nraw;ghL : 8
 khztiuj; jpwe;jntspahd Xu; ,lj;jpw;F mioj;Jr;nrd;W mtu;fSs; xUtiug;
ngaupl;L> mtiu Kd;Nd epWj;jp Kd;Ndhf;fp elf;fr; nra;f.
 mtupd; gpd;dhy; kw;iwa khztu;fs; xt;nthUtuhfr; nry;y topg;gLj;Jf.
Kd;dhy; nry;Yk; khztu; xU jhtuj;jpd; ngaiuf; $wpg; gpdN ; dhf;fpg; ghu;jj
; Tld;
gpd;dhy; nry;Nthu; ahtUk; jupj;J epd;W kuk; fhw;wpy; mire;jhLtJ Nghd;W
mire;jhl topg;gLj;Jf.
 Kd;Nd nry;gtu;> jpUk;gpg;ghu;fF; k;NghJ> jupj;J epd;W kuk; fhw;wpy; mire;jhLtJ
Nghd;W Mlj; jtWgtu; Kd;Nd nrd;W Kd;du;Nghd;Nw tpisahl;ilj; njhlu
topg;gLj;Jf.
 midtUk; kuk; fhw;wpy; mire;jhLtJ Nghd;W MLfpd;wdu; vdpd;> Kd;Nd
,Ug; g tu; kP z; L k; Kd; N dhf; f p ele; J nry; y j; njhlq; F thu; . VidNahu;
mire;jhLtij epWj;jp> mtiuj; njhlu;e;J gpd;dhy; ele;Jnry;thu;.
 Kd;Nd nry;gtu; xU nfhb tifj; jhtuj;jpd; ngaiuf; $wp> gpd;Nd jpUk;gpg;
ghu;fF
; k;NghJ kw;iwa khztu;fs; xU tpy; tisT Nghd;W Kd;Ndhf;fpf; Fdpe;J
iffis Cd;wpathW epw;wy; Ntz;Lk;.
 mt;thW Fdpe;J epyj;ijj; njhl;lthW epw;fj; jtWk; khztu; tupirapd; Kd;Nd
te;J tpisahl;ilj; njhlu;jy; Ntz;Lk;. (Kjyhtjhf mtjhdpf;fg;gLgtu;)
 midtUk; xNuabahff; Fdpe;jdu; vdpd;> Kd;Nd ,Uf;Fk; khztu; gazj;ijj;
njhlu;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
 mtiug; gpd;gw;wp VidNahUk; vOe;J ele;J nry;yy; Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW
nry;Yk;NghJ Kd;Nd nry;gtu; xU nrbapd; ngaiuf; $wpg; gpd;Nd jpUk;gpg;
ghu;f;Fk;NghJ Vida khztu;fs; epyj;jpy; mku;e;J> jiyiar; rw;Wg; gjpj;J
itj;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
 midtUk; Vf fhyj;jpy; mt;thW nra;Js;snudpd;> Kd;Nd nry;gtu; kPz;Lk;
gazj;ij Muk;gpj;J kuk;> nfhb my;yJ nrbapd; ngaiuf; $wpaTld; Vida
khztu;fs; ahtUk; gpd;tUkhW nraw;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
kuj;jpd; ngau; vdpd; - mNj ,lj;jpy; jupj;J epd;W kuk; fhw;wpy; MLtJ
Nghd;W mire;jhLjy;
nfhbapd; ngau; vdpd; - mNj ,lj;jpy; jupj;J epd;W Fdpe;J ,U iffshYk;
epyj;ijj; njhl;lgb tpy;tisT Nghd;W epw;wy;
nrbapd; ngau; vdpd; - mNj ,lj;jpy; epyj;jpy; mku;e;J jiyiar; rw;Wg;
gjpj;J itj;jpUj;jy;
197
fUg;nghUs; 4 : vk;ikr; #oTs;s gpuhzpfs;
,f;fUg;nghUspd; fPo>; vkJ mz;kpa #oypy; thOk; gpuhzpfs; gw;wpg; gapYtjw;fhd

tha;g;G toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Fwpg;ghf> tPl;bYk; tPl;Lr; Rw;Wg;Gwj;jpYk; thOk;
gpuhzpfs;> mtw;wpd; tpNrl ,ay;Gfs;> mtw;wpd; %yk; fpilf;Fk; gad;fs;>
gpuhzpfisg; ghJfhg;gjd; mtrpak; Mfpad typAWj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. NkYk;
mg;gpuhzpfs; fhuzkhf kdpjUf;F Vw;glf;$ba jPq ;Ffs;> mj;jPq;F fisj;
jtpug
; g
; jw;fhf ehk; nra;aj;jf;fit gw;wpAk; ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. khztu;fs;
Neub mDgtq;fisg; ngWtjw;fhfTk; ghlrhiyj; Njhl;lj;jpNyh> Rw;Wg;Gwr;
#oypNyh gpuhzpfis mtjhdpf;fr; re;ju;g;gkspg;gJ Kf;fpakhdJ.
Nju;r;rpfs; :
 gpuhzpfs; njhlu;ghd mbg;gilj; jfty;fs;> gpuhzpfspd; tpNrl jpwd;fs; kw;Wk;
gpuhzpfspd; elj;ijfisj; Njbawpe;J mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jthu;.
 gpuhzpfs;> jhtuq;fSlDk; kdpju;fSlDk; nfhz;Ls;s ,ilj;njhlu;Gfis
,dq;fhz;ghu;.
 #oypd; ,Ug;Gf;fhf gpuhzpfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij kjpj;J> mg;gpuhzpfisg;
ghJfhf;fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;thu;.
 gpuhzpfs; fhuzkhf Vw;gLk; jPq;Ffs; kw;Wk; tpgj;Jf;fs; njhlu;ghff; ftdk;
nrYj;jpr; nraw;gLthu;.
 ntt;NtW Clfq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp> gpuhzpfspd; cUtq;fs; nra;thu;.
 gpuhzpfspd; elj;ijfs; rhu;e;j mirT kw;Wk; Nghyr;nra;jy; nraw;ghLfspy;
<LgLthu;.
 gpuhzpfspd; elj;i jfs; kw;W k; gpuhzpfSf; Fk; kdpjUf; Fk; ,ilapyhd
njhlu;Gfisf; fhl;Lk; mirTfis Kd;itg;ghu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; :
 ,ay;GfSf;Fk; elj;ijfSf;Fk; Vw;g Rw;Wg;Gwr; #oypy; fhzg;gLk; gpuhzpfisf;
$l;lq;fshf;Fthu;.
 Rw;Wg;Gwr; #oypy; fhzg;gLk; gpuhzpfspd; tpNrlkhd elj;ijfisf; fw;wha;thu;.
 tz;zj;Jg;G+r;rpapd; tho;f;if tl;lj;ij mtjhdpj;J mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jthu;.
 kdpju; kw;Wk; gpuhzpfspd; thOk; cupikiaAk; capupd; ngWkhdj;ijAk;
Fwpg;gpLthu;.
 gpuhzpfisg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhfj; jkJ gq;fspg;ig toq;Fthu;.
 ntt;NtW Kiwfisf; ifahz;L gpuhzp khjpupAUf;fs; nra;thu;.
 gpuhzpfspd; elj;ijiag; Nghyr; nra;J Mf;fG+ut
; khf tpisahl;Lf;fspy; <LgLthu;.
 gpuhzpfspd; elj;ijfisg; Nghyr; nra;J vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk; tifapy; Mly; -
ghly;fspy; <LgLthu;.

nraw;ghL 1
 ntt;NtW gpuhzpfspd; ,ay;Gfs;> mg;gpuhzpfspd; elj;ijfs; njhlu;ghfj; Njbawpa
khztu;f;Fr; re;ju;g;gkspg;gjw;fhd fsg; gpuahznkhd;W Vw;ghL nra;f.
 ,jw;fhfg; ghlrhiyj; Njhl;lj;jpy; cs;s nghUj;jkhd Xu; ,lj;ij my;yJ
Rw;Wg;Gwr; #oypy; nghUj;jkhd Xu; ,lj;ijj; njupTnra;J nfhs;f. (Neub
mDgtq;fisg; ngw trjpnra;a Kbahnjdpd; fhnzhspf; fhl;rpnahd;wpd; %yk;
mtjhdpf;fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.) 198
 khztiuf; FOf;fshfg; gpupj;Jj; njupT nra;j ,lj;j pYk; ghu;itf;nfl;ba
,lq; fspYk; fhzg; g l;l gpuhzpfs; njhlu; g hff; Fwpg; ngOjpf;n fhs; S khW
khztu;fSf;F mwpTWj;jy; toq;Ff.
 rpwpa gpuhzpfis mtjhdpg;gjw;fhff; iftpy;iy gad;gLj;jr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
khztuJ ghJfhg;Gf; Fwpj;Jf; ftdQ;nrYj;Jf.
 gpd;du; khztiu tFg;giwf;F mioj;Jr; nry;f.
 fUk;gyifapNyh NtW gyifapNyh gpd;tUtJ Nghd;w ml;ltiznahd;wpid
tiue;Jnfhs;f.
 khztu;fs; elj;jpa mtjhdpg;gpd;NghJ> fz;l gpuhzpfs; njhlu;ghd jfty;fis
Kd;itf;FkhW topg;gLj;jp> mj;jfty;fisr; RUf;fkhf ml;ltizapy; gjpT
nra;f.
cjhuzk;:
FO ,lk; mtjhdpj;j gpuhzpfs; mg;gpuhzpfs; nra;J
nfhz;bUe;j nray;
......1........ ................. ............................................. ................................................
........2...... ................. ............................................. ................................................
........3...... ................. ............................................. ................................................
 Nkw;gb ml;ltizapd;gb> xU FOtpdu; mtjhdpj;j mNj tifg; gpuhzpia

kw;iwa FOtpdUk; mtjhdpj;Js;sduh vd;gJ Fwpj;Jf; ftdQ;nrYj;Jf.
 Nkw;gb ml;ltiziaAk; mtjhdpgG; fisAk; mbg;gilaha;f; nfhz;L> khztuplk;
gpd;tUtd Nghd;w tpdhf;fis tpdtp tpilngWf.
cjhuzk; :
 kpff; $Ljyhff; fhzg;gl;l gpuhzp tif vJ?
 cq;fsJ fUj;jpd;gb mit mjpf mstpy; mtjhdpf;fg;gl;likf;Ff;
fhuzk; mit ngUe;njhifahff; fhzg;gl;likah?
 ,y;iyNay; ePq;fs; mtjhdpj;jJ Nghd;w #oypy; mit vg;NghJk;
rQ;rupf;fpd;w ikah?
 ePq;fs; mtw;iw mtjhdpj;j Ntisapy; mit nra;Jnfhz;bUe;j
Ntiyfs; / nray;fs; ahit?
 ntt;NtW gpuhzp tiffs; xNu Ntiyia / nraiyr; nra;J
nfhz;bUe;jdth?
cjhuzk; :
* czT nfhz;Lnry;yy;
* Xuplj;jpypUe;J kw;Nwhu; ,lj;jpw;Fr; nry;yy; .... Nghd;wit
 ,t;thwhd tpdhf;fis tpdtp> jhk; mtjhdpjj ; gpuhzpfspd; elj;ijfs; njhlu;ghf
ed;F rpe;jpj;Jg;ghu;f;FkhW khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.
 ,t;thwhf khiy Ntisfspy; tPlL ; r; #oypy; rQ;rupf;Fk; gpuhzpfis mtjhdpj;J
mwpf;ifg;gLj;jp tUkhW khztUf;Ff; $Wf.
 mjw;fikag; gfy; Ntisapy; mtjhdpj;j gpuhzpfspYk; khiy Ntisapy;
mtjhdpj;j gpuhzpfspYk; tpNrlkhff; fhzg;gl;lit Fwpj;J khztUld;
fye;JiuahLf.
 gfy; Ntisapy; mtjhdpg;Gf;F cs;shfpa gpuhzpfs; khiy NtisapYk;
mtjhdpf;fg;gl;ljhapd; mtw;wpd; gfy; Ntis elj;ijf;Fk; khiy Ntis
elj;ijf;Fk; ,ilNa NtWghLfs; fhzg;gl;ljh vd;gJ Fwpj;J khztUld;
fye;JiuahLf.
199
nraw;ghL : 2
 Nkw;gb nraw;ghl;by; nra;j mtjhdpg;Gfis ,jw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. mtjhdpj;j
gpuhzpfisAk; mg;gpuhzpfspy; mtjhdpj;j Gw ,ay;GfisAk; gl;baw;gLj;Jf.
(ntWq; fz;zpdhYk; iftpy;iyapdhYk; mtjhdpj;J)
 mtjhdpj;j Gw ,ay;Gfis ntt;NtW Kiwfspy; tifg;gLj;jyhk; vd;gij
tpsf;Ff. gpuhzpfs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; ,ay;Gfslq;fpa gl;baiyg; ghu;jJ
; RahjPdkhf
mg;gpuhzpfisf; $l;lkhf;FkhW khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.
 mtjhdpj;j gpuhzpfspd; ,ay;Gfisg; gpd;tUkhWk; tifg;gLj;jyhk; vd;gij
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
eha;> fpsp> kPd;> kz;GO
fhy;fs; cz;L fhy;fs; ,y;iy

eha; kPd;
fpsp kz;GO
rpwFfs; cz;L rpwFfs; ,y;iy nrl;ilfs; cz;L nrl;ilfs; ,y;iy

- fpsp - eha; - kPd; - kz;GO
 khztu; FO epiyapy; mtjhdpj;j gpuhzpfisg; gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;j

topg;gLj;Jf.
 1 - 2 gbKiwfs; tiu tifg;gLj;JtJ NghJkhdJ vdf; $Wf.
 khztu; jahupj;jtw;iwf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
nraw;ghL : 3
 Rw;Wg;Gwr; #oypy; thOk; rpy gpuhzpfspd; cUtq;fs; rpytw;iwj; jdpj;jdpahf
khztu; midtUk; njspthfg; ghu;f;fj;jf;f msT ngupajhfj; jahu;gLj;jpf;
nfhs;f.
 tFg;G khztUs; xUtiu vjpNu miof;Ff.
 Vw;fdNt jahupj;j cUtq;fSs; xd;iw mtu; ghu;f;fhjthW my;yJ KJFg;
Gwj;jpy; cilapd;kPJ nghUj;Jf.
 mk;khztu; jdJ KJfpy; nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;s glj;jpYs;s cUtk; gw;wp Vida
khztu;fsplk; tpdhf;fs; tpdtp> mtu;fs; mspf;Fk; tpilfspd;gb jkJ KJfpy;
nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;s gpuhzpapd; cUtk; vd;dntd;gij mDkhdpj;Jf; $w Kaw;rp
nra;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd mwpTWj;Jf.
cjhuzk; :
 ,J vij cz;Zk;?
 vt;thwhd ,lq;fspy; thOk;?
 mjd; epwk; vd;d?
 gwf;f KbAkh?
 vj;jid fhy;fs; cs;sd?
200
 ePe;j KbAkh?
 Xl KbAkh?
 mJ xU G+r;rpah?
 ,t;thwhf tpdhf;fs; Nfl;L> mg;gpuhzpfisr; rupahf mtu; ,dq;fz;l gpd;du;>
kw;WnkhU khztupd; KJfpy; gpwpnjhU gpuhzpapd; glj;ijg; nghUj;jp Kd;du;
Nghd;Nw tpdhf;fs; tpdtp> mg;gpuhzp vJ vd mDkhdpf;fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
nraw;ghL : 4
 kdpjiug; Nghd;Nw gpuhzpfSf;Fk; thOk; cupik cz;L vd;gij tpsq;fpf;nfhs;s
tif nra;tjw;fhfg; gpd;tUk; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;Jf.
 ,jw;fhff; fPNo cjhuzkhfj; jug;gl;Ls;sJ Nghd;w xU fijia khztu;f;Ff;
$Wq;fs;.
cjhuzk; :
 xU ehs; rhe;jpAk; uh[hTk; khyhTk; ukzDk; ghlrhiy tpl;L te;J>
Njhl;l j; jpy; tpisahbf;n fhz; bUe; jdu; . jpBnud khyh $r; ryplj;
njhlq;fpdhs;.
khyh : INah... vd;id VNjh fbj;Jtpl;lJ.
khyhtpd; $r;riyf; Nfl;l mtsJ je;ij mt;tplj;jpw;F Xb
te;jhu;.
je;ij : khyh...... kfs; khyh ..... vd;d ele;jJ ghu;g;Nghk; ........
,J xU KRW (kfspd; fhiyg; ghu;j;j je;ij)
kuj;jpy; epiwa KRWf; $Lfs; cs;sd.
nghWq;fs; ehd; me;jf; fpisfis ntl;b tpLfpd;Nwd;.
ukzd; : ntl;l Ntz;lhk; mg;gh ....... vq;fisg; Nghd;Nw gpuhzpfSk;
#oypy; Rje;jpukhf tho Ntz;Lk; vd Mrpupau; nrhy;ypjj; e;jhu;.
ehq;fs; NtNwhu; ,lj;jpw;Fg; Ngha; tpisahLNthk;.
 ,t; t hwhd fijfs; %yk; gpuhzpfSf; F k; kdpjiug; Nghd;N w #oypy;
Rje;j pukhf tho cupikAz;L vd; g ijAk; mtw; w pd; ,Ug;G f;F j; jPq ;F
tpisaf;$ba nray;fs; vjidAk; ehk; nra;ayhfhJ vdTk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
 gpuhzpfspd; ,Ug;Gf;Fj; jPq;F tpistpf;ff;$ba kdpjr; nraw;ghLfs; vitnad
khztUld; ciuahLf.
cjhuzk; :
 kuq;fis ntl;Ljy;> jP%l;Ljy;> fhLfis mopjj; y;> thoplq;fis mopjj
; y;>
kdpjdpd; ntt;NtW NjitfSf;fhfg; gpuhzpfisf; nfhy;Yjy;> nfhjpei P u
epyj;jpy; nfhl;Ljy;> ,urhadg; grisapLjy;
 Rw;Wg;Gwr; #oypy; epjKk; rQ;rupf;Fk; gpuhzpfs; rpytw;wpd; ngau; vOjg;gl;l rpy
ml;ilfisj; jahupj;Jf;nfhs;f. mtw;iw khztu;f;F ,ilNa gfpu;e;jspf;f.
 ml;ilfs; fpilf;fg;ngw;w khztUs; xUtiu tFg;gpd; vjpNu miof;Ff. jkJ
ifapy; cs;s gl ml;ilapy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s gpuhzp jhNk vdf; fUjp> mg;gpuhzpapd;
,Ug;Gf;Fj; jPq;F tpisAkhapd; Vw;glj;jf;f epiyikfis kw;iwa khztupd;
vjpNu $wr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
cjhuzk; : 1. kz;GO
 ehd; kz;GO
 ePq;fs; Fg;igfis vupg;gjhYk; epyj;jpy; nte;ePu; nfhl;LtjhYk; ehDk;
vdJ FQ;RfSk; ,we;J tpLNthk;.
 ehq;fs; ,we;Jtpl;lhy; cq;fsJ Njhl;lj;jpYs;s Fg;igfisg; grisahf
khw;wpj;jUtJ ahu;?
201
2. fpsp
 ePq;fs; kuq;fisj; jwpj;jhy;> mk;kuq;fspy; nghe;Jfspy; thOk; ehKk;
vkJ FQ;RfSk; mope;J tpLNthk;. ehq;fs; ,Ug;gjhy; #oy; moF
ngWfpd;wJ.
 ,t;thwhf Kd;itg;Gfs; nra;tjw;F khztu; midtUf;Fk; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
 mjw;fika gpuhzpfs; thOk; cupik gw;wpAk; mjd; %yk; kdpjUf;Ff; fpilf;Fk;
gad;fs; gw;wpAk; khztuJ ftdj;ij <u;f;Ff.
nraw;ghL : 5
 gpuhzpfs; ahTk; kdpjdhy; ghJfhf;fg;gl Ntz;ba xU tskhFk; vd;gij
vLj;Jf;fhl;Ltjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd xU fijia / jhNk Gide;j xU fijia
khztu;fSf;Ff; $Wf.
cjhuzk; :
 xU tPlL ; j;Njhl;lj;jpy; khkunkhd;W ,Ue;jJ. mk;khkug; nghe;jpy; fpspfs;
tho;ej; d. xUehs; xUtu; mk;khkuj;ij ntl;b tPo;j;jpdhu;. mt;Ntisapy;
jha;f; fpspAk; je;ijf; fpspAk; czT Njlr; nrd;wpUe;jd. fpspfs;
,uz;Lk; jpUk;gp te;J ghu;j;jNghJ fpspf;FQ;Rfs; ,Ue;j nghe;J
rpjwpg; N ghapUe; j J. mijf; fz; l jha; > je; i jf; fpspfs; ngUq;
ftiyaile;j d. jha;f; fpspAk; je;ijf; fpspAk; fPr;rpl;lthW jkJ
FQ;Rfisj; Njbd.
 ,t;thwhd xU fijiaj; jOtp mr;rk;gtj;ijf; fz;l xU gpsi ; sapd; cs;sj;jpy;
Vw;gl;l vz;zq;fis vOJkhW khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.
 mf;fijapy; khztupd; kdijj; njhl;l xU re;ju;g;gj;ijr; rpj;jpukhf tiuAkhW
khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.
 khztu;fs; tiue;j rpj;jpuq;fs; gw;wp ciuahbathW> mr;re;ju;g;gkhdJ Vd;
jkJ kdijj; njhl;lJ vd;gJ gw;wp tpdTf.
 ciuahlypd; topNa kdpjiug; Nghd;Nw gpuhzpfSk; jkJ FQ;Rfs;> Fl;bfs;
kPJk; jkJ ,dj;ijr; Nru;e;j Vida cWg;gpdu;fs; kPJk; md;G fhl;Lfpd;wd
vd;gijAk; mtw;wpd; ,Ug;Gf;Fj; jPq;F tpisaf;$bathwhf ehk; nraw;glyhfhJ
vd;gijAk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
 gwitfs; gw;wpa xU ghliyj; Njb khztUld; Nru;e;J ghLf.
 mg;ghlypd; nghUis khztu;fF ; tpsf;fp> Nghyr; nra;jyhf Mbg;ghb Kd;itf;fr;
re;ju;g;gkspf;F f.
nraw;ghL : 6
 tz;zj;Jg;G+rr
; p xd;wpd; tho;f;if tl;lk; njhlu;ghd mDgtq;fisg; ngWtjw;fhf
khztiug; gpd;tUk; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;Jf.
 ,jw;fhf tha; ngupa> CLfhl;Lk; jd;ikAs;s fz;zhbg; Nghj;jy;fs; rpytw;iwg;
ngWf.
 mfj;jp Nghd;w jhtu ,iyfspd; fPo;g;Gwj;Nj ngUk;ghyhd tz;zj;Jg;G+r;rpapdJ
tho;f;if tl;lj;jpy; KjyhtJ gUtepiy Kl;ilfisf; fhzyhk;. mt;thwhd
Kl;ilfs; cs;s ,iyfSld; rpwpa ,iyfs; rpytw;iw xl;bf;nfhs;f.
 tFg;G khztu; midtUf;Fk; ,iyfspy; xl;bAs;s rpwpa tz;zj;Jg;G+r;rp
Kl;ilfis mtjhdpff ; r; re;ju;gg
; kspfF
; f. ,jw;fhf iftpyi
; yiag; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
 khztu;fisr; rpy FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff. xt;nthU FOtpw;Fk; fz;zhbg;
Nghj;jnyhd;Wk; Kl;ilfs; cs;s fpis xd;Wk; toq;Ff.
 Kl;ilfSf;Fg; ghjpg;G Vw;glhjthW ftdkhf mf;fpisiag; Nghj;jypDs; ,LkhW
khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.
202
 gpd;du; Nghj;jy; thiaf; fhfpjj; Jz;bdhy; %b> E}ypdhy; / Jzp ehlhtpdhy;
,Wf;fpf; fl;LkhW topg;gLj;Jf.
 Nghj;jypDs; tsp nry;yf;$bajhf Fz;^rpapdhy; fhfpjj;jpy; rpy Jisfs;
,Lf.
 Nghj;jypy; cs;s Kl;ilfspy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fisj; jpdKk; mtjhdpf;FkhW
khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.
 mtjhdpg;Gfis mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jtjw;fhff; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sthwhd ml;ltiz
xd;wpidj; jahupj;Jf;nfhs;SkhW khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.
jpfjp / ehs; mtjhdpj;jit
.................... ..........................
.................... ..........................
 mtjhdpj;jtw;iw ml;ltizapy; vOJkhW my;yJ tiuAkhW topg;gLj;Jf.

 ,t;thwhf mtjhdpj;J tUk; ehs;fspy; gpd;tUkhW tpdhf;fs; tpdtp> NkYk;
rpwg;ghf mtjhdpf;FkhW khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.
cjhuzk; :
 mtjhdpf;f Muk;gpj;J vj;jid ehl;fspd; gpd;du; Kl;ilapypUe;J GO /
GOf;fs; ntspNa te;jd?
 GOf;fspd; epwk; ahJ?
 GO vjid czthf cz;lJ?
 GO ,iyfis cz;ljh? vt;tsT cz;lJ?
(,iyapd; miuthrp / KO ,iy vd;wthwhf)
 GO ehSf;F ehs; tsu;r;rpaile;jjh?
 GO vj;jid ehl;fspd; gpd;G $L mikj;Jf;nfhz;lJ?
 GOf; $l;bd; tbtk; ahJ? mjd; epwk; vd;d?
 vj;jid ehl;fspd; gpd;G tz;zj;Jg;G+r;rp ntspNa te;jJ?
 Nkw;gb ml;ltiziaAk; gad;gLj;jp> tz;zj;Jg;G+r;rpapdJ gpwg;gpd; ntt;NtW
re;ju;g;gq;fis xOq;FKiwg;gb vOJkhW khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.
cjhuzk; :
 Kl;ilapypUe;J GO ntspte;jJ.
 GO ,iy cz;zj; njhlq;fpaJ.
 rt;T fod;wJ.
 GO> $l;il mikj;jJ.
 $L ntbj;jJ.
 tz;zj;Jg;G+r;rp ntspNa te;jJ.
 tz;zj;Jg;G+r;rpapd; tho;f;if tl;lk; ntt;NtW gUtq;fisf; nfhz;lJ vd;gij
khztUld; fye;Jiuahb vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
 tz;zj;Jg;G+r;rpiag; ghJfhg;ghd #oypy; tpLtpf;FkhW mwpTWj;Jf.
nraw;ghL : 7
 fPNo Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sthwhf mirf;ff;$ba gpuhzp cUtnkhd;iw Mf;FkhW
khztiu topg;gLj;jpr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
 A4 msTs;s gpwp];ly; ml;ilj;Jz;L my;yJ fhl;Nghl; Jz;il vLj;J mjidr;
rupkj;jpapy; ,uz;lhf kbf;Ff.
 kbj;j ml;ilapd; kbg;Gf; Nfhl;bd; kPJ gwit / tz;zj;Jg;G+r;rpapd; glk; tiua
topg;gLj;Jf.
203
 tiue;j glj;ij ntl;bnaLf;Ff. (kbg;Gf; NfhL NtwhfhjthW rpwFfisr;
RahjPdkhf mirf;ff;$bajhfg; gpuhzp cUtj;ij Kz;lj;jpd; ,U Gwj;jpYk;
xl;bf;nfhs;f.
 ghdf;Foha; xd;wpid ,uz;lhf kbj;J mjd; ,uz;L me;jq;fisAk; gwitapd;
/ tz;zj;Jg;G+r;rpapd; rpwFfSld; nghUj;jpf;nfhs;f.
 gpd;du;> xU khztid mioj;Jg; gpuhzp cUtpd; Kz;lg;gFjpia xU ifahy;
gpbj;jthW kw;iwa ifapdhy; ghdf;Fohia NkYk; fPOkhf ,Of;FkhW $Wf.
gwit / tz;zj;Jg;G+r;rp gwg;gJ Nghd;W fhl;rpaspg;gij mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
 mt;thW jahupj;j miraf;$ba khjpupiag; gad;gLj;jp> gpuhzpfSf;F ,ilapyhd

ciuahly;fisr; nra;Jfhl;LkhW khztiuf; FOepiyapy; topg;gLj;Jf.
nraw;ghL : 8
 khztiu ,U rk FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff.
 Kjyhk; FOtpdUf;Fj; jkJ iffspd; ePl;ba J}uj;jpw;fika tl;lkhf epw;FkhW
$Wf.
 ,uz;lhtJ FOtpy; ,Ug;Nghu; vypfshtu;. vypfs; tl;lj;jpw;F ntspNa ,Ug;gu;.
 tl;lkhf ,Ug;Nghu; vypg;nghwp Mtu;.
 %d;W fl;lq;fspy; rkpf;iQ toq;fg;gLk;. Kjyhk; rkpf;iQ toq;fpaTld; vypfs;
RahjPdkhff; fhy;fis khw;wpathW> Js;spg;gha;e;jthW xU Rw;Wr; nry;tu;.
 ,uz;lhtJ rkpf;iQapd;NghJ vypg;nghwpapdu; iffisr; Nru;j;jthW cau;j;Jtu;.
 mg;NghJ tl;lj;Jf;F (vypg;nghwpf;F) ntspNa ,Uf;Fk; vypfs; cs;Ns GFtJk;
ntspNa tUtJkhf Xbj;jpuptu;.
 %d;whtJ rkpf;iQ toq;fpa clNdNa vypg;nghwpapdu; cau;j;jp itj;jpUf;Fk;
iffis xNuabahff; fPNo gjpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
 mg;NghJ tl;lj;jpDs; ,Ug;Nghu; nghwpapy; mfg;gl;l vypfs; Mtu;. tl;lj;jpd;
ntspNa ,Ug;Nghu; (nghwpapy; mfg;glhNjhu;) ntw;wp ngw;wtu;fshtu;. nghwpapy;
mfg;gl;Nlhu; tl;lj;jpy; cs;NshUld; Nru;j;J ifNfhu;j;Jf; nfhs;tu;.
 vy;yh vypfSk; nghwpapy; mfg;gLk; tiuapy; tpisahl;ilj; njhlu;e;J elj;Jf.
 ,t;thwhff; FOf;fs; ,lk;khwp kPz;Lk; tpisahl;ilj; njhlu;f.
204
nraw;ghL : 9
 gpuhzpfspy; gy;NtW elj;ijfisf; $Wk; ghly;fs; / ftpijfisr; Nrfupf;Ff.
kapNy! FapNy!
Mbf;fspf;Fk; kapNy th
Mb kfpOk; top nrhy;ypj;jh!
gwe;J jpupAk; fhf;ifNa th

gfpu;e;J cz;zr; nrhy;ypj;jh!
ghbf; fspf;Fk; FapNy th

ghl;Lg; ghlr; nrhy;ypj;jh!
jhTk; khNd mUNf th

jhtpf; Fjpf;fr; nrhy;ypj;jh!
$Tk; NrtNy ,q;Nf th

fhiy vOe;jplr; nrhy;ypj;jh!
jhtpj; jpupAk; mzpNy th

fha; fdp gwpf;fr; nrhy;ypj;jh!
Fjpj;J XLk; KaNy th

~ful;| cz;zr; nrhy;ypj;jh!
ghiyj;jUk; gRNt th
rhJg; gz;igr; nrhy;ypj;jh!
 Nrfupj;j ghly;fspy; $wg;gLk; gpuhzpfspd; elj;ijfs; ahit vd;gJ Fwpj;J

khztuplk; tpdtp ciuahLf.
 gpd;du;> mt;thwhd ghly;fisg; ghb mtw;wpy; $wg;gLk; nghUSf;fika
Nghyr;nra;jy;fis Kd;itf;FkhW khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.

~~ahUf;Fr; nrhe;jk;?|| vDk; fijia ,f;fUg;nghUSf;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jf.
205
fUg;nghUs; 5 : ehk; gad;gLj;Jgit
md;whl tho;tpy; gy;NtW nghUs;fs; kw;Wk; cgfuzq;fisg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;ba

Njit vkf;F Vw;gLfpwJ. ,tw;iw ehk; jdpg;gl;l tho;tpYk; nghJthd uPjpapYk;
gad;gLj;Jfpd;Nwhk;. mt;thW gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ mitfspd; Rj;jk;> Neu;j;jp>
rupahff; ifahsy; kw;Wk; NgZjy; njhlu;ghff; ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;.
,t;thW gad;gLj;jy; njhlu;ghd mbg;gilg; gupr;raj;ij toq;f eltbf;if
vLj;jy; ,f;fUg;nghUspd; Nehf;fkhFk;. ,jw;fhd mbg;gilg; gupr;raj;ij
toq;FtNj ,e;jf; fUg;nghUspd; vjpu;ghu;g;ghFk;. ,jw;fhd nrad;Kiwr;
nraw;ghLfspy; <Lgl;L mJ njhlu;ghd mDgtq;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJ
mtrpakhFk;.
Nju;r;r pfs; :
 Fwpg;gpl;l Ntiyf;fhd tpNrlkhd nghUs;fs;> cgfuzq;fis ,dq;fz;L
mtw;iwr; rupahfTk; rPuhd KiwapYk; ghJfhg;ghff; ifahs;thu;.
 cgfuzq;fspd; nraw;ghL njhlu;ghd tpsf;fj;Jld; gad;jUjd;ik nfhz;ljhfg;
gad;gLj;Jthu;.
 tsq;fspypUe;J cr;rg; gaidg; ngwf;$ba tifapy; rpf;fdkhfg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
 ehk; gad;gLj;Jk; nghUs;fis my;yJ Nritfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;NghJ
ftdj;jpw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghd fupridAld; eltbf;if vLg;ghu;.
 md;whlk; gad;gLj;Jgtw;iw kpfTk; ftu;r;rpfukhfj; jahu;nra;tjw;nfdg; gy;NtW
Mf;fq;fis epUkhzpg;ghu;.
 gy;NtW cgfuzq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp tY tpUj;jpf;F cjTk; nraw;ghLfspy;
<LgLthu;.
 ehk; gad;gLj;Jgtw;wpd; cjtpAld; gy;NtW fpuhkpa eldq;fspy; <LgLthu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; :
 jkJ maw; #oypy; gy;NtW njhopy;fSf;nfdg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nghUs;fs;>
cgfuzq;fis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
 me;j cgfuzq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk; tpjk; gw;wpa jfty;fisf; fz;lwpe;J
mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jthu;.
 md;whlk; gad;gLj;Jk; cgfuzq;fisr; rupahfg; guhkupg;ghu;.
 njhlu;r;rpahfg; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ cgfuzq;fspd; guhkupg;Gj; njhlu;ghff; fuprid
Ald; ele;Jnfhs;thu;.
 nghUs;fisf; nfhs;tdT nra;Ak;NghJ mtw;wpd; juk; njhlu;ghff; fupridAld;
nraw;gLthu;.
 fk;gspj; ijay;> rq;f pypj; ijay; Mfpatw;wpidg; gad;gLj;jp> md;whlg;
gad;ghl;bw;Fj; Njitahd cgfuznkhd;iwj; jahupj;Jf;nfhs;thu;.
 gad;gLj;Jk; cgfuzq;fspd; cjtpAld; vwpjy;> gpbj;jy; Mfpa tpisahl;Lf;fspy;
<LgLthu;.
 ehk; gad;gLj;Jk; cgfuzq;fspd; cjtpAld; Gj;jspg;Gg; nghUs;fisj; jahupj;J
Mf;fj;jpwd;kpf;fjhf Nkw;nfhs;thu;.
206
nraw;g hL : 1
gbKiw - 1
 gy;NtW njhopyf
; Sf;nfdg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nghUs;fs;> cgfuzq;fspy; rpytw;iwr;
Nrfupf;Ff.
 jkJ maw;#oypy; khztu;fs; mtjhdpjj ; gy;NtW njhopyf; isg; gw;wp khztUld;
fye;JiuahLf.
 khztuJ fUj;Jf;fisf; ftdj;jpwn ; fhz;L gy;NtW njhopyf ; isf; FwpjJ; f;nfhs;f.
cjhuzk; :
 Nkrd; Ntiy
 kuNtiy
 flw;nwhopy;
 ,uj;jpdf;fy; mfo;T/ Ruq;fk; mfo;T
 tptrhak;
 nfhy;yd; gl;liw
 me;je;jj; njhopyf
; spy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; cgfuzq;fis tifg;gLj;jp mjw;Nfw;wthW
khztu;fisf; FOf;fshf;Ff.
 me;j cgfuzq;fspd; ngau;fs; kw;Wk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; tpjk; Mfpatw;iwf;
fye;JiuahLf.
 jkJ tPLfspy; my;yJ NtW ,lq;fspypUe;J ,e;j cgfuzq;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s
KbAnkdpd; mtw;iwg; ghJfhg;ghfg; ghlrhiyf;Ff; nfhz;Ltur; nra;f.
 mt;thwpd;Nwy; me;jj; njhopw;rhiyfspy; Ntiyapy; <LgLNthupy; xd;W my;yJ
,uz; L Ngiug; ghlrhiyf;F mioj; J me;j cgfuzq; f isr; rupahfg;
gad;gLj;JtJ njhlu;ghd epfo;nthd;wpid elj;Jf.
 me;jj; njhopyhsu;fs; %ykhf vkf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; mwpT> Nrit Mfpatw;iw
nkr;Rf. mtu;fis kupahijahf miog;gjw;F khztu;f;F mwpTWj;Jf.
cjhuzk; : khkh> mz;zh> jpU.
 tPl;by; gy;NtW eltbf;iffSf;nfd vk;khy; ntt;NtW cgfuzq;fs;> nghUs;fs;
Mfpad gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd vdTk; mtw;iwg; ghJfhg;Gld; ifahsg; goFtJ
mtrpakhdnjdTk; fhl;Lf.
gbKiw - 2
 Nkw;gb cgfuzq;fs; njhopy;fSf;F Vw;wthW tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s tpjk; kw;Wk;
mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jk; tpjk; gw;wpa jfty;fs; vkJ gy;NtW NjitfSf;nfdg;
gy;NtW njhopy;fspd; cjtp Njitg;gLk; tpjk; gw;wpf; fw;gjw;F khztu;fis
topg;gLj;Jf.
 mjw; nfdg; gad;gLj; jg;gLk; xt;nthU cgfuzj;jpdJk; rpwg; gpay;Gfisf;
fye;JiuahLf.
 cgfuzq;fisg; ghJfhg;ghff; ifahs;tjd; %yk; Ntiy rpwg;ghf eilngWtJ
gw;wpAk; ghJfhg;gpdw
; p mtw;iwf; ifahz;likahy; tpgj;J Vw;gl;l re;ju;gg
; nkhd;iw
Ak; khztu;fSf;Ff; fhl;Lf. ,jw;nfdg; ghJfhg;gpdw
; p cgfuzq;fisg; gad;gLj;J
tjhy; vw;gl;l tpgj;Jj; njhlu;ghd epfo;T mlq;fpa mspf;if Nghd;wtw;iwg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;f.
 gy;N tW njhopy;fspd; ,d;wpaikahik> mtu;fshy; fpilf;Fk; Nritfs;
Mfpatw;iw vg;NghJk; kjpf;f Ntz;Lnkd khztu;fSf;Ff; $Wf.
 Nkw;gb jftypd; cjtpAld; khztu;fspd; kdijf; ftu;e;j njhopy; njhlu;ghd
Mf;fj;jpwd; rpj;jpunkhd;iw tiue;J tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
 khztuJ Mf;fq;fis nkr;Rf.
207
nraw;ghL : 2
gbKiw - 1
 ehk; md;whlk; gad;gLj;Jk; cgfuzq;fs; gw;wp khztUld; fye;JiuahLf.
cjhuzk; :
 jhd; jdpg;gl;l uPjpapy; gad;gLj;Jk; cgfuzq;fs;
 tPl;bYk; ghlrhiyapYk; nghJthfg; gad;gLj;Jk; cgfuzq;fs;
 ,t;thW vk;khy; gy;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fspy; gy;NtW cgfuzq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
tpjj;ij Qhgfg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
 jhk; jdpg;gl;l tifapy; gad;gLj;Jk; cgfuzq;fs;> ghlrhiyapYk; tPl;bYk;
nghJthditahfg; gad;gLj;Jk; cgfuzq;fs; vd ,uz;L gl;bay;fshf
ml;ltizg;gLj;Jf.
 mt;thwhd cgfuzq;fs; rpytw;iw tFg;gpy; Nrfupj;Jf;nfhs;f.
cjhuzk; :
 rPg;G> JilJz;L> NjePu;j; jl;L> ngl;b> rl;b> ghid
 khztu;fisr; rpy FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff.
 xt; n thU FOitAk; ml; l tizg; g Lj; j g; g l; L s; s cgfuzq; f is mit
jahupf;fg;gl;l %yg;nghUspd; mbg;gilapy; tifg;gLj;jr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
cjhuzk; :
 gpshj;jpf;F> Jzp> kuk;> fz;zhb> gPq;fhd;> fsp> gpuk;G vd;wthwhf
 gpd;du; nfhz;Lte;j cgfuzq;fs; Mf;fg;gl;l %yg;nghUs;fs;> epwk;> tbtk;>
gad;ghl;L Kiw Mfpatw;iw mtjhdpf;f topg;gLj;Jf.
 gad;gLj;Jk; xt;nthU nghUisAk; rupahfr; Rj;jg;gLj;jp> xOq;fhf mLf;fp
itj;jy; kw;Wk; guhkupj;jy; Mfpad njhlu;ghff; ftdj;jpw;nfhs;f.
 ,jw;Nfw;g khztu;fs; ele;Jnfhs;fpd;wduh vdf; ftdpf;f.
gbKiw - 2
 khztu;f spdhy; md; whlk; gad; gLj;J k; cgfuzq;fisj; njhlu; r; rpahff;
ifahSk;NghJ cilAk; tpjk; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLf.
 ,e;j epiyikiaj; jtpu;g;gjw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sf;$ba eltbf;iffis khztu;fF;
tpsf;Ff.
cjhuzk; :
 ehs;NjhWk; Rj;jk; nra;jy; (czTg; ghj;jpuq;fs;> Nfhg;igfs;)
 cile;jpUe;jhy; jpUj;Jjy; (fjpiu> Nkir> ,whf;if> ig)
 fpope;jpUe;jhy; ijj;jy; (jpiur;rPiy> Nkir tpupg;G> cilfs;)
 Nja;Tw;wpUe;jhy; vz;nza; ,ly; my;yJ cjpupg;ghfq;fis ,l;Lj; jahu;
nra;jy; (Nkhl;lhu;> fg;gp> ,ae;jpuk;> rg;ghj;J)
 cgfuzq;fisr; rupahff; ifahSjy;> cupa fhyj;jpy; guhkupj;jy; Mfpatw;wpd;
%yk; tpuak; kw;Wk; tpgj;Jfisf; Fiwf;f KbAk; tpjj;ijAk; ew;gof;fnkd;w
tifapy; rpW taJ KjNy mJ njhlu;ghd tpsf;fj;Jld; ele;Jnfhs;Sk; tpjk;
gw;wp khztu;fSf;Ff; fhl;Lf.
 eilKiw tho;tpy; ,aYkhd vy;yhr; re;ju;gg
; q;fspYk; mJ njhlu;ghff; fuprid
nfhs;fpd;wduh vd tpdTf. mwpe;Jnfhs;f.
cjhuzk; :
 ghjzpfs;> rg;ghj;J> Gj;jfg; ig> Gj;jfq;fs;
 jhd; gad;gLj;Jk; ghjzpfis tPl;by; itf;Fk; tpjk; gw;wp khztuplk; tpdTf.
208
 tPl;bDs; Eiotjw;F Kd;gjhfg; ghjzpfisf; fow;wpa gpd;du; EiotJ Rfhjhu
uPjpahd gof;fk; vd;gij typAWj;Jf.
 jkJ ghjzpfisr; rupahff; ifahSjy;> guhkupj;jy; Mfpatw;Wld; rupahd
nfhz;zpiyiag; NgZjy; Mfpad %ykhfg; ghjzpfisg; Ngz KbtJld;
vjpu;fhyj;jpy; gy;NtW NfhshWfSf;F Mshff;$ba re;ju;gg; q;fisAk; Fiwj;Jf;
nfhs;syhnkdf; fye;JiuahLf.
 ehk; ghjq;fis itf;Fk; tpjj;jpw;fikar; rg;ghj;J / ghjzp / nrUg;G Nja;TWk;
tpjk; khWgLk;@ mtjhdpf;f khztu;fis topg;gLj;Jf.
cjhuzk; :
 Fjpf;fhypypUe;J tpuy;fs; tiuapy; epiwiar; rkkhf khw;wpathW
tpuy;fis Kd;Ndhf;fp itj;Jr; rupahf elf;Fk; tpjj;ijf; fhl;Lf.
 mt;thNw jdJ ghjj;jpw;F mstpy;yhj rg;ghj;Jf;fs; %ykhf rkepiyahf
elg;gJ fbdkhf miktJ gw;wpAk; mjd; gpujp$yq;fisAk; fye;JiuahLf.
 rpy nghUs;fs; kw;Wk; cgfuzq;fisr; rupahff; ifahs;tjd; %yKk; rupahfg;
guhkupg;gjd; %yKk; ePzl
; fhyj;jpw;F gad;gLj;j KbtJld; mjw;fika mtw;wpd;
ngWkjp> Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Mfpad mjpfupf;Fnkd;gijAk; ftdj;jpw;nfhs;f.
nraw;g hL : 3
 nghUnshd;iwf; nfhs;tdT nra;Ak;NghJ ftdj;jpw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba tplaq;fs;
kw;Wk; nghUs;fspd; xl;bfs; (Nygy;)> nghjp> nfhs;fyd;fs; Mfpatw;iwr; NrfupjJ; f;
nfhz;LtUkhW Kd;dNu mwpTWj;Jf.
 re;ijapy; nfhs;tdT nra;Ak; nghjpAld;$ba nghUs;fs; gw;wp khztUld;
fye;Jiuahb> mtw;wpd; ngau;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
 tFg;gpYs;s khztu;fis ehd;F FOf;fshf;Ff.
 xU FOtpidj; jk;kplKs;s nghjpaplg;gl;l nghUs;fisf; nfhs;tdT nra;Ak;NghJ
ftdj;jpwn; fhs;s Ntz;ba tplaq;fis xt;nthd;whf tpdTtjw;Fr; re;ju;gg ; kspfF
; f.
cjhuzk; :
 fhyhtjpahFk; jpfjp cs;sjh?
 jur; rpd;dk; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sjh? (SLS / ISO)
 cw;gj;jpj; jpfjp cs;sjh?
 ,uz;lhtJ FOtpdiuj; jk;kplKs;s nghUl;fs;> xl;bfs; (Nygy;fs;)> nfhs;fyd;fs;
Mfpatw;iw mtjhdpjJ
; tpdtg;gLk; tplaj;ijr; rupahff; fhl;Ltjw;F topgg; Lj;Jf.
cjhuzk; :
 fhyhtjpahFk; jpfjpiaf; fhl;l Ntz;Lk;.
 cw;gj;jpj; jpfjpiaf; fhl;l Ntz;Lk;.
 Nahf;fl; / japu; / ghy; Nghd;wit fhyhtjpahFk;NghJ Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fis
tpdTf. (Mrpupau; Vw;fdNt jahu;nra;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.)
 gpd;du; khztu; tFg;gpy; Nygy; my;yJ nfhs;fydpd; glj;ij (cw;gj;jpj; jpfjp>
fhyhtjpahFk; jpfjp> ju ,yr;rpid Mfpad mlq;fyhf tiutjw;F my;yJ
xl;Ltjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
 nfhs;tdT nra;Ak; nghUs;fspd; juk; njhlu;ghd Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij NkYk;
fye;JiuahLf.
 FOf;fis khw;wp kPz;Lk; me;jr; nraw;ghl;il tpisahl;ilg; Nghy Nkw;nfhs;f.
 NkNy $wg;gl;l tplaq;fis kPz;Lk; fye;JiuahLf. me;j tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf
ftdj;jpw;nfhz;L vkf;F mD$ykhdJk; Njitg;gLfpd;wJkhd nghUs;fis
kl;Lk; nfhs;tdT nra;a Ntz;Lk; vdTk; Njitaw;w nghUs;fisf; nfhs;tdT
nra;tjhy; gztPz;tpuak; Vw;gLtNjhL> tPl;bd; Neu;j;jpAk; ghjpf;fg;gLk; vd;gij
khztu;f;Ff; fhl;Lf.
 ,tw;wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij khztu;fSld; fye;JiuahLf.
209
nraw;g hL : 4
 fk;gspj; ijay;> rq;fpypj; ijay; Mfpatw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp md;whlk; gad;ghl;bw;Fj;
Njitahd cgfuzq;fisj; jahu;nra;f.
 Ra gad;ghl;bw;fhff; iff;Fl;ilnahd;iw Mf;Ftjw;Fj; Njitahd nghUs;fs;>
cgfuzq;fs; Mfpatw;iw Kd;dNu tFg;gpw;Ff; nfhz;Ltur; nra;f.
 30 x 13 cm mq;Fy msTila ,sepwg; gUj;jpg; Gilitj; Jz;L
 5 nrd;wpkPw;wu; (ifapy; gpbf;ff;$ba msthd) ijay; Crp
 fLk; epwk; nfhz;l E}y;fs; rpy
 $upa ijaY}rpiag; gad;g Lj; J k; KjyhtJ re; j u; g ; g k; ,Jthifahy;
ftdkhfj; ijaY}rpiag; gad; g Lj; J khW khztUf; F mwpTWj; J f.
(Fwpg;g hff; fz;f spy; glhjthW)
 E}y; 30 nrd;wp kPw;wiu tpl ePshjthW ,uz;L gl;L E}iy ,l;Lf;nfhs;f.
 cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl;lthW Glitj; Jz;bd; xU nrd;upkPw;wu; mstpy; Rw;wptu
kbj;Jf; nfhs;f.
 ijay; Crpia NkYk; fPOkhfr; nrYj;jp E}NyhLf.
 gpd;du; fk;gspj; ijaiy Rw;wptuj; ijj;Jf; nfhs;f.
 jug;gl;lthW rpwpa G+nthd;iwf; iff;Fl;ilapd; me;jj;jpy; tiue;Jnfhs;f.

 mjidr; Rw;wptu neUf;fkhfr; rq;fpypj; ijaiyj; ijj;J G+> G+f;fhk;G> ,iy
Mfpatw;iwj; ijg;gjw;F khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.
 gpd;du; Mf;fj;jpidf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp kjpg;gL

P nra;f.
nraw;g hL : 5
 tFg;G khztiuj; jpwe;j ntspahd Xu; ,lj;Jf;F mioj;Jr; nrd;W iffis
mfy ePl;bathW tl;lkhf epw;FkhW $Wf.
 gpd;du; 1> 2: 1>2 vd;wthW vz;zr; nra;J ,y: 1 FO> ,y: 2 FO vd xNu
tl;lj;jpNyNa ,uz;L FOf;fshf ,Uf;fr; nra;J FOTf;F xU jiytuhf
,uz;L jiytu;fis epakpj;Jf; nfhs;SkhW mwpTWj;Jf.
 jiytu;fs; ,UtiuAk; tl;lj;jpy; xNu ,lj;jpy; mUfUNf epWj;jp ngupa
ge;Jfspuz;il mtu;fSf;F toq;Ff.
210
 Mrpupau; rkpfi
; Q toq;fpaTld; jiytu;fs;> jk;kplKs;s ge;ij tl;lj;jpy; epw;Fk;
jkJ FO cWg;gpdu;fSf;F tl;lj;jpd; topNa ifkhw;wp mDg;GkhW mwpTWj;Jf.
tl;lj;jpd; topNa mDg;gg;gLk; ge;J kPzL
; k; jiytiu te;jilAk;. mj; jiytupd;
FO ntw;wpngw;w FOthFk;.
 njhlu;e;Jk; khztiu tpisahl;by; <LgLj;Jf.
 jkJ FOTf;F cupa ge;J tl;lj;jpd; topNa xU KO Rw;Wr; Rw;wp te;jJk;
mf;FOTf;F xU Gs;sp fpilf;Fk;.
 Nghl;b Kbtila Kd;du; 3 my;yJ 4 Gs;spfs; ngw;w FO ntw;wpngw;w FOthFk;

vd Nghl;b Muk;gpf;f Kd;du; mwptpf;Ff.
 mjw;fika> ahNjDk; xU FO 3 my;yJ 4 Gs;spfs; ngWk; tiu tpisahl;il
elj;Jf.
 Kjypy; 3 my;yJ 4 Gs;spfs; ngw;w FO ntw;wpngw;w FO MFk;.
nraw;g hL : 6
 ehk; gad;gLj;jpa gpd;du; tPzhFk; nghUl;fs; rpytw;iw (xUtUf;F xd;W vd;w
tPjj;jpy;) Nrfupj;Jf;nfhs;f.
cjhuzk; :
 mfg;ig> rpul;il> jfug;Ngzp> Fkpo;Kidg; Ngdh> fz;zhb / gpshj;jpf;Fg;
Nghj;jy;> Nghj;jy; %b> .....
 vy;yhg; nghUs;fisAk; ed;F fOtpr; Rj;jk; nra;Jnfhs;f.
 Nrfupf;fg;gl;l nghUs;fspYs;s $upa ghfq;fis kOq;fr; nra;Jnfhs;f.
cjhuzk; : jfug;Ngzp> Nghj;jy; %b
 gpd;du; ,uz;L jfug;Ngzpfis xd;whff; fl;bg; Gj;jspg;G Nksk; (jk;gl;lk;)>
rpul;il/ jhr;rp Kbfisg; gad;gLj;jpj; jhsk;> %bfspidg; gad;gLj;jpr; ryq;if>
ngupa jfug; Ngzpiag; gad; g Lj; j p Nksk; Nghd; w cgfuzq; f is
mikj;Jf;nfhs;f. Nksj;ij thrpg;gjw;Fj; jbnahd;iwj; jahupj;Jf;nfhs;f.
 cgfuzj; i j Neu; j ; j pahfj; jahupj; J f; nfhs; t jpy; ftdQ; nrYj;J khW
mwpTWj;Jf.
 jahupf;fg;gl;l Gj;jspg;Gf; fUtpfspd; xypia ed;F nrtpkLf;f. mjpf xyp vOg;Gk;
cgfuzq;fis nkJthfTk; Fiwthd xyp vOg;Gk; cgfuzq;fis mjpfkhfTk;
,irf;FkhW mwpTWj;Jf.
 kio> njhopw;rhiy> Gifapujk;> ... Nghd;w xypfisg; Nghyr; nra;J thj;jpaf;
fUtpia ,irf;FkhW khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.
 ,irf;Fk;NghJ xOf;ff; fl;Lg;ghL Kf;fpakhdnjdf; fhl;b khztuplKs;s
fUtpfis NjitahdNghJ kl;Lk; thrpg;gjd; %yk; Vw;gLk; xypapd; njspT>
,dpik Vw;gLk; tpjj;ijf; fye;JiuahLf.
 khztuplj;Nj cgfuzq;fisg; gupkhwp> gy;NtW FOepiy ,irg;Gld;$bajhd
ebj;jiyr; rku;g;gpf;f.
 khztuJ rku;g;gpj;jiy nkr;Rf.
r%f xUikg;ghl;Lf;nfd vOjg;gl;Ls;s fijj;jpul;by; mlq;fpAs;s ~~Filf;F ele;jJ
vd;d?|| vDk; fijia ,f;fUg;nghUSf;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jf.
211
fUg;nghUs; 6 : vkJ czT
czTk; ghdq;fSk; vkJ tho;f;iff;F mj;jpahtrpakhditahFk;. ehk;

cz;Zk; cztpd; msT> juk;> cupa Neuj;jpy; czT cl;nfhs;sy; Mfpad
MNuhf;fpakhd tho;f;iff;Ff; fhuzkhf mikAk;. ,e;jf; fUg;nghUspy; mJ
gw;wp typAWj;jg;gLtJld; rpwe;j czTg; gof;fq;fs; njhlu;ghf mwpT+l;lk;
nra;aTk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. nrad;Kiwr; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLj;Jtjd;
%ykhf mJ njhlu;ghd mDgtq;fis toq;Ftjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
Nju;r;r pfs; :
 Rfhjhukhd tho;f;iff;F> cupa Neuj;jpy; Ntis czTfis cz;z Ntz;L
nkd;w tpsf;fj;Jld; ele;Jnfhs;thu;.
 jukhdJk; kUj;Jtj;jd;ik nfhz;lJkhd ghd tiffis Efug; goFthu;.
 czT tpuakhFk; topfs; kw;Wk; mtw;iw ePz;l fhyk; NgZk; Kiwfs;
gw;wpa tpsf;fj;Jld; nraw;gLthu;.
 czT cz;Zk; kuGfs; kw;Wk; ew;gof;ftof;fq;fs; Mfpatw;iwf; iff;nfhs;thu;.
 ghJfhg;gw;w czTfis cl;nfhs;tjdhy; Vw;glf;$ba Neha; epiyikfs;
gw;wpa tpsf;fj;Jld; Rj;jkhd czTfis cl;nfhs;thu;.
 rupahd eilKiwfisg; gpd;gw;wp czitg; gupkhWthu;.
 czT gupkhwYf;nfdg; gy;NtW Clfq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp Mf;fj;jpwd;kpf;f
KbTg; nghUs;fisj; jahupg;ghu;.
 tY tpUj;jpf;F cjTk; tpisahl;Lf;fspy; <LgLthu;.
 ehk; cz;Zk; czTfspd; gy;tifikapd; mbg;gilapy; ghly;> Mly;> ,irj;jy;>
mq;f mirTfs; Mfpatw;iwr; rku;g;gpg;ghu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; :
 MNuhf;fpa tsu;r;rpf;Ff; fyg;Gztpd; ,d;wpaikahikia tpsq;fpf; nfhs;thu;.
 MNuhf;fpakhd tho;Tf;F cjTk; kUj;Jtj;jd;ik nfhz;l czT> ghd tiffis
,dq;fz;L mtw;iw Efu;thu;.
 czT tiffs; mRj;jkilAk; gy;NtW Kiwfis ,dq;fz;L $Wthu;.
 czit ePz;l fhyk; Ngzf;$ba gy;NtW Kiwfis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
 ghJfhg;gw;w czit cl;nfhs;tjhy; Vw;glf;$ba Neha;fs; gw;wpa tpsf;fj;Jld;
mtw;wpypUe;J jtpu;e;Jnfhs;sj;jf;f tpjj;jpy; ele;J nfhs;thu;.
 czitg; gupkhWk; NghJ filg;gpbf;f Ntz;ba rupahd eilKiwfisf;
iff;nfhs;thu;.
 tY tpUj;jpf;F cjTk; tpisahl;Lf;fspy; <LgLthu;.
 ftu;r;rpahf czitj; jahu;nra;Ak;NghJk; gupkhWk;NghJk; gad;gLj;jf;$ba
gy;NtW Mf;fq;fisj; jahupg;ghu;.
 czT> ghdq;fis EfUk;NghJ NgzNtz;ba ew;gof;fq;fs; gw;w pf; $Wk;
ftpijfs;> ghly;fisg; ghLthu;.
212
nraw;g hL : 1
 MNuhf;fpakhd tsu;r;r pf;Ff; fyg;G Ntis cztpd; Kf; fpaj;J tk; gw;wp
mwpT+l;Ltjw;fhfg; gpd;tUk; nraw;ghLfspy; khztiu <LgLj;Jf.
 ,jw;nfdg; Nghriz kpf;f Ntis czit cl;nfhs;shj fhuzj;jpdhy;
Neha;tha;g;gl;l gps;isnahUtiu itj;jpauplk; nfhz;Lnrd;wNghJ Neha;
mwpFwpfs; kw;Wk; mjw;fhd fhuzq;fisf; fye;Jiuahly; gw;wpajhfj; jahupf;fg;
gl;l fw;gidf; fijnahd;iw khztu;fSf;Fr; rku;g;gpf;f.
cjhuzk; :
 mkyd; ghlrhiyf;F ,ilapilNa tUthu;. te;jNghjpYk; mtu; Ntiy
nra; j y; > tpisahLjy; Nghd; w tw; w pd; N ghJ Nrhk; g yhf ,Ug; g hu; .
tFg;ghrpupau; rpy ehl;fshf mkyid mtjhdpj;jhu;. gpd;du; Mrpupau;
mkydpd; mk;khit ghlrhiyf;F mioj;J mkydpd; khw;wj;jpw;fhd
fhuzj;ijf; fye;Jiuahbdhu;. mkyid itj;jpau; xUtuplk; fhl;LkhW
Mrpupau; mk;khTf;F MNyhrid $wpdhu;.
itj;jpau; : gps;isf;F vd;d tUj;jk;?
mk;k h : kfid itj;jpauplk; fhl;LkhW Mrpupau; $wpAs;shu;.
itj;jpau; : kfNd cq;fSf;F vd;d gpur;rpid vd;W $Wq;fs;.
kfd; : vdf;F xNu J}f;fkhf ,Uf;fpwJ. Nrhk;gyhf ,Uf;fpwJ. iffSk;
fhy;fSk; typf;fpd;wd.
mk;kh : kfd; vg;NghJk; epj;jpiu nfhs;thu;. vg;NghJk; tapW typf;FJ
vdf; $Wthu;. the;jp vLg;ghu;.
itj;jpau; : kfDf;F vtw;iw czthff; nfhLg;gPu;fs;?
mk;kh : fhiyapy; kuf;fwp nuhl;b> ghz; Nghd;w czTfisNa Nfl;ghu;.
NrhW rhg;gpl tpUk;gtpy;iy.
itj;jpau; : mg;gbahdhy; ,iyf;fwp tiffs;?
mk;kh : ,iyf;fwp tiffs; kl;Lky;y> fha;fwpfs; vjidAk; rhg;gpLt
jpy;iy. gUg;G tiffis thapy; njhl;Lf;$lg; ghu;f;f khl;lhu;.
itj;jpau; : mg;NghJ> kfNd! cq;fSf;F vd;d rhg;gpl tpUg;gk;?
kfd; : vdf;Fr; NrhW rhg;gpl tpUg;gkpy;iy. ghz;> nuhl;b> ,bag;gk;
vd;why; ........ rhg;gpLNtd;.
itj;jpau; : Mk;> ,jdhy;jhd; ,e;j tUj;jk; Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. kyk; fopg;gjpy;
VJk; gpur;rpid cs;sjh?
mk;k h : 2 my;yJ 3 ehl;fSf;F xU jlitNa kyk; fopf;fpd;whu;. kyk;
fopf;Fk;NghJ rpukg;gLthu;. ehd; gg;ghrpg;gok; nfhLj;jhYk;
cz;z khl;lhu;.
 Nkw;gb ciuahlypd; cjtpAld; Nghrhf;fhd czit cl;nfhs;shik fhuzkhf
Vw;gLk; mnrsfupaq;fs; vit vd;gJ gw;wp khztUld; fye;JiuahLf.
 ,t;thwhd epiyikfisj; jtpu;g;gjw;nfd ehs;NjhWk; czthff; nfhs;sNtz;ba
Nghrhf;fhd czTfs; gw;wp khztUf;F mwpT+l;Lf.
 vkJ Ntis czTfspy; Nghrhf;fhd czTfisr; Nru;g;gjd; %yk; cly;
tsu;r;rpAk; gyKk; fpilf;Fk; vdTk; cliy Neha;fspypUe;J ghJfhg;gjw;F
me;j czT tiffs; cjTfpd;wd vdTk; fhl;Lf.
213
 Nghrhf;fhd Ntis cztpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wp itj;jpau;> nghJr; Rfhjhug;
gupNrhjfu;> Rfhjhu Nrit mjpfhup> kidg;nghUspay; Mrpupau; MfpNahupy; xUtiuf;
nfhz;L nraw;ghl;by; fw;w tplaq;fis cWjp nra;Ak; tifapy; fye;Jiuahliy
Nkw;nfhs;f.
nraw;g hL : 2
 ngw;NwhUld; fye;Jiuahbg; Nghrhf;fhd Ntis cztpy; mlq;fpapUf;f Ntz;ba
czT tiffSld; $ ba Ntis czitg; ngWtjw; F j; Njitahd
eltbf;iffisj; jpl;lkpl;Lf; nfhs;f.
cjhuzk; :
 NrhW
 fPiu tiffs;
 ,uz;L epwq;fs; nfhz;l fha;fwpfs; - 2 (NghQ;rp> G+rzp)
 ,iwr;rp> kPd;> Kl;il> fUthL> fhshd; Nghd;w czTfspy; xd;W
 mtiu tif (gUg;G> gaW> ......... Nghd;wit)
 <w;Wzthfg; nghUj;jkhd go tif
 ,t;thW khztu;fSf;F toq;fTs;s czT tiffs; mlq;fpa ml;ltizia
xt;nthU FOtpYk; cs;s khztu;fspd; ngau;fs; vOjg;gl;l epuYld; $bajhfj;
jahupj;Jf; nfhs;f.
FO 1
khztupd; NrhW kuf;fwp 1 kuf;fwp 2 fPiu ,iwr;rp mtiua..... <w;WzT
ngau; NghQ;rp G+rzp tif kPd; tif
fUthL
Kl;il
ghyd;
mkPd;
tpkyd;
ghkh
 Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;lthwhd ml;ltizia xt;nthU khztu; FOtplKk; toq;Ff.

 jkJ FOtpYs;s khztu;fspd; ngau;fSf;F vjpNu cs;s fl;lq;fisg; G+u;j;jp
nra;a khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.
 gp;d;du; ,d;iwa ehs; khztu;fSf;fhd Ntis czT jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
vdTk; me;j Ntis cztpy; mlq;fpAs;s czTfs; czT ml;ltizapy;
jg;gl;Ls;sd vdTk; khztu;f;F tpsf;Ff.
 FOtpYs;s khztu;fs; vy;NyhUf;Fk; ,e;j ml;ltizia khwp khwp toq;fp
jhd; czthf cl;nfhs;Sk; czT tiff;F vjpNu  milahsk; ,LkhW
mwpTWj;Jf.
 ,e;j xt;nthU czT tifiaAk; Ntis cztpy; Nru;jJ ; f;nfhs;s Ntz;bajd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLf.
cjhuzk; :
 clYf;Fr; rf;jp fpilj;jy;
 Neha;nehbfspypUe;J ghJfhg;Gf; fpilj;jy;
 cly; tsu;r;rp
Nghd;w tplaq;fs; ntspf;nfhzug;gLk; tifapy; fye;JiuahLf.
 me;j xt;nthU tif czitAk; cl;nfhs;s Ntz;ba rhu;gstpyhd msT
gw;wp ftdj;jpw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lnkd tupg;glj;jpd; cjtpAld; fhl;Lf.
214
kuf; fwp
jhdpak;
Gujk;
goq;fs;
ghy;
 gpd;du; kPz;Lk; xt;nthU khztuJ iffSf;Fk; me;jf; Fwpg;gpid toq;fp>
mtu;fs; ,d;iwa jpdk; cl;nfhs;sTs;s czTld; VNjDk; cznthd;iw
cl;nfhs;shJ tpLtnjdpy; mt;thwhd czit cl;nfhs;shJ ,Ug;gjdhy;
Vw;gLk; epiyikfs; gw;wpr; rpe;jpj;J ml;ltizapy; cupa epuypy; khw;wj;ijr;
nra;a Ntz;Lnkdpy; mjidr; nra;tjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.
 gpd;du;> Mrpupau; kw;iw akhztu; FOf;fSf;F toq;fpa Fwpg;Gg; gj;jpuq;fs;
vy;yhtw;iwAk; Nrfupj;J mtw;wpy; vtNuDk; khztu; czthf cl;nfhs;shj
czT tiffs; cs;sdthapd;> mJ njhlu;ghd tptuq;fis tpdtp> ahNjDk;
tpNrlkhd fhuzq;fs; ,y;iynadpd;> mt;TzT tiffis czthf cl;nfhs;s
Mu;t%l;Lk; tifapy; khztUld; ciuahLf.
 gpd;du; khztu;fSf;F czitg; gupkhwpf; nfhs;tjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.
khztu;fs; czitg; gupkhWk;NghJ midj;J tifahd czTfisAk; gupkhwpf;
nfhs;fpd;wduh vdTk; me;j czTfis cl;nfhs;fpd;wduh vdTk; ftdpf;f.
 ,t;thW fl;lhag;gLj;jypd;wp tPl;by; jahupf;fg;gLk; czTfspy; ,Ue;J jdJ
Ntis cztpy; Nghrhf;fhd czTfisr; Nru;j;Jf;nfhs;s Kd;tu Ntz;Lnkdf;
fhl;Lf.
 ngw;NwhUf;fhd mwpTWj;jy; $l;lj;jpy; czT njhlu;ghfg; gps;isfspd; Nghriz
kl;lj;ij mjpfupf;ff;$ba tpjkhfg; ngw;Nwhu;fs; eltbf;if vLf;f Ntz;LnkdTk;
gps;isfSf;Fg; gy;tifik nfhz;l czTfisg; gof;fg;gLj;j Ntz;LnkdTk;
ngw;Nwhiu mwpTWj;Jf.
nraw;g hL : 3
gbKiw - 1
 MNuhf;fpakhd tho;f;iff;Fg; Nghrizkpf;f czTfisAk; Nghrizkpf;f
kUj;Jt Fzk; nfhz;l ghd tiffisAk; cl;nfhs;tjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wp
khztUld; fye;JiuahLf.
cjhuzk; :
 tpy;tk; G+> nghd;dhtuR> Njq;fha;g;G+f;fPiu> ed;dhup> rhj;jhthup
 nghd;dhq;fz;zp> ty;yhiu
 Klf;nfhj;jhd;> ntuypf;fha;> nff;fup> ney;ypf;fha;
215
 ,tw;wpy; nghd;dhq;fhzp> ty;yhiu> rhj;jhthup Nghd;wtw;iw fQ;rpahfTk; tpy;tk;
G+> nghd;dhtuR> ed;dhup Nghd;wtw;iw mtpj;Jg; ghdkhfTk; mk;guy;yh>
ntuypf;fha;> ney;yp> nff;fup Nghd;wtw;iwg; ghdq;fshfTk; jahupjJ
; f; nfhs;syhk;
vdf; fhl;Lf.
 ,g;ghdq;fspd; gz;Gfs; kw;Wk; nraw;ifahfj; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;s ghd tiffspd;
gz;Gfs; Fwpj;J xg;gPl;L uPjpapy; tplaq;fis Kd;itj;J ciuahLf.
 ,jd;NghJ ePz;lfhyk; NgZtjw;F ,urhadg; nghUs;fs; Nru;f;fg;gl;Ls;sdth>
,y;iyahntdTk; epw%l;bfs; Nru;f;fg;gl;Ls;sdth> ,y;iyahntdTk; RitA+l;b
fs; Nru;f;fg;gl;Ls;sdth> ,y;iyahntdTk; mjpfsT rPdp Nru;f;fg;gl;Ls;sjh>
,y;iy vdTk; ftdQ;nrYj;Jf.
 ,jw;fika %ypifg; ghdq;fisg; gUFtJ clYf;F ey;yJ vdf; fhl;Lf.
 jahupf;fg;gl;l ghdj;ijg; gUFtjw;F khztu;fSf;Fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
nraw;g hL : 4
 czTfs;> ghdq;fs; Mfpatw;iwg; gupkhWk;NghJ iff;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;ba
rupahd eilKiwfs; gw;wp mwpT+lL ; tjw;Fg; gpdt ; Uk; nraw;ghLfspy; khztu;fis
<LgLj;Jf.
 ,jw;nfdg; gy;NtW msTfSk; tbtq;fSk; nfhz;l fz;zhb> rpwpa NjePu;j;
jl;lk;> NjePuj
; ; jl;L> iff;Fl;ilfs; rpy> NjePu; Nkirf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd czTfs;
rpy NghjpasT Fspu;ghdkhfg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba ghd tif kw;Wk; #lhd
ghdkhfg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba ghd tiffisAk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;f.
 ,t;thwhd czTfs; kw;Wk; ghd tiffisg; gad;gLj;jp vtNuDk; xUtUf;Fr;
rupahfg; gupkhWk; tpjj;ijr; nra;Jfhl;b tpsf;Ff.
 ,jd;NghJ gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf khztuJ ftdj;ij <u;f;Ff.
 czT tif my;yJ ghd tiff;Fg; nghUj;jkhd tiftifahd ghj;jpuq;
fisj; njupTnra;f.
cjhuzk; :
 ghd tiffSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd fz;zhbj; jk;su;
 #lhd ghd tiffSf;Ff; ifgpb nfhz;l (NjePuf
; ); Nfhg;ig... Nghd;wit
 VNjDk; ghj;jpunkhd;wpy; czT my;yJ ghdj;ij ,Ltjw;F Kd;gjhf
mjid ed;F fOtp> <uypg;G ePq;ff; $bathW ed;F Jilf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 czT> ghdq;fisg; ghj;jpuq;fspDs; ,Lk; msT
 ifg;gpb nfhz;l Nfhg;igfspy; gupkhWtnjdpd; me;jf; Nfhg;igapd; ifgpb
ngWgtupd; tyJ gf;fj;jpy; mikAkhW gupkhWjy;
 gupkhWk; tpjk; my;yJ ghd tiffspd; jd;ikf;F mika ifj;JilJz;il
itj;jy; kw;Wk; ifj;Jil Jz;ilf; ftu;r;rpfukhf kbj;J itj;jy;
 gupkhwiy Nkw;nfhs;Sk; jl;bd; Rj;jk; kw;Wk; mjd; kPJ czT> ghdq;fs;
rpe;jpapUf;fhik
 czTfisg; gupkhWk; ghj;jpuq;fis itg;gjw;Fg; NghJkhd msTs;s jl;L
 ,t;thwhd tplaq;fisg; gw;wpf; ftdj;jpw;nfhz;L nra;Jfhl;liy Nkw;nfhs;f.
 gpd;du; khztu;fSf;F czTfisg; gupkhWtjw;F Vw;wthW jahu;nra;tjw;Fr;
re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.
 ,jw;F kpfg; nghUj;jkhd Kiw kw;Wk; mjw;fhd fhuzk; Mfpatw;iwf;
fye;JiuahLf.
 czTfs;> ghdq;fisr; rupahfg; gupkhWtjd; %yk; mtw;iwg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;
Nthuplk; vk;ikg; gw;wpa ey;nyz;zj;ij cUthf;Fk; vd;gijAk; NkYk; ,e;j
czTfs;> ghdq;fis cz;gjw;F tpUg;gk; Vw;gLk; vd;gijAk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
216
nraw;g hL : 5
 czit ePz;l fhyk; NgZtjw;nfdg; gy;NtW Kiwfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd
vd khztu;fSf;Ff; fhl;Ltjw;F khztUld; fye;Jiuahliy Nkw;nfhs;f.
 czTfis ePzl; fhyk; NgZk; Kiwfs; gw;wp khztUf;Fj; njupe;j tplaq;fis
tpdTf.
 gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisAk; rku;g;gpj;J> czit ePz;l fhyk; NgZtjw;Fg;

gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Kiwfs; njhlu;ghf khztUf;F NkYk; tpsf;Ff.
 cyu;j;Jjy;
 kzypDs; Gijj;jy;
 GifA+l;ly;
 jfuj;jpy; milj;jy;> igf;fw;Wfspy; milj;jy;
 Fsp&l;bapy; itj;jy;
 Njdpy; ,l;L itj;jy;
 cg;G ,ly;
 Nkw;gb Kiwfspy; njhopDl;g tpUj;jp Vw;glhj Kw;fhyj;jpy; czit ePz;l
fhyk; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhf Nkw;nfhs; sg;gl;l Kiwfs; gw;wp ntt;Ntwhff;
fye;JiuahLf.
 ,t;t hNw Kw;fhyj; jpYk; jw;fhyj;jpYk; kdpju;fs; czit ePz;l fhyk;
NgZtjw;nfdg; gy;NtW cgha Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp czT tpuakhjiyj;
jLf;fyhk; vdf; fhl;Lf.
cjhuzk; :
 tpisr;ry; mjpfk; cs;s fhyq;fspy; my;yJ me;j czT mjpfstpy;
cw;gj;jpahFk; gUtfhyq;fspy; mtw;iw tUq;fhy Efu;Tf;Fg; gad;gLj;jy;
 czit cl;nfhz;l gpd;du; vQ;rpAs;sNghJ...
 czit ePz;l fhyk; NgZtjw;Fg; gy;NtW nghjpAiwfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w
njdTk; mt;thwhd nghjpfspy; ,lg;gl;l VNjDk; czT tiffisf; nfhs;tdT
nra;tjhapd; mjpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s fhyhtjpahFk; jpfjp> cw;gj;jpj; jpfjp
Mfpad njhlu;ghff; ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;.
 czit ePz;l fhyk; NgZtjw;Fg; gy;NtW Kiwfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lNghJk;
MNuhf; f pakhd tho; t pw; F vg; N ghJk; Gjpa czTfisg; gad; g Lj; j y;
nghUj;jkhdnjd tpsf;Ff.
nraw;g hL : 6
 ePz;l fhyk; NgZtjw;nfd tpNrl Kiwfisf; iff;nfhs;shJ tpbd;> czTf;F
eilngWtij mtjhdpg;gjw;Fg; gpd;tUkhwhd vspa nraw;ghLfspy; khztu;fis
<LgLj;Jf.
 NrhW> ,bag;gk;> ghz; Nghd;w czTfspd; khjpupfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;f.
 jahu;nra;ag;gl;l czTfs; cz;l gpd;du; vQ;rpdhy; ePz;l fhyk; NgZtjw;Fr;
nra;af;$bait ahit vd khztuplk; tpdTf.
 ngwg;gl;l czTfspy; xU gFjpia Ntwhf;fp #upa xsp gLk; ,lj;jpy; itf;fTk;.
 rpy ehl;fs; cyu;j;jg;gl;l khjpup kw;Wk; cyu;j;jhJ Ngzg;gl;l khjpupfis
ghJfhg;ghfg; NgZf.
 cyu;j;jg;gl;l kw;Wk; cyu;j;jg;glhj czT khjpupfs; Mfpatw;wpy; Vw;glj;jf;f
khw;wq;fis vjpu;T$w khztu;fSf;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; mspf;Ff.
 rpy ehl;fspd; gpd;du; ntWk; fz;fshYk; iftpy;iyapd; cjtpAlDk; czT
khjpupfis xg;gpl;Lj; jfty;fisr; rku;g;gpg;gjw;Fk; tupg;glq;fis tiutjw;Fk;
khztu;fis topg;gLj;Jf.
217
 cztpd; jd;ik (epwk;> kzk;> ,ioaikg;G...)
 cztpd; kPJ cUthfpAs;sit (G+Q;rzk;)
 czT mt;thW khw;wkile;jpUg;gJ Vd; vd khztuJ fUj;Jf;fisr; rku;g;gpf;f
khztu;fis topg;gLj;Jf.
 gz;ilf; fhyk; njhl;L ,t;thW czTfis cyu;j;jpg; gy;NtW tpjq;fspy;
jahu; nra;tjd; %yk; tpuakhfhjthW kPz;Lk; gad;gLj;jyhk; vd tpsf;Ff.
 nrytpd;wpj; jdJ tPL / tsT Mfpatw;wpYs;s czTfisg; gpd;du; gad;gLj;jf;
$bathW NgZtjw;F khztiuj; J}z;Lf.
nraw;g hL : 7
 ehk; cz;Zk; czTfs; gy;NtW fhuzq;fshy; mRj;jkilfpd;wd vdTk;
gad;ghl;bw;Fg; nghUj;jkw;wjhf khWfpd;wd vdTk; mjw;F vkJ ftdkpd;ikAk;
,aw;iff; fhuzq;fSk; VJthf mikfpd;wd vdTk;; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fspd;
JizAld; khztUld; fye;JiuahLf.
 tpyq;Ffspd; fhuzkhf@
G+idfs;> fug;ghd; G+r;rpfs;> gy;yp> vyp Nghd;w tPl;bYs;s tpyq;Ffshy;
Vw;gLk; ghjpg;Gfs;
 rupahfg; nghjpnra;ag;glhikahy;@
ePs; %Q;R tz;Lfs;> GOf;fs; Nghd;w tpyq;Ffshy; Vw;gLk; ghjpg;Gfs;
 #ow; fhuzpfshy;@
J}R gbjy;> kio gLjy;> mjpf #upa xsp gLjy;
 kdpjr; nraw;ghLfs; fhuzkhf@
ftdkpd;wp czTfis %lhJ itj;jy;> ftdkpd;wp czTfisg; nghjp
nra;jy;> ftdkpd;wp czTfisr; rikj;jy;> ghJfhg;ghd ,urhadq;
fis ,ly; (gOf;f itj;jy;> ePz;l fhyk; NgZjy; Nghd;wtw;Wf;fhf)
 Nkw;gb tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf cjhuzq;fSld; tpsf;Ff. ,t;thW czT
gOjiltijj; jtpu;g;gjw;fhf vk;khy; nra;af;$batw;iwg; gw;wp khztUld;
fye;JiuahLf.
 jkJ tPLfspy; cs;s rikj;j / rikf;fhj czTfspd; Rj;jk; kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G
Mfpatw;iwg; NgZtjw;Fr; nra;af;$ba tplaq;fs; gw;wp MNyhridfisr;
rku;g;gpf;f khztu;fSf;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.
 ,jd;NghJ fPo;tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf khztupd; ftdj;ij topg;gLj;Jf.
 czT jahu; nra;Akplj;ij / rikayiwiar; Rj;jkhfg; NgZjy;
 czT jahupf;fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nghUs;fs;> cgfuzq;fspd; Rj;jk;
 czitj; jahupg;Nghupd; jdpg;gl;l Rj;jk;
 ; q;fspy; mjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Nkyq;fp (Aprom)
czT jahu;nra;Ak; re;ju;gg
jiyf;ftrk;> ifAiw Nghd;w cilfisAk; kiwg;GfisAk; gad;gLj;jy;
 czTfisr; Rj;jkhfTk; ghJfhg;ghfTk; Ngzhik fhuzkhf vkf;F Vw;gLk;
gpujp$ykhd epiyikfs; gw;wpa tplaq;fisr; rku;g;gpf;f khztu;f;Fr; re;ju;g;gk;
toq;Ff.
 ,jd;NghJ gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis ntspf;nfhzu;f.
 Neha;nehbfs; Vw;gly; (tapw;Wf; NfhshW> tapw;Nwhl;lk;> xt;thik>
the;jp> GO Neha;> fopr;ry;> the;jpNgjp Nghd;w Neha;fSk; Neha;f;FwpfSk;)
 Njitaw;w gzr; nryT Vw;gly;
cjhuzk; :
RftPd epiyikiag; Nghf;f kUe;J ngWjy;> czT tpuakhjy;
fhuzkhf kPz;Lk; czit thq;f Ntz;ba Njit Vw;gly;>...
218
 ehshe;j eltbf;iffSf;Fj; jil Vw;gly;
cjhuzk; :
ghlrhiyfSf;Fr; nry;y Kbahik> flikfSf;Fr; nry;y
Kbahik> Neuk; tPzhFjy;
 ,t;thwhd fhuzq;fshy; ehk; md;whlk; cl;nfhs;Sk; czT> ghdq;fs;

Mfpatw;wpd; ghJfhg;gpidg; Ngz Ntz;Lnkd typAWj;Jf.
 ,jd;NghJ md;whlk; gUFk; ePupd; Rj;jj;ijg; NgZjy; kw;Wk;; Rj;jkhd ePiug;
gUFtjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wp tpNrlkhff; ftdk; nrYj;jp khztUf;F mwpT+l;Lf.
nraw;g hL : 8
 czitj; jahu;nra;Ak;NghJ Ra Rj;jk; kw;Wk; cztpd; Rj;jk; Mfpatw;iwg;
NgZtjw;F Vg;ud; ijg;gjw;Fg; gpd;tUk; mwpTWj;jy;fis khztu;f;F toq;Ff.
 ,jw;nfd rJu tbt Gilitj;Jz;ilg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;f. fiuiaj; ijj;Jf;
nfhs;f.
 ,Lg;gpd; Rw;wsit mse;J me;j mstpid tpl 30 cm ,Yk; $Ljyhd
ePsj;jpy; Glitj; Jz;bid fPykhf ntl;bf;nfhs;f.
 mjid Kd;du; ntl;bf;nfhz;l Gilitj; Jz;by; itj;J ijj;Jf;nfhs;f.
(cU 1)
 clypd; Nkw;gFjpfF ; g; nghUj;jkhd msT Gilitj;Jz;ilg; ngw;Wf; fiuiaj;
ijj;Jf;nfhs;f.
mjd; Nkw;gFjpapy; fl;Ltjw;Fg; NghJkhd ePsk; nfhz;l ePz;l ehlhf;fs;
,uz;ilg; nghUj;jpf;nfhs;f. (cU 2)
 gpd;du; ,uz;L Gilitj; Jz;LfisAk; xd;whf itj;Jg; nghUj;jpf;
nfhs;Sq;fs;. (cU 3)
219
 ,e;jr; nraw;ghl;by; fiuia kbj;jy;> E}Nyhly;> fiuiaj; ijj;jy; Nghd;w
Mw;wy;fis khztuplj;Nj Vw;gLj;jf;$bathW nraw;ghLfis xOq;Fnra;f.
 myq;fhuj; ijay; Kiwahd rq;fpypj; ijay; Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jp Nkyq;fpia
(Apron) myq;fupj;Jf;nfhs;f.
 ,e;jj; jiyg;gpd; fPo; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; gy;NtW czT> ghdq;fs; jahu;gLj;jy;fspd;
NghJ jahu;nra;J nfhz;l Vg;uid mzpe;J nraw;ghl;by; <Lgl khztu;f;Fr;
re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.
nraw;g hL : 9
 czit cl;nfhs;sg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ghj;jpuq;fs; / jl;lq;fisf; fljhrpf; $iog;
gad;gLj;jpr; nra;tjw;F khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.
cjhuzk; :
 gpshj;jpf;Ff; Nfhg;igia vLf;f.
 mjidj; jiyfPohfg; Gul;b itf;f.
 fljhrpj; Jz;Lfisf; fpopj;J ePu; nfhz;l ghj;jpuj;jpy; ,Lf.
 rpwpjsT khg;giriaj; jahu;nra;J nfhs;f.
 Muk;gj;jpy; ePupy; eidatpl;l fljhrpj; Jz;Lfis Nfhg;igfspd; kPJ
,Lf. (gir G+rg;glhj <uypg;ghd fljhrpfs; vdpd; ed;W)
 Nfhg;igapd; kPJ ,lg;gl;l fljhrpj; Jz;Lfspd; kPJ giriag; G+Rf.
 kPz;Lk; <uypg;ghd fljhrpj; Jz;Lfis mjd; kPJ ,Lf.
 ,t;thW jbg;ghd gilnahd;W cUthFk; tiu kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; <uf;
fljhrpfis xl;bf;nfhs;f.
 xl;Lk;NghJ RUf;fq;fs; Vw;glhjthW ifahy; ed;F jltpf;nfhs;f.
 ,Wjpapy; xl;Lk; fljhrpiag; ngupa Jz;Lfshf xl;bf;nfhs;f. mJ gy
epwk; nfhz;ljhapd; kpf ed;W.
 ,t;thW jahupf;fg;gl;l jl;lj;ij cyu;j;jp (xU ehspd; gpd;du;) fow;wpf;
nfhs;f.
 mtutu; tpUk;gpathW epwq;fs;> Nfhyq;fs; Mfpatw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp
myq;fupj;Jf; nfhs;f.
nraw;ghL : 10
 tFg;gpYs;s khztu;fis ,uz;L FOf;fshf;Ff.
 mLj;J ehk; czthf cl;nfhs;Sk; czT tiffisg; ngaupLkhW $Wf.
 xU gf;fj;jpy; cs;s khztu;fs; czT tiffisg; ngaupLk;NghJ kw;iwa
gf;fj;jpy; cs;Nshu; me;j cztpd; ngaiu my;yJ ,yf;fj;ij toq;fr; nra;ayhk;.
 gpd;du; ,uz;L FOf;fisAk; gpupf;ff; $bathW Nfhnlhd;iw tiue;J nfhs;f.
 xU cztpd; ngaiuf; $Wk;NghJ ,uz;L FOf;fspYk; xNu ngaiuf; nfhz;l
,Utu; kj;jpa Nfhl;bw;F mz;ikapy; te;J ,UtUk; kpf ,Wf;fkhf ,uz;L
iffisAk; gpbj;jthW jj;jkJ FOtpd; gf;fk; ,Of;fTk;. gyk; Fiwthd
khztu; vjpug; ; gf;fj;jpwF
; ,Of;fg;gl;Lr; nrd;why; me;jf; FOtpdu; me;j khztiuj;
jkJ FOtpy; Nru;j;Jf; nfhs;thu;.
 mjw;fikaj; jkJ Neuj;jpDs; mjpf vz;zpf;ifahd khztu;fisr; Nru;j;Jf;
nfhz;l FOtpdu; ntw;wp ngWtu;.
nraw;ghL : 11
 czTfs;> ghdq;fis cl;nfhs;Sk;NghJ Ngzg;gl Ntz;ba ew;gof;fq;fs;
gw;wpf; $Wk; ghly;fs;> ftpijfisr; Nrfupj;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs;. ,y;iyNay;
mt;thwhd ghly;fs;> ftpijfis Mf;fpf; nfhs;Sq;fs;.
220
 mtw;wpYs;s fUj;Jf;fis tpsf;fp khztUld; Nru;e;J me;jg; ghly;fisg;
ghLf.
 me;jg; ghly;fspy; $wg;gLtjw;F ,zq;f> czT> ghdq;fis cl;nfhs;Sk;NghJ
jdJ elj;ijfisr; rupahfg; Ngz Ntz;Lnkd khztUf;Ff; $Wf.
 ghly;fs; / ftpijfSf;fhd
cjhuzk;:
cztpy; Nguhir nfhs;shNj

cz;z ,d;Dk; vd;W NfshNj
fpswpr; rpe;jpr; rpjwhNj
epd;w epiyapy; cz;zhNj!
cztpy; itj;j if vLf;fhNj

cuj;Jr; rg;Gf; nfhl;lhNj
mOjgbNa cz;zhNj
mku;e;J Ritj;J (kfpo;e;J) cz;ghNa!
221
fUg;n ghUs; 7 : ghJfhg;Gk; fupr idAk;
nghWg;Gtha;e;j gpuirfisf; nfhz;l r%fj;jpy; thOk; gpuirfs; ghJfhg;G

gw;wpa vz;zf;fUit (Safety concept) kdjpw;nfhz;L nraw;gLthu;. mt;thwhd
gpuirfs; md;whlr; nraw;ghLfspYk; r%ff; fUkq;fspYk; jk;ikg; gw;wp kl;Lkd;wp
VidNahu; gw;wpAk; ftdj;jpwn; fhz;L nraw;gLtu;. ghJfhg;G gw;wpa vz;zf;fUit
kdjpy; epWj;jp> nghWg;Gld; nraw;gLk; vjpu;fhyr; re;jjpapdUf;fhd mbj;jsj;ij
cUthf;Fk; Nehf;FlNdNa ,f;fUg;nghUs; jpl;lkplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ghJfhg;gw;w
,lq;fs;> re;ju;g;gq;fs; kw;Wk; Neha;fis ,dq;fz;L mjpypUe;J ghJfhg;Gg;
ngWjy;> ghjfkhd epiyikfisj; jtpu;j;Jf;nfhs;sy; Mfpad Fwpj;J ,q;F
ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ntt;NtW Ntiyfspy; <LgLk;N ghJ jkJ ghJfhg;Gf;fhd eltbf;iffis
Nkw;nfhs;sy;> tpgj;JfSk; mtw;wpypUe;J jtpu;e;jpUj;jy; Mfpad njhlu;ghd
nraw;ghLfspy; <Lgl;L mDgtq;fs; ngWtu; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
Nju;r;rpfs; :
 tpgj;Jf;fs; epfoj;jf;f topfs; gw;wpa mwpT+l;lj;Jld; mtw;wpypUe;J ghJfhg;Gg;
ngw Mtd nra;thu;.
 njhopy;El;gr; rhjdq;fisAk; ntt;NtWgl;l rf;jpfisAk; gad;gLj;Jtjhy;
Vw;glf;$ba ghjpg;Gfs; njhlu;ghff; ftdQ;nrYj;jpr; nraw;gLthu;.
 njhw;W Neha;fs; kw;Wk; njhw;whj Neha;fs; Vw;gLtijj; jtpu;g;gjw;fhff;
ifahsf;$ba Rfhjhug; ghJfhg;G Kiwfs; njhlu;ghf mwpT+ll ; j;Jld; nraw;gLthu;.
 ghJfhg;Gj; njhlu;ghd czu;jd;ikAld; Mf;fq;fs; nra;tjpy; <LgLthu;.
 ghJfhg;Gj; njhlu;ghff; ftdQ;nrYj;jpathW Jyq;fy; (vjpu;tpid) Ntf tsu;r;rpr;
 ghJfhg;ghfTk; ftdkhfTk; Ntiy nra;a Ntz;ba tpjj;ij Ckk; %yKk;
fUj;J ntspg;ghl;L mq;f mirTfs; %yKk; nra;Jfhl;Lthu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; :
 ,aw; iff; fhuzq;f shYk; kdpjr; nraw; ghLfs; fhuzkhfTk; epfoj; jf;f
tpgj;Jf;fis ,dq;fz;L> mtw;wpypUe;J ghJfhg;Gg; ngw Mtd nra;thu;.
 ,de;njupahj Ml;fSld; nraw;gLk;NghJ ghJfhg;ghfTk; ftdkhfTk; nraw;gLthu;.
 njhw; WNeha; f s; kw; Wk; njhw; whj Neha; fs; Vw;g Ltijj; jtpu; g; gjw; fhfr;
nra;aNtz;bait njhlu;ghd tpsf;fj;Jld; nraw;gLthu;.
 ghJfhg;Gj; njhlu;ghd nra;jpfslq;fpa Rtnuhl;bfisj; jahupg;ghu;.
 ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; fuprid njhlu;ghff; ftdQ;nrYj;jp> Mf;f tpisahl;Lf;fspy;
<LgLthu;.
 ghJfhg;Gj; njhlu;ghd ghly;fs;> ftpijfs;> ebj;Jf;fhl;ly;fs; / eldq;fis
Kd;itg;ghu;.

nraw;g hL : 1
 ,aw;ifahd fhuzq;fshy; epfof;$ba tpgj;Jf;fs; njhlu;ghf mwpT+l;lk;
ngWtjw;fhf khztiug; gpd;tUk; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;Jf.
222
 gy;NtW tpgj;Jf;fs; njhlu;ghfr; nra;jpj;jhs;fs; kw;Wk; rQ;rpiffspy; ntspahfpa
jfty;fs;> xspg;glq;fs;> vida glq;fisr; Nrfupj;J tFg;gpwF ; f; nfhz;LtUkhW
rpy jpdq;fSf;F Kd;dNu khztUf;F mwpTWj;Jf.
 ,aw;ifahd fhuzq;fshYk; kdpjd; nra;Ak; gy;NtW nray;fs; fhuzkhfTk;
epfoj;jf;f tpgj;Jf;fs; njhlu;ghf khztUld; fye;JiuahLf.
 gpd;du;> khztu; nfhz;Lte;Js;s jfty;fSs; rpytw;wpy; mlq;fpAs;s tpgj;Jf;fs;
njhlu;ghfTk; mit epfo;ej ; ikf;fhd fhuzq;fs; (,aw;ifahd tpgj;J / kdpjdpd;
nraw;ghLfs; fhuzkhf Vw;gl;l tpgj;J) gw;wpAk; ciuahLf.
 gpd;du;> khztu;fisf; FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J xt;nthU FOtpw;Fk; gpd;tUtd
Nghd;w Xu; ml;ltiz mlq;fpa xt;nthU gpwp];ly; ml;il tPjk; toq;Ff.
,aw;ifahd tpgj;Jf;fs; kdpjdpd; nraw;ghLfs; fhuzkhf
epfo;e;j tpgj;Jf;fs;
................................................................ ............................................................................
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................................................................ ............................................................................
................................................................ ............................................................................
 khztu; nfhz;L te;j jfty;fisAk; xspg;glq;fisAk; ml;ltizapy; cupa

epuy;fspy; xl;LkhW / ,izf;FkhW / nfhSTkhW topg;gLj;Jf.
 mit rupahd epuypy; nfhOtg;gl;Ls;sdth vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;Sq;fs;.
 gpdd
; u;> FOf;fs; jahupj;j ml;ltizfis tFg;G khztu; midtUk; ghu;f;fj;jf;f
thwhf tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;j topg;gLj;Jf.
 me;je;j ml;ltizapy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;s jfty;fs; njhlu;ghf ciuahLf.
 ,aw;ifahf epfOk; rpy tpgj;Jf;fSf;F kdpjdpd; gy;NtW nraw;ghLfs; fhuzkhf
mikfpd;wikia vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
cjhuzk; :
 kue;jwpjj
; y;> kiyg;gFjpfspy; kz;iz ntl;b mg;Gwg;gLj;Jjy; Nghd;wit
fhuzkhf kz;rupT Vw;gly;
 jho;epyq;fis epug;Gjy;> kzy; mfo;jy; Nghd;wit fhuzkhf nts;sk;
Vw;gly; ... Nghd;wit
 ,aw;ifahd fhuzq;fshYk; kdpjr; nraw;ghLfs; fhuzkhfTk; gy;NtW
tpgj;Jf;fs; epfOfpd;wikia Nkw;gb tplaq;fspd; JizAld; khztu;f;F
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
nraw;ghL : 2
 ghJfhg;gw;w ,lq;fs;> ghJfhg;gw;w re;ju;g;gq;fs; njhlu;ghf> khztUf;F mwpT+l;lk;
nra;tjw;fhf fPNo cjhuzq;fs; jug;gl;Ls;s re;ju;g;gq;fs; kw;Wk; epfo;Tfisg;
gad;gLj;jp khztUld; fye;JiuahLf.
ghJfhg;g w;w re;j u;g ;gq;f s; :
 nts;sk; Vw;gl;Ls;s re;ju;g;gq;fspy; nts;s ePupy; ePuhlr; nry;yy; /
glNfhl;lr; nry;yy;
 kpd;dy; kpd;Dk; Ntisfspy; jpwe;j ntspapy; rQ;rupj;jy;
223
 thfd neupry; cs;s Ntisfspy; ghijiaf; flj;jy;
 Gifapujk; tUtJ njupe;Jk; jz;lthsj;ijf; flj;jy;
 Gifapujj; jz;lthsj;jpd; topNa ele;Jnry;yy;
 ghijapy; ,lJ Gwj;jpd; topNa ele;Jnry;yy;
 gl;lhR nfhSj;Jjy;
 fz;zhbg; ghj;jpuj;ijf; ifapy; Ve;jpathW XLjy;
 $upa cgfuzq;fisf; (fj;jupf;Nfhy;> fj;jp Nghd;w) ifapy; Ve;jpathW
XLjy;
ghJfhg;gw;w ,lq;fs; :
 khw;Wf; flit topNah> ghJfhg;Gg; gliyNah (Gate) ,d;wp> ngUe;njUf;
fSf;Ff; FWf;fhfg; Gifapujg; ghij mike;Js;s ,lq;fs;
 ePu;r; Rop> $upa Kl;fs;> fz;zhbj; Jz;Lfs; Nghd;wit cs;s ePu;
epuk;gpAs;s ,lq;fs;
 gbtupir / tOf;Fk; jd;ikAs;s ,lq;fs;
 kz;rupT Vw;glj;jf;f ,lq;fs;
 ahidfs; ghijiaf; flf;Fk; ,lq;fs;
 ghk;Gg; Gw;W / ghk;Gfs; rQ;rupf;Fk; ,lq;fs;
 khztu; mwpe;Jitj;Js;s ,t;thwhd mDgtq;fs; gw;wp mtu;fsplk; tpdTf.
 ,t;thwhf ntt;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fspy; epfof;$ba tpgj;Jf;fspypUe;J ghJfhg;Gg;
ngWtjw;fhfTk; mt;thwhd tpgj;Jf;fs; fhuzkhf Vw;glf;$ba ghjpg;Gfis
,ad;wsTf;Ff; Fiwg;gjw;fhfTk; my;yJ Kw;whfj; jtpu;g;gjw;fhfTk; nra;aj;
jf;fit gw;wp khztUld; fye;JiuahLf.
 Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l re;ju;g;gq;fisAk; epfo;TfisAk; cjhuzq;fshff; nfhz;L>
mt;thwhd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; nraw;gl Ntz;ba tpjk; njhlu;ghd jfty;fis
ml;ltizg;gLj;Jtjw;F khztu;fF ; r; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
cjhuzk; :
tpgj;J Vw;glf;$ba ghjpg;G mjpypUe;J ghJfhg;Gg; ngWtjw;fhf /

mjidj; jtpug
; g
; jw;fhf nra;aj;jf;fit
1. fhypy; ghk;G * clypy; eQ;Nrwy; * jpwe;jntspapYk; ghJfhg;gw;w ,lq;

jPz;ly; * itj;jparhiyapy; fspYk; rQ;rupf;Fk;NghJ ftdkhf
jq;fpapUf;f NeupLjy; ,Uj;jYk; nghUj;jkhd ghjzpfs;
* mjpf NehT mzpe;jpUj;jYk;
* capupog;G * ,utpy; gazk; nra;tjhapd; xspNaw;W
tjw;fhf kpd;#s; Nghd;w xU rhjdj;
ijg; gad;gLj;jy;
2. #Nlwpa * ifapy; jPf;fhak; * #Nlwpa ghj;jpuq;fisg; gpbg;gjw;fhfg;

rikay; Vw;gly; nghUj;jkhd Jzpj;Jz;L / FwL /
ghj;jpuk; fhu * mjpf NehT ,Lf;fp gad;gLj;Jjy;
zkhf RLfhak;
Vw;gly;
 tpgj;Jf;fSf;F Mshtijtpl mtw;wpypUe;J ghJfhg;Gg; ngWtjw;fhf / jtpu;j;Jf;

nfhs;tjw;fhd eltbf;iffis vLg;gjd; %yk; capu;r; Nrjq;fisAk; mjd;
,og;GfisAk; Fiwj;Jf;nfhs;syhk; vd;gij khztu;f;F tpsf;Ff.
224
nraw;ghL : 3
 mwpKfkpy;yhNjhUld; nraw;gLk;NghJ jhk; ghJfhg;ghfTk; ftdkhfTk; nraw;gl
Ntz;ba tpjk; njhlu;ghf mwpT+l;lk; nra;tjw;fhfg; gpd;tUk; nraw;ghLfspy;
<LgLj;Jf.
 ,jw;fhff; fPNo cjhuzq;fshf vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gl;lthwhd rpy epfo;Tfisf;
Fwpj;Jf;nfhs;f.
cjhuzk; 1:
 ruz; ghlrhiy tpl;l gpd;du;> jd;id mioj;Jr; nry;tjw;fhfj; jhahu;
tUk; tiu fhj;jpUf;fpwhd;. mz;il tPl;lhu; xUtu; mtdUNf nrd;W
jhd; tPl;by; nfhz;LNgha; tpLtjhff; $wp> mtid miof;fpd;whu;.
cjhuzk; 2:
 gthdp tPl;by; jdpahf ,Uf;fpd;w Xu; re;ju;g;gj;jpy; tpahghuj;jpw;fhf
te;j xUtu; nuhgp / nrhf;fNyl; thq;fpj; jUtjhf mUfpy; cs;s filf;Fj;
jk;Kld; tUkhW gthdpia miof;fpd;whu;.
cjhuzk; 3:
 khyd; ghlrhiy tplL ; > tPlb
; w;F ele;J nry;Yk; Ntisapy; thfdnkhd;wpy;
te;j mwpKfkpyy ; hj egu; xUtu; thfdj;ij epWj;jp> thfdj;jpy; VWkhWk;
tPl;lUNf nfhz;LNgha; tpLtjhfTk; $Wfpd;whu;.
 Nkw;gb xt;nthU re;ju;g;gj;jpYk; gps;isfs; nraw;gl Ntz;ba tpjk; njhlu;ghf
mtu;fsJ fUj;Jf;fis tpdTf.
 ,t;thwhd NkYk; rpy re;ju;g;gq;fis vLj;Jf;fhl;b> jkJ tPl;bw;F tUif
jUfpd;w kw;Wk; jhk; re;jpf;f NeupLfpd;w mwpKfkpy;yhj Ml;fSld; vt;thwhf
ele;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ Fwpj;J khztu;fF ; mwpT+l;lk; nra;f.
nraw;ghL : 4
 Rw;Wg;Gwr; #oypy; ,Uf;Fk; tpNrlkhd cgfuzq;fs; / fUtpfs; / rPUil gad;gLj;Jk;
njhopy;fspYk; tpisahl;Lf;fspYk; <LgLNthUld; vspikahd fye;Jiuahliy
elj;Jf.
 gpd;du; khztu;fisj; jdpj;jdpahfNth> FOthfNth topg;gLj;jp> ntt;NtW
njhopy;fspy; <LgLNthu; gad;gLj;Jk; cgfuzq;fs;> fUtpfs;> Milazpfs;
gw;wpa jfty;fisj; jpul;l topg;gLj;Jf. (ngw;whUld; nry;Yk; gazq;fspd;NghJ
,t;thwhd jfty;fisj; jpul;Ltjw;Nfw;w re;ju;g;gq;fis Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;SkhW
tUl Muk;gj;jpNyNa ngw;whu;f;F mwpT+l;lk; nra;f.)
 me;jj; jfty;fSld; $lNt mtw;wpd; glq;fs;> xspg;glq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwAk;
tFg;giwapy; Nrfupf;f Mtd nra;f.
 khztUld; fye;Jiuahb> mj;jfty;fisf; nfhz;L> gpd;tUk; ml;ltiziaf;
fl;bnaOg;g topg;gLj;Jf.
njhopy; / njhopypd;NghJ / gad;gLj;Jk;
tpisahl;L tpisahl;bd;NghJ cgfuzq;fs;/fUtpfs;
mzpgit
fpupf;nfw; tPuu; * nts;is epw Nrl;> JLg;G
ePz;l fhw;rl;il>
jiyf;ftrk;> ifAiw>
fhw;fhg;G
fUq;fy; cilg;gtu; * jiyf;ftrk; ntl;Lsp> fy;Yilf;Fk;
Rj;jpay;>
.......................... ................................ .........................................
 Nkw;gb cilfs;> gad;gLj;Jk; cgfuzq;fs;> fUtpfshy; fpilf;Fk; gad;fs;

kw;Wk; ghJfhg;Gj; njhlu;ghf khztuJ ftdj;ij <u;f;Ff.
225
nraw;ghL : 5
 ntt;NtW njhopy;fSf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; njhopDl;gr; rhjdq;fs; fhuzkhf
Vw;glj;jf;f ,og;Gfs;> tpgj;Jf;fs; njhlu;gpy; mwpT+l;lk; ngWtjw;fhfg; gpd;tUk;
nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;Jf.
 ntt;NtW NtiyfSf;fhfj; njhopDl;gr; rhjdq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wikia>
xspg;glq;fs;> tpsf;fg;glq;fs;> tPbNah fhl;rpfspd; JizAld; tpsf;Ff.
cjhuzk; :
 ney; mWtil ,ae;jpuk;> ney; #Lkpjpf;Fk; ,ae;jpuk;> ney; Fw;Wk;
,ae;jpuk;> kuk; mupAk; ,ae;jpuk;> Gy; ntl;Lk; ,ae;jpuk; kw;Wk; md;whl
Ntiyfis ,yFgLj;Jtjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jk; kpd; mOj;jp> fyf;fp
(Blender)> NrhW rikg;ghd; (Rice Cooker) Nghd;w cgfuzq;fs;
 ,t;thwhd cgfuzq;fs;> fUtpfisf; nfhz;L nra;aj;jf;f Ntiyfs; Fwpj;J
khztuJ mDgtq;fisAk; Jizahff;nfhz;L fye;JiuahLf.
 ,tw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp Ntiyfis ,yFthfr; nra;a KbAnkdpDk; mit
fhuzkhf tpgj;Jf;fSk; ,og;GfSk; Vw;gl ,lKz;L vd;gijAk; tpsf;Ff.
cjhuzk; :
 ,ae;jpuj;jpDs; iftpuy;fs;> if> fhy; Nghd;wit rpf;fpf;nfhs;sy;> kpd;
jhf;F Vw;gly; Nghd;wit
 gpd;du;> khztiuf; FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J> Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;lthwhd Xu; cgfuzj;ijg;
gad;gLj;Jk; tpjj;ijAk; gad;gLj;Jk; Ntisapy; epfof;$ba tpgj;Jf;fisAk;
tfpghfNkw;W ebj;Jf;fhl;lr; re;ju;g;gk; mspf;Ff.
nraw;ghL : 6
 ghJfhg;ig Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhs;tjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba xU nghUshff; Fz;^rp
/ ijay; Crp jhq;fpia khztu;fF ; mwpKfk; nra;f.
 mt;thwhd xU nghUis Mf;FkhW khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.
 mjw;fhf> fPNo glj;jpy; fhl;bAs;sthW tl;l tbtj;jpy; ntl;ba Jzpj;Jz;Lfs;
2 tPjk; khztu; xt;nthUtUf;Fk; toq;Ff. mj;NjhL mtw;wpYk; rw;Wr; rpwpa
msTs;s xU Jzp tl;lk; tPjk; toq;Ff.
 ngupa tl;lq;fSs; xd;wpd; ntspg;gf;fj;jpd; kPJ cU - 1 ,y; fhl;bAs;sthW
rpwpa tl;lj;ij itj;Jf; fk;gspj;ijay; %yk; ijj;Jf;nfhs;SkhW topg;gLj;Jf.
 gpd;du; ngupa Jzp tl;lq;fs; ,uz;bdJk; cl;gf;fq;fs; ntspg;Gwkhf ,Uf;FkhW
itj;J> Vwj;jho Ie;J nrd;upkPw;wu; (,uz;L mq;Fy) msthd tl;lg;gFjp jtpu>
Vida gFjpfisg; glj;jpy; fhl;bAs;sthW E}NyhLkhW topg;gLj;Jf.
cU 1 cU 2
 ijj;j gFjpfspd; rupahd gf;fk; ntspNa tUkhW Gul;bf;nfhs;f.
 gpd;du;> tha;g;gFjpapd; topNa gQ;R my;yJ nkd;ikahd Jzpj; Jz;Lfisg;
GFj;jp> ,Wf;fkhf epug;gpf;nfhs;f.
 gpd;du;> mijj; njhq;ftpLtjw;F Vw;wthwhf tha;g;gFjpapy; NghJkhd ePsKs;s
upgd; / Jzp ehlhj;Jz;bid itj;J thAld; Nru;j;J ijf;Ff.
226
cU 3 cU 4
 gpd;du;> cU 4 ,y; fhl;bAs;sthW> tl;l mikg;gpd; fPo;g;Gwkhf rupkj;jpapd;
Clhf> E}y; Nfhu;j;j ijay; Crpnahd;wpidr; nrYj;jpNkw;gf;fkhf ntspNa
vLj;J> ,Oj;J tisTf;Nfhyk; cUthFkhW E}iyr; rpy jlitfs; kj;jpapd;
Clhfr; nrYj;jp ,Wf;fpf;nfhs;f.
 ,t;thwhf cU 4 ,w; fhl;bAs;sthW E}iy ed;F ,Wf;fp> Mf;fj;ijg; G+u;j;jp
nra;f. (Mf;fj;ijg; G+rzpf;fha; tbtj;jpy; my;yJ NtW nghUj;jkhd tbtj;jpy;
Mf;fpf;nfhs;f.)
 ,Wjpapy; E}iy ed;W ,Wf;fkhff; fl;Lf.
 khztu;fsJ Mf;fq;fisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jpg; ghuhl;Lf.
nraw;ghL : 7
 njhw;Wk; Neha;fs; kw;wk; njhw;whj Neha;fs; Vw;gLtjpypUe;J ghJfhg;Gg;
ngWtjw;fhfr; nra;aj;jf;fit gw;wp khztUf;F mwpT+l;lk; nra;tjw;fhf
ciuahLf.
 khztu; njupe;J itj;Js;s njhw;Wk; Neha;fs; gw;wp tpdtp> me;Neha;fSf;F
Mshtjw;F VJthd fhuzq;fs; Fwpj;Jf; fye;JiuahLf. khztuJ mDgtq;
fisAk; Jizahff; nfhs;f.
Neha; Neha; guTk; top
nlq;F Neha;f;fhtp Esk;G jPz;Ltjhy;
ahidf;fhy; Neha; Neha;f;fhtp Esk;G jPz;Ltjhy;
kNyupah Neha;f;fhtp Esk;G jPz;Ltjhy;
the;jpNgjp / nfhyuh mRj;jkhd czT> ePu; cl;nfhs;sy;
fopr;ry; Neha; mRj;jkhd czT> ePu; cl;nfhs;sy;
rPjNgjp mRj;jkhd czT> ePu; cl;nfhs;sy;
rpd;dKj;J Neha;f; fhtpfshd Ml;fs; %yk;
nfhg;gspg;ghd; Neha;f; fhtpfshd Ml;fs; %yk;
 ,t;thwhf jw;fhyj;jpy; gutyhff; fhzg;gLk; njhw;wh Neha;fs; njhlu;ghfTk;
khztuJ ftdj;ij <u;j;J> me;Neha;fs; Vw;gLtjw;F VJthfj;jf;f gpujhd
fhuzq;fs; Fwpj;J khztUld; ciuahLf.
cjhuzk; :
Neha; Neha; Vw;gl VJthfj;jf;f fhuzq;fs;
* ePupopT * ,dpg;ghd czTfs;> khg;nghUs; czTfs;
mjpfk; cz;Zjy;
* ,ug;igaow;rp * cld; czTfs;> vz;nza; kw;Wk; kpsfha;
mjpfk; mlq;fpa czTfs; cl;nfhs;sy;
* Fwpj;j Ntisapy; czT cz;zhjpUj;jy;
* cau; FUjpaKf;fk; * vz;nza;> nfhOg;G mlq;fpAs;s
,jaNeha;/gUj;j cly; czTfs; mjpfstpy; cz;zy;
227
 njhw;whj tif Neha;fs; Vw;gLtjw;Fg; gpujhdkhf kdpjdpd; jtwhd tho;f;iff;
Nfhyq;fNs fhuzkhf mikfpd;wikia vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
 jw; f hyj; j py; ghlrhiy khztu; f s; gutyhf ,t; t hwhd Neha; f Sf; F
Mshfpd;wikiaAk; MNuhf;fpakhf tho;tjw;F ,t;thwhd Neha;fspypUe;J
tpyfpapUg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd tof;fq;fisg; NgzptUtJ Kf;fpakhdJ vd;gijAk;
khztu;fSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
nraw;ghL : 8
 khztu;fis jpwe;j ntspf;F mioj;Jr; nrd;W tl;lkhf epWj;jp elf;FkhW
topg;gLj;Jf.
 tl;lj;jpypUe;J 10 kPww
; Uf;F ntspapy; efuq;fs; 4 ,id NtWNtwhf epWtpfn; fhs;f.
 khztu;fs; ele;J nry;Yk; Ntisapy; Mrpupau; efnuhd;wpd; ngaiuf; Fwpg;gpLf.
 gpd;du; me;efupd; ngaUf;Fupa ,lj;ij Nehf;fp khztu;fs; Xbr;nry;y Ntz;Lk;.
 me;j ,lj;jpw;Fj; jhkjkhfp tUif jUk; khztu;fs; %tUf;F NtW Vw;fdNt
jpl;lkpl;l ,yFthd nraw;ghLfspy; gq;Fgw;wr; nra;f.
cjhuzk;: gha;jy;> if jl;Ljy;> epd;w ,lj;jpy; epw;wy; Kjypad
 ,t;thW NtnwhU efuj;jpd; ngaiuf; $wp tpisahl;bidj; njhlu;rr ; pahf elhj;Jf.
 mwpTWj;jy;fSf;fikar; nraw;gl;L ntw;wp ngw;w khztu;fis ghuhl;Lf.
nraw;ghL : 9
 ghJfhg;Gj; njhlu;ghd nra;jpfs; / jfty;fisf; nfhz;l ghly;fs;> ftpijfs;
kw;Wk; Mrpupau; Gide;j ghly;fisj; jpul;bf;nfhs;f.
 mtw;wpy; $wg;gLk; ghJfhg;Gj; njhlu;ghd nra;jpfs; ntspg;gLkhW Mbg;ghLkhW
khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.
cjhuzk; : ghJfhg;Gg; gw;wpf; $Wk; “gukhu;j;j FU - rPlu;” fijg; ghly;fis
Mbg;ghlr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
gukhu;j;j FU> rPlu;fs; vq;F vdj; NjLfpwhu;. rPlu;fs; ftiyAld; ntt;NtW

,lq;fspy; mku;e;jpUf;fpd;wdu;. gukhu;j;j FO> rPlu;fsplk; ~~Vd; ftiyAld;
,Uf;fpd;wuP f
; s;?|| vd tpdTfpwhu;. my;yJ rPlu;fs; xt;thUtuhf vjpNute;J ehlfg;
ghzpapy; jkf;Ff; ftiy Vw;gl;ljw;fhd fhuzj;ijf; $Wfpd;wdu;. (,jidg;
gpd;tUtJ Nghd;W ,ir - ehlfk; Nghy; Kd;itf;Ff.)
kl;b : fpzw;wbf;Fg; Nghd ghl;b jLf;fp tOf;fp tpOe;jhu;.

FU : fpzw;wbapy; ghrpg;gbitf; fOtpj;js;sr; rupahFk;.
kilad;: mLg;gpy; ,Ue;j ghidia ftdkpd;wpg; gpbj;NjNd.
FU : Jzpj;Jz;lhy; gpbj;jpUe;jhy; #Lgl;L ,Uf;fhNj.
%ld; : njUtpy; Xbr; nrd;w eha; ntFz;L Juj;jp te;jNj.
FU : fl;lhf;fhyp eha;f;F ePu; fy;nywpe;jha; my;yth?
kpNyrfd;: cau;e;j kuj;jpy; VwpNdd;. fhy; tOf;fp tpOe;jpl;Nld;.
FU : cau kuj;jpy; fha; gwpf;f ePz;l jb (nfhf;fp) cjTNk.
Ngij : CQ;ry; caur; nrd;wNj jq;if jtwp tpOe;jhNs.
FU : CQ;ry; MLk; NghjpNy gw;wpg; gpbf;f Ntz;LNk.
FU : rPlu;fNs thUq;fs;.
$Wtijf; NfSq;fs;.
fupridAld; nraw;gl;lhNy!
ghJfhg;Gg; ngw;wpLtPu;!
~~md;ghd Fstpfs;|| vDk; fijia ,f;fUg;nghUSf;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jf.
228
fUg;nghUs; 8 : ePu;
ePupd; J}a;ikiag; NgzTk; ePupidg; gy;NtW Nehf;fq;fSf;nfdg; gad;gLj;jTk;

ePiu tskhff; fUjp eltbf;if vLg;gJk; ,d;iwa fhyj;jpy; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
vjpu;fhyj;jpy; ,J ,d;iwaijtpl kpf Kf;fpakhdjhf mike;jpUf;Fk;. ek;
vjpu;fhyr; re;jjpapdu; ePu; njhlu;ghf Muha;T uPjpahf ele;J ePupd; J}a;ikia
NgZtjw;F cupa mbg;giliar; rpWguhak; KjNy Muk;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,e;jj; njhdpg;nghUspy; ePiug; gad;gLj;jpg; gy;NtW ifahz;Lghu;j;jy;fis
Nkw;nfhs;tjpYk; ePupd; J}a;ikiag; ghJfhg;gjpYk; ftdk; nrYj;jg;gLk;. mt;thNw
mRj;jkhd ePupd; fhuzkhf Rfhjhu uPjpahd tho;f;iff;F Vw;gLk; ghJfhg;Gfs;
gw;wpa tpsf;fj;Jld; ele;Jnfhs;tJ khztupd; gzpahFk;.
Nju;r;rpfs; :
 ePUld; gy;NtWgl;lit ,ilj;jhf;fkilAk; tpjj;ijf; fz;lwpe;J mwpf;ifg;
gLj;Jthu;.
 gy;NtW topfspd; %yk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLk; ePiu tpidj;jpwdhf Kfhik
nra;J ghJfhg;ghf Efu;thu;.
 ePupdhy; Vw;glf;$ba ghjpg;Gfs;> tpgj;Jfs; njhlu;ghff; fz;lwpe;J mtw;iwf;
Fiwg;gjw;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;thu;.
 ePupd; njhopw;ghL njhlu;ghd gy;NtW Mf;fq;fspy; <LgLthu;.
 ePu; rhu;e;j tpisahl;Lf;fis cUthf;fp mt; tpisahl;Lf;fspy; <LgLthu;.
 ePu; rhu;e;j gy;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fis kfpo;Tld; rku;g;gpg;ghu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; :
 ePupd; jd;ik NtWgLk; tpjj;ijf; ifahz;L ghu;g;ghu;.
 ePupd; njhopw;ghl;ilj; Njbawpe;J mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jthu;.
 mRj;jkhd ePupd; fhuzkhf Vw;gLk; ghjpg;Gfisf; Fiwg;gjw;F eltbf;if vLg;ghu;.
 ePu; rhu;e;jjhfj; njhopw;glj;jf;f Mf;fq;fspy; <LgLthu;.
 ePupd; nfhz;Lnry;ifAld; $bajhf Mf;fg;gl;l tpisahl;Lf;fspy; <LgLthu;.
 ePiug; gad;gLj;jpg; gy;NtW xypfis vOg;gf;$ba tpjk; gw;wpa kfpo;thd
mDgtq;fisg; ngWthu;.
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; mZFKiw :

nraw;ghL : 1
 ehk; vkf;Fj; Njitahd ePiu vt;thW ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpdN ; whk; vd tpdTf. (MWfs;>
Xilfs;> Fsq;fs;> jlhfk;> fpzW> Foha;f;fpzW> Foha; ePu;> ....)
 #oypy; fhzg;gLk; ,t;thwhd ePu; khjpupfis FOthf fz;zhbj; jk;su;fspy;
Nrfupj;Jf;nfhs;s topg;gLj;Jf. me;j ePu; khjpupfis mtjhdpf;f khztu;fSf;Fr;
re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff. me;j ePu; khjpupfspd; xw;Wik - Ntw;Wikfisf; fye;JiuahL
tjw;F khztu;fis topg;gLj;Jf.
A - Foha; ePu; / fpzw;W ePu; B - Nrw;W ePu; C - ,iyAf;fYld; $ba ePu;

229
 A, B, C Mfpa fz;zhbf; Ftisfspy; cs;s ePu; khjpupfspd; epwk;> kzk; Mfpad
njhlu;ghf khztu;fspd; ftdj;ij topg;gLj;Jf.
 B, C Mfpa Ftisfspy; cs;s ePUld; A Ftisapy; cs;s ePiu xg;gpl;L fUj;Jf;
$Wtjw;F topg;gLj;Jf.
 me;jf; fye;Jiuahlypd; Clhf J}a;ikahd ePUf;F kzNkh> epwNkh ,y;iynadf;
Fwpg;gpLf.
 ntt;NtW tbtq;fSk; xNu nfhs;ssTk; nfhz;l CLfhl;lj;jf;f ghj;jpuq;fs;
rpytw;iwg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;f.
 me;jg; ghj;jpuq;fspy; nfhs;sf;$ba ePupd; msT gw;wp ahJ $wKbAnkd tpdTf.
 me;jg; ghj;jpuq;fspy; ePiu epug;gp ePUf;Fj; jplkhd tbtk; ,y;iy mJ nfhz;Ls;s
ghj;jpuj;jpd; tbtj;ijg; ngWk; vd;gij czu;e;Jnfhs;s khztUf;Fr; re;ju;g;gk;
toq;Ff.
nraw;ghL : 2
 jfug;Ngzp %b> nkOFtu;j;jp> jPg;ngl;b> ku my;yJ gpshj;jpf;Ff; ifg;gpbAld;
$ba cNyhff; fuz;b> ePu; nfhz;l Kfit Nghd;wtw;iw khztu; FOf;fSf;F
Vw;w vz;zpf;ifapy; toq;Ff.
 gpd;du;> gpd;tUkhW nra;Jfhl;liy Nkw;nfhs;f.
 nkOFtu;j;jpnahd;iw Vw;wp> jfug;Ngzpapd; %bapd;kPJ epWj;Jf. cNyhff;
fuz;bapy; rpwpjsT ePiu vLj;J nkOFtu;j;jpr; Rthiy kPJ gpbj;Jf;nfhs;f.
 mt;thW #lhf;fpathW cNyhff; fuz;b kPJs;s ePiu nkOFjpupr; Rthiyapy;

#lhf;Fk;NghJ ahJ eilngWnkd tpdTf. khztuJ fUj;jf;fis ntspaplr;
re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.
cjhuzk; :
 ePu; #lhFk;
 ePu; gbg;gbahff; FiwAk;
 ePu; MtpahFk;
 ePiur; #lhf;Fk;NghJ elg;gtw;iw mtjhdpf;f topg;gLj;Jf.
 #lhf;Fk;NghJ ePUf;F elg;gtw;iw mtjhdpf;fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.
 Mrpupaupd; Nkw;ghu;itapd; fPo; ,e;jr; nraw;ghl;ilf; ifahz;L ghu;g;gjw;F
khztu; FOf;fSf;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.
 ,jd; %yk; ePiuf; nfhjpf;Fk;tiu #lhf;Fk;NghJ Mtpahjiy ,dq;fhzr;
re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
230
nraw;ghL : 3
gbKiw - 1
 gpd;tUk; nraw;ghLfspy; khztu; FOf;fis topg;gLj;Jf.
 ed;F #lhf;fg;gl;l cNyhff; fuz;bkPJ ePu;j;Jspnahd;iw ,Lk;NghJ ahJ
epfOk; vdf; fUj;Jj; njuptpf;fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.
 xyp vOk;
 ePu; MtpahFk; vDk; tpilfisg; ngw topg;gLj;Jf.
 cNyhff; fuz;biar; rpwpJ Neuk; nkOFjpupr; Rthiyapy; gpbj;j gpd;du;> ik
epug;gp (ink filler / dropper) %ykhf ePu;j; Jzpnahd;iw me;jf; fuz;bkPJ tpor;
nra;f.
 epfo;tij mtjhdpf;fr; nra;f.
 #lhf;fg;gl;l cNyhff; fuz;bkPJ ,lg;gl;l ePuj ; ;Jspf;F elg;git gw;wp vjpu;T$wpa
tplaq;fs; nka;ahf cs;sjh vdf; $Wtjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
 ,uz;lhtJ nraw;ghl;bYk; ,jpYk; elg;gtw;iw xg;gplL ; > rpej
; pjJ
; f; fUj;Jj; njuptpff
;
khztu;fis topg;gLj;Jf. (,r;nraw;ghl;il elhj;Jk;NghJ khztuJ ghJfhg;Gj;
njhlu;ghff; ftdQ; nrYj;Jf.)
gbKiw - 2
 ePuhtpiaf; Fspu;j;Jk;NghJ / ePuhtp FspUk;NghJ ahJ eilngWk; vd khztuJ
Kd; mDgtq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; tpdTf.
 gpd;du; gpd;tUk; nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhz;L ePupdhy; Fspu;j;Jk; tpjj;ijr;
nra;Jfhl;Lf.
 ku my;yJ gpshj;jpf;Fg; gpb nfhz;l cNyhff; fuz;bapy; rpwpjsT ePiu vLj;J>
mjid nkOFjpupr; RthiykPJ gpbf;fTk;. mjd;NghJ ntspNaWk; ePuhtpf;F
NkNy jfug;Ngzp %bia / cNyhfj; jfl;bid / fz;zhbj; jl;il gpbj;J mjd;
kPJ ePuhtpiag; glr; nra;f. elg;gtw;iw mtjhdpf;fr; nra;f.
 ePiuf; nfhjpfF ; k;tiu #lhf;Fk;NghJ mJ ePuhtpahf khWk; tpjk; kw;Wk; ePuhtpia
Fspur;nra;Ak; NghJ mJ kPz;Lk; ePuhf khWk; tpjk; Mfpatw;iw mtjhdpf;fr;
re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
 gpd;du;> ePuhtp %ykhfg; ngwj;jf;f gad;fs; gw;wp khztuplk; tpdTf.
cjhuzk; :
 gpl;L / ,bag;gk; mtpg;gjw;F ePuhtp gad;gLj;jg;gly;
 cs;ehl;L %ypiffis ePuhtpapy; mtpj;jy;
nraw;ghL : 4
 ntw;W Kfit> gdpf; fl;bfs; ,lg;gl;l Kfit> rhjhuz ePu; nfhz;l Kfit>
#lhd ePu; nfhz;l Kfit Mfpatw;iwj; jahu;nra;J itj;Jf;nfhs;f. (Kfitf;Fg;
gjpyhf eLj;ju msthd fz;zhbf; Ftisfisg; gad;gLj;jyhk;)
 I]; fl;bfisf; nfhz;l KfitapypUe;J gdpf; fl;bfis vLj;J> khztu;fsJ
iffspy; nfhLj;J mtu;fshy; czug;gLk; czu;it tpdTf.
 Fspu;r;rp / Fspu;
 <uypg;ghf czUjy;
 gpd;du; gdpf; fl;bnahd;iw
 ntw;W Kfitapy;
 Fspuhd ePu; nfhz;l Kfitapy;
 #lhd ePu; nfhz;l Kfitapy;
,Lk;NghJ epfo;git vitnad khztuplk; tpdTf.
231
 mtu;fsJ vjpu;T$wy;fisg; gyifapy; vOJf.
 gdpf;fl;b jhOk;
 gdpf;fl;b kpjf;Fk;
 gdpf;fl;bapd; msT rpwpajhFk;
 gdpf;fl;b cUFk;
(Kjypy; ve;jg;ghj;jpuk;> mLj;J ve;jg;ghj;jpuk;> mjw;fLj;J ve;jg;ghj;jpuk;
vd;wthW)
 rk msthd gdpf;fl;bfs; rpytw;iwg; (gjpide;J) ngw;Wf;nfhs;f.
 mtw;Ws; Ie;ij ntw;Wg; ghj;jpuj;jp (Kfit) Yk; NkYk; Ie;ijr; rhjhuz ePu;
nfhz;l ghj;jpuj;jp (Kfit)Yk; NkYk; Ie;ijr; #lhd ePu; nfhz;l ghj;jpuj;jp
(Kfit)Yk;; ,Lf.
 elg;gtw;iw mtjhdpj;Jf; $w topg;gLj;Jf.

 gpd;du; ve;j ghj;jpuj;jpy; ,lg;gl;l gdpf;fl;b Kjypy; cUFk; vd tpdTf.
 Vd; mt;thW epfo;fpwJ vdf; fUj;Jj; njuptpf;fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.
 gdpf;fl;b fis cUfhJ ePz;l fhyk; NgZtjw;Fr; nra;af;$baJ ahnjd
khztuplk; tpdTf. mDgtq;fspd; cjtpAld; gpdt ; Uk; tplaq;fis Qhgfg;gLj;Jf.
cjhuzk; :
 NkNy kuj;J}isg; gutp %b itj;jy;
 nu[pNghk; ngl;bapy; ,l;L %b itj;jy;
 eilKiwapy; gdpff
; l;bfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; re;ju;gg
; q;fisg; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLf.
cjhuzk; :
 kPidg; gOjilahJ NgZjy; (ew;fhg;Gr; nra;jy;)
nraw;g hL : 5
 twl;rpahd gpuNjrq;fspd; glk; / xspg;glk; / tPbNahf;fhl;rp Mfpatw;iw khztu;fis
mtjhdpf;fr; nra;f.
 mjd; JizAld; ePupd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wp khztUld; fye;JiuahLf.
 ePiur; rpf;fdkhfg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vDk; czu;it khztu;fspd; kdjpy;
epiyepWj;Jf.
 ,jw;nfd tPl;by;> ghlrhiyapy;> nghJ ,lj;jpy; ePu; tpuakhFk; re;ju;g;gq;fs;
gw;wp khztuplk; tpdTf.
 mJ njhlu;ghd fupridAld; ePu; tsk; tpuakhtijj; jtpu;g;gjw;F khztuhy;
Nkw;nfhs;sf;$ba eltbf;if gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLf.
nraw;g hL : 6
 ePu; khrilAk; topfs; gw;wp khztuplk; tpdTf.
 ePu; khrilAk; topfs; nfhz;l glq;fs;> gj;jpupiffs;> rQ;rpiffspy; ntspte;j
fl;Liufs;> tPbNahf;fhl;rp Mfpatw;iwj; jahu; nra;J nfhs;f.
 khztu;fisr; rpy FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J ePu; khrilAk; topfis fye;Jiuahb
ePu; khrilAk; Kiwfisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jf.
 kdpjr; nraw;ghLfspd; tpisthf ntspNaw;wg;gLk; fopTfs; ePUld; Nru;jy;.
 fopTfs; Ftpff ; g;gl;bUf;Fk; ,lq;fspypUe;J ntspgg
; Lk; ghjfkhd gjhu;jj
; q;fs;
ePUld; Nru;jy;
232
 vz;nza; Rj;jpfupg;G MiyfspypUe;J ntspNaw;wg;gLk; fopTfs; ePUld;
Nru;jy;
 tptrha eltbf;iffspdN ; ghJ gad;gLj;jg;gLk; gPil ehrpdpfs;> ,urhadg;
grisfs; ePUld; fyj;jy;
 Nkw;$wg;gl;l topfspy; ePu; khriltJld; mjidj; jtpu;j;J #oiyg; ghJfhg;gJ
vkJ fliknad khztu;fSf;F tpsf;Ff.
 mjw;fika ehk; thOk; #oiy Rj;jkhfg; NgZtjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij typAWj;Jf.
 mjw;fika>
 tapw;Nwhl;lk;
 nrq;fz;khup
 <uyow;rp (kQ;rl; fha;r;ry;)
 the;jpNgjp
 fopr;ry;
 Nkw;gb Neha;fs; gw;wp khztUf;F tpsf;Ff.
 khrile;j ePiu Efu;tjhy; kdpjDf;F kl;Lkd;wp tpyq;FfSf;Fk; ghjpg;G
Vw;gLtJld; #oypd; moFk; FiwAk; vd typAWj;Jf.
nraw;g hL : 7
 khrile;j / mRj;jkhd ePiug; gUFtjhy; Vw;glf;$ba ghjfkhd epiyikfs;
kw;Wk; mtw;iwj; jtpu;j;jy; Mfpait gw;wp mwpTWj;Jtjw;F Rfhjhu itj;jpa
mjpfhup fhupahya mYtyu; xUtiug; ghlrhiyf;F miof;fTk;.
 mJ njhlu;ghd Jz;Lg;gpuRuq;fs;> Rtnuhl;b Mfpatw;iw me;jf; fhupahyaj;jpy;
,Ue;J ngw;Wf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf. mJ gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLf.
 mt;thwhd jfty;fs; vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gLk; tifapy; Rtnuhl;biaj; jahupg;gjw;F
khztu; FOf;fSf;F toq;Ff.
nraw;g hL : 8
 rk msthd> CLfhl;Lk; jd;ikAs;s %d;W ghj;jpuq;fisg; ngWf.
 czT tifr; rhaj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp ePyk;> rptg;G> kQ;rs; epwk; Nru;j;J epw%l;ba
ePupd; rk msTfisj; jdpj;jdpNa mk;%d;W ghj;jpuq;fspYk; ,Lf.
 glj;jpy; fhl;bAs;sthW ghj;jpuq;fisAk; mUfUNf tupirahf itj;J mg;
ghj;jpuq;fspd; cs;s %d;W epw%l;ba ePUld; njhLifailAkhW up#j;jhs;fis
,Lf.
 epw%l;ba ePu; nry;Yk; tpjk;> epwq;fs; xd;Wlndhd;W fyf;Fk; tpjk;>Gjpa epwq;fs;

Njhd;Wk; tpjk; Mfpatw;iw mtjhdpf;f topg;gLj;Jf
233
 ghj;jpuq;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia mjpfupj;J> ntt;NtW epwq;fshy; epw%l;ba ePiug;
gad;gLj;jp> ,r;nraw;ghl;ilr; nra;AkhW khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.
nraw;g hL : 9
 gha;e;NjhLk; ePu; tpOtjhy; RoYk; ePu;r; Roypiaj; jahupf;f khztiu topg;
gLj;Jf.
 Rw;wptu kuf; fPyq;fs;> Nahf;fl; fuz;bfis ,izj;J ,r;rf;fuj;ijr; nra;Jnfhs;s

KbAk;. (nu[pNghk; Nghd;w xU nghUspdhy; nra;j rpy;Y/rf;fuk;)
 ,e;jr; rf;fuj;ij ePNuhl;lj;jpw;Ff; FWf;Nf gpbf;Fk;NghJ mJ RoYk; tpjj;ij
mtjhdpf;f.
 rf;fuk; Roy;tjpy; ePNuhl;l Ntfk; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; tpjj;ij mtjhdpf;f
topg;gLj;Jf.
 gapu;fis tpyq;FfsplkpUe; J fhg;ghw;wg; gad; gLj; jg;g Lk; xOq;f ikg; ghf
ePu;ntUspia mwpKfQ;nra;f.
 tFg;g iw kl;l j;j py; ,t; thwhd mtjhdpg; Gfis Nkw; n fhz; L khztuJ
mDgtq;fisg; ngWf.
nraw;ghL : 10
 gPq;fhd; fspapdhy; nra;ag;gl;l xNu msthd ghj;jpuq;fs; - 6 ,id Nrfupj;Jf;
nfhs;f.
 me;jg; ghj;jpuq;fspy; kpy;yp yPw;wu; 100 njhlf;fk; kpy;yp yPw;wu; 600 tiuahd
xOq;fpy; mikAkhW ghj;jpuq;fspy; ePiu epug;Gf.
 ,irg; g jw; F Vw; w thwhd kuf; ifgpb nfhz; l Kd; K id tl; l tbtkhf
mikf;fg;gl;l jb/Fr;rp Nghd;w cgfuzj;ijj; jahupj;Jf; nfhs;f.
 tFg;gpYs;s khztu;fs; vy;NyhiuAk; xt;nthUtuhf ,e;jg; ghj;jpuq;fspy; jl;b
xyp vOg;Gtjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.
 vOg;gg;gLk; xypapd; jd;ik ghj;jpuj;jpYs;s ePupd; msTf;F mika NtWgLtij
czur; nra;f.
 gpdd; u; gpdt
; Uk; nrhw;fl;Lfisg; ghj;jpuq;fspy; thrpgg
; jw;F khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.
 jf jf jf
 jfpl jfpl (xU ghj;jpuj;jpw;F xU vOj;J tPjk;)
 khztu;fis kfpo;thfg; ghj;jpuq;fspy; jl;b ,irj;J mDgtk; ngwr; nra;f.
234
nraw;ghL : 11
 tFg;gpYs;s khztu;fs; midtiuAk; jpwe;jntspf;F mioj;Jr; nry;f.
 xt;nthU khztDf;Fk; 6 x 6 x 6 nrd;wp kPw;wu; mstpyhd ];nghd;[; Jz;L tPjk;
toq;Ff.
 xt;nthU khztUf;Fk; Kd;ghf 5 m J}uj;jpy; GdYld; $bajhd / Gdy; mw;w
500 ml ntw;Wg; Nghj;jiy itf;Ff.
 NghjpasT ePu; epug;gg;gl;l 03 ghj;jpuq;fis Muk;gpg;Gf; Nfhl;bw;F mz;ikapy;
itf;f.
 MrpupauJ rkpf;iQf;F mika khztuJ ifapYs;s ];nghd;[; ePupypl;L ed;F
eidj;J (ePiu cwpQ;rpf;nfhs;sr; nra;J) Xbr;nrd;W jdf;Fupa Nghj;j iy
epug;gpf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. (Nghj;jy; epuk;Gk;tiu ,e;j tpisahl;by; <Lglr; nra;f.)
 Kjypy; Nghj;jiy epug;gpa khztu; ntw;wp ngWthu;. khztuJ vz;zpf;if
mjw;fikaf; FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J tpisahl;by; <Lglr; nra;f.
 ,e;epiyapy; ntw;wpngWk; FOitj; njupTnra;J nfhs;syhk;.
235
fUg;nghUs; 9 : Nghf;Ftuj;J
ngUe;njUf;fspy; fupridAld; (Road safety) nraw;gLtNjhL nghJ thfdq;fisg;

ghJfhj;Jf; ftdkhf mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jk; kf;fisf; nfhz;l gad;jU
jd;iknfhz;l r%fj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jy; mtrpakhFk;.
vjpu;fhyj;jpy; mt;thwhd Kjpu;r;rp nfhz;l gazpfs;> rhujpfs; Nghf;Ftuj;J
Kaw;rpahz;ikahsu;fs;> gzpahl;fs; vd;w tifapy; ele;Jnfhs;tjw;fhd
mbg;gil mDgtq;fisg; ngwj;jf;f nraw;ghLfs; ,e;jf; fUg;nghUspy;
rku;g;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
Nju;r;rpfs; :
 tPjpapy; gazpg;Nghupdhy; tpjpKiwfs;> xOf;fk; Mfpad gw;wpa tpsf;fj;Jld;
tPjpfisg; gad;juj;jf;f tpjj;jpYk; ghJfhg;ghfTk; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
 thfdq;fshy; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; ghjfkhd nry;thf;Ffis Muha;e;J mtw;wpypUe;J
ghJfhg;gpidg; ngWtjw;F eltbf;if vLg;ghu;.
 nghJ thfdq;fspdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; Nritfis kjpf;fTk; mtw;iwg;
ghJfhg;gjw;Fk; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;thu;.
 Nritia tpidj;jpwdhf Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fg; gy;NtW tifg;gl;l nghwpKiwr;
rf;jpAld; $ba thfdq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; tpjj;ij Muha;e;J mwpf;ifg;
gLj;Jthu;.
 Nghf;Ftuj;Jld; njhlu;ghd gy;NtW re;ju;gg
; q;fis xl;ba Mf;fq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;thu;.
 gy;NtW tifg;gl;l gazq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l mirTr; nraw;ghLfspy;
<LgLthu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; :
 ngUe;njUf;fspy; gazpf;Fk;NghJ tPjpr; rkpf;iQfSf;Ff; fl;Lg;gl;L> filg;gpbf;f
Ntz;ba tpjpKiwfSf;F Vw;g ele;Jnfhs;thu;.
 ngUe;njUtpy; gazpf;Fk;NghJ tPjp tpjpKiwfisg; gpd;gw;w hik fhuzkhf
Vw;glf;$ba tpgj;Jf;fis ,dq;fz;L> mtw;wpypUe;J jtpuj ; J
; f;nfhs;sj; Njitahd
gbKiwfisf; $Wthu;.
 Nghf;F tuj;j pw; n fdg; gad;g Lj; J k; thfdq;f s; kw; Wk; mtw; w pd; gad; fs;
Mfpatw;iwf; $Wthu;.
 nghJ thfdq;fisg; ghJfhg;gjw;Fr; nra;af;$batw;iw tptupg;ghu;.
 Nghf;Ftuj;jpd;Nghjhd elj;ijfs; ntspf;fhl;lg;glf;$ba Mf;fj;jpwd;kpf;f
tpisahl;Lf;fspy; <LgLthu;.
 Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; rhu;e;j mirTr; nraw;ghLfspy; tfpghfNkw;W ebj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.
 Ra ghJfhg;G njhlu;ghd nra;jpfs; mlq;fpa Rtnuhl;bfis epUkhzpg;ghu;.
 thfdq;fspd; gad;fs; kw;Wk; mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ ele;Jnfhs;s Ntz;ba
tpjk; gw;wpa nra;jpfs; mlq;fpa ftpijfs;> ghly;fisg; ghLthu;.
236
nraw;ghL : 1
gbKiw - 1
 ele;J nry;Nthupdhy; filg;gpbf;fg;gl Ntz;ba tpjpKiwfs; gw;wpAk; thfdr;
rhujpfs; vd;w tifapy; tPjp tpjpKiwfisf; filg;gpbf;f Ntz;ba tpjk; gw;wpAk;
khztu;fSf;F mwpTWj;jpg; gpd;tUk; nraw;ghLfspy; mtu;fis <LgLj;Jf.
 ,jw;nfd gpujhd tPjpapy; ghjrhupfs; flg;gjw;nfd cs;s kQ;rs; / nts;is
Nfhblg;gl;l ,lj;jpw;F khztiu mioj;Jr; nry;f. ,y;iyNay; mt;thwhd xU
khjpupiag; ghlrhiyapy; jahu;nra;f.
 me;j ,lj;jpypUe;J ele;J nry;gtupdhy; (ghjrhup) ghijapy; gazpf;Fk;NghJ
iff;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;ba tpjpKiwfs; gw;wp khztUf;F mwpTWj;Jf. NkYk;
tPjpiaf; flg;gjw;Fg; ghjrhupfs; flitiag; gad;gLj;Jk; tpjj;ijAk; tpsf;Ff.
cjhuzk; :
 tPjpapd; tyJ / ,lJ Mfpa ,uz;L gf;fq;fisAk; ed;F mtjhdpj;Jg;
ghJfhg;ghf tPjpiaf; flg;gjw;fhd re;ju;g;gk; tUk; tiu nghWikahf>
tPjpapd; Xuj;jpy; epw;wy;
 thfdq;fs; mbf;fb gazpf;Fk; tPjpapy; thfdq;fspy; nry;Yk; rhujpfs;
ePqf
; s; flg;gjw;F Maj;jkhf cs;suP f; s; vd;gijf; ftdpff
; pdw
; du; vd;gij
cWjpg;gLj;jpa gpd;du; kl;Lk; tPjpiaf; flf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 jdf;Ff; flf;fg; nghUj;jkhd re;ju;g;gk; fpilj;j gpd;du; ,aYkhd
tpiutpy; tPjpiaf; flf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 tPjpiaf; flf;Fk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; NtW nray;fspy; <LglhJ Nghjpa
ftdj;Jld; mjid Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
cjhuzk;: kw;WnkhUtUld; ciuahbf;nfhz;L nry;yy;.
njhiyNgrpiag; gad;gLj;jpathW nry;yy;.
FOkkhfg; ghJfhg;gw;w tifapy; nry;yy;.
,t;thwhd tplaq;fisf; iff;nfhs;tjd; %yk; tPjpiaf; flf;Fk;NghJ Ra
ghJfhg;ig cWjpg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
gbKiw - 2
 jahu; nra;Jnfhz;l xspr; rkpfi; Qg; gyifapd; khjpupAU (nghUj;jg;gl;l ,lj;jpwF
; )
my;yJ mt;thwhd xspr; rkpf;iQ cs;s ,lnkhd;wpw;F khztiu mioj;Jr;
nry;f.
 ghjrhupfs; vd;w tifapy; tPjpiaf; flf;Fk;NghJ tPjpr; rkpf;iQfSf;Ff; fl;Lg;gl
Ntz;ba tpjk; gw;wp khztUf;F mwpTWj;Jf.
 rkpf;iQf;F Vw;g tPj piaf; flg;gJ njhlu;g hd mDgtj;ijg; ngWtjw;F
khztu;fSf;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.
 khjpupAUitg; gad;gLj;jp ,e;jr; nraw;ghl;il Nkw;nfhs;Sk;NghJ rpy khztu;fis
tPjpiaf; flf;Fk; ghjrhupfs; Nghd;Wk; NtW rpy khztu;fis tPjpapy; nry;Yk;
thfdq;fs; Nghd;Wk; ngaupl;Lg; ghjrhupfis tPjpiaf; flf;f mwpTWj;jp Vida
khztu;fis tPjpapy; nry;Yk; thfdq;fisg; Nghyg; gazpf;fTk; topfhl;Lf.
 ,q;F> rkpf;iQ tpsf;Ffs; nraw;gLk; ,lq;fspy; tPjpiaf; flf;Fk;NghJ
midtuhYk; czug;gLk; trjp> ghJfhg;G Mfpad gw;wpAk; my;yhj re;ju;g;gq;fspy;
Vw;gLk; mnrsfupaq;fs; kw;Wk; ghJfhg;gw;wikg; gw;wpAk; khztu;f;F tpsf;Ff.
 ,jw;fika ,aYkhd vy;yhr; re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; jhNk jkJ RaghJfhg;igg;
Ngzpf;nfhs;s Ntz;LnkdTk; ,jd; fhuzkhf kpf mtjhdkhf tPjpfisg;
gad;gLj;JtJ Kf;fpakhdJ vdTk; fhl;Lf.
237
nraw;g hL : 2
 ngUe;njUtpy; nry;Yk;NghJ ele;Jnfhs;s Ntz;ba tpjk; gw;wpa mwpTWj;jy;
fSf;F khztu;fisg; gpd;tUk; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;Jf.
 ,jw;nfd xt;nthU khztUf;Fk; rpwpa ml;ilfs; ,uz;L tPjk; toq;Ff.
mtw;Ws; xd;wpy; tPjpapy; gazpf;Fk;NghJ nra;aj;jf;f xU tplaj;ijAk; kw;iwa
ml;ilapy; nra;aj;jfhj xU tplaj;ijAk; vOjpf;nfhs;SkhW khztUf;F
mwpTWj;Jf.
 fUk;gyifia / gpwp];ly; ml;ilia ,uz;L gFjpfshfg; gpupj;J mjpy; xU
gFjpapy; tPjpapy; gazpf;Fk;NghJ nra;aj;jf;fitAk; kw;iwa ml;ilapy; nra;aj;
jfhjitAk; Fwpj;Jf;nfhs;f.
 gpd;du; khztuhy; vOjg;gl;l ml;ilfis cupa epuypy; xl;Ltjw;F topg;gLj;Jf.
 me;j ml;ilfspy; khztuhy; rku;g;gpf;fg;gl;l tplaq;fisak; mjw;F Nkyjpfkhf
gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisAk; gad;gLj;jp tPjpapy; gazpf;Fk;NghJ vk;khy; Ngzg;gl
Ntz;ba ew;gof;fq;fs; gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahliyf; fl;bnaOg;Gf.
 tPjpapd; tyJ gf;f Xuj;jpdhy; nry;Yjy;
 ghjrhupfs;> tPjpia flg;gjw;nfdf; Fwpff
; g;gl;Ls;s ,lq;fspy; kl;Lk; tpiuthf
tPjpiaf; flj;jy;
 FOkkhfr; nry;Yjiyj; jtpu;j;jy;
 tPjpapy; nry;Yk;NghJ gy;NtW nghUs;fis tPjpapy; vwptijj; jtpu;j;jy;
 tPjp xOq;Ffisf; filg;gpbj;jy;
 jdpikahd ,lq;fs;> tpyq;Ffs; tPjpiaf; flf;Fk; ,lq;fs; gw;wpa tpsf;fj;jld;
ghJfhg;Gld; gazpj;jy;
 tPjpapd; ,uz;L gf;fq;fspYKs;s nrhj;Jf;fSf;Fg; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;jhik
 fl;ll Ntiy eilngWk; fl;llj;jpw;F mz;ikapy; gazpf;Fk;NghJ
ghJfhg;Gld; nraw;gly;
 NtW nray;fspy; <LglhJ tPjpapy; gazpj;jy;
cjhuzk ; : njhiyNgrpapy; fijj;jthW> gj;jpupif thrpjj ; thW> czT
cz;lthW> Nfyp nra;jthW> tpisahbathW
 Nkw;gb Fwpg;gpy; tPjpapy; gazpf;Fk;NghJ vk;khy; nra;af;$lhj tplaq;fs; vDk;
epuypd; fPo; cs;s tplaq;fs; xt;nthd;W gw;wpAk; ftdk; nrYj;jp> mt;thwhd
elj;ijfs; fhuzkhf Vw;gLk; tpgj;Jfs;> Nrjq;fs; gw;wp khztuJ ftdj;ij
topg;gLj;Jf.
nraw;g hL : 3
 tPjpapy; gazpf;Fk;NghJ Vw;glf;$ba tpgj;Jf;fisj; jtpu;g;gjw;Fr; nra;af;$ba
tw;iwg; gw;wp khztu;fsJ ftdj;ij topg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfg; gpd;tUk; nraw;ghl;by;
khztiu <LgLj;Jf.
 ,jw;fhf> tpgj;Jj; njhlu;ghf ntspte;j nra;jp mlq;fpa gj;jpupif mwpf;ifiaj;
jahu;nra;Jnfhs;SkhW khztUf;F Kd;ida ehsd;W mwpTWj;Jf.
 khztu; tFg;gpw;Ff; nfhz;Lte;j jftiyg; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLf. me;jj;
jfty;fisg; gpd;tUkhwhd ml;ltizapy; gjpT nra;ar; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
tpgj; J jtpu;g ;g jw;F r; nra;a j;j f;f it
8 taJ khztu; tPjpiaf; kQ;rs; / nts;is NfhLfspD}lhf tPjpiaf;
flf;Fk;NghJ NgUe;Jld; flj;jy;
Nkhjpf; fhag;gl;lhu;. kQ;rs; /nts;isf; NfhLfisg;(ghjrhupf;
flit) gad;gLj;jy;
rhujpfs; mtjhdj;Jld; thfdj;ijr;
nrYj;jy;
238
nraw;g hL : 4
 Nghf;Ftuj;jpw;nfdg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; thfdq;fspd; gl;baiyf; fUk;gyifapy;
Fwpj;Jf;nfhs;f. mtw;wpy; Nghf;Ftuj;jpw;nfd gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nghJ thfdq;fs;
vitnad khztuplk; tpdTf.
 gpd;tUk; epfo;TfSf;F Kfq;nfhLf;f Ntz;b ckf;F Vw;gl;lhy; ePu; ahJ nra;tPu;?
vDk; tpdhit khztuplk; tpdTf.
cjhuzk; :
 ghlrhiyf;F tUk; NgUe;J ,ilapy; nraypoj;jy;
 Mw;Wf;F mg;ghy; nry;yg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Njhzp cile;jpUj;jy;
 mg;gh ntspehl;bypUe;J tUifjuTs;s tpkhdk; tUifjuj; jhkjk;
miljy;
 Rw;Wyh nry;y Vw;ghL nra;j NgUe;J nraypoj;jy;
 ghl;bapd; tPlb
; w;Fg; Gifapujj;jpy; nry;yf; fhj;jpUf;Fk; Gifapujk; tuhik
 khztu;fs; Fwpg;gpLk; tpilf;fikag; nghJg; Nghf;Ftuj;J Nrit ,y;yhtpl;lhy;
vkf;F Kfq;nfhLf;f Ntz;bNaw;gLk; trjpaPdq;fis typAWj;Jf.
 mjw;fikag; nghJg; Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; Nritapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij NkYk; cWjpg;
gLj;jpathW mtw;iwg; ghJfhg;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij typAWj;Jf.
 ,jw;fika NtW khztu;fsJ mDgtq;fs; my;yJ rk;gtq;fs; gw;wp ciuahb
Nghf; Ftuj;j pw;n fdg; gad; g Lj; j g; g Lk; nghJg; Nghf; F tuj; Jr; Nritiag;
gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; fpilf;Fk; Nritfis kjpf;Ff.
 NkYk; nghJg; Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; Nritiag; gad;gLj;Jtjhy; fpilf;Fk; mD$yq;fs;
gw;wp khztu;f;F mwpT+l;lk; nra;f.
cjhuzk; :
 nghUs;fisf; nfhz;Lnry;yy;
 Fiwe;j nrytpy; gazpf;f Kbjy;
 mjpfsthNdhuhy; gazpf;f Kbjy;
 ghJfhg;G
Nghd;w tplaq;fis ,jd;NghJ ntspf;nfhzur; nra;f.
nraw;g hL : 5
 nghJ thfdq;fspy; gazpf;Fk;NghJ Ngz Ntz;ba ew;gof;ftof;fq;fs; gw;wp
mwpTWj;Jtjw;fhf khztu;fisg; gpd;tUk; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLj;Jf. ,jw;nfd
tFg;giwiag; NgUe;J Nghd;W jahu;nra;J nfhs;f. NgUe;jpYs;s Mrdq;fs;
Nghd;W tFg;giwapYs;s fjpiufis ,uz;L tupirfspy; mikAkhW mLf;fpf;
nfhs;f.
 Rf;fhd; Nghd;w %q;fpy; my;yJ flj;Jfhy; (conduit) Fohapdhy; tl;ltbtkhfj;
jahu;nra;J nfhs;f.
 rpwpa gpwp];ly; ml;ilj; Jz;Lfisg; gad;gLj;jpg; gazr; rPl;Lfisj; jahu;nra;J
nfhs;f.
 rpy fjpiufspy; nghUj;jpf;nfhs;tjw;fhfg; gpd;tUk; ml;ilfisj; jahu;nra;J
nfhs;f.
cjhuzk; :
kjFUkhUf;fhf xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
fu;g;gpzpj; jha;khu;fSf;fhf xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
mq;ftPdu;fSf;fhf xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
239
 ,e;j ml;ilfisg; nghUj;jkhd ,lq;fspy; nghUj;jkhd fjpiufspy; nghUj;jpf;
nfhs;f.
 khztupy; rpyiu kjFU> rhujp> elj;Jeu;> cly; CdKw;wtu;> tNahjpgu;>
Foe;ijiaj; J}f;fp itj;jpUf;Fk; jha; Nghd;wthW ebf;f topg;gLj;Jf.
 Rf;fhd; Nghd;W jahu;nra;j mikg;igr; rhujpNghy; ebf;Fk; khztuplk; nfhLj;J>
elj;Jeuhf ebf;Fk; khztuplk; gazr;rPl;Lfis toq;Ff.
 Vida khztu;fis NgUe;jpy; gazpg;Nghu; Nghd;W ebf;fr; nra;f.
 ,t;thW NgUe;jpy; gazpf;fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;fp> ,ilapilNa Kw;Fwpg;gpl;l
gazpau; xt;nthUtiuAk; NgUe;jpy; VWkhW mwpTWj;Jf.
 ,t;thwhd egu;fs; NgUe;jpy; VWtij mtjhdpj;jhy; ele;Jnfhs;s Ntz;ba
tpjk; gw;wp khztuplk; tpdTf.
 nghJg; Nghf;Ftuj;J thfdj;jpy; gazpf;Fk; egu; vd;w tifapy; Ngzg;gl
Ntz;ba ew;gof;ftof;fq;fs; gw;wp khztuplk; tpdTf.
 ,q;F gpdt; Ukhwhd elj;ijfs; gw;wpf; ftdk; nrYj;jpg; ghj;jpuNkw;W ebj;jy;fisg;
nghUj;jkhf xOq;fikj;Jf; nfhs;f.
 tNahjpgu; / fu;g;gpzpg; ngz;fs; / Foe;ijiaf; ifapNye;jpapUf;Fk; jha;khu;
Nghd;NwhUf;F Mrdj;ij toq;Fjy;
 tupirahfg; NgUe;jpy; VWjy;
 fl;lhakhfg; gazr;rPl;Lg; ngWjy;
 ntspNa gpw nghUs;fis vwpahjpUj;jy;
 cjtp Njitg;gLNthUf;F cjTjy;
 NgUe;jpy; gazpf;Fk; gpwUf;Fj; njhy;iy nfhLf;fhjpUj;jy;
 kpjpgyifapy; gazk; nra;ahjpUj;jy;
nraw;g hL : 6
 gaz Kbtpy; kdpjdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; gpioahd eltbf;iffspdhy; gpwUf;F
Vw;glf;$ba trjpaPdq;fs; gw;wp ,q;F ftdk; nrYj;Jf.
 mt; t hNw nghJg; Nghf; F tuj; J thfdq; f isg; ghJfhg; g jw; F vk; k hy;
nra;a f; $ batw; iwg; gw;w pf; fPN o jug;g l; l cjhuzq;f isg; gad; g Lj;j pf;
fye;JiuahLf.
 thfdq;fisr; Nrjg;gLj;Jtijj; jtpu;j;jy;
cjhuzk; :
* Mrd ciwiaf; fpopj;jy;> fpWf;Fjy;> thfdq;fspy; gy;NtW
thrfq;fis vOJjy;> thfdq;fSf;Ff; fy;nywpjy; Nghd;wit
 gpd;tUkhwhd thrfq;fis khztUf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
cjhuzk; :
~~ehd; xt; n thU ehSk; gps; i sfisg; ghlrhiyf; F

mioj; Jr; nry; Ntd; . Mdhy; rpyu; vdf; F g; ghjpg;i g
Vw;gLj;Jtu;. Mrd ciwiaf; fpopg;gu;. Ngdhthy; fpWf;Ftu;.
jhs;fisf; fpopj;Jg; NghLtu;. vd;id mRj;jkhf;Ftu;. ,e;j
epiy Fwpj;J ehd; ftiyailfpNwd;.||
 ,e;jf; $w;wpidf; $Wk; NgUe;jhf cq;fisg; ghtid nra;J ~~NgUe;J NgRfpwJ||

vDk; jiyg;gpd;fPo; fUj;Jj; njuptpf;f khztUf;Fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
 ,e;j epfo;tpd; JizAld; nghJr; nrhj;Jf;fSf;Fg; ghjpg;Gfs; Vw;gLj;jhJ
ghu;j;Jf; nfhs;tJ midtuJk; nghWg;ghFk; vd;gij typAWj;jf;$ba tpjkhff;
fye;JiuahLf.
240
 gpd;tUk; ftpijiaj; jhsj;Jld; ghb> mJ $Wk; fUj;Jf;fis tpsq;fp ele;J
nfhs;SkhW mwpTWj;Jf.
gpd;dhy; VWq;fs;
Kd;Nd nry;Yq;fs;
clypy; NkhjhJ
cilia kpjpf;fhJ
Kd;dhy; ,wq;Fq;fs;
jw;nrayhf clypy; Nkhjpdhy;

rl;nldf; Nfhgk; nfhs;shjPu;>
nrsfupakha; gazQ;
nra;a xj;Jiog;Nghk;.
nraw;g hL : 7
 khztiu Itu; nfhz;l FOf;fshf;Ff.
 xU FOTf;F xd;W tPjk; tPjpfspy; gazpfF ; k;NghJ jkJ Ra ghJfhg;Gj; njhlu;ghd
nra;jpfs; mlq;fpa Rtnuhl;biaj; jahupg;gjw;F khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.
 ,e;jr; Rtnuhl;bfisf; fhl;rpgg
; Lj;jp mtw;wpYs;s fUj;Jf;fs; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLf.
 khztuJ Mf;fq;fis kjpg;gpLf.
 tPjpapy; gazpf;Fk;NghJ jdJ ghJfhg;ig jhNd cWjp nra;tJ jd;Dila
nghWg;ghFk; vd;gij typAWj;Jf.
nraw;g hL : 8
 khztu;fisj; jpwe;jntspf;F mioj;Jr;nrd;W nraw;ghl;il Nkw;nfhs;f.
 Fjpiu tz;bapy; nry;tJ Nghd;W> xUtu; Kd;Nd nry;Yk;NghJ kw;iwatu;
Kjyhktupd; Njhisg; gpbj;jthW gha;e;J gha;e;J nry;thu;.
 ,t;thwhf ,Utu; ,Utuhfr; Nrhb Nru;e;J vy;yhf; FOf;fisAk; ,jid
Nkw;nfhs;sr; nra;f.
 Mrpupaupd; fl;lisf;fika Kjypy; epw;fpd;wtu; Fjpiu Nghd;W gha;e;J
gha;e;J nry;thu;.
 Kd;Nd cs;s NfhL tiu nrd;W gpd;du; ,UtUk; ,lk; khwp kPz;Lk; tur;
nra;f.
 gpd;dhy; epw;gtu; Njhisg; gpbj;jthW gha;e;J gha;e;J tUthu;.
 ,UtUk; khwp khwp tpisahl;by; <Lglr; nra;f.

~~thj;Jg; glF|| vDk; fijia ,f;fUg;nghUSf;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jf.
241
fUg;nghUs; 10 : tPl;Lj;Njhl;lk;
Rj;jkhd Gj;jk;Gjpa jukhd fha;fwpfs;> gotiffs;> kyu; tiffis ehk;

ngwf;$ba kpf ek;gfukhd ,lk; vkJ tPl;Lj;Njhl;lkhFk;. moif mjpfupgg
; jw;Fk;
clYf;Fj; Njitahd jukhd czitAk; NghrizfisAk; ngWtjw;Fk;
nghUshjhu ed;ik ngWtjw;Fk; tPl;Lj;Njhl;lj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd
Mu;tj;ij Cl;LtJk; gupr;raj;ij Vw;gLj;JtJk; mtrpakhFk;.
mjpf ,ltrjpAs;s ,lq;fis ed;F gad;gLj;jpAk; ,ltrjp Fiwthd ,lq;fspy;
nghUj;jkhd cj;jpfisf; ifahz;L jpl;lkpl;Lk; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd jpwid
tpUj;jpnra;tJ mtrpakhFk;. clYf;Fj; jPq;F tpistpf;fhj gapu;g; ghJfhg;G
Kiwfs; kw;Wk; gapu; tsu;g;G Kiwfis ,dq;fhz;gJk; gaDs;stw;iw cw;gj;jp
nra;J Efu;tjd; %yk; jd;kjpg;G czu;Tld; fspg;GWtjw;Fk; Mu;tKs;Nshiu
cUthf;FtJ mtrpakhFk;.
mjw;fika ,e;jf; fUg;nghUspd;foP ;j; Njitahd gapw;rpiaAk; topfhl;liyAk;
toq;f vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
Nju;r;rpfs; :
 jpl;lkpl;l tPl;Lj;Njhl;lk; %yk; jkJ tPl;bw;Fj; Njitahd czTg; nghUs;fis
cw;gj;jp nra;tjpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;thu;.
 nra;if gz;zpa gapu;fisg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhff; ifahSk; cj;j pfs; gw;wpj;
Njbawpe;J mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jthu;.
 tptrhaj;Jld; ,ize;j gz;ghl;Lg; ngWkhdq;fis kjpg;ghu;.
 tPl;Lj;Njhl;lj;jpypUe;J ngwf;$ba nghUs;fisf; nfhz;L Mf;fq;fs; nra;thu;.
 tPl;Lj;Njhl;lj;jpypUe;J ngwf;$ba nghUs;fs; rhu;e;j tpisahl;Lf;fspYk;
nraw;ghLfspYk; <LgLthu;.
 tPlL
; j;Njhl;lj;jpd; moifAk; ngWkhdj;ijAk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk; Mf;fq;fs; nra;tjpy;
fspg;Gld; <LgLthu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; :
 gapu;fis Kisf;f itf;Fk; ntt;NtW Kiwfs; njhlu;ghd mDgtq;fisg;
ngWthu;.
 tPl;Lj;Njhl;lj;ij moFgLj;Jk; nraw;ghLfspy; $l;lhfg; gq;Fgw;Wthu;.
 nra;ifgz;zpa gapu;fisg; ghJfhg;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij ,dq;fz;L $Wthu;.
 gapu;fisg; ghJfhf;Fk; ghuk;gupakhd cj;jpfisf; ifahz;Lghu;g;ghu;.
 etPd cj;jpfs;> gapu;r;nra;ifg; ghJfhg;GkPJ gq;fspf;Fk; tpjj;ijj; Njbaha;thu;.
 ,urhadg; grisfisAk; G+rr ; pnfhy;ypfisAk; gad;gLj;Jtjhy; ,aw;ifr; #oypy;
Vw;gLk; ghjpg;Gfis ,dq;fz;L $Wthu;.
 ntt;NtW nghUs;fisf; nfhz;L tPl;Lj;Njhl;lj;jpy; moif vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk;
Mf;fq;fs; nra;thu;.
 tPl;Lj;Njhl;lj;jpypUe;J ngw;w Xu; czTg; nghUisf; nfhz;L czT jahupj;Jf;
$l;lhf Efu;thu;.
 fha;fwpfs;> gotiffspd; ngau;fisg; gad;gLj;jpr; rpW tpisahl;Lf;fspy; <LgLthu;.
 tPl;Lj;Njhl;lj;jpd; moF njhlu;ghd Mly; - ghly;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
242
nraw;ghL : 1
gbKiw - 1
 Kd;ida tFg;Gfspy; nra;j nraw;ghLfspd;NghJ jhtu tsu;r;rpapy; ntt;NtW
fhuzpfspd; jhf;fk; njhlu;ghf gupNrhjid elj;jpa tpjj;ij epidT+l;Lf.
cjhuzk; :
ePu;> #upa xsp> kz; (Clfk;)
 khztu;fsJ fUj;Jg;gb> tpj;J Kisg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd fhuzpfisf; $wr;
re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
 tpj;J Kisg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd xU fhuzpapd; mtrpaj;ijg; gupNrhjpg;gjw;fhf
gpd;tUk; nraw;ghl;ilj; jpl;lkpLf.
 Njbg;ngw;w ehd;F rhbfisg; gpd;tUkhW jahu;gLj;Jf.
 mr;rhbfspy; ePupy; mkpOk; tpj;J tifnahd;wpd; (gaw;iw> nfsg;gP> NghQ;rp) rk
msT tPjk; ,Lf. fPNo fhl;bAs;sthW mt;tpj;Jf;fs; kl;Lkl;lhf mkpOkhW ePu;
,Lf.
A - nghJ miwntg;gepiyapy; cs;s ePu; ,ly;
B - nghJ miwntg;gepiyapYs;s ePu; ,l;L mjd; kPJ Njq;fha; vz;nza;g;
gil ,ly;
C - nfhjpj;jhwpa ePu; ,ly;
D - nfhjpj;jhwpa ePupy; ,l;L mjd; kPJ Njq;fha; vz;nza;g; gil ,ly;
 ePiuf; nfhjpf;fitf;Fk;NghJ thAf;Fkpopfs; ntspNawpa tpjj;ij mtjhdpf;FkhW

khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.
 rhbfspy; ,lg;gl;Ls;s tpj;Jf;fSf;F vd;d epfOk; vd vjpu;T$w khztu;fSf;Fr;
re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff. khztu;fs; $Wk; vjpu;T$wy;fSf;fhd fhuzq;fis tpdTf.
khztu; fsJ vjpu;T $wy; fisf; fUk; gyifapy; my;yJ NtW gyifapy;
vOjpitj;J> mit cz;ikahditah > ,y;iyah vdg; gpd;du; gupNrhjpf;f.
 rhbfspy; cs;s tpj;Jf;fisj; jpdKk; mtjhdpf;f topg;gLj;Jf.
 mt;tpj;Jf;fspy; epfOk; khw;wq;fis tha;nkhopahfTk; tpsf;fg;glq;fs; %yKk;
mwpf;i fg;gLj;j topg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfg; gpd;tUtJ Nghd;W tpdhf;fs; tpdtpr;
nraw;ghL njhlu;ghff; fye;JiuahLf.
 vz;nza;g; gil ,l;ljdhy; epfo;e;jJ ahJ?
 ePiuf; nfhjpf;f itj;jjdhy; epfo;e;jJ ahJ?
 mjd; %yk; tpj;J Kisg;gjw;F vf; fhuzpapd; nry;thf;F Nrhjpff
; g;gl;lJ
vd khztUld; fye;JiuahLf.
nraw;ghL : 2
 vkJ tPl;Lj;Njhl;l mikg;Gj; njhlu;ghf khztu;f;Fk; ngw;whUf;Fk; mwpT+l;lk;
nra;J> mJ njhlu;ghf Mu;tj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjpy; ftdk; nrYj;Jf.
243
 ghlrhiyapy; khjpup tP l ; L j; N jhl; l nkhd; W mikg; g jw; F j; Njitahd
eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;f.
cjhuzk; :
 khztiu VO (7) FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J> xU FOTf;F xUtu; tPjk;>
Muk;g epyk; gz;gLj;jYf;fhfg; ngw;Nwhu; VO Ngiug; gq;Fnfhs;sr;
nra;f.
 kz;izj; J}u;i tahf; Fjy;> tuk;G mikj; jy; > tPl ;Lj;Njhl; lj;jpd;
mbg;gilahd jpl;lj;ijj; jahupj;jy; Nghd;wtw;wpy; khztiu <LgLj;Jf.
khztu; midtiuAk; ghJfhg; G f; Fwpj; j fupridAld; Nkw; g b
nray;fspy; <LgLj;Jf.
kQ;rs; nrt;te;jp rptg;Gr; nrt;te;jp
fj;jup ntz;b
fq;Fd; ty;yhiu
,Q;rp fw;whis
nghd;dhq;fz;zp me;J}upak;
gg;ghrp kuk;
 Nkw;gb jpl;lg;glj;jpd;gb> epyj;ijg; gz;gLj;JkhW topg;gLj;Jf. ,y;iyNay;
  tbtj;jpy; epyj;ijg; gz;gLj;j topg;gLj;Jf. epyj;jpYs;s

...........my;yJ ............
,ltrjp Fwpj;Jf; ftdk; nrYj;jpg; gapu;epyj;ijj; jahu;gLj;jpf;nfhs;f. (,uz;L
my;yJ %d;W gapu;fs;)
 Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;lthW jahu;gLj;Jtjw;Nfw;w epyg;gFjp ghlrhiyapy; ,y;iynadpy;
khj; j puk; fopj; n jhJf; f g; g l; l jfug; N gzpfs; > ghj; j puq; f isg; gad; g Lj; j p
Nkw;fhl;bathwhd jpl;lj;ij mikj;Jf;nfhs;SkhW topg;gLj;Jf.
 VO FOf;fSk; $l;lhfj; jj;jkJ gapUf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdthW epyj;ijg; gad;
gLj;jpa gpd;du; nghUj;jkhd gapu; ehw;Wf;fs; kw;Wk; tpj;Jf;fisj; Njbg;ngw;W
tUkhW mwpTWj;Jf.
 tpj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; ehw;Wf;fs; eLtjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhdthW epyj;ijj; jahu;gLj;jpa
gpd;du; tpj;Jf;fis / ehw;Wf;fis / fd;Wfis elr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff. (,jw;fhfr;
rupahf topfhl;Lf)
 nghUj;jkhdthW gapu;fSf;F ePu; Cw;WkhW mwpTWj;jy; toq;fp topfhl;Lf.
 jpdKk; fhiyapy; ghlrhiy njhlq;f Kd;du; khztiu tPl;Lj;Njhl;lj;jpd;ghy;
topg;gLj;jp> fis gpLq;Ftjw;Fk; ePu; Cw;Wtjw;Fk; fhy mtfhrk; toq;Ff.
nraw;ghL : 3
 tPl;Lj;Njhl;lj;jpy; xt;nthU FOTf;FKupa gFjpapy; tpj;Jf;fis el;L> nropg;ghf
tsu;f;f Mu;t%l;Lf.
 $l;nlU> khl;nlU> cf;fpa ,iyfs; Nghd;w Nrjdg; grisfisg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F
(ghJfhg;Gf; Fwpj;Jf; ftdk; nrYj;jp) re;ju;g;gkspj;J topfhl;Lf.
244
 ghlrhiyj; Njhl;lj;jpNyNa $l;nlUg; ghj;jpunkhd;wpid (gPgg
; ha;) my;yJ $l;nlUf;
Fopnahd;wpid mikj;J mjpypUe;J ngWk; $l;nlUit tPlL ; j;Njhl;lg; gapu;fSf;F
,Ltjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
nraw;g hL : 4
 ,urhadg; gris gad;gLj;jy;> $l;nlU gad;gLj;jy; Mfpad Fwpj;J khztUld;
fye;JiuahLf.
 ,urhadg; grisiag; gad;gLj;jy;> $l;nlU gad;gLj;jy; Mfpad njhlu;ghd
fl;Liufisj; Njb tFg;gpw;Ff; nfhz;LtUkhW khztUf;F mwpTWj;Jf. (xU
Fwpj;j ehspy;)
 fUk;gyifiag; gpd;tUk; ,uz;L gFjpfshfg; gpupf;Ff.
 ,urhadg; grisiag; gad;g Lj; Jtjd; ed; ikfs;> Nrjdg; grisfisg;
gad; g Lj; J tjd; ed; i kfs; gw; w pf; fye; Jiuahb> fUk; g yifapy; cs; s
ml;ltiziag; G+uzg;gLj;Jf.
cjhuzk; :
Nrjdg; gris gad;gLj;Jtjd; ,urhadg; gris gad;gLj;Jtjd;
ed;ikfs; ghjpg;Gf;fs;
er;Rj;jd;ikaw;w czTg; czTg; nghUSld; er;Rj;jd;ik

nghUs; fpilj;jy;. Nru;jy;.
 ,urhadg; grisfs; gad;gLj;Jtjhy; FWfpa fhy uPjpapy; gapu; tpisr;ry;

mjpfupj;jNghjpYk; mjdhy; Vw;glf;$ba ghjpg;Gfs; njhlu;ghf khztUld;
fye;JiuahLf.
 Nrjidg; grisiag; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F khztu;fis Cf;Ftpf;Ff.
nraw;g hL : 5
 gpd;tUk; nghUs;fisj; Njbg;ngw;W tFg;Gf;Ff; nfhz;LtUkhW khztUf;F
mwpTWj;Jf. (FOf;fspd; vz;zpf;iff;Nfw;g NghJkhd msTf;F)
 Vwj;jho 15 nrd;upkPw;wu; (6 mq;Fyk;) caukhd clw;gFjp mfd;w> tha;
rpwpa Nghj;jy;
 Vwj;jho 7 nrd;upkPw;wu; (3 mq;Fyk;) ePskhd ,Uk;G Mzpfs; ,uz;L
 Vwj;jho 10 nrd;upkPw;wu; (4 mq;Fyk;) ePskhd ieNyhd; E}y; Jz;L
 Vwj;jho 15 nrd;upkPw;wu; (6 mq;Fyk;) ePskhd gyiff;fPyk;
 vkJ tPl;Lj;Njhl;lk; vd mofhf vOjg;gl;l 60 nrd;upkPw;wu; x 60 nrd;upkPw;wu;
(2 mb x 2 mb) msTs;s ngau;gg ; yif (Name Board)
 ePz;l fapWk; Vwj;jho 3 kPw;wu; (10 mb) ePskhd tisAk; jd;ikAs;s
nky;ypa jbAk;
 ,g;NghJ ehk; fhw;Wf;fpYf;fp nra;ag;Nghfpd;Nwhk; vdf; $Wf.
 mjw;fika nfhz;Lte;j nghUs;fisg; gad;gLj;jp> fhw;Wf; fpYf;fpnahd;iwr;
nra;AkhW khztu; FOf;fis topg;gLj;Jf.
245
 fhw;Wf;fpYf;fpnahd;W nra;J tPl;Lj;Njhl;lj;jpy; nghUj;jkhd Xu; ,lj;jpy;
nghUj;JkhW topg;gLj;Jf.
 gpuhzpfSf;Fj; jPqF
; Vw;glhjthW mg;gpuhzpfspypUe;J gapu;fisg; ghJfhg;gjw;Ff;
fhw;Wf;fpYf;fpiag; gad;gLj;jj;jf;f tpjj;ij khztUld; fye;JiuahLf.
nraw;g hL : 6
 tPl;Lj;Njhl;lj;jpy; khztu; gapupl;l gapu;fspypUe;J gwpj;njLj;j fha;fwpfis
cs;slf;Fk; tifapy; Ntis cznthd;iwj; jahupgg ; jw;fhd xU ehis xJf;fpf;
nfhs;f.
 Fwpj;j jpdj;jpy; ngw;whupd; cjtpiaAk; ngWf.
 ~~ehk; tsu;j;j fha;fwpfisr; Ritg;Nghk;|| vDk; nraw;ghl;bd; fPo>; fhiyapNyNa
khztiu mioj;Jr;nrd;W ntz;b> fj;jup kw;Wk; fPiu tiffisg; gwpj;njLf;f
topg;gLj;Jf.
 khztiu %d;W FOf;fshfg; gpupj;Jg; ngw;Nwhu; mWtupd; (6) cjtpiag; ngw;W
fha;fwpfs;> fPiu tiffisg; gwpj;njLf;f.
 fha;fwpfs; kw;Wk; fPiu tiffis ed;F fOtp ntl;LtJ / eWf;FtJ njhlu;ghd
mDgtq;fis khztu;fs; ngWk; tifapy; ngw;Nwhupd; cjtpAld; nraw;gl
topg;gLj;Jf.
 Fwpj;j fha;fwpfisr; rPuhfr; rikf;Fk; tpjj;ij mtjhdpf;f topg;gLj;Jf.
 jtpl;luprpr; NrhWk; rikj;J> gfYzTf;fhf ~~ehk; tsu;j ;j fha;fwpfisr;
Ritg;Nghk;|| vd;gij eilKiwapy; mDgtpf;fTk; mjidf; $wTk; re;ju;g;g
kspf;Ff.
 gapu;fis tsu;f;Fk;NghJk; fha;fwpfs;> fPiu tiffisg; gwpf;Fk;NghJk; jhk;
tsu;j;j fha;fwpfisr; Ritf;Fk;NghJk; khztu;fF ; Vw;gl;l czu;Tfs; Fwpj;Jf;
fye;JiuahLf.
 tPl;bYk; ,t;thwhfg; gapu;fis tsu;j;J czthff; nfhs;s topfhl;Lf.
 tpiyf;F thq;Fk; ehl;gl;l fha;fwpfs;> fPiu tiffistpl> tPlL ; j;Njhl;lj;jpypUe;J
gwpj;j Gj;jk;Gjpa fha;fwpfs; eyKk; RitAk; kpf;fit vd;gJ gw;wp khztUld;
fye;JiuahLf.
nraw;g hL : 7
 tFg;G khztu; midtiuAk; xU tupirapy; epWj;Jf. (xUtu; gpd; xUtuhf)
 mk;khztu;fSs; FOj; jiytu;fs; %tiu my;yJ ehy;tiu Kd;Nd mioj;J
jkJ FOTf;F KJFfhl;b epw;FkhW mwpTWj;Jf.
 ehd;F fha;fwp tiffspd; ngau;fs; vOjg;gl;l ml;ilfisg; ngl;bnahd;wpDs;
,Lf. (xU tifapy; 12 ml;ilfs; tPjk;)
 ngl;bapy; cs;s fha;fwp tiffspd;gb> FOj; jiytu;fis tupirahf epw;f
topg;gLj;Jf.
 gpd;du;> ngau;fs; mlq;fpa ngl;bapypUe;J Vwj;jho 10 kPw;wu; J}uj;Nj jiytiu
epWj;jp> Mrpupau; rkpf;iQ toq;fpaTld;> tupirapy; epw;Fk; khztd; Xb te;J
ngl;bapDs; ifia tpl;L Xu; ml;ilia ntspNa vLj;J mjid thrpj;j gpd;>
jiytupd; gpd;Nd nrd;W epw;FkhW mwpTWj;Jf. (Kjyhk; khztd; ml;ilia
cau;j;jpf; fhl;ba gpd;dNu ,uz;lhk; khztd; tupirapypUe;J Xl;lj;ijj;
njhlq;Fthu;)
246
 tpiuthfj; jkJ mzpiag; G+u;j;jpnra;j FO ntw;wpngw;w FOthf mwptpf;Ff.
 tFg;gpy; 30 khztu;fs; cs;sdu; vdpd;> %d;W jiytu;fs;

jtpu;e;j kPjp 27 NgUk; FOTf;F xd;gJ Nguhfr; Nru;e;J
FOitg; G+uj ; j
; pnra;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. tpisahl;il Muk;gpff
;
Kd;du; tFg;G khztupd; vz;zpfi ; fiag; nghWj;J> FOf;fspd;
vz;zpf;ifiaAk; FO cWg;gpdu;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiaAk;
jPu;khdpj;Jf;nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;.
 ngl;biaj; njhlf;ff; Nfhl;Lf;F mUfpyhapDk; itj;Jf;nfhs;syhk;. ngl;bapdN

; wy;
ml;ilfis kWGwkhfg; Gul;b itj;J tpisahl;il elj;jyhk;.
nraw;g hL : 8
 Gj;jspg;Gf; fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;jpathW gpd;tUk; ghliyg; ghLf.
tPl;Lj;Njhl;lg; ghly;
Kw;wpa tpj;J ehw;wha; Kisf;Fk;

Jspu;fs; ,iyfs; nkJtha; tsUk;
tsKs;s kz;zpy; mjid eLNthk;
nropj;J tsu Mtd nra;Nthk;.
nrt;te;jpg; g+ gy epwKz;L
g+r;rpia Xl;Lk; gapu;fisf; fhf;Fk;
fha;fwpg; gapu;fspy; g+f;fs; g+f;Fk;
tPl;Lj;Njhl;lj;jpy; fha;fdp fpilf;Fk;.
247
fUg;nghUs; 11 : Ntiyia ,yFgLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk; topfs;
xOq;fhfTk; KiwikahfTk; Ntiy nra;tjd; %yk; vkJ md;whl Ntiyfis

,yFgLj;jpf; nfhs;syhk;. NkYk; $l;lhfr; Nru;e;J Ntiy nra;tJ ngupJk;
gaDilajhFk;. Ntiyfis ,yFgLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf Mjpfhy kdpjd;
ntt;NtW vspikahd Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jpdhd;. jw;NghJ mt;Ntiyfisr;
nra; t jw; f hf etP d Kiwfs; gad; g hl; b y; cs; s d. mit njhlu; g hd
jfty;fisAk; mDgtq;fisAk; Njbaha;e;J mwpf;ifg;gLj;j ,f;fUg;nghUspd;
%yk; khztu;f;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Nju;r;rpfs; :
 Ntiyfis ,yFgLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;fhfj; jw;fhyj;jpy; ifahsg;gLk; cj;jpfisAk;
Kw;fhyj;jpy; ifahsg;gl;l cj;jpfisAk; fw;wha;e;J mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jthu;.
 Ntiyfis ,yFgLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;fhfTk; Neu;j;jpahfr; nra;JKbg;gjw;fhfTk;
jpl;lkpl;L> xOq;fhfTk; rPuhfTk; Ntiynra;ag; goFthu;.
 $l; lhfr; Nru;e;J nraw;gLtjd; %yk; Ntiyfis ,yFgLj;j pf;n fhs; sr;
nraw;gLthu;.
 Nritfisg; ngWk; kw;Wk; toq;Fk;NghJ kupahijahfTk; rl;lq;fis kjpj;Jk;
nraw;gLthu;.
 kpd; r huk; > fhe; j k; kw; W k; vspa nghwpfisg; gad; g Lj; j p Ntiyfis
,yFgLj;jpf;nfhs;Sk; topfisf; $u;e;J Nehf;fp mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jthu;.
 md;whl Ntiyfis ,yFgLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba rf;jpfs;
njhlu;ghff; ifahz;Lghu;g;ghu;> nra;J fspg;GWthu;.
 xj;Jiog;G kw;Wk; $l;Lzu;T %yk; ntw;wpia mDgtpf;fj;jf;f tpisahl;Lf;fspy;
<LgLthu;.
 Ntiyfis ,yFgLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;fhfr; nra;af;$ba gy;Ntwhdtw;iwf;
fspg;GlDk; Mw;WifahfTk; Kd;itg;ghu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; :
 Ntiyfis ,yFgLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf Kw;f hyj;jpy; ifahsg;gl;l rpy
cj;jpfisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
 ,Oj;jiyAk; js;SjiyAk; ,yFgLj;jpf; nfhs;sf;$ba Kiwfis eilKiwapy;
ifahz;Lghu;g;ghu;.
 jpl;lkpl;L> xOq;fhf> rPuhfr; nraw;gl;L> Ntiyfis ,yFgLj;jpf;nfhs;thu;.
 vtNuDk; xUtuplk; my;yJ ahNjDk; epiyaj;jpypUe;J Nritfisg; ngWk;
NtisfspYk; vtNuDk; xUtUf;F my;yJ ahNjDk; epiyaj;jpw;Fr; Nritfis
toq;Fk;NghJ kupahijahfTk; rl;lj;ij kjpj;J elf;Fk; elj;ijiaf; fhl;Lthu;.
 ahNjDk; Ntiyiar; nra;Ak;NghJ vspa nghwpfisg; gad;gLj;jp Ntiyfis
,yFgLj;jpf; nfhs;thu;.
 fhe;jk; xd;wpd; ,ay;Gfisr; nra;Kiwr; nraw;ghLfshfg; nghUj;jkhdthW
gad;gLj;Jthu;.
 vspikahd kpd;Rw;Wf;fspd; nraw;ghl;ilf; ifahz;Lghu;g;ghu;.
 rf;jp Kjy;fisg; gad;gLj;jp> Mf;fq;fs; nra;thu;.
 xj;Jioj;Jr; nraw;gLtjhy; ntw;wpia mDgtpf;ff;$ba tpisahl;Lf;fspy;
<LgLthu;.
 Ntiyfis ,yFgLj;jpf;nfhs;Sk; topfs; gw;wpa ghly;fis mirT> Mw;Wif
tbtpy; Kd;itj;Jf; fspg;GWthu;.
248
nraw;g hL : 1
 Kw;fhyj;jpypUe;Nj Ntiyfis ,yFgLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf gy;NtW cj;jpfisf;
ifahz;l tpjk; kw;Wk; mt;Tj;jpfisg; gbg;gbahf tpUj;jp nra;Jnfhz;l tpjk;
njhlu;ghf khztUld; fye;JiuahLf.
cjhuzk; :
ghukhd xU nghUisj; J}f;fpr;nry;Yjy;

mjid epyj;jpy; itj;Jf; fapw;wpdhy; fl;b ,Oj;Jr; nry;yy;

mjidg; gyifnahd;wpd;kPJ itj;Jg; gyifiaf; fapw;wpdhy; ,Oj;Jr;
nry;yy;

mg;gyifapd; fPo; cUis tbt kuf;Fw;wpfs; rpytw;iw itj;J mjd;
kPJ ,Oj;Jr;nry;yy;

mg;gyifAld; rpy;Yfisg; nghUj;jp ,Oj;Jr;nry;yy;
 khztu;fs; Vw;fdNt ghu;j;Js;s ntt;NtW thfdq;fspd; rpy;Y tiffs; gw;wp

mtu;fsJ fUj;Jf;fis tpdTf.
 irf;fps; xd;wpd; gpd; rpy;Yld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;s gw;rpyY
; r; Nrhbia mtjhdpf;fr;
re;ju;g;gkspf;F f.
 xU irf;fpspy; cs;s ngupa gw;rpy;Y> rpwpa gw;rpy;Y> mtw;wpid ,izf;Fk;

rq;fpyp Mfpad njhlu;ghf khztuJ ftdj;ij <u;f;Ff.
 kpjpapdhy; ngupa gw;rpy;iyr; Row;wp mJ xU Kiw KOr; Rw;Wr; RoYk;NghJ
rpwpa gw;rpy;Y xU Rw;Wr; Rw;Wfpwjh my;yJ mjpYk; $Ljyhfr; Rw;Wfpwjh vd
mtjhdpf;FkhW khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.
 mjd; gpd; rpwpa gw;rpy;Yld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;s rpy;Y> rpy jlitfs; Roy;tjhy;
irf;fpis ,yFthf Xl;br; nry;tjw;Fg; gw;rpy;YfSk; mtw;Wld; ,ize;j
rq;fpypAk; Jizahfpd;wikia vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
nraw;g hL : 2
 ~~Ntiyfis ,yFgLj;Jk; topfs;|| vDk; fUg;nghUspd;fPo;> %d;whe;juj;jpy;
(juk; 3) ghukhd xU nghUis xg;gkhd jiuapYk; fuLKulhd jiuapYk;
,Oj;Jr;nrd;w> js;spr;nrd;w tpjj;ij epidT+l;Lf.
 vspikahd xU fg;gpia mikj;Jr; rha;jsnkhd;wpd; topNa nghUnshd;wpid
Nky;Nehf;fp ,Og;gij ,yFgLj;jpa re;ju;g;gk; gw;wpAk; fye;JiuahLf.
 rw;Wg; ghukhd xU nghUisg; ngWf.
 Kjypy; mjidr; Rw;wp xU fapw;iwf; fl;b mjd; %yk; mg;nghUis cau;j;j
KbAkh vd Kaw;rpj;Jg; ghu;f;f khztUf;Fr; re;j u;g;gkspf;Ff. (khztuJ
ghJfhg;Gf; Fwpj;Jf; ftdk; nrYj;Jf)
249
 ngw;w mDgtj;jpd;gb> mg;nghUspd; ghuk; njhlu;ghf khztuJ fUj;Jf;fis
tpdTf.
 gpd;du;> ghukhd nghUs; fl;lg;gl;l fapw;iw cNyhf my;yJ kuf; fg;gpnahd;wpd;
topNa nrYj;Jf.
 fapw;wpd; RahjPdkhd me;jj;ijg; gpbj;J fPo;Nehf;fp ,Og;gjd; %yk; mg;nghUis
cau;j;Jtjw;F khztUf;Fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
 Nkw;gb ,uz;L re;ju;g;gq;fSs; ve;jr; re;ju;g;gj;jpy; ghuj;ij ,yFthf cau;j;j

Kbe;jJ vd khztuplk; tpdTf.
 ghukhd nghUs; xd;wpid Neubahf Nky;Nehf;fp cau;jJ ; tijtpl> fg;gpnahd;wpd;
JizAld; fPo;Nehf;fp ,Oj;J cau;j;JtJ ngupJk; ,yFthdJ vd;gij Nkw;gb
mDgtj;ijAk; md;whl tho;tpy; vjpu;g;gLk; ,t;thwhd NtW cjhuzq;fisAk;
Kd;itj;J vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
nraw;g hL : 3
 khztu; FOf;fSf;fhf> FwL> ghf;Fntl;b> fj;jupf;Nfhy; Mfpa cgfuzq;fs;
mlq;fpa njhFjpiaj; Njbg;ngWf.
 mt;Tgfuzq;fis ntt;NtW NtiyfSf;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jk; re;ju;gg

; q;fs; Fwpj;Jf;
fye;JiuahLf.
 mt;Tgfuzq;fisg; gad;gLj;j khztu;fSf;Fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff. Njitahd
Vida nghUs;fisAk; toq;Ff.
250
 Nkw;gb cgfuzq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ
 ifapdhy; cijg;ig (tpiria) gpuNahfpf;Fk; ,lk;
 RoYk; ,lk; (Gs;sp)
 cgfuzj;jpdhy; nghUspd;kPJ tpir gpuNahfpf;fg;gLk; ,lk; (cjhuzk; :
Fwl;bdhy; fk;gp ntl;lg;gLkplk;) Mfpa tplaq;fs; FwpjJ
; khztuJ ftdj;ij
<u;f;Ff.
nraw;g hL : 4
 khztu; FOf;fSf;fhfg; NghJkhd msTf;F LED kw;Wk; kpd;#s; kpd;Fkpo;fs;
ngWf.
 mtw;iw mtjhdpj;J mtw;wpd; rpwg;gpay;Gfis ,dq;fhzr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
Njitnadpd; iftpy;iyfis toq;Ff.
 khztu; mtjhdpj;jit njhlu;ghff; fUj;Jj; njuptpf;fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.

 tPl;by;> ghlrhiyapy; my;yJ NtW ,lq;fspy; xspNaw;wYf;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jk;
Vida kpd;Fkpo; tiffs; gw;wp khztuplk; tpdTf.
 kpd;Fkpo; jhq;fp xd;Wld; (Holder) kpd;Fkpiog; nghUj;j cq;fshy; KbAkh vd
khztuplk; tpdTf.
 ,uz;L tifahd (screw type, pin type) kpd;Fkpo;fisAk; kpd;Fkpo; jhq;fpfisAk;
Njbg;ngw;W mk;kpd;Fkpo;fis cupa kpd;Fkpo; jhq;fpfspy; nghUj;Jtjw;F
khztu;f;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff. khztuJ ghJfhg;G Fwpj;Jf; ftdQ; nrYj;Jf.
 tPl;by; my;yJ gpwpNjhu; ,lj;jpy; epue;jukhfg; nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;s xU kpd;Fkpo;
jhq;fpAld; kpd;Fkpo; xd;wpidg; nghUj;Jk;NghJ gpujhd Mspia (main switch)
njhlu;gWg;gJ (off) mtrpakhFk; vd;gijAk; tsu;e;jtu; xUtupd; Nkw;ghu;it
mtrpak; vd;gijAk; typAWj;Jf.
nraw;g hL : 5
 ntt;NtW msTs;s cyu; fyq;fisj; (dry cell) Njbg; ngw;W> khztu; FOf;fSf;F
toq;fp> mtw;iw mtjhdpf;fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
 cyu;fyq;fspd; ,U KidfSf;fFkpilNa mtjhdpf;fj;jf;f NtWghLfisf;
$WkhW khztiu topg;gLj;Jf. cyu;fyj;jpd; Kidfis Neu; (+) Kid> kiw
(-) Kid vd;wthW mwpKfQ;nra;f.
251
 cyu;fyq;fSld; kpdF; kpo;fs; (kpd;#s; kpd;Fkpo; - Torch bulb, LED)> fk;gpj; Jz;Lfs;
Nghd;wtw;iwAk; khztu;fSf;F toq;Ff.
 khztu;fs; FOf;fshfr; Nru;e;J cyu;fyq;fisAk; kpd;Fkpo;fisAk; kw;Wk;
LED fisAk; fk;gpj; Jz;Lfshy; ,izj;J mk;kpd;Fkpo;fis xspur;nra;a
KbAkhntdf; ifahz;Lghu;f;f topg;gLj;Jf.
 Kjd;Kjyhf kpd;Fkpio / LED ia xspur;nra;j FOTf;F mjid tFg;gpy;
Vida khztu;fSf;Fk; fhl;LkhW topg;gLj;Jf.
 kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; NtW Kiwfspy; mtw;iwj; njhLj;J kpd;Fkpio / LED ia
xspur;nra;a KbAkh vdf; ifahz;Lghu;f;f topg;gLj;Jf.
 kpd;Fkpio xspur;nra;j khztu;fSf;F ,r;re;ju;g;gj;jpy; cyu;fyk;> kpd;Fkpo;>

fk;gpj; Jz;Lfs; ,izf;fg;gl;l Kiwia tiue;J fhl;l topg;gLj;Jf.
nraw;g hL : 6
 khztu; FOf;fSf;F ntt;NtW tifahd rpy fhe;jq;fs; tPjk; toq;Ff.
 khztu; juk; 1> 2> 3 ,y; fhe;jq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpr; nra;j vspikahd
nraw;ghLfis epidT+l;Lf.
 fhe;jq;fspd; ,ay;Gfis ,dq;fhz;gjw;fhf khztiug; gpd;tUk; nraw;ghLfspy;
<LgLj;Jf.
 fhe;jnkhd;wpid cNyhfg; nghUs;fs; kw;Wk; cNyhfky;yhj nghUs;fspdk ; J
P
itj;J fhe;jj;jpdhy; ,Of;fg;gLk; nghUs;fisAk; ,Of;fg;glhj nghUs;fis
Ak; ,dq;fhzr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
 ,uz;L fhe;jq;fis NkirkPJ itj;J> xU fhe;jj;jpd; xU Kidia kw;iwa
fhe;jj;jpd; xU Kidf;F mUNf nfhz;Lnry;Yk;NghJ mJ ,Of;fg;gLtij
(ftu;rr
; p) my;yJ mg;ghy; js;sg;gLtij (js;Sif) mDgtk; %yk; ,dq;fhz
khztu;f;Fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
 fhfpjj; jhnshd;wpdk P Fz;^rpfis / fhfpjf; ft;tpfisg; gug;gpathW mtw;wpdk

; J ; J
P
rl;lf;fhe;jnkhd;iw itj;J mf;fhe;jj;jpd; gFjpapy; mjpfkhd Fz;^rpfs; /
fhfpjf; ft;tpfs; <u;f;fg;gl;Ls;sd vd mtjhdpf;fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
252
 ngupa ,Uk;G Mzpnahd;wpd;kJP fhtypl;l nrg;Gf; fk;gpnahd;wpidg; gy jlitfs;
Rw;Wf. glj;jpy; fhl;bAs;sthW mjid cyu;fynkhd;Wld; njhLf;Ff. ,Ug;G
Mzpapd; KidfSf;F mUNf Fz;^rpfisf; nfhz;Lnry;f. epfo;gtw;iw
mtjhdpg;gjw;F khztu;fSf;Fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
 NkNy rl;lf;fhe;jk; xd;wpidg; gad;gLj;jpr; nra;j KjyhtJ re;ju;g;gj;ijAk;

,Ug;G Mzpiag; gad;gLj;jpr; nra;j ,uz;lhtJ re;ju;gg
; j;ijAk; xg;gpl;Lf; fUj;Jf;
$w khztu;fSf;Fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
nraw;g hL : 7
 ve;jnthU Ntiyiar; nra;Ak;NghJk; jpl;lkpl;L> Kiwahf> xOq;fhfr; nra;tjhy;
Neuj;ijAk; ciog;igAk; kPjg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;syhk; vd;gij ehshe;j tho;f;if
cjhuzq;fspd; JizAld; tpsf;Ff.
cjhuzk; :
 ghlrhiyr; rPUil> Gj;jfq;fs;> ghjzpfs; Nghd;wtw;iw xOq;fhf cupa
,lq;fspy; itj;jy;
 mt;thwhd tho;f;iff; Nfhyj;ijr; rpW taJ KjNy gof;fg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjhy;
tPl;by; jk;Kld; thOk; VidNahuJk; xl;Lnkhj;jr; r%fj;jpdJk; ghuhl;ilg;
ngwyhk; vd;gij tpsf;Ff.
 NkYk; vtNuDk; xUtuplk; ahNjDk; xU epiyaj;jpd; ahNjDk; Nritiag;
ngWk; NtisfspYk; Nritia toq; Fk; NtisfspYk; kupahijahfTk;
rl; l j; j pw; F f; fl; Lg; gl; Lk; ele;J nfhs;s Ntz; Lk; vd;g ij tfpghfNkw; W
ebj;Jf;fhl;lr; nra;f. ,jw;fhf khztu; ,UtUf;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.
 Nkw;gb ew;gof;fq;fisj; jkJ tho;f;iff; Nfhyj;Jld; ,izj;Jf;nfhs;tjd;
%yk; Ntiyfis ,yFthfr; nra;Ak; jpwidg; ngwyhk; vd;gij vLj;Jf;$Wf.
 gz;ilf;fhyk; Kjy; kdpjd; ntt;NtW Ntiyfspy; <LgLtjhy; Vw;gLk; fisg;igg;
Nghf;fpf;nfhs;tjw;fhfg; ghly;fs; / ftpijfs; ghbdu; vd;gijAk; mg;ghly;fs;
mtu;fs; nra;j NtiyAld; njhlu;Gilait vd;gijAk; cjhuzk; fhl;b tpsf;Ff.
cjhuzk; :
mupT ntl;ly;
Ruq;fk; mfo;jy;
Nrid fhj;jy;
glNfhl;ly;
tz;bNahl;ly;
253
 ,t;thwhd NtiyfSld; ,ize;jitAk; khztu; njupe;Jitj;Js;sitAkhd
ftpijfs; ghly;fisf; $WkhW mtw;iwj; jhsj;jpw;Nfw;gg; ghb MLkhWk;
khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.
cjhuzk; : 1
cotd;
Viuf; nfhz;L epyk; cOthd;

vy;Nyh Uf;Fk; czt spg;ghd;
ghiu cau;j;j cioj;jpLthd;
gl;bdp apd;wpf; fhj;jpLthd;
fhiyf; fUf;fypy; vOe;jpLthd;
fyg;ig Njhspy; Rke;jpLthd;
Xiyf; Fbirapy; tho;e;jhYk;
Xahky; ciog;ig <e;jpLthd;
fhy;eil fhj;J kfpo;e;jpLthd;
ftiy kwe;Nj tho;e;jpLthd;
Njhy; fWg;ghf ,Ue;jhYk;
J}a cs;sk; ngw;wpUg;ghd;
cotu; ciog;ig kjpj;jpLNthk;
cz;ik md;ghy; tho;j;jpLNthk;
kioiag; NghNy gyd;fUjh
khz;igg; Nghw;wp tzq;fpLNthk;.
cjhuzk; : 2
VNyNyh Iyrh......
VNyNyh Iyrh... VNyNyh Iyrh...

fl;L kuj;NjhzpapNy VNyNyh Iyrh
JLg;G Nghl;L Njhzp Xl;b VNyNyh Iyrh
tq;ff; flypy; ty tPrp VNyNyh Iyrh
kPd;Gbf;f NghifapNy VNyNyh Iyrh
iftypr;Rk; ghlypNa VNyNyh Iyrh


~~eupg; Gj;jp|| vDk; fijia ,f;fUg;nghUSf;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jf.
254
fUg;nghUs; 12 : kdpj elj;ijfs;
ew;r%fnkhd;Wf;F kdpj nfsutk;> gu];gu fuprid> gupT Mfpad Kf;fpakhFk;.

midtiuAk; fz;zpag;gLj;jy;> gpwuJ fUj;Jf;fSf;Fr; nrtpkLf;Fk; egu;fis
mjpfstpw; nfhz;l r%fk; Kjpu;r;rpaile;j rkhjhdkhd r%fkhFk;. ,e;jf;
fUg;nghUspy; jd;idg; gw;wpAk; gpwiug; gw;wpAk; fupridAld; ele;Jnfhs;s
topg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; vjpu;fhyj;jpy; Kjpu;r;rpaile;j rkhjhdkpf;f eguhf
khw;Wtjw;Fj; Njitahd Nju;r;rpfis toq;FtNj mbg;gilahFk;.
Nju;r;rpfs; :
 jd;Dila r%fj;jpdJ eyDf;Nfw;w tifapyhd gaDila gz;Gfisg; NgZthu;.
 rpwg;ghd ew;nwhlu;Gfisg; NgZtjw;F Vw;w tifapyhd Mf;fq;fisj; jahupg;ghu;.
 rkkhd gq;Nfw;igg; ngw;W cgfuzq;fisf; ifahSk; Mf;fj;jpwdhd tpisahl;L
fspy; <LgLthu;.
 kdpju;fspd; gy;NtW elj;ijfis czu;TG+ut; khfg; gy;NtW ntspgg
; hl;L Clfq;fs;
%ykhf Mf;fj;jpwd; kpf;f tifapy; rku;g;gpg;ghu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; :
 jd;DilaJk; gpwuJk; Mw;wy;fis nkr;Rtjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsq;fp ele;J
nfhs;thu;.
 gpwuJ fUj;Jf;fSf;F kjpg;gspg;ghu;.
 nghUj;jkhd Jyq;fiy ntspf;fhl;bathW gpwUld; el;Gld; nraw;gLthu;.
 midtUf;Fk; fy;tp ngWk; cupik cs;snjd mwpe;J eltbf;if vLg;ghu;.
 gpwuJ FiwghLfs; njhlu;ghf kpjthj kdJld; nraw;gLthu;.
 ew;gz;Gfisg; NgZtjw;F cjTk; tho;j;jl;ilfis epUkhzpg;ghu;.
 tisaq;fs; kw;Wk; ge;JfSld; Mf;fj;jpwd; tpisahl;by; <LgLthu;.
 kdpj elj;ijfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; typAWj;jg;gLk; ghly;fisg; ghLtJld; FO
ehlfq;fisAk; ebj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

nraw;ghL : 1
gbKiw - 1
 juk; 3 f;Fg; gpuNtrpf;Fk; khztu;fSf;fhd ,dq;fhzy; epfo;rr
; pjj
; pl;lj;ij kPzL
; k;
Qhgfg;gLj;Jf. (,jd;NghJ khztuplk; fhzg;gl;l tpNrl Mw;wy;fs; / jpwd;fs;
gw;wpf; fUj;jpw;nfhs;f. xt;nthU khztuplj;NjAk; kiwe;Js;s jpwikfs;
cs;snjdTk; mjw;fika ve;j khztUk; rpwg;ghdtu;fs; md;W vdf; nfhs;shJ
ghu;j;Jf;nfhs;f.)
 xt;nthU khztiuAk; jdf;F kpfg; gpbj;j Mf;fnkhd;iw Nkw;nfhs;s (rpj;jpuk;
/ nfhyh[; / myq;fhu cU / gpbj;jypd; %yk; cUtq;fs; nra;jy;> nrJf;Fjy;
%yk; cUtq;fs; nra;jy;> fl;bnaOg;Gjy; %yk; cUtq;fs; nra;jy; Nghd;w)
Njitahdtw;iw vLj;Jtur; nra;f.
 khztu;fs; jkJ Mf;fq;fis Nkw;nfhs;sg; NghjpasT fhyj;ij toq;Ff.
 mjd; gpd;du; xNu tifiar; Nru;e;j Mf;fq;fisj; njupTnra;J mtw;iwf;
fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
 ,tw;wpy; jdJ Mf;fk; jtpu;e;j NtW FOf;fspd; jdf;Fg; gpbj;j Mf;fnkhd;iwj;
njupTnra;J nkr;Rtjw;F khztUf;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.
255
 mjw;Fupa cupikahsiu tprhupff ; hJ Neu;ikahf kfpor
; r
; pailaTk; kdr;rhl;rpAld;
fUj;Jj; njuptpf;fTk; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
 khztuJ fUj;Jf;fisr; rku;g;gpf;Fk;NghJ
 rpj;jpuq;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s epwq;fs;
 jsTUf;fs;
 mikT
 Mf;fg;gl;l tpjk;
 Kbg;G
 J}a;ik
 nghUj;jg;ghL
Nghd;w tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghff; ftdk; nrYj;Jf.
 gpwuJ VNjDk; rpwg;ghd tplaq;fis kjpg;gjw;fhd gof;fj;ij ,q;F typAWj;Jf.
(Mw;wy;fs;> gz;Gfs;)
 mofhdit> rupahd Kbg;igf; nfhz;lit> mofpaw;jd;ik nfhz;lit Mfpad
vg;NghJk; ,dpikahd> kdq;ftu; jd;ik nfhz;litnadf; fhl;Lf.
 gpd;du; FiwghLfisr; Rl;bf;fhl;Ltnjdpd; ez;gu;fspd; kdjpy; ghjpg;ig
Vw;gLj;jhjthW tpku;rd uPjpapy; my;yhJ Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lnkd mwpTWj;Jf.
 khztu;fsJ Mf;fq;fs; kw;Wk; mtu;fsJ fUj;Jf;fis nkr;Rf.
 vy;NyhuplKk; gy;NtW tifg;gl;l Mw;wy;fs; cs;sd vdTk; gpwuJ Mw;wy;fis
kjpf;Fk;NghJ mtu;fs; kfpo;r;rpailAk; tpjk;> mt;thW nra;tjd; %yk; jdJ
cs;sj;jpwF ; k; kfpoT
; Vw;gLtij tpsq;fpf;nfhs;sr; re;ju;gg
; k; toq;Ff. (mt;thwhd
re;ju;g;gq;fis Qhgfg;gLj;Jf.)
 gpd;du; khztu; midtUk; ,ize;J
cly; typik ,Ue;njd;d - moF Kfk; ,Ue;njd;d

tpau;it rpe;j ciof;fhj - eP ehl;Lf;Fr; Rikahtha;!
kdpjk; kyu; Nghy; kzk; gug;Gk; - mwpNth vq;Fk; xsp gug;Gk;.
Nghd;w ghly;fisr; nrtpkLj;Jg; ghlr; nra;J> mjpYs;s fUj;Jf;fis khztUld;

fye;JiuahLf.
 vk;kplj;Nj cs;s kdpjj;Jtk;> gz;Gfs; kw;Wk; jpwikfs;> nfl;bj;jdq;fs;

Mfpatw;iw kjpj;jpy;> cliy tUj;jp Ntiy nra;Ak;NghJ fpilf;Fk; kfpo;r;rp
Nghd;wit ,e;jg; ghly;fspy; cs;slq;fpAs;s tpjj;ij khztUld; fye;JiuahLf.
gbKiw - 2
 khztu; midtUk; jhk; tpUk;gpathW tpUk;gpa jiyg;gpy; rpj;jpuk; tiutjw;F>
ftpijia Mf;Ftjw;F> Nfyprr; pjj
; puk; tiutjw;F> G+nthd;W> tho;jJ
; kly; Nghd;w
VNjDnkhU Mf;fj;ijr; nra;ag; NghjpasT mtfhrk; toq;Ff.
 mit midj;ijAk; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jtjw;F topg;gLj;Jf.
 ghu;j;J Kbe;j gpd;du; khztu;fis XU ,lj;jpy; $l;b gy;NtW Mf;fq;fs;
njhlu;ghd fUj;Jf;fis tpdTf.
 mtu;fsJ mf;fUj;Jf;fis kjpjJ ; rpNdfG+ut ; khff; fye;Jiuahlr; re;ju;gg
; kspfF
; f.
 ,Wjpapy; gpd;tUkhwhd fUj;Jf;fis typAWj;jpf; fye;JiuahLf.
 xt;nthUtuplKk; VNjDnkhU tpNrl Mw;wy; cs;sJ
 ehk; ,dq;fz;l Mw;wiyg; gw;wpg; ghuhl;bg; NgRjy; Ntz;Lk;
 vy;NyhUf;Fk; jdJ Mw;wy;fisr; rku;g;gpf;fr; re;ju;g;gk; cs;sJ.
 jdJ Mw;wy;fis kw;iwNahUf;Ff; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jtjhy; me;j Mw;wy;fis
NkYk; tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;s KbAk;.
256
 tFg;giwNa jdJ Mw;wy;fis ntspf;fhl;l kpf cfe;j ,lkhFk;.
Nghd;w tplaq;fis khztUld; fye;JiuahLf.
 xUtiu nkr;Rtjd; %yk; mtu; NkYk; jdJ Mw;wy;fis tsu;j;Jf;nfhs;s
Kidthu; vd typAWj;Jf.
nraw;g hL : 2
 tFg;gpy; cs;s khztu;fSf;Fg; NghjpasT A4 epwf; fljhrpfis toq;Ff.
 khztu;fis tl;l tbtpy; mkur;nra;f.
 A4 mstpyhd jhis ,uz;lhf kbj;J mjd; Kjw;gf;fj;jpd; Nkw;gFjpapy; jdJ
ngaiu vOjr;nra;f.
 Mrpupau; rkpf;iQia toq;fpaJk; jdJ ngaiuf;nfhz;l jhis jdJ tyJ
ifg; gf;fj;jpy; epw;Fk; khztuplk; nfhLf;FkhW mwpTwj;Jf.
 gpd;du; me;jj; jhspy; cs;s ngaiuf; nfhz;l khztupd; xU rpwg;ghd ,ay;ig
kl;Lk; vOjp jdJ tyJ ifg; gf;fj;jpy; cs;s khztuplk; toq;f Ntz;Lnkdf;
$Wf.
 mjpy; rpwg;ghd ,ay;ig kl;LNk vOj Ntz;Lk; vdf; $Wf.
 jhisg; gupkhwp vy;NyhUk; vOjp Kbj;j gpd;du; jkJ iffSf;Fj; jj;jk;
jhs;fs; fpilj;j gpd;du; vOJtij epWj;jp mjid thrpj;Jg; ghu;f;fr; re;ju;g;gk;
toq;Ff.
 jd;idg; gw;wpg; gpwu; vOjpa tplaq;fis thrpf;Fk;NghJ mtu;fs; cs;sj;jpy;
Vw;gLk; czu;T ahJ vd;gJ gw;wp khztuplk; tpdTf.
 jdJ jhspy; jd;idg; gw;wp vOjpa tplaq;fspy; jkf;F kpfTk; tpUg;gkhd
tplaj;ijr; rku;g;gpg;gjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.
 gpwu; jd;id kjpg;gjd; %ykhfj; jdf;Ff; fpilj;j kfpo;r;rpiag; Nghd;Nw gpwiu
kjpg;gjdhy; kfpo;r;rp fpilf;Fk; vd typAWj;jp xUtuJ nray;fis kjpg;gjd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Ff.
nraw;g hL : 3
gbKiw - 1
 ghlrhiyf; fy;tp ngWtjw;fhd re;ju;g;gk; fpilf;fhj khztu; xUtu; gw;wpa
jfty;fs; my;yJ fij %ykhf khztUf;F tpsf;Ff.
 mt;thwhd re;ju;g;gk; gw;wp khztuJ mDgtq;fisr; rku;g;gpg;gjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gk;
toq;fp mJ gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLf.
 vy;yhg; gps;isfSf;Fk; ghlrhiyf; fy;tp fl;lhakhdjhFk;.
 md;G> fUiz Mfpad cupathW fpilf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 czT> ghdq;fs;> cilfs; Mfpad cupathW toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
kw;Wk; mutizg;Gk; Kf;fpakhd fhuzp vd khztuplk; $Wf.
 ghlrhiyapy; / tPl;by; / tPjpapy; gy;NtW cly; uPjpahd rpj;jputijfSf;F
cs;shFk; khztu; gw;wpAk; mt;thwhd re;ju;g;gq;fs; gw;wpAk; ePq;fs; mwpe;j
tplaq;fs; ,Ug;gpd; tFg;ghrpupauplk; my;yJ mjpguplk; KiwapLtJ vkJ nghWg;G
vdf; fhl;Lf.
 vkJ ehl;by; ,ytrf; fy;tp midj;Jg; gps;isfSf;Fk; fpilf;f Ntz;LnkdTk;
mjw;nfd rPUilfs;> czT Nghd;w gy;NtW tplaq;fis toq;Ftjw;F eltbf;if
vLj;jpUe;jd vd;gijAk; Qhgfg;gLj;Jf.
 ~~,ytrf; fy;tpapypUe;J ehk; cr;r gaidg; ngWNthk;|| vd;gij fUg;nghU

shff; nfhz;L tFg;gpy; ehlfg; Nghl;bnahd;iw xOq;Fnra;f.
257
 fw;gjw;fhd re;ju;g;gj;ij toq;fhJ khztu;fisg; gpioahd eltbf;iffSf;F
Cf;Ftpf;Fk; egu;fisf; fLikahd rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; jz;lidfSf;F cl;gLj;jg;
gl;l re;ju;g;gq;fs; kw;Wk; mtu;fSf;F vjpuhf rl;lq;fs; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk;
tpjk; Mfpatw;iw tpsf;Ff.
 mjw;fika vy;yhr; re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; cr;r mu;g;gzpg;Gld; nraw;gly; ngw;Nwhu;
kw;Wk; muR Mfpatw;wpd; %ykhf ,ytrkhfj; jug;gLk; gzpfis cr;rkhfg;
gad;gLj;jp ehl;bw;Fg; gaDs;s mwpthw;wy; nfhz;l cjhuzkhd gps;isnad;w
tifapYk; ghlrhiyf;Fk; Kf;fpakhd gpuir vd;w tifapYk; ehl;bw;Fk;
Neu;ikahfr; Nritahw;w Ntz;Lnkdf; fhl;Lf.
gbKiw - 2
 gps; i sfis tP l ; L Ntiyf; F mku; j ; j y; > mdhjuthd tP j pr; rpWtu; f s; >
gpr;irnaLf;Fk; rpwhu;fs; MfpNahupd; glq;fs; rpytw;iwg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;f.
 mtw;iwf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp me;jg; gps;isfSf;Fr; rupahd czT> cil> fy;tp
Mfpad fpilg;gjpy;iy vd tpsf;Ff.
 rpWtu; ,y;yq;fspy; gy;NtW njhy;iyfSf;F cl;gl;l gps;isfs; ,Ug;gJld;
Kiwahd trjp tha;g;Gfspd;wp mtu;fs; fy;tp fw;gij mtjhdpg;gjw;Ff;
fsr;Rw;Wyhnthd;iw xOq;Fnra;J khztu;fis mioj;Jr;nry;f. jq;fshy;
,ad;wsT mtu;fSf;F cjtpfs; nra;a khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.
 cq;fisg; Nghd;w rpWguhaj;jpYs;s ,e;jr; rpwhu;fSf;F cupathW czT>
md;G> ghrk; Mfpad fpilg;gjpy;iy vdTk; cq;fisg; Nghd;Nw ghlrhiyf;Fr;
nrd;W fy;tp fw;Fk; tha;g;Gf; fpilf;ftpy;iy vdTk; mtu;fSf;F tpsf;Ff.
 ,jd; fhuzkhf ,t;thwhd gps;isfs; rpWtu; ed;dlj;ij kw;Wk; ghJfhg;Gj;
jpizf;fsj;jpd; fPo; guhkupf;fg;gLk; rpWtu; ,y;yq;fspy; ghJfhg;G toq;fg;gl;Lj;
Njitahd fy;tp toq;f eltbf;if vLf;fg;gLtjhfTk; cyfpYs;s ve;jg;
gps;i sf;Fk; fy;tp ngWtjw;fhd cupik cs;s njd typAWj;J f.
 gps;isfis tPl;L Ntiyf;F mku;j;Jk;> rpWtu;fisj; J\;gpuNahfq;fSf;F
cl;gLj;Jk; kw;Wk; rpWtu;fisg; ghlrhiyfSf;F mDg;ghjtu;fSf;F vjpuhff;
fLikahd rl;lq;fs;> jz;lidfs; tpjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd vd tpsf;Ff.
nraw;g hL : 4
 khztu;fisr; rw;Wf; fz;fis %lr;nra;J vkf;Ff; fpilf;fg;ngw;Ws;s tho;f;if
gw;wp rpe;jpf;fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.
 ,jd;NghJ gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis khztu;fs; kdjpy; gjpAkhW tpsf;Ff.
 Ik;Gyd;fspy; Fiwfs; vJTk; ,y;yhJ ehk; gpwe;Js;Nshk; vd;gJ (mt;thwhd
FiwghL nfhz;l gps;isfs; ,Ug;gpd; mJ gw;wp ftdpf;Ff.)
 ,e;j tho;f;ifapy; vkf;F ,aYkhd vy;yhr; re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; gpwUf;F
cjt Ntz;Lk;.
 tpNrlkhf VNjDk; Fiwghl;ilf; nfhz;l egu;fisf; fhZk;NghJ jaf;fkpdw ; p
cjt Ntz;Lk;
 mt;thW cjTk;NghJ ,t;thwhd epiyik jdf;F Vw;gl;Ls;sJ Nghd;W
epidj;J ele;Jnfhs;sy;
 ~~,d;wpypUe;J ehd; gpwuJ FiwghLfs; / Cdq;f s; njhlu;g hf kpjthjg;

Nghf; F ld; ele; J nfhs; N td; | | vd cWjpnaLj; J f; n fhs; s r; nra; A q; f s; .
nghUj;jkhd ghj;jpuNkw;W ebj;jypid Nkw;nfhs;sr; nra;f. (,t;thwhd khztu;fs;
tFg;gpy; ,Uf;fpd;wduh vd fuprid nfhs;f)
258
cjhuzk; :
 fhypy; Cdk; Vw;gl;Ls;s khztnuhUtu; gbfspy; VWtjw;F cjTjy;
 fijf;Fk;NghJ jpf;fpg; NgRk; gps;isf;F cjTjy;
 fz; njupahj gps;isf;F tPjpiaf; flg;gjw;F cjTjy;
 gy;NtW FiwghLfs; nfhz;Ls;Nshu; vjpu;Nehf;Fk; gpur;rpidfs; gw;wp khztu;fsJ
mDgtj;ij tpdTf.
 Nkw;gb ebg;Gfspy; nrhy;yg;gl;l tplaq;fs; jkf;F eilngw;why; czUk; tplaq;fs;
gw;wp khztUld; fye;JiuahLf.
 mt; t hNw jdf; F tpUg; g kw; w vjidAk; gpwUf;F r; nra; a f; $ lhJ vd
vg;NghJk; epidtpy; itj;J f;n fhs;s Ntz;L k;.
 gy;NtW FiwghLfisf; nfhz;Ls;NshUf;F cjtj;jf;f Kiwfs; gw;w pAk;
mt;thwhd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; jd;idg; NghyNt kw;iwNahUf;Fk; trjpaPdq;fs;
Vw;gLk; tpjj;ijg; gw;wpAk; tpsf;Ff.
 mt;thwhd cly; Cdk; nfhz;l khztu;fs; jkJ tho;f;ifapy; ntw;wpngw;w
re;ju;gg
; q;fs; gw;wp khztu;fs; mwpeJ
; s;s tplaq;fis kfpot
; hfg; gupkhwpf;nfhs;sr;
nra;f.
 khztuJ fUj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; Kd;itg;Gfisg; ghuhl;Lf.
nraw;g hL : 5
 ,jw;nfdg; ghj;jpuNkw;W ebj;jiyj; jahu;nra;J nfhs;f.
fhfj;jpd; $l;bDs; ngz; Fapy; Kl;ilapl;Ls;sij mwpe;j fhfk; ngz; Fapyplk;
mJ gw;wp tpdTfpwJ.
fhfk; : Vd; eP vd; $l;by; Kl;il ,l;lha;?
ngz;Fapy; : kd;dpf;fTk;> vdf;Ff; $L fl;lj; njupahJ.
fhfk; : mJ ruptuhJ. ehd; vt;thW ,t;tsT FQ;RfSf;Fk; ,iu
NjLtJ?
 ,e;j ciuahliy NkYk; tsu;j;Jr;nry;y khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.
 ,JNghy; fhfk; Fapy; FQ;RfSf;Fj; jdJ $l;bDs; ,Uf;f ,lk; nfhLg;gjhf
Tk; ngz; Fapy; jdJ FQ;Rfs; midj;jpw;Fk; czT Njb Cl;Ltnjd
xj;Jf; nfhs;tjhfTk; ,jd; fhuzkhf Kuz; Vw;glhJ jPu;tpidg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;s KbAk; vdTk; tpsf;Ff.
 FapYf;F $l;by; ,lkspf;ff; fhfk; tpUk;gpajd; %yk; gu];gu Gupe;Jzu;itj;
njhlu;r;rpahfg; Ngz KbfpwJ vdTk; gpwUf;F cjTtjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk;
tpsf;Ff.
 ,t;thwhd fUj;Jf;fs; ntspg;glf; $bajhfg; ghj;jpuNkw;W ebj;jypy; <Lglr;
nra;f.
 ,Wjpapy; mJ gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahliy elj;Jf.
 ve;jnthU re;ju;g;gj;jpYk; gpwu; fUj;Jf;fs;> elj;ijfs; Mfpatw;wpd;NghJ Kuz;
Vw;glhjthW Jyq;fiyf; fhl;l Ntz;Lnkdg; khztu;fSf;F typAWj;Jf. ,jd;
fhuzkhf vg;NghJk; epjhdkhff; fUj;Jj; njuptpf;f Ntz;Lnkd mwpTWj;Jf.
,jd;Kfkhf
 Kuz;fisj; jtpu;j;jy;
 el;igj; njhlu;r;rpahfg; Ngz Kbjy;
 nghWg;Gf;fis Vw;gjw;Fg; gofpf;nfhs;sy;
 gpwuJ nfsutk; ghJfhf;fg;gLjy;
 r%fj;jpy; ey;y xUtuhfj; jpfo;jy;.
Mfpa epiyikfs; Vw;gLk; vd mwpTWj;Jf.
259
 jw;Nghija r%fj;jpy; epfOk; fLikahd Fw;wr;nray;fs;> nfhiyfs;> fytuk;
Mfpatw;Wf;Fg; gpwuJ fUj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; elj;ijfs; njhlu;ghd gpujpgypg;Gfs;
epjhdkhditahff; fhzg;gl;likNa fhuzkhFk; vd typAWj;Jf.
nraw;g hL : 6
 vkJ tho;fi ; fapy; ehk; tho;jJ
; f;fisj; njuptpf;Fk; re;ju;gg
; q;fis Qhgfg;gLj;Jf.
mt;thwhd re;ju;g;gj;jpy; vk;khy; nra;af;$ba tplaq;fisf; fye;JiuahLf.
mtw;wpy; ,yFthfTk; Fiwe;j nrytpYk; jahupf;ff; $batw;iw ,dq;fhz;f.
cjhuzk; :
 gpwe;jehs; tho;j;J ml;il
 ntrhf; tho;j;J ml;il
 ej;jhu; tho;j;J ml;il
 tpNrl epfo;Tf;fhd tho;j;J ml;il
 gjtpAau;T my;yJ tpNrl rpwg;Gfs; ngw;wtu;fSf;fhd tho;j;J ml;il
 mDjhg ml;il
 ed;wp etpyy; ml;il
 eyk;ngwg; gpuhu;j;jpf;Fk; ml;il
 gpd;tUkhwhd tho;j;J ml;ilfis mDg;Gtjd; %yk; epfOk; mD$ykhd
tplaq;fs; gw;wpa gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisf; fye;JiuahLf.
 el;G GJg;gpf;fg;gly;> nrhe;j ge;j cwT GJg;gpf;fg;gly;
 ek;gpf;if fl;bnaOg;gg;gly;
 csr; Rfk; fpilj;jy;
 gpwuJ kjpg;Gf;F cl;gly;
 gu];gu ey;YwT tpUj;jpailjy;
 nghWg;Gf;fis epiwNtw;w Kbjy;
 Fiwe;j nrytpy; mjpf kfpo;r;rp fpilj;jy;
 Gjpjhf ahNjDnkhd;iw Mf;fp kfpo;TWjy;
 khztu; njhiff;F Vw;g mtu;fis 4 / 5 FOf;fshfg; gpupj;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs;.
xt;nthU FOitAk; jhk; mjpfk; tpUk;Gk; tho;j;J ml;ilfs; ,uz;L tPjk;
jahupf;f topfhl;Lf.
 mjw;Fj; Njitahd nghUl;fisf; nfhz;Ltu khztu;fis Kd;dNu topgg

; Lj;Jf.
 15 cm x 10 cm msthd fhl;Nghl; Jz;L
 ntz;zpw A4 jhs;fs; - 2
 10 cm x 8 cm msthd A4 jhs;fs; ,uz;L
 igz;lu; fk; Fg;gp - 1
 fj;jupf;Nfhy;> fopf;fg;gl;l fljhrpj; jhs;fs;> G+ ,jo;fs; Mfpad
 khztuJ Mu;tj;jpw;F Vw;g myq;fhu Mf;fq;fisj; jahupf;fj; Njitahdit.
 tFg;gpYs;s khztu;fspd; jpwik kw;Wk; tpUg;Gf;Nfw;g nfhz;Ltug;gl;l Nkw;gb
nghUs;fisf; FOf;fSf;Fg; gfpu;e;jspf;f.
 xupfhkp KiwapNyh my;yJ tPzhFk; nghUs;fisg; gad;gLj;jpNah rpj;jpuk;
%ykhfNth FOtpYs;s Mw;wy;fSf;F mika cupa KOepiwTld;$ba tho;jJ ;
ml;il xd;iwj; jahupg;gjw;F khztu;fSf;F mwpTWj;Jf.
 mjid cs;Ns ,lf;$ba fbj ciwiaj; jahupf;fr; nra;f.
 khztu;fs; FOf;fshf Nkw;nfhz;l Mf;fq;fis tFg;giwapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
 kpf Neu;j;jpahf tho;j;J ml;il jahupj;j FOtpdiug; ghuhl;Lf.
 FiwghL Vw;gl;l ,lq;fisr; Rl;bf;fhl;br; rupahd tpjpKiwfisg; gpd;gw;Wtjd;
260
%yk; myq;fhuj;ij Nkk;gLj;jyhk; vd tptupf;f.
 tho;j;J ml;ilfisj; jahupj;J mDg;Gtjd; %yk; ngWgtu; kfpo;TWk; tpjkhf
mJ jahupf;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkdf; fhl;Lf.
 vy;yhf; FOf;fSf;Fk; jkJ Mf;fq;fis myq;fupf;fj; Njitahd cjtpfis
toq;Ftjw;F Mrpupau; eltbf;if vLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 tFg;gpy; cs;s kztu;fsJ gpwe;j ehspdN
; ghJ tFg;G khztu;fs; nra;j gpwe;jehs;
tho;j;J ml;ilfis mDg;g/toq;f Mtd nra;f.
 ,jid tFg;gpy; eilngWk; tpNrl nraw;ghlhf tUlk; KOtJk; nraw;gLj;Jf.
nraw;g hL : 7
 khztu;fisr; rkkhd ,uz;L - ehd;F FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff. (khztuJ
vz;zpf;iff;F mika)
 xt;nthU FOtpw;Fk; tisak; kw;Wk; ge;J Mfpatw;iw toq;Ff.
 khztu;fisr; rk J}uj;jpy; xNu tupirapy; epw;fr;nra;f.
 KjyhtJ tPuu; ge;ijg; ngw;W epyj;jpy; cUl;br; nrd;W tisaj;jpw;F mz;ikapy;

ge;ijg; gpbj;J tisaj;jpD}lhfg; ge;Jld; Eioe;J kPz;Lk; Xb te;J ez;guplk;
ge;ijf; nfhLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
 mtu;fSf;F Kd;Nd 5 m J}uj;jpy; tl;lnkhd;iw tiue;J mjd; kj;jpapy; ge;ij
itf;Ff.
 mjpypUe;J 4 m J}uj;jpy; xt;nthU tisaj;ij itf;fTk;. (Clhf Eioe;J
nry;yf;$bathW)
 gpd;tUkhW ~~ge;ijf; nfhz;Lnry;Nthk;> tisaj;jpD}lhf Eioe;J nry;Nthk;||
tpisahl;by; <LgLf.
 fl;lis toq;fg;gl;l gpdd; u; Kd;Nd cs;s khztu; Xbr;nrd;W tl;lj;jpd; kj;jpapy;
cs;s ge;ij vLj;Jf;nfhz;L Kd;Ndhf;fpr; nrd;W tisaj;jpd; Clhf Eioe;J
nry;y Ntz;Lk;.
 gpd;du; kPz;Lk; Xbr;nrd;W gpd;du; ge;ij kPz;Lk; tisaj;jpd; kj;jpapy; itj;j
gpd;du; (,aYkhapd; ge;ij ,Ltjw;Fg; Ngrpd; xd;iw itf;fTk;) Xbte;J Kd;Nd
cs;s khztupd; ifapd;kPJ jl;btpl;Lg; gpd;Nd nrd;W cl;fhu;e;J nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;.
 ,t;thW FOf;fspYs;s khztu; vy;NyhUk; nraw;ghl;ilr; nra;J Kbf;Fk;
xOq;FKiw mbg;gilapy; ntw;wp fpilf;Fk;.
 ,Wjpapy; midtiuAk; ghuhl;Lf.
261
nraw;g hL : 8
 ~~grpAld; ehd; kfdpd; tPl;bw;Fr; nrd;w Ntis|| vdj; njhlq;Fk; ghliyr;
nrtpkLf;f topg;gLj;Jf.
grpAld; ehd; nrd;Nwd; - md;G kfd; tPl;bw;F

mtNdh je;jhd; mse;J ,uz;L Rz;L ney;Y
vLf;fth Ntz;lhkh vd;wJ vd; kdR
mse;J jhNdhlh - ghY}l;bNdd; ehd; cdf;F
 me;jr; re;ju;g;gk; gw;wp khztUld; fye;JiuahLf. ngw;Nwhiuf; ftdpf;fhj

gps;isfs; cs;s ,d;iwa r%fj;jpy; ngw;Nwhiug; gw;wpg; gr;rhjhgq;fhl;Lk;
re;ju;g;gj;jpw;fhd cjhuznkhd;iwf; Fwpg;gpLf.
 ,g;ghlypy; $wg;gLk; re;ju;gg
; q;fis Nghyr;nra;J fhl;LkhW khztiu topgg
; Lj;Jf.
khztuJ Kd;itg;Gf;fisg;; ghuhl;Lf.

~~gjl;lKw;w ahidf; Fl;b||> ~~Nrhsg; gpl;L|| vDk; fijia
,f;fUg;nghUSf;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jf.
262
fUg;nghUs; 13 : epyKk; thDk;
ehk; thOk; Gtpapd; Nkw;gug;G gy;NtW jiuj;Njhw;wq;fisf; nfhz;lJ. fhw;W>

kio Nghd;w ,aw; iff; fhuzpfspd; fhuzkhf epy Nkw;g ug;G gy; NtW
khw;wq;fSf;F cl;gLk;. mJ kl;Lkd;wp kdpjj; NjitfSf;nfd epyj;j pd;
Nkw;gug;gpy; gy;NtW khw;wq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. ,jd; fhuzkhfg;
gpujp$ykhd tpisTfisAk; re;jpff ; Neu;eJ
; s;sJ. ,it gw;wp mwpTWj;JtNjhL
mtjhdpg;gpd; mbg;gilapy; kio> fhw;W Mfpatw;wpd; jd;ik gw;wpa fspg;G+l;Lk;
mDgtq;fis toq;fp mofpaw; nraw;ghLfSf;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ftjw;Fk;
,f;fUg;nghUspy; tha;g;G toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Nju;r;r pfs; :
 epy Nkw;gug;gpd; gy;tifikiaj; Njbaha;thu;.
 ePu; rhu;e;j #oy;fspd; ,ay;Gfis Njbaha;thu;.
 kio Vw;gLtJ njhlu;ghfr; #oypy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fis mtjhdpj;J mwpf;ifg;
gLj;Jthu;.
 fhw;wpd; njhopwg
; hl;ilf; fw;whuha;eJ
; fhw;W tYitg; ngwf;$ba gy;NtW Kiwfis
EZfpaha;thu;.
 ,aw;ifahd nghUs;fspd; njhopw;ghL> mtw;wpd; %ykhf #oypy; Vw;gLk;
jhf;fq;fisj; Njbahuha;e;J mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jthu;.
 jdJ md;whl eltbf;iffSf;nfd xspiag; gad;gLj;Jk; tpjj;ij EZfpaha;thu;.
 ,yq;ifapd; mikit ,dq;fz;L $Wthu;.
 thdk;> epyk; Mfpatw;wpd; jd;ik gw;wpa fupridAld; Mf;fq;fspy; <LgLthu;.
 epiyf;Fj;J> fpil ntspfisg; gad;gLj;jpr; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLthu;.
 epyk;> thdk; Mfpatw;wpd; tpaj;jF jd;ik gw;wpa fspg;G+l;Lk;; nraw;ghLfspy;>
ftpijfs;> ghly;isg; ghLthu;. mspf;iffshf Kd;itg;ghu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; :
 ghlrhiy epyj;jpd; gy;tifikia mtjhdpj;J mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jthu;.
 gy;NtW ,lq;fspYs;s kz;zpd; jd;ikiag; guPl ;rpj;Jg; gy;tifikf;fhd
fhuzq;fisr; rku;g;gpg;ghu;.
 kioapdhy; fpilf;Fk; gad;fisf; $Wthu;.
 ,aw;ifr; #oypy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs;> jpBu; epiyikfs; gw;wpf; ftdj;Jld;
nraw;gLthu;.
 gy;NtW nraw;ghLfspd; cjtpAld; Gtpr; Row;rp kw;wk; ,uT gfy; Njhd;Wjy;
Mfpatw;iwr; nra;Jfhl;Lthu;.
 xspiaj; jkJ ehshe;j NtiyfSf;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jk; tpjj;ijr; nra;Jghu;g;ghu;.
 fhw;wpd; njhopw;ghl;ilf; ifahz;L ghu;g;ghu;.
 ,yq;ifj; Njrg;glj;jpy; jkJ gpuNjrk; mike;Js;s efuj;ij mtjhdpg;ghu;.
 ,yq;ifapd; khfhzq;fs;> khtl;lq;f s;> gpujhd efuq; fs; Mfpatw;i wj;
Njrg;glj;jpy; mtjhdpj;Jf; $Wthu;.
 cgfuzq;fisg; NghLjy;> tisak; vwpjy; njhlu;ghd mDgtq;fisg; ngWthu;.
 Nky;> fPo; jsq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp re;jj;Jf;F ,irthd mirTr; nraw;ghLfspy;
<LgLthu;.
263
nraw;g hL : 1
 rha;thd epyk;> rkjiuahd epyk; Mfpatw;wpd; cjtpAld; juk; 3 ,y; Nkw;nfhz;l
nraw;ghl;il Qhgf%l;Lf.
 mjd;NghJ fye;Jiuahlg;gl;l gy;NtW tpjkhd epyq;fSf;F Nkyjpfkhf
ghlrhiyr; #oypy; my;yJ maw; #oypy; ,yFthf mtjhdpff ; f;$ba gy;tifik
Ald; $ba ,lq;fs; rpytw;iw ,dq;fhz;f.
cjhuzk; :
 kzw;ghq;fhd jiu
 guy; nfhz;l jiu
 Gw;fs; nfhz;l jiu
 rPke;Jj;jiu
 jiuNahL gjpj;j jiu
 ,e;j ,lq;fspy; ele;Jnry;Yk;NghJ vjpu;nfhz;l mDgtq;fisr; rku;g;gpg;gjw;F
khztu;f;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.
 me;j ,lq;fspd; JizAld; gpd;tUk; nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhz;L mDgtq;fisg;
ngWtjw;F khztu;fF ; r; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.
 ge;ij cUl;bg; ghu;j;jy;.
 fapw;wpy; fl;lg;gl;l kuf;Fw;wpia ,Oj;Jr; nry;yy;
 kuf;Fw;wpia tpiriag; gad;gLj;jpj; js;spaNghJ mJ mire;j J}uk;
 me;jr; nraw;ghLfspd; cjtpAld; ngw;w mDgtq;fs; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLf.
me;j mDgtq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; gpd;tUkhwhd tpdhf;fis tpdTf.
cjhuzk; :
 mt;ntht;Nthu; ,lj;jpYk; ge;J vt;thW cUz;L nrd;wJ?
 ve;j ,lj;jpy; kpf ,yFthf kuf;Fw;wpia ,Oj;Jr;nry;y Kbe;jJ?
 ve;j ,lj;jpy; mjpf J}uj;jpw;F kuf;Fw;wpapdhy; js;spr; nry;y Kbe;jJ?
 ,jw;fika md;whlk; ele;J nry;tjw;Fk; NtW nraw;ghLfspy; <LglTk; nghUj;j
khd ,lq;fisj; njupT nra;Ak;NghJ> epyj;jpd; jd;ik Fwpj;Jf; ftdj;jpw;
nfhs;s Ntz;Lnkdf; fhl;Lf.
 ,tw;wpy; ,aw;ifahd epyq;fs;> kdpjdhy; jahu; nra;ag;gl;l epyq;fSk; cs;sd
vd;gijAk; mit ngUk;ghYk; #oYf;F mo$l;Lgitahf mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd
vdTk; tpsf;Ff.
nraw;g hL : 2
 ghlrhiyj; Njhl;lj;jpy; my;yJ maw; #oTs;s kz;zpd; jd;ikiag; guPlr ; pgg
; jw;Fg;
nghUj;jkhd ,lq;fs; rpytw;iwj; njupTnra;J nfhs;f.
 me;j ,lq;fspy; 1m2 msTila ,lnkhd;iwf; fapw;wpdhy; Fwpj;Jf;nfhs;f.
me;j ,lq;fspy; FOf;fshf khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.
 fapw;wpdhy; vy;iyg;gLj;jg;gl;l epyj;jpd;kJ
P fhzg;gLgtw;iw mtjhdpj;j> khztu;
fSf;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.
 kz;zpd; epwk;
 kzy; / fsp / guy; mjpfk; mlq;fpAs;s kz;zh?
 kz;zpy; fhzg;gLk; capUs;sitAk; capuw;witAk;
 me;j kz;zpypUe;J khjpupfisg; ngWtjw;F khztu;f;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.
 ngw;w kz; khjpupfis ntWq;fz;zhYk; gpd;du; iftpy;iyapdhYk; mtjhdpf;f
topg;gLj;Jf.
264
 gpd;du;> CLfhl;lj;jf;f Nghj;jnyhd;wpy; kz; khjpupapd; xU gFjpia ,l;L
fOj;J tiu ePu; epug;gp ed;F FYf;Ff.
 Nghj;jiy NkirkPJ itj;J> elg;gtw;iwr; rpwpJ Neuk;tiu mtjhdpf;FkhW
$Wf.
 Nghj;jypd; mbapy; gbe;Js;s nghUs;fs;
 mjw;F NkNy gbe;Js;s nghUs;fs;
 ePupy; kpjf;Fk; nghUs;;fs;
 ePupd; epwk; NtWgl;bUf;Fk; tpjk;
 khztu; FOf;fsplKs;s> gy;NtW ,lq;fspypUe;J ngwg;gl;l kz; khjpupia
NkNy $wg;gl;lthW gupNrhjpj;J xg;gl
P ;L uPjpapy; Kd;itf;FkhW topg;gLj;Jf.
nraw;g hL : 3
 NghjpasT #upa xsp fpilf;Fk; ehs; kw;Wk; Kfpy;fSld;$ba ,Uz;l xU
ehs; Mfpatw;Wf;fpilapyhd NtWghLfisf; fye;Jiuahb> ,jd;NghJ #upa
xsp fpilf;Fk; ehspy; nra;af;$ba vdpDk; kioAld;$ba ehl;fspy; Nkw;nfhs;sf;
fbdkhd ehshe;jr; nraw;ghLfs; gw;wpf; ftdk; nrYj;Jf. mjd; %ykhfr;
#upa xspapd; %yk; fpilf;Fk; xsp> ntg;gk; Mfpad gy;NtW topfspy; vkf;Fg;
gad;gLk; tpjj;ijf; fhl;Lf.
 mjw;fikar; #upa xspapypUe;J ehk; ngWk; xU gadhf <uypg;ghd nghUs;fis
cyu;j;JtJ gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLf.
 mjdbg;gilapy; Nkw;nfhs;sf;$ba rpwpa gupNrhjidfs; rpytw;iw Nkw;nfhs;s
khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.
 epoyhd ,lk; kw;Wk; NghJkhd #upa xsp cs;s ,lk; Mfpa ,uz;L ,lq;
fisj; njupT nra;f. ,uz;L ,lq;fspYk; rkdhd msT (5 - 10 ml) ePiuj;
njspf;f. kpf tpiutpy; ve;j ,lj;jpYs;s ePu; cyUk; vdf;$w khztu;f;Fr;
re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff. cyu vLf;Fk; fhyj;ij mstpl;L khztuJ vjpu;T$wy;
rupahdjh vdf; $Wtjw;F topg;gLj;Jf.
 fLk; #upa xsp tpOk; ,lj;jpy; <uj; Jzpia tpupj;J mjpypUe;J ePu; Mtpahfp
ntspNaWtij mtjhdpf;fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.
 rw;Wj; jl;ilahd xU ghj;jpuj;jpy; 100 kpy;yp yPw;wu; ePiu ,l;L mjpy; 10
fpuhk; cg;igf; fiuf;Ff. (KOtJk; fiuAk;tiu) gpd;du; mg;ghj;jpuj;ij
#upa xsp ed;F gLk; ,lj;jpy; itf;Ff. ahJ epfOk; vd khztuplk;
tpdTf. ehspd; ,Wjpapy; mtjhdpf;fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.
 cg;gsq;fspy; fly; ePupypUe;J cg;igg; gpupj;njLj;jy; epfOk; tpjj;ijf; fsg;

gpuahzk;/ tPbNah fhl;rp/ glq;fs; %yk; fhl;Lf.
 me;jpkhiyapy; ,Us; guTk; NghJk; my;yJ kpd;rhuk; Jz;bf;fg;gl;Ls;s NghJ
tPl;by; Vw;gLk; mnrsfupaq;fis gw;wp khztuJ mDgtq;fis tpdTf.
265
 vkJ Rw;Wg;Gwj;jpYs;s nghUs;fisg; ghu;g;gjw;F fz; kl;Lkd;wp xspAk; Njit.
,Uspy; vJTk; njuptjpyi
; y vd;gJ njhlu;ghf khztuJ mDgtq;fis tpidtpf;
fye;JiuahLf.
 ,aw;if xspiag; Nghd;W nraw;if xspAk; fl;llq;fSf;F xspa+l;Ltjw;fhfg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wikia cjhuzq;fspd; cjtpAld; fhl;Lf.
 ,e;j tifapy; xspahdJ vkJ NtW ehshe;jj; NjitfSf;fhfg; gad;gLfpd;w
ikiaf; fye;JiuahLf.
nraw;g hL : 4
 Crpj;Jisf; fkuhnthd;W nra;tjw;fhfg; gpd;tUk; nghUs;fisg; ngWf.
 gw;girg; ngl;bfs; ,uz;L (xd;W ngupajhfTk; kw;iwa mjpYk; rw;Wr;
rpwpajhfTk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.)
 up#j;jhs;> fWg;G epwj;jhs;.
 Fz;^rp> fj;jupf;Nfhy;> gir
 mstpy; ngupa ngl;bapd; Xu; me;jj;jpy; %bg;gFjpia ePf;fp> fWg;Gj;jhs; xl;bf;
nfhs;f. mjd; rup kj;jpapy; Fz;^rpahy; Jisnahd;W ,l;Lf;nfhs;f. kw;iwa
me;jj;jpy; xU gFjpia ntl;b ePsj;ijf; Fiwj;Jf; nfhs;f.
 mstpy; rpwpa ngl;bapd; ,uz;L me;jq;fspYKs;s %bfis mfw;wp xU jpwe;j
me;jj;jpy; up#j;jhs; xl;bf;nfhs;f.
 up#j;jhs; xl;ba me;jk; Kjypy; cs;Ns nry;Yk; tifapy; ngupa ngl;bapDs;
rpwpa ngl;bia Eiof;f. xspgLk; #oypy; cs;s VNjDk; nghUnshd;iw Nehf;fp
Crpj;Jisf; fkuhitg; gpbj;J> jpwe;j me;jj;jpy; fz;iz itj;Jg; ghu;;f;Ff.
 up#j; jhspd; kPJ nghUspd; jiyfPohd tpk;gk; njd;gLk; tiu ngl;bfis
cs;Sk; GwKfkhf mirj;J Crpj; Jisf; fkuhitr; nrg;gQ;nra;f.
 khztu;fs; Rakhf Crpj;Jisf; fkuh jahupj;Jg; gad;gLj;jr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.
nraw;g hL : 5
 juk; 3 ,y; jahupj;j fhw;why; ,aq;ff;$ba fhw;Wj;jl;ilia Qhgfg;gLj;Jf.
 fhw;W tPRk; jpirapy; fhw;Wj;jl;iliag; gpbf;Fk;NghJ mJ RoYk; tpjk; gw;wpf;
fye;JiuahLf.
 fhw;W tPRk; jpir mbf;fb khw;wkiltjdhy; fhw;W tPRk; jpiriar; rupahf
mwpaj; jpirfhl;b Njitnadf; fhl;Lf.
 fhw;Wj; jpirfhl;bnahd;W nra;tjw;fhfg; ghdf;Foha;> Fz;^rp> Ngidf; Foha;>
jf;ifapy; nghUj;jpa jhq;fp> mk;Gf;Fwp tbtj;jpy; ntl;ba fhl;Nghl; Jz;Lfs; >
jpirfs; Fwpf;fg;gl;l ml;il Mfpatw;iwg; ngWf.
266
 ghdf;Fohapd; ,uz;L me;jq;fspYk; ntl;Lf;fs; ,l;L> mk;Gf;Fwp tbt fhl;Nghl;
Jz;Lfspuz;ilAk; GFj;jpg; nghUj;jpf; nfhs;f.
 ghidf;Fohapd; eLg;gFjpapy; Fz;^rpiaf; Fw;wp> Ngidf; Fohapy; GFj;jp mjidj;
jf;ifj; jhq;fpapy; epWj;jpf; nfhs;f.
 fhw;W tPRk; #oypy; jpirfs; Fwpf;fg;gl;l ml;ilapd; kPJ fhw;Wj; jpirfhl;bia

itf;Ff.
 fhw;Wj; jpirfhl;bapdhy; fhw;W tPRk; jpiria mjhtJ fhw;W ve;jj; jpirapypUe;J
tPRfpwJ vd;gij ,dq;fhZk; tpjj;ijr; nra;J fhl;Lf.
 fhw;Wj; jpirfhl;bapd; mk;Gf;Fwp fhl;Lk; jpiriaf; nfhz;L fhw;W tPRk; jpiriaf;
Fwpg;gpLkhW khztu;fF ; topfhl;Lf.
nraw;g hL : 6
 kio vkf;F Kf;fpakhdjhf mikAk; tpjk; gw; wpf; fz;lwpa khztiu
topg;gLj;Jf.
 ePiug; ngWtjw;Fg; gpujhdkhf kio Kf;fpakhdJ vd;gij vLj;Jf; fhl;Lf.
 kioePiur; Nrfupj;J kPz;Lk; gad;gLj;j KbAk; vd;gij cjhuzq;fs; %yk;
tpsf;Ff. ,jd;NghJ ~~thdj;jpy; ,Ue;J tpOk; xt;nthU kioj;JspiaAk;
tPz hf;f hJ gad;n gw Ntz;L k;| | vDk; guhf;fpukghF kd;ddpd; $w;wpid
Qhgfg;gLj;jpf; fye;JiuahLf.
cjhuzk; :
 Fsq;fs;> mizf;fl;Lf;fs; mikj;Jg; gapu;r;nra;iff;fhd ePiug; ngWjy;
 ePu;j;Njf;fq;fis mikj;J> ePiuj; Njf;fp kpd;id cw;gj;jp nra;jy;
 tPLfspy; njhl;bfs; mikj;J kio ePiur; NrfupjJ; g; gy;NtW NjitfSf;
fhfg; gad;gLj;jy;
 kio epyj;j py; tpOk;NghJ kz;zpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fis mtjhdpg;gjw;Fg;
gpd;tUtJ Nghd;w xU nraw;ghl;il elj;Jf.
 fyg;G kz; nfhz;l epyj;ijg; njupf. (kzy;> fsp>

guy; mlq;fpa kz;)
 njupT nra;ag;gl;l Vwj;jho 30 cm x 30 cm msT
epyg;g ug;G f; F NkNy mbapy; Jisfs; ,lg; gl;l
ghj;jpuj;jpy; (fopf;fg;gl;l gpshj;jpf;Fg; Nghj;jy;) ePiu
epug;gpg; gpbj;jpUf;Ff.
 2 - 3 epkplq;fSf;Fj; njhlu;r;rpahf ePiu tpor; nra;f.
 elg;gtw;iw mtjhdpj;Jf; fUj;Jj; njuptpf;f khztu;
fSf;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.
267
nraw;g hL : 7
 kio nga;Ak;NghJ #oypy; cUthFk; moF njhlu;ghd ftpijfs; / ghly;fs;
ghLtjw;F khztu;fF ; r; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.
 me;jg; ghly;fSf;F mika Nky; fPo; jsq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp> re;jj;Jf;F ,irthf
mirTfisf; fhl;LkhW khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.
cjhuzk; :
kiog;g hly;
nfhl;LJ ghu; kio!

nfhz;L th xU Fil!
ntl;LJ ghu; kpd;dy;!

ghu;f;fhNj mJ ,d;dy;!
Koq;FJ ghu; ,b!

ntspNa NghtJ vg;gb?
nghopAJ ghu; Kfpy;!

tpise;jpLk; ghu; tay;!
$TJ ghu; Fapy;!

MLJ ghu; kapy;!
kio nga;jhNy kfpo;Tjhd;!

kiwe;jpLk; ek; twl;rpjhd;!
ed;wp - ghz;bad;
nraw;g hL : 8
 Gtpf;Nfhs khjpupAUnthd;W jahupj;Jf; nfhs;f. mjpy; ehLfs; mike;Js;s
,lq;fisg; gUkl;lhff; Fwpj;Jf;nfhs;f.
 jpiu my;yJ fhl;Nghl; ml;ilapdhy; kiwg;gpl;L ,Ul;lhd Xu; ,lj;ijj;
jahu;nra;f. mjpy; Gtpf;Nfhs khjpupAUit itj;J> xU Gwj;NjapUe;J kpd;#s;
xspia mjd;kPJ gha;r;Rf.
 kpd;#shdJ #upaidf; Fwpf;fpwJ vdf; fhl;Lf.

 Gtpf;Nfhsj;jpy; kpd;#spd; xsp gLk; gFjp gw;wp khztuJ ftdj;ij <u;f;Ff.
268
me;jg; gpuNjrj;jpYs;s ehLfSf;Fg; gfw;fhyk; vdf; fhl;Lf.
 me;jr; re;ju;g;gj;jpy; ,uT fhyk; fhzg;gLk; gFjpfis g+Nfhs khjpupAUtpy;
mtjhdpj;Jf; $WkhW khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.
 mr;re;ju;g;gj;jpy; ,yq;ifapy; ,uT Neukh my;yJ gfy; Neukh vd tpdTf.
 ,t;thwhf kpd# ; is xU khztiug; gpbf;fr; nra;J GtpfN
; fhsj;jpidr; Royr;nra;J
gy;NtW ehLfspy; ,uT fhyk;> gfw; fhyk; Vw;gLk; tpjj;ijf; fhl;Lf.
nraw;g hL : 9
 ,yq;if khfhzq;fisf; fhl;Lk; ngupa mstpyhd Njrg; glnkhd;iwf; fhz;gpjJ ;
mjpy; fhl;lg;gLk; tplaq;fs; gw;wp khztUld; ciuahLf.
 mjd; %yk; ,yq;if ehL gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;s khfhzq;fis ,dq;fhz;gjw;F
khztu;f;Fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff. mjw;fika jkJ ghlrhiy ve;j khfhzj;ijr;
Nru;e;jJ vd vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
 mk;khfhzkhdJ> khtl;lq;fshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sikiaAk; jkJ tPL> jkJ
ghlrhiy mike;Js;s gpujhd efuj;ijAk; khtl;lj;ijAk; Njbawpa topfhl;Lf.
Njrg;glj;jpd; %yk; fhl;Lf.
 xU FOTf;F xd;W tPjk;> ngupa mstpyhd ,yq;ifj; Njrg;glnkhd;iwg;
gpujpnaLf;Fk; jhspy; gpujpnra;J nfhs;SkhWk; khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.
 khfhzq;fspd; tbtj;Jf;Nfw;g> fhfpjj;Jz;Lfs; ntl;bnaLj;J> xt;nthU FOTf;Fk;
xt;nthU njhFjp tPjk; toq;Ff. (xt;nthU FOTf;Fk; xd;gJ khfhzq;fisAk;
Fwpf;Fk; xd;gJ fhfpjj;Jz;Lfs; fpilf;Fk; tifapy;)
 mf;fhfpjj; Jz; Lfis gpujp nra;j ,yq; ifj; Njrg;g lj; jpd; kPJ itj; J>
mk;khfzq;fspd; mikitAk; ngaiuAk; rupahf ,dq;fhzr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
 mjw;fika> jkJ tPLk; > ghlrhiyAk; mike;Js; s gpujhd efuj;ijAk;

khtl;lj;ijAk; ,dq;fhz topg;gLj;Jf.
269
 nraw;ghL : 10
 ,aw;ifr; #oypy; eilngWk; khw;wq;fspd; fhuzkhf Vw;gl;l mdu;jj ; epiyikfs;
gw;wpr; nra;jpj;jhs;fspy; ntspte;j my;yJ NtW xspg;glq;fis khztu;f;Ff;
fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
 mt;thwhd re;ju;gg ; q;fs; njhlu;ghfg; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fspd; fPof
; ; fye;Jiuahliy
elj;Jf.
 ,aw;if ,lupd; / mdu;j;jj;jpd; ngau;;
 ,jdhy; Vw;gl;Ls;s ,og;Gf;fs;
 ,t;thwhd ,lu; Vw;gl Kd;du; ,aw;ifr; #oypy; ntspff
; hl;lg;gl;l Kd;ndr;rupf;
iffSk; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fSk;
 ,t;thwhd ,lu; Vw;gLk;NghJ nraw;gl Ntz;ba tpjk;
 ,lupd; gpd;du; gioa epiyf;F tUtjw;F Nkw;nfhs;sj;jf;fit.
 ,J> kPz;Lk; epfo;tijj; jtpu;g;gjw;fhfr; nra;a Ntz;bait.
 FO epiyapy; khztu;fSf;F VNjDk; ,aw;if ,lu; gw;wp Nkw;gb tplaq;fspd;

fPo;f; fye;Jiuahb Kd;itg;Gr; nra;a topg;gLj;Jf.
nraw;ghL : 11
 tFg;gpYs;s khztu;fis ,uz;L FOf;fshf;Ff.
 xU FOit tisaj; jpd; xU Gwj;j pYk; kw; iwa FOit tisaj;j pd;
vjpu;g;Gwj;jpYk; epWj;Jf.
 MrpupauJ rkpf;iQf;F mika nudp]; ge;ij / ,wg;gu; ge;ij / tpj;Jg; igia

tisaj;jpd; Clhf kWgf;fj;jpYs;s ez;gUf;Ff; vwpf.
 mtu; ge;ij / tpj;Jg; igiag; gpbj;J kPs kWgf;fj;jpy; cs;s ez;gUf;F vwpjy;
Ntz;Lk;.
 ,dp me;j ,UtUk; tpyfpr; nrd;w gpd;> NkYk; ,UtUf;Fr; re;ju;g;gkspj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;.
 J}u msit khw;wpathW rpy jlitfs; tpisahl;by; <LgLj;jyhk;.
270
fUg;nghUs; 14 : vk;khy; nra;af;$ba khw;wq;fs;
cyfKk; cyf kf;fspd; r%fq;fSk; ey;y tho;f;ifg; gz;Gfisf; nfhz;l

Xu; ,lkhf khwpAs;sikf;fhd fhuzk; njhlu;rr ; pahf epfoj;jf;f ey;y khw;wq;fs;
kw;Wk; mk;khw;wq;fisr; nra;tjpy; mu;g;gzpg;Gld; nraw;gl;l khw;W Kftu;fs;
Mtu;. ,e;j cyfk; nkd;NkYk; ey;y khw;wq;fSf;F cs;shjy; Ntz;Lk;.
NkYk; cyfpy; ,Jtiuapy; epfo;e;Js;s ey;yit my;yhj khw;wq;fSk; ey;y
khw;wq;fshf khWjy; Ntz;Lk;. Mf;fG+u;tkhd khw;W Kftu;fshNyNa me;j
miw$tiy vjpu;nfhs;s KbAk;.
mt;thwhapd; vjpuf; hyr; re;jjpapdu; NkYk; gue;j fz;Nzhl;lj;Jldhd> jplrq;fw;gk;
nfhz;l> Mf;fG+ut; khd khw;W Kftu;fshjy; Ntz;Lk;. mJ jk;kpNyNa Muk;gpjj ; y;
Ntz;Lk;. jhk;> jkJ tFg;G> maw;#oy; Mfpatw;wpNyNa ,e;j ey;y khw;wq;fs;
Muk;gpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mjw;fhf jhk; jdpahfTk; jkJ ez;gu;fs;> NjhopaUld;
Nru;e;J $l;lhfTk; nraw;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. $l;lhfr; nra;j ey;y khw;wq;fs;
fhuzkhff; fspg;GWjy; Ntz;Lk;.
Nju;r;r pfs; :
 mz;kpa #oiyr; Rj;jkhfTk; Neu;j;jpahfTk; itj;jpUf;f Mtd nra;thu;.
 jkJ mz;kpa #oypy; gz;G uPjpahd khw;wj;jpw;fhff; fhzg;gLk; gpur;rpidfisj;
Njbawpe;J mjw;fhfj; jpl;lk; jahupj;Jr; nraw;gLthu;.
 ey;ynjhU khw;wj;ijr; nra;tjw;fhfj; JizahFk; Mf;fq;fs; nra;tjw;fhfj;
ijay; Ntiyapy; gupr;rak; ngWthu;.
 tpisahl;Lj; jplypy; khw;wq;fisr; nra;J fspg;Gld; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLthu;.
 jkJ elj;ijfis ey;yitahf khw;wpfn ; fhs;s Kbfpdw
; ikia vLj;Jf;fhl;lj;jf;f
fspg;G+l;ly; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLthu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; :
 jkJ #oiyr; Rj;jkhfTk; Neu;j;jpahfTk; itj;jpUg;gjw;fhfr; nra;aj;jf;fit
gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahbg; gpNuuizfis Kd;itg;ghu;.
 jkJ #oiyr; Rj;jkhfTk; Neu;jj ; pahfTk; itj;jpUg;gjw;fhfj; jk;khyhd gq;fspgi
; g
toq;fpr; nraw;gLthu;.
 ey;ynjhU khw;wj;ijr; nraYUg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfg; nghUj;jkhd jpl;lq;fis
Kd;itg;ghu;.
 mz;kpa #oypy; nra;aj;jf;f gz;G uPjpahd khw;wq;fis ,dq;fz;L nraw;gLthu;.
 tFg;giwapy; fhl;rpgg
; Lj;Jtjw;fhff; fhl;LUr; rpj;jpuq;fs; nfhz;l gpd;dy; Ntiyg;
ghnlhd;iwr; nra;thu;.
 ntt;NtW nghUs;fisg; gad;gLj;jp Mf;fG+u;tkhd khw;w q;fs; nra;af;$ba
tpisahl;Lf;fspy; <LgLthu;.
 ey;y elj;ijfis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk; tfpghfNkw;W ebj;jy;fis Kd;itj;Jf;
fspg;GWthu;.
271
nraw;ghL : 1
 tFg;G khztiu ehd;F FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff.
 tFg;Gr; Rw;Wg;Gwj;jpy; mz;kpa rpy ,lq;fisj; njupT nra;J mtjhdpj;Jj;
jfty; Nrfupj;J tUkhW khztiu topg;gLj;Jf. (xU FOTf;F Xu; ,lk; tPjk;
toq;Ff.)
cjhuzk; :
 tFg;giw cs;> ntspr; #oy;
 topghl;blk;
 G+k;ghj;jp
 E}yfk;
 Nghrdrhiy
 tpisahl;Lj;jply;
 khztu; mtjhdpj;j ,lq;fspd; jd;ikf;F mjhtJ>
 Rj;jkhfTk; Neu;j;jpahfTk; ,Ug;gjhy; kdepiyapy; Vw;gl;l czu;T
 mRj;jkhfTk; Neu;j;jpapd;wpAk; ,Ug;gjhy; kdjpy; Vw;gl;l czu;T
vd;wthW Kd;itg;gjw;Ff; FOtpd; midtUf;Fk; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
 Rj;jkhfTk; Neu;j;jpahfTk; ,Uf;Fk; ,lq;fs;kPJ midtuJ ftdKk; <u;f;fg;gl;l
tpjj;ijf; fye;JiuahLf.
 xOq;fpd;wp> mRj;jkhf ,Uf;Fk; ,lq;fis Neu;j;jpahf;Ftjw;fhf ehk; nra;af;
$bait njhlu;ghd fUj;Jf;fis / gpNuuizfis tpdtpawpf.
 $l;bg; ngUf;Fjy;> fOTjy;> mg;Gwg;gLj;jy; (rpye;jp tiy> cile;j
nghUs;fs;)
 xOq;FgLj;jYk; gOJghu;j;jYk;
 Fg;ig$sq;fis Ntwhf;fpf; Fg;igj;njhl;bapy; ,ly;
 xt;nthUtUk; xOq;fhf> Neu;j;jpahf Ntiy nra;a topg;gLj;jy;
 moFgLj;Jtjw;Fj; Njitahd G+Q;nrbfs; / mofpa jhtuq;fs; / fha;fwpf;
fd;Wfs; Nghd;wtw;iw el;L tsu;j;jy;
 mt;tg;NghJ ePu; Cw;WjYk; fisg; G+z;Lfisg; gpLq;FjYk;
 jkJ Ra Rj;jk; kw;Wk; xOq;F njhlu;ghfr; rupahff; ftdk; nrYj;Jk;NghJ jkJ
#oypd; Rj;jk; kw;Wk; xOq;F njhlu;ghfTk; ftdk; nrYj;jpr; nraw;gl KbAk;
vd;gij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
 jkJ Rw;Wg;Gwr; #oiyr; Rj;jkhfTk; Neu;j;jpahfTk; itj;jpUg;gjhy; <f;fs;>
Esk;Gfshy; Vw;gLk; jPq;FfisAk; #oy; khriltijAk; ,opthf;fpf;nfhs;s
KbtNjhL clYf;Fk; cs;sj;jpw;Fk; ,jkhd xU #oypy; tho vkf;F tha;g;Gf;
fpilf;Fk; tpjk; njhlu;ghf khztUf;F tpsf;Ff.
nraw;g hL : 2
gbKiw - 1
 Vw;fdNt mtjhdpjj ; Neu;jj
; paw;Wf; fhzg;gLfpdw
; ,lq;fis> Neu;jj
; pahf;Ftjw;fhf
ehk; vd;d nra;ayhk; vd khztuplk; tpdTf. khztu; toq;Fk; gjpy;fisg;
ghuhl;Lf.
 ehk; khw;wpaikf;ff;$ba ,lq;fs; cs;sdthapd; mit ahit vd khztuplk;
tpdTf.
 khw;w Kbahj ,lq;fs; njhlu;ghf khztu; fUj;Jj; njuptpj;j gpd;du;> gpd;tUk;
nraw;ghLfis khztu;fSf;F Kd;itf;Ff. (fUj;Jj; jpul;ly; / rpej ; idf; fpsu;Tr;
nraw;ghL)
272
 Kjypy; rkkhd J}uq;fspy; mikAkhW fPNo glj;jpy; fhl;b As;sthwhf 9
Gs;spfis ,l;Lf;nfhs;SkhW mwpTWj;Jf.
 ngd;rpiy my;yJ Ngdhitg; gad;gLj;jp VNjDk; xU Gs;spapy; Muk;gpj;J>
ifiaj; J}f;fhJ xU Nfhl;bd;kJ
P ,uz;L jlitfs; ngd;rpiyf; nfhz;Lnry;yhJ
xd;gJ Gs;spfisAk; ehd;F Neu;NfhLfshy; njhLj;Jf; fhl;LkhW mwpTWj;Jf.
 khztu; mg;Gs;spfis ,izj;Js;s tpjj;ij mtjhdpf;Ff.
 cupa mwpTWj;jy;fspd;gb Gs;spfisj; njhLj;j khztiug; ghuhl;Lf. rupahfj;

njhLf;f ,lu;g;gLk; khztu;fSf;F topfhl;b tpsf;fkspf;Ff.
 khw;wq;fisr; nra;tjw;fhf tiuaiwg;gl;l xU tuk;Gf;F khj;jpuk; tiuaiwg;gl;L
,Uf;fhJ mt;tiuaiwf;F mg;ghYk; rpe;jpj;Jg; ghu;j;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gij
typAWj;Jf.
gbKiw - 2
 ey;ynjhU khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjw;Ff; fhuzkhFk; gpujhdkhd tplak; mjw;Fg;
nghUj;jkhd xU jpl;lj;ijj; jahupj;jy; MFk; vd typAWj;Jf.
 mjw;fhf> rpukjhd Ntiyj;jpl;lnkhd;iwj; jpl;lkpLkhW khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.
nraw;g hL : 3
 khztiu ehd;F FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff. mtw;Ws; ,uz;L FOf;fSf;F tFg;giw
apDs;NsAk; kw;iwa ,uz;L FOf;fSf;F tFg;giwf;F ntspNaAk; khw;wq;fis
Vw;gLj;Jjw;Fj; Njitahd jpl;lq;fs; jahupf;FkhW mwpTWj;Jf.
 Rj;jk;
 Njitaw;wij mg;Gwg;gLj;jy;
 ghtidg; nghUs;fisAk; cgfuzq;fisAk; cupa ,lq;fspy; itj;jy;
 moif Nkk;gLj;jy;
 xOq;FKiwikia / Neu;j;jpia Nkk;gLj;jy;
Mfpa tplaq;fspy; ftdk; nrYj;jp> khw;wnkhd;iw Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd jpl;lk;
jahupf;fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff. (Njitg;gLk; Ntisfspy; Mrpupau; jiyapl;L cjtp
Gupf.)
 ntspg;Gwj; jpl;lq;fisAk; cl;Gwj; jpl;lq;fisAk; ntt;Ntwhff; fUk;gyifapy;
fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
 cl;Gwj; jpll ; q;fs; ,uz;Ls; kpfTk; nghUj;jkhd jpl;lj;ijj; njupTnra;J> kw;iwa
jpl;lj;jpy; mlq;fpAs;s nghUj;jkhd tplaq;fisAk; mjpy; Njitahd ,lq;fspy;
Nru;f;Ff.
 mt;thwhfNt> ntspg;Gwj; jpl;lq;fs; ,uz;bDs; xd;iwj; njupT nra;J kw;iwa
jpl;lj;jpy; mlq;fpAs;s nghUj;jkhd tplaq;fis mjpy; Njitahd ,lq;fspy;
Nru;f;Ff.
273
 mjw;fika> ehd;F FOf;fSk; jdpj;jdpahf tFg;giwapd; cl;Gwj;ijAk;
ntspg;Gwj;ijAk; Rj;jkhfTk; Neu;j;jpahfTk; xOq;FgLj;jr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
 jpl;lj;jpd;gb khztu; FOf;fspuz;bdJk; xOq;FKiwikiag; ghuhl;Lf.
 ,t;thwhfg; Gjpjhf ahNjDnkhd;iw xOq;FgLj;Jtjhy; kfpo;r;rp Vw;gLfpd;w
ikiaAk; mt; t hwhf ehk; $l; l hfr; nraw; g LtJ mtrpak; vd; g ijAk;
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
 ahNjDnkhd;iwr; nra;tJ ,yFthdjhapDk; mijj; njhlu;e;J NgzptUtjw;F
midtuJk; gq;fspg;Gk; mu;g;gzpg;Gk; cr;r mstpy; fpilg;gJ mtrpakhFk;
vd;gij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
 tFg;giwapd; cl;Gwj;ijAk; ntspg;Gwj;ijAk; xOq;FgLj;Jtjpy; cr;rsT
mu;g;gzpg;Gld; nraw;gl;l midtiuAk; ghuhl;Lf.
khztu;fSf;fpilNa $l;Lzu;T> kyu;r;rp> kfpo;rr
; p> mu;g;gzpg;G Mfpad fhuzkhf
tFg;giwapd; cs; kw;Wk; ntspg;Gwr; #oiy ,t;thW Neu;j;jpahf;Ftjw;fhf
khw;wq;fisr; nra;tjw;fhf midtUk; toq;fpa gq;fspg;igg; ghuhl;Lf.
nraw;g hL : 4
 tFg;ig moFgLj;Jtjw;fhfg; nghUj;jkhd rpjj
; puq;fis cs;slf;fpa Mf;fnkhd;W
nra;tjw;Fj; Njitahd gpd;tUk; nghUs;fisf; nfhz;LtUkhW khztiu
topg;gLj;Jf.
rpj;j puk; tiutjw;fhf :
 A4 msT nts;isj;jhs;
 A4 msT fhl;Nghl; Jz;L
 tu;zk; jPl;Ltjw;Fj; Njitahd g];uy; tu;zf; Fr;rpfs; my;yJ ePu;
tu;zk;
myq;fhug; gpd;dy; NtiyfSf;fhf :
 ntz;zpwg; gir> fj;jupf;Nfhy;> fWg;g epw jbj;j E}y; (cord) 1/2 kPw;wu;
 fWg;G> fLk; Cjh> nrk;kQ;rs; 1/2 nrd;wpkPw;wu; mfykhd upgd; 2 kPw;wu;
tPjk; (rpj;jpuj;jpd; epwj;jpw;Nfw;g fiu njs;sj; njspthff; fhl;rpaspf;Fk;
tifapy; Njitahd epwq;fisj; njupTnra;J nfhs;f.)
 fhl;LUTf;fhf (design) nghUj;jkhd xU rpj;jpuj;ijj; njupTnra;J nfhs;f.
 mjidg; nghUj;jkhdthW epwk; jPl;Lf.
 rpj;jpuk; mlq;fpAs;s jhspy; rpj;jpuj;ijr; Rw;wptu Vwj;jho ,uz;L my;yJ
2 1/2 nrd;upkPw;wu; msT ,lk; tpl;L> gpd;dzpia mofhf epwk; jPl;Lf.
 ,uz;L kPw;wu; ePskhf %d;W epw upgd; ehlhf;fisr; Nru;j;J Xu; me;jj;jpy;
Kbr;rpLf.
274
 gpd;du; jiyKb gpd;DtJ Nghd;W gpd;dp> ,uz;L kPw;wu; ePskhd (1/2 mq;Fy
mfy) gpd;dy; Ntiyg;ghl;ilj; jahu;gLj;jpf; nfhs;f.
 A4 msTj; jhspy; fhl;LUr; rpj;jpuj;ijr; Rw;wptu cs;s 2 1/2 nrd;upkPw;wu; gFjp
,ilntspapy; NkNy jahupj;j gpd;dy; Ntiyg;ghl;il xl;Lf.
 Mf;fj;ij A4 msT fhl;Nghl; Jz;by; xl;b> nghUj;jkhd ,lq;fspy; ,uz;L
rpwpa Jisfs; ,l;L E}y; Nfhu;j;J Rtupy; njhq;ftpLf.
nraw;g hL : 5
 ehk; nra;aj;jf;f Neu; tifahd khw;wq;fs; njhlu;ghf khztUld; fye;JiuahLf.
 gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghff; ftdQ;nrYj;Jf.
cjhuzk; :
 fhiyapy;> epj;jpiu tpl;nlOe;jTld; fl;biy xOq;FgLj;jpg; gLf;ifia/
ghia itg;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
 mRj;jkhff; fhzg;gLk; tFg;giwiar; Rj;jpfupj;J Neu;j;jpahf;Ftjd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
 czT cl;nfhz;l gpd;du; ghj;jpuq;fs;> jl;lq;fisf; fOtpr; Rj;jpfupj;J
cupa ,lj;jpy; itj;jy;
 fis - G+z;Lfs; tsu;e;Js;s xU ghj;jpia Neu;j;jpahf;Fjy;
 Fg;ig - $sq;fis cupathW mg;Gwg;gLj;jhikahy; <f;fs;> Esk;Gfs;
ngUfpAs;s Xu; ,lj;ij Neu;j;jpahd ,lkhf khw;wpaikj;jy; Nghd;wit
 khztu; Kd;itj;j gpNuuizfisf; fUk;gyifapy; vOJf.
 mtw;Ws; kpfg; nghUj;jkhd ey;y elj;ijfis tFg;G khztupd; vz;zpf;ifg;gb
(xU FOTf;F 5 - 6 tiu) njupTnra;J nfhs;f.
 mtw;Wf;F ,yf;fkplL ; r; rPlL
; f;fs; jahupjJ
; FOTf;F toq;fp> Nkw;gb xU jiyg;gpd;
fPo; ey;y elj;ijfis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk; tifapyhd tfpghfNkw;W ebj;jy;fis
Kd;itf;fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
 ,r;nraw;ghl;bw;F Maj;jk; nra;Jnfhs;tjw;F Nghjpa fhy mtfhrk; toq;Ff.
 xt;nthU tfpghfNkw;W ebj;jypd; gpdd ; Uk; jkJ tPLfspy; ,t;thwhd khw;wq;fisr;
nra;tjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk; mjd; %yk; Vw;gLk; kfpo;r;rp kw;Wk; vkf;Ff;
fpilf;Fk; ed;ikfisAk; khztUld; fye;JiuahLf.
nraw;g hL : 6
 tFg;G khztiur; rkkhd rpy FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J> khztu; xt;nthUtUf;Fk;
rpwpa xt;nthU fhfpjf;nfhb tPjk; toq;Ff.
 gpd;du;> Vwj;jho 10 kPw;wu; vy;iyapy; epd;W Kd;dhy; cs;s Xu; ,lj;jpy; jkJ
FOtpdu; jPu;khdpj;j tbtj;ij mikj;Jf;nfhs;f. (tbtj;ij mikf;Fk;NghJ
nfhbfSf;F ,ilNa 60 nrd;wp kPw;wu; (2 mb) ,ilntspapUg;gJ mtrpakhFk;.)
 Mrpupau; rkpf;iQ toq;fpa gpd;du; jkJ tupirapy; cs;s tpisahl;L tPuu;fs;
midtUk; Fwpj;j ,lj;jpw;F Xbr;nrd;W jhk; gpNuupj;Js;s tbtj;ij Mf;fpa
gpd;du; jpUk;gp XbtUjy; Ntz;Lk;.
 tbtj;ijr; nra;J Kbj;J kPz;Lk; cupa ,lj;jpw;Fj; jpUk;gp te;j KjyhtJ
FO ntw;wp ngw;w FOthFk;.

~~khngUk; irf;fps; Xl;lg; Nghl;b||vDk; fijia ,f;fUg;nghUSf;fhfg;
gad;gLj;Jf.
275
fUg;nghUs; 15 : kdpjDk; jfty;fSk;
r%fj;jpy; thOk; xUtu; vd;w tifapy; ntspAyfj; jfty;fs; njhlu;ghf

mwpT+l;lk; nra;tJ Kf;fpakhdJ. r%f> nghUshjhu> murpay; kw;Wk; rkaj;
jfty;fs; njhlu;ghf ,w;iwa mwpitg; ngw;wpUg;gJ Kf;fpakhdJ. jw;fhy
cyfpy; jfty;fs; ngwf;$ba gyg;g y Clfq;fs; cs;sd. njhlu;ghly;
Clfq;fSs; mr;R ClfKk; ,yj;jpudpay; ClfKk; gpujhdkhditahFk;.
,t; thwhd Clfq; f isg; gad;g Lj; j pj; jfty; f isg; gupkhwpf; n fhs; S k;
re;ju;g;gq;fisAk; ahNjDnkhd;iw tha;nkhop%yk; ed;F njhlu;ghLtjw;fhd
re; ju;g; gq;f isAk; eilKiwapy; mDgtpg; gjw; F ,f; fUg;n ghUspd; %yk;
khztu;f;Fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;f vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
Nju;r;rpfs; :
 njhlu;ghlw; fUkq;fs; epfOk; tpjj;ijf; fw;wha;thu;.
 njhlu;ghlw; fUkq;fspd;NghJ kupahijahfr; nraw;gLthu;.
 ntt;NtW Clfq;fisAk; KiwfisAk; gad;gLj;jpj; jfty; ngWthu; mj;jfty;
fis mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jthu;.
 fpilf;Fk; jfty;fSs; nghUj;jkhd jfty;fisg; gFg;gha;T nra;J njupTnra;J
nfhs;thu;.
 njhlu;ghly; Kiwfs; njhlu;ghf ntt;NtW Mf;fq;fs; nra;J ifahz;Lghu;j;jy;
fspy; <LgLthu;.
 rkpf;iQfs;> Vty;fs;> nra;jpfisg; gad;gLj;jpr; nra;j Mf;fq;fisf; nfhz;L
 rupahd mwptpj;jypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij typAWj;jp Mly; - ghly;fspYk; ghj;jpu
ebg;GfspYk; <LgLthu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; :
 Kw;fhyj;jpy; jfty; gupkhwpa topfisj; Njbawpthu;.
 ntt;NtW Kiwfisf; ifahz;L jfty;fis mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jthu;.
 VidNahupd; fUj;Jf;fisr; rfpjJ
; > jkJ fUj;Jf;fis epjhdkhf ntspgg ; Lj;Jthu;.
 ntt;NtW njhlu;ghly; Clfq;fisAk; njhlu;ghly; cgfuzq;fisAk; ,dq;fz;L
gad;gLj;Jthu;.
 mt;Tgfuzq;fisr; rupahfg; gad;gLj;Jk; tpjk; gw;wpa mDgtq;fisg; ngWthu;.
 ntt;NtW Clfq;fs; %yk; fpilf;Fk; jfty;fisg; gFg;gha;T nra;J nghUj;jkhd
jfty;fisj; njupT nra;J nfhs;thu;.
 jfty; njhlu;ghlYf;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jk; Kiwfs; njhlu;ghd Rtnuhl;bfis
Mf;Fthu;.
 jug;gl;l Vty;fSf;fikar; nraw;gl;L elj;jy;> XLjy;> epw;wy; Mfpad ,lk;ngWk;
tpisahl;Lf;fspYk; nraw;ghLfspYk; <LgLthu;.
 rupahd njhlu;ghlypd;NghJ filg;gpbf;f Ntz;ba gz;Gfs; njhlu;ghfg; Nghyr;
nra;Jfhl;ly;fis Kd;itj;Jf; fspg;GWthu;.
276
nraw;ghL : 1
 khztu;fSf;F Muk;gj; njhlu;ghly; gw;wp rpwpa tpsf;fj;jpid toq;Ff. njhlu;ghly;
vd;gJ Xu; ,lj;jpypUe;J ,d;Ndhu; ,lj;jpw;Fj; jftiyf; flj;JtjhFk;. ,J
nkhopA+lhfNt eilngWfpdw ; J. Ngr;R> vOj;J my;yJ FwpaPLfs; %yk; nra;jpfs;>
fUj;Jf;fs;> rpe;jidfspd; gupkhw;wk; my;yJ mwptpj;jy; njhlu;Gnfhs;tijf;
Fwpf;fpd;wJ vd;gij tpsf;Ff.
 mjd; gpd;du;> kdpjd; xU njhlu;GgLk; tpyq;F. kdpjd; vg;NghJk; FOf;fshfNt
tho tpUk;G fpwhd;. jdpahf tho tpUk; G tjpy;i y. FOthf thOk;N ghJ
mq;fj;jtu;fspilNaAk; FOf;fspilNaAk; njhlu;ghly; nra;a xUKiw Njitg;
gl;lJ. mjd; fhuzkhfNt njhlu;ghly; Kiwfs; cjakhfpd vd khztu;fSf;F
tpsf;Ff.
 khztu;fis rpwpa FOf;fshf;Ff.
 gz;ila njhlu;ghly; Kiwfisf; $w> Kd;itf;f topg;gLj;Jf.
 mjd; gpd;d u; Mjpfhy kdpjd; gpd; tUk; Kiwfs; %yk; njhlu; ghliy
Nkw;nfhz;lhd;.
 mq;f mirTfs; / Ngr;R / tha;%yk;
 $f;Fuyply;
 Kuriwjy;
 nfhbairj;jy;
 jPf;Ftpay; %l;ly;
 gpuhzpfs; %yk; (Fjpiu Vtyhs;> Gwh> md;dk; Nghd;w gwitfs;)
 <l;bapy; nra;jpia ,izj;J mDg;Gjy;.
 mjid bikg; Ngg;gupy; vOjpf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
 mjd; gpd;du; mq;f mirTfs; %yk; vt;thW njhlu;ghly; Nkw;nfhs;syhk; vd
khztu;fisf; FOthfr; nra;Jfhl;l Cf;fg;gLj;Jf.
 gpd;du; Kuriwe;J vt;thW jfty;fisg; gupkhwpdu; vd nra;Jfhl;l topg;gLj;Jf.
 mjd; gpdd; u; jPia/neUg;igg; gad;gLj;jp vt;thwhd njhlu;ghliy Nkw;nfhz;ldu;
vd;gijg; Nghyr;nra;jy; %yk; fhl;l topg;gLj;Jf.
 ,r;nraw;ghLfs; epiwTngw;wJk; gpd;ida fhyq;fspy; nky;y nky;y nkhopfs;
tpupthfj; njhlq;fpd. Muk;gj;jpy; Ngr;R tbtk; kl;LNk gad;ghl;by; ,Ue;jJ
vdpDk; fhyj;jpd; Njit fUjp vOj;J tbtk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ vd tpsf;Ff.
nraw;g hL : 2
gbKiw - 1
 ehk; Kfghtj;jpd; %yk; vt;thW czu;Tfis ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;Nwhk; vd
khztu; f splk; Nfl; l wpf. khztu; f s; gjpy; $wpa gpd; d u; fUk; g yif /
ntz;gyifapy; czu;Tfisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jf.
cjhuzk; :
 kfpo;r;rp
 Nrhfk;
 Nfhgk;
 rhe;jk;
 tPuk;
 ntWg;G
 mr;rk;
 khztiu ,UtupUtuhff; FOf;fshf;Fq;fs;.
277
 gl;baw;gLj;jpa czu;T fisf; FOthf tfpghfNkw;Wg; Nghyr;nra;J fhl;l
Cf;fg;gLj;Jf. ,UtUk; Vf fhyj;jpy; xNu czu;it Kfghtid kw;Wk; mq;f
mirTfs; %yk; khj;jpuk; ntspf;fhl;LkhW mwpTWj;Jf.
 Nkw;gb gl;baw;gLj;jpa czu;Tfis tfpghfNkw;W ebj;jy;fisr; nra;Jfhl;LkhW
khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.
 ghtj;jpd; %yk; kw;Wk; mq;f mirTfs; kl;LNk ntspg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd
khztu;fsplk; typAWj;Jf. vy;yh khztu;fisAk; ,r;nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;Jf.
nraw;g hL : 2
 gy;NtW Kf%bfis cUthf;fp khztu;fs; mtw;iw mzpe;J czu;Tfis
ntspg;gLj;j Cf;fg;gLj;Jf.
 ngw;Nwhupd; cjtpAld; Kf%bfisj; jahupf;f Mtd nra;f.
nraw;g hL : 3
 njhlu;ghly; $Wfis khztUf;F tpsf;Ff.
 njhlu;ghly; $Wfs; %d;W cs;sd.
1. mDg;Ggtu;
2. Clfk;
3. ngWeu;
 Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l %d;Wk; njhlu;ghlYf;Fj; Njitahd Kf;fpa $Wfs; MFk;.
mDg; G gtu; Clfk; ngWeu;
fbjk; vOJgtu; fbjk; fbjj;ijg; ngWgtu;
 fbjj;ij ,Ltjw;F xU ngl;b jahupj;Jf;nfhs;f.

 khztu;fs; jhk; tpUk;Gk; ez;gu; xUtUf;Ff; fbjk; xd;iw vOjp> fbj
ciwapypl;L> Kj;jpiu xl;b> ez;gupd; Kftupia vOjpj; jghw; ngl;bapy; ,l
topg;gLj;Jf.
 ez;gu; jghw;fhuu; %yk; mf;fbjj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;L tFg;gpw;Ff; nfhz;L
te;J thrpj;Jf; fhl;l topg;gLj;Jf.
 vy;yh khztu;fSk; ,r;nraw;ghl;by; <Lgl topg;gLj;Jf. (fbjk; mDg;Ggtu; /
jghy; tpepNahfpg;gtu;)
 gpd;tUk; nraw;ghl;il ehlf tbtpy; Nghyr; nra;Jfhl;l khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.
fbjk; vOJJy; jghw; fe; NjhUf; Fr; nry;yy;

Kj;jpiu thq;F jy; fbj ciwf;Fs; fbjj; ij ,ly;
Kj;jpiu xl;Ljy; jghw;ngl;bf;Fs; ,ly;
jghw; f huu; fbjq; f is jghw; fe; N jhUf; F vLj; J r; nry; y y;
jghy; tpepNahfj;ju; fbjq;fisg; ngw;W njupT nra;J cupa
tPLfSf;Ff; fbjq;fisj; njupTnra;J cupa KftupfSf;F / tPLfSf;F
tpepNahfpj;jy;
 khztu;fs; FOthf ebj;Jf; fhl;Ltjd; %yk; njhlu;ghly; vt;thW eilngWfpdw

; J
vd;gij mDgt uPjpahfg; Gupe;Jnfhs;s mtu;fis topg;gLj;Jf.
278
nraw;g hL : 4
gbKiw - 1
 jd;dlf; fj;Jld; VidNahupd; fUj;J f;fisr; rfpj;Jj; jkJ fUj;Jf;fis
Kd;itg;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij khztUf;F tpsf;Ff.
 FOthfr; nraw;gLk;NghJ jkJ fUj;Jf;fis ntspapLtjw;fhff; fpilf;Fk;
re;ju;g;gq;fs; njhlu;ghf khztUld; fye;JiuahLf.
 $l;lnkhd;W eilngWk; re;ju;g;gj;jpy; jkJ fUj;ij ntspg;gLj;jy;> Mrpupau;
tpdhf; Nfl;Fk; Ntisapy; tpilaspj;jy; Nghd;w re;ju;g;gq;fspy; jkJ jUzk;
tUk; tiuapy; nghWikAld; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
gbKiw - 2
 khztu; ,Utiu tFg;gpd; Kd;Nd mioj;Jf;nfhs;f.
 ePz;l fhyj;jpd; gpd;du; re;jpj;j ez;gu;fs; vdf; fUjp> ez;gdplk; $w Ntz;ba
tplaq; f is ,UtUk; Vf fhyj; j py; $WkhW topg;g Lj; J f. ez;g u;f spd;
ciuahliyr; nrtpkLf;FkhW Vida khztu;fSf;F mwpTWj;Jf.
cjhuzk; :
 jhk; nra;j xU Rw;Wg; gazk; njhlu;ghd tptuq;fs;> gpwe;j ehs; epfo;tpd;NghJ
,lk;ngw;w xU epfo;T> NtW nghUj;jkhd xU epfo;T njhlu;ghf ciuahl
topg;gLj;Jf.
 ciuahba ,UtUk; jpBnud ciuahbaikahy; mtu;fs; ,UtUf;Fk; vJTk;
rupahfg; Gupatpy;iy vd;gij tpsf;Ff.
 mt;thwhd epiyik Vw;gLtijj; jtpu;g;gjw;fhf vd;d nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd
(jkJ fUj;Jf;fis vt;thW ntspg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd) khztuplk; tpdTf.
 khztu; Kd;itf;Fk; tpilfisg; ghuhl;Lf. gpdd
; u; kPzL
; k; NtW ,U khztu;fis
tFg;gpd; Kd;Nd mioj;J xUtu; NgRk; NghJ kw;iwatu; nrtpkLf;FkhWk;
gpd;du; kw;iwatu; jhk; $w Ntz;ba jftiyf; $WkhWk; topg;gLj;Jf.
 ,r;nraw;ghL njhlu;ghf khztuJ fUj;Jf;fis tpdtp> ed;F njhlu;ghLtjw;fhfg;
nghWikAld; fUj;Jj; njuptpg;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij typAWj;Jf.
 tFg;G khztu; midtUf;Fk; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ftjw;fhf khztiu ,UtupUtuhf
FOf;fshf;fp> Nkw;gb ,uz;L nraw;ghLfspYk; <LgLkhW topg;gLj;jp mDgtq;
fisg; ngwr; re;ju;g;gk; mspf;Ff.
 ,r;nraw;ghl;ilf; FOthf tpUk;gpa ehlfkhf (Nghyr;nra;jy;) ebj;Jf; fhl;l
cw;rhfg;gLj;Jf.
nraw;g hL : 5
 khztu;fSf;F etPd fhy njhlu;ghly; Kiwfis mwpKfk; nra;J fye;JiuahLf.
 khztu;fis fzpdp miwf;F mioj;Jr; nrd;W kpd;dQ;ry; %yk; vt;thW
jfty;fs;> glq;fs; gupkhwyhk; vd tpsf;Fq;fs;.
 fzpdp %yk; jfty;fs; > glq;f s; gupkhWk; mDgtj;ij khztu;fSf;Fg;
ghlrhiyapy; cs;s fzpdpf; $lj;jpd; Clhfg; ngw;Wf;nfhLf;Ff.
 fzpdpf; $lk; ,y;iynadpd; ghlrhiyapy; cs;s fzpdpnahd;wpidg; gad;gLj;jp
khztu;fSf;F mDgtq;fis toq;f Mtd nra;f.
 kpd;dQ;ry; %yk; fbjq;fs; jahupj;jy;> kpd;dQ;ry; %yk; fbjq;fs; mDg;Gjy;>
glq;fs; / xspgg
; lq;fs; mDg;Gjy;> ,Wtl;L> tPbNahf; fhl;rpfs; %yk; jfty;fisj;
njhlu;ghLjy;> Fuy;top mQ;ry; (Voice mail) mDg;Gjy; Nghd;wit njhlu;ghf
khztUf;Fr; nra;Kiw mDgtq;fisg; ngwr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
 kpd;dQ;ry; Kiw %yk; jfty;fisg; gupkhwy;
 rpwpa tPbNahf;fs; %yk; jfty;fisg; gupkhwy;
279
nraw;g hL : 6
 khztu;fs; jfty;fis vt;thW mwpe;Jnfhs;syhk; vdf; Nfl;lwpAq;fs;.
 gj;jpupif
 thndhyp
 njhiyf;fhl;rp
 ifg;Ngrp / nry;yplg;Ngrp
 fzpdp / ,izak;
 E}yfk; (E}y;fs; / rQ;rpiffs;) vdg; gjpyspg;ghu;fs;.
 jfty;fs; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; topfisj; jkJ mg;gpahrf; nfhg;gpapy; glkhf tiue;J
epwe;jPl;l khztu;fis Cf;fg;gLj;Jf.
 Nghyr; nra;jypd; Clhfj; jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; Kiwia khztu;fs;
FOthf Kd;itf;f topg;gLj;Jf.
 thndhyp - nra;jp thrpj;jy;
 thndhyp - gj;jpupifr; nra;jp thrpj;jy;
 njhiyf;fhl;rp - nra;jpawpf;if
 njhiyf;fhl;rp - gj;jpupifr; nra;jp
}
tpisahl;L
njhiyf;fhl;rp - nra;jpfs; kUj;Jtk; epfo;r;rpfs;
rikay;
nghOJNghf;F
ez;gu;fs;
ifg;Ngrp cwtpdu;
mYtyfj;jhu;
ngw;Nwhu;
nra;jpfs;
fzpdp / kbf;fzpdp/ TAB jfty;fs; (kpd;dQ;ry;)
glq;fs; (xspg;glq;fs;)
fhnzhspf; fhl;rpfs;
nraw;g hL : 7
 khztu;fSf;Fg; gpd;tUk; ml;iliaj; jahupj;J toq;fpj; jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;Sk; Kiwfisf; Fwpj;Jf;fhl;l topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
fz; fhJ fz; - fhJ
gj;jpupif thndhyp njhiyf;fhl;rp
................. ............................. ...............................
 mjd; gpd;du;> jhk; tpUk;Gk; njhlu;ghly; fUtpfis ml;ilfspd; cjtpAld;

nra;Jfhl;l topg;gLj;Jf.
 mf;fUtpfisr; nra;j gpd;du; mf;fUtpfs; njhlu;ghd ghly;fis khztUf;F
mwpKfQ;nra;f.
 mtw;iwg;; ghb - Ml topg;gLj;Jf.
280
nraw;g hL : 8
 tFg;G khztiur; rkkhd ,uz;L FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff.
 xU FOtpdiu xU ngupa tl;lj;jpDs;NsAk; kw;iwa FOtpdiu mt;tl;lj;jpDs;
tiue;j rw;Wr;rpwpa tl;lj;jpDs;NsAk; epWj;Jf. ntsptl;lj;jpYs;s khztUf;F
cs;tl;lj;jpYs;s xt;Nthu; ez;giu xJf;Ff. ,uz;L tl;lq;fspYKs;s khztu;fs;
xUtUf;nfhUtu; vjpu;j;jpirapy; ele;J nry;y Ntz;Lk;. tpisahl;L tPuu;fSf;F
ele;J nry;tjw;fhd tl;lq;fis Mrpupau; tiue;J nfhLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. tl;lq;fs;
,uz;bw;Fk; ,ilapyhd ntsp Vwj;jho %d;W kPw;wuhf ,Uf;FkhWk; ntsp
tl;lj;jpd; tpl;lk; 10 kPw;wuhf ,Uf;FkhWk; (cs;tl;lk; 7 kPw;wu;) tl;lq;fis
tiutJ nghUj;jkhdJ.
 MrpupauJ KjyhtJ rkpf;i Qapd;gb ,uz;L FOtpdUk; vjpu;j;jpirfspy;
ele;Jnry;y Ntz;Lk;. (xU FO tyQ;RopahfTk; kw;iwa FO ,lQ;RopahfTk;)
 Mrpupau; ,uz;lhtJ rkpf;iQ toq;fpaTld; cs;Ns rpwpa tl;lj;jpDs; ,Ug;Nghu;
khj;jpuk; jkJ ez;gid Nehf;fp Xbr;nrd;W ez;gidg; gpbj;J clNd epyj;jpy;
mku;j;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
 Kjypy; ez;gidj; Njbg;gpbj;J mkUk; ,UtUk; ntw;wp ngw;wtuhtu;.
281
fUg;nghUs; 16 : vkJ gz;ila jfty;fs;
vkJ fle;jfhyk; njhlu;ghd tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;wpUj;jyhdJ> vjpu;fhyj;ijf;

fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;F ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. vdNt khztu;f;F rpWguhak; KjNy
vkJ fle;jfhyk; njhlu;ghd jfty;fis Kiwikahd tifapy; fw;wha;tjw;Fk;>
kjpf;f Ntz;batw;iw kjpg;gpLtjw;Fk; topfhl;Ljy; Ntz;Lk;.
,f;fUg;nghUspd; fPo;> jhk; fy;tp fw;Fk; ghlrhiyiaAk; Rw;Wg;Gwr; #oiyAk;

jOtp> vkJ gz;ila jfty;fis gapYtjw;Fk; kjpf;f Ntz;batw;Wf;F
kjpg;gspg;gjw;Fk; khztiu topg;gLj;j vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. NkYk; khztuJ
Mw;wy; kl;lj;j pw;Nfw;g> mtjhdpj;j y;> Njbawpjy; Nghd;w Kiwfs; %yk;
jfty;fis ,dq;fhz;gjw;Fk;> nghUj;jkhdthW mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; $lNt
xU fpuhkpa tpisahl;lhfpa gy;yhq;Fop tpisahl;Lj; njhlu;ghf tpsf;fj;ij
Vw;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; ,e;jf; fUg;nghUspd; %yk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
Nju;r;r pfs; :
 tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;JtKs;s ,lq;fis kjpj;J mtw;iwg; ghJfhf;fr; nraw;gLthu;.
 tuyhw;W> gz;ghl;L Kf;fpaj;JtKs;s jhtuq;fs;> ,lq;fs; kw;Wk; Vidatw;iw
,dq;fz;L mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jthu;.
 jkJ gpuNjrj;jpy;> ehl;by; fhj;jpukhd Nritfs; nra;j Ml;fis kjpjJ ; mtu;fis
Kd;khjpupahff; nfhz;L nraw;gLthu;.
 gz;ila kuGupikfis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk; Mf;fq;fs; nra;thu;.
 gz;Lnjhl;L tpisahlg;gLk; fpuhkpa tpisahl;Lf;fis kjpj;jthW mtw;wpy;
<LgLthu;.
 ek; Kd;Ndhu; ehl;bw;fhf Mw;wpa NritfisAk; gz;ila ngUikfisAk;
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk; tifapy; fspg;G+l;lj;jf;f nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLthu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; :
 tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;JtKs;s ,lq;fis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
 tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;JtKs;s ,lq;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsq;fp mjid kjpg;ghu;.
 jkJ gpuNjrj;jpy; my;yJ fpl;ba xU gpuNjrj;jpy; tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;JtKs;s
,lq;fspd; kw;Wk; jhtuq;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijj; Njbawpthu;.
 ehl;bd; ew;ngaiuf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;j egu;fs; rpyupd; tho;f;ifr;
rupijfisf; fw;wha;e;J mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jthu;.
 gz;ila fiy tbtikg;Gf; Nfhyq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp Mf;fq;fs; nra;thu;.
 gz;Lnjhl;L tpisahlg;gl;LtUk; fpuhkpa tpisahl;Lf;fspy; <Lgl;Lf; fspg;GWthu;.
 ehl;bw;Fr; Nritahw;wpa ek; Kd;Ndhupd; Kd;khjpupahd tho;f;ifr; rupjq;fis
Kd;itg;ghu;.
282
nraw;ghL : 1
 ; tuyhw;W ,lq;fs; rpytw;wpd; glq;fs; / xspgg
,yq;ifapy; gpugy;ak; tha;ej ; lq;fs;
kw;Wk; jfty;fisj; jpul;b tUkhW khztiu topg;gLj;Jf. (Neufhyj;Jld;
mwptpf;Ff)
cjhuzk; :
 aho;g;ghzf; Nfhl;il / fhypf; Nfhl;il / rpfpupah
 gpuNjr Fsq;fs; : guhf;fpuk rKj;jpuk; / kpd;Ndupahf; Fsk;> grtf;
Fsk;> ,uizkLf; Fsk;> ............. Nghd;wit
 mtw;wpd; ngWkhdj;ijAk; tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk; fye;JiuahLf.
cjhuzk; :
 tuyhw;Wf; fijfs;
 fl;lg;gl;l fhyk; / Ml;rpf;fhyk;
 muru;fspd; mDruiz
 fpilj;j ed;ikfSk; Kf;fpaj;JtKk;
 jfty;fis cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd rhd;whjhuq;fs;> ....... Nghd;wit
 Nkw;g b jfty;f spd; JizAld; jkJ gpuNjrj;j py; fhzg;g Lk; tuyhw; W
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; kpf;f ,lq;fisf; fw;whAkhW khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.
 Kd;dhaj;jj;Jld; Nkw;gb ,lq;fisg; ghu;itaplr; nry;tjw;fhd Vw;ghLfisr;
nra;Jnfhs;f. (gpuNjrj;jpy; %j;Njhu; JiziaAk; ngWf.)
 mt;tplq;fs; Fwpj;J khztUld; fye;JiuahLf.
 gpd;du;> khztiur; rpy FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J gpd;tUkhW jfty;fis ntt;NtW
Kiwfspy; mwpf;ifg;gLj;j topg;gLj;Jf.
 Mtzq;fs; jahupj;jy;
 glq;fs;> xspgg
; lq;fs;> tPbNahg; gjpTfisj; Jizahff; nfhz;L mt;tplq;fspd;
khjpupAUf;fis Mf;Fjy;
 Njbg;ngw;w jfty;fSs; kdijf; ftu;e;j re;ju;g;gq;fis tfpghfNkw;W
Kd;itf;fr; re;ju;g;gkspj;jy;
 ghly;fs;> ftpijfs; Nghd;wit jpul;lg;gl;Ls;sthapd; mtw;iwf; fUj;J
ntspg;ghl;Lld; Mly; - ghlyhf Kd;itf;fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
 tp[ak; nra;J ghu;j;j rpy ,lq;fs; gw;wpa jfty;fisr; rpj;jpukhf tiujy;
 ghu; i tapl; l rpy ,lq; fspd; jfty; f is my;y J kdijf; ftu;e ; j rpy
re;ju;g;gq;fisr; rpj;jpukhf tiuf.
cjhuzk; :
 fhypf;Nfhl;ilapd;> aho;g;ghzf; Nfhl;ilapd; tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij
,dq;fhzy;
MrpupauJ Kd;dhaj;jk;
ahNjDk; ,lj;ijg; ghu;f;fr; nry;tjhapd;> gazk; nra;Ak; tpjk;> khztu;
ghJfhg;G> czT - ghdhjpfs; Nghd;wtw;iw Maj;j k; nra;Jnfhs;Sk;
tpjk;> glq;fs;> xspgg
; lq;fs; Nghd;w %yhjhuq;fisj; Njbg; ngwy;> khztu;fF
;
mwpT+l;lk; nra;a vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; tplaq;fisj; jPu;khdpj;jy;
ghu;itaplYk; jfty;fisj; Njbg;ngwTk;
tuyhw;Wj; jfty;fs;> Nfhl;ilahf khwpa tpjk;> fhzg;gLk; ,bghLfs;>
Ma;Tfs; %yk; Njbawpe;j Kf;fpa jfty;fs;
283
jfty;f is mwpf;i fg;g Lj;j y;
fhypf; Nfhl;il / aho;g;ghzf; Nfhl;il njhlu;ghd jfty;fis mwpf;ifg;
gLj;jy; (rpj;jpuk; tiujy;> fl;Liu vOJjy;> ftpij Gidjy;> xspg;glq;fs;
jpul;Ljy;> jfty;fis Mtzg;gLj;jp khjpupAU mikj;jy;> epfo;Tfis
Kd;itj;jy;)
cjhuzk; : ghly;fs;> efur; rpwg;Gfisf; $Wk; ghly;fs;
nfhOk;G efuk;
nfhOk;G efuk; Nfhy efuk;
nfhs;is moF nfhz;l efuk;
fl;lq;fs; epiwe;j efuk;

$b kf;fs; thOk; efuk;
mq;fhbfs; nrwpe;j efuk;

mfd;w tPjpfs; gue;j efuk;
gugug;ghf ,aq;Fk; efuk;

Nghf;Ftuj;J kpFe;j efuk;
Rw;Wg; gazp ehLk; efuk;

Rw;wpg; ghu;f;f ey;y efuk;
jhkiuf; NfhGuk; vOe;j efuk;

jlhf muq;F kyu;e;j efuk;
JiwKfk; xd;W cs;s efuk;

JiwKf gjpahFk; efuk;
fhypf; Nfhl;il / aho;g;ghzf; Nfhl;il gw;wpa ghly;fis Kd;itj;jy;
 ,t;thwhf NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l vitNaDk; tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;JtKs;s Xu; ,lj;ijg;

ghu;itaplr; nry;y> mt;tplj;jpypUe;J ngw;w jfty;fis Kd;itf;f Ntz;ba
tpjj;ij tupirg;gLj;Jf.
nraw;g hL : 2
 jkJ gpuNjrj;jpy; cs;s ngupJk; gioik tha;e;j tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;JtKs;s
kw;Wk; #oy;rhu;e;j Kf;fpaj;JtKs;s ,lq;fisAk; jhtuq;fisAk; gw;wpa
jfty;fisr; Nrfupj;J tUkhW khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.
 khztu; jpul; ba jfty;f s; njhlu;g hd fUj; Jg;g upkhwr; re; ju;g ;g kspf;F f.
(mikf;fg;gl;l fhyk;> ,lk;> fhuzq;fs; Nghd;wit)
 gpd;du; xU Fwpj;j ,lk; my;yJ nghUs; njhlu;ghd jfty;fisj; jpul;b te;j
khztu;fis xU FOthf;fp> Xu; mwpf;ifiaj; jahupj;J Kd;itf;fr; re;ju;g;gk;
mspf;Ff.
 rpj;jpuq;fs;> ghly;fs;> ftpijfs;> tfpghfNkw;W ebj;jy;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw
cs;slf;FkhW khztiu topg;gLj;Jf. (,jw;fhf %j;jtu; xUtiu my;yJ
gpuNjrk; njhlu;ghf jfty;fisr; Nrfupj;Jitj;Js;s xUtupd; cjtpiag; ngWkhW
mwpTWj;Jf.
284
cjhuzk; :
 ,yq;ifapy; ehl;lg;gl;l KjyhtJ Njapiyr; nrb / kuk;
 kd;dhu; ngUf;f kuk; (Baobab Tree)
 Xg;gehaf;f - ngUq;nfhb
 fgypj;jhit - Gspakuk;
 fg;ud; Nlhrd; - NfhGuk;
 upl;bfy - fe;ij (kiy)
 mk;gyk;
 ehf kug; G+q;fh / ,sQ;rptg;G gbff;fy; kiy ...
 ,t;thwhd tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;JtKs;s ,lq;fs; kw;Wk; jhtuq;fisg; ghJfhg;gjd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk; nghWg;igAk; rpWguhak; KjNy jkf;F cz;L vd khztu;fF ;
tpsf;Ff.
 Qhgfr; rpd;dkhf mtw;wpd;kPJ fpWf;Fjy;
 fopTg;nghUs;fisf; nfhl;Ljy;
 njhl;Lg;ghu;jj
; y; kw;Wk; Rw;Wg;Gwj;jpy; cs;s jhtuq;fis> ,iyfis xbj;jy;
Nghd;wtw;iwj; jtpu;j ;jy;
mt;thwhd ,lq;fis/jhtuq;fisg; ghJfhg;gJ njhlu;ghf ehk; nra;aj;
jf;fit gw;wp khztuJ cs;sj;ijj; njhLk; tifapy; tpsf;Ff.
 vkJ ehl;by; cs;s ,t;thwhd tuyhw;W kw;Wk; #oy; rhu;e;j Kf;fpaj;JtKs;s
ngWkjpkpf;f ,lq;fs; kw;Wk; jhtuq;fisg; ghJfhg;gJ njhlu;ghff; ftdk;
nrYj;JtJ njhlu;ghf khztuJ cs;sj;jpy; kdg;ghq;F khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;j
Mtd nra;f.
nraw;g hL : 3
 ehl;bd; ew;ngaiuf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjpy; gq;fspgG
; r; nra;j rpyuJ rupjj;ijf; fw;wha;f.
 ehl;bd; ew;ngaiuf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;j ntt;NtW Jiwfisr;
Nru;e;j rpyu; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLf.
cjhuzk; :
 fyhepjp Mde;j FkhuRthkp
 fyhepjp uP.gP. [hah
 mdfhupf ju;kghy
 fyhepjp rp.lgps;A. lgps;A. fd;dq;fu
 Mju; rP. fpshf;
 gz;bju; lgps;A. B. mkuNjt
 tz. v];. k`pe;j Njuu;
 Nfu;dy; xy;nfhl;
 tFg;G khztiuf; FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J Nkw;gb xt;nthUtu; gw;wpa jfty;fisAk;
Nrfupj;J tUkhW Neufhyj;Jld; mwpTWj;jy; toq;Ff.
 cUtg; glk;
 nra;j Ntiy
 gpwe;j ,lk;
 fy;tp njhlu;ghd jfty;fs;
285
fyhepjp Mde;j FkhuRthkp
fyhepjp Mde;j FkhuRthkp mtu;fs; 1877 Mf];l; 22 Me;
jpfjp nfhOk;G nfhs;Sg;gpl;bapy; gpwe;jhu;. mtu; jukpf;f
E}y;fisAk; Mf;fq;fisAk; vOjpAs;shu;. mit 500 ,w;Fk;
Nkw;gl;lit. jkpo>; Mq;fpyk;> gpuQ;R> N[u;kd;> yj;jd
P >; fpNuf;fk;>
rk];fpUjk;> ghsp Mfpa nkhopfspy; ghz;bj;jpak; ngw;wp
Ue;jhu;. rl;l mwpQuhfTk; nkhopngau;g;ghsuhfTk; jpwik
fhl;bdhu;. ngsj;j E}y;fis ghsp nkhopapypUe;J Mq;fpyj;
jpw;Fk; ,e;J rka E}y;fis jkpopy; ,Ue;J Mq;fpyj;jpw;Fk;
nkhopngau;j;jhu;.
,tu; yz;ld; itf;yp/g; fy;Y}upapy; fy;tp gapd;whu;. ,yq;ifapd; kiyfSk;
fhuPaKk; vDk; gUt ,jo; mtuJ KjyhtJ vOj;jhf;fkhFk;. 1905 ,y; ,yq;if
r%f rPu;jpUj;j rq;fj;ijj; njhlq;fpa FkhuRthkp> rpNyhd; e\dy; uptPt; (Ceylon
National Review) vDk; rQ;rpifapd; Muk;gfhy gpujk MrpupaUk; Mthu;.
,yq;ifj; jpUehL> cyFf;F mspj;j gpujhdkhd xU jj;JtQhdp fyhepjp
Mde;j FkhuRthkp Mthu;.
fPioj;Njag; gilg;Gfisf; fhf;Fk; nghWg;ig Vw;wpUe;j ,tuJ Mf;fq;fspd;
ifnaOj;Jg; gpujpfs; ,d;Wk;$l mnkupf;fhtpy; ngh];ld; yypjf; fiyfs;
mUk;nghUl;fhl;rprhiyapy; ghJfhg;ghf itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. kj;jpa fhy rpq;fsf;
fiy> ,e;jpa - ,e;NjhNdrpa fiy tuyhW> Njrpa vjpu;ghu;g;Gfs; Nghd;wit
,tuhy; vOjg;gl;l rpy mupa E}y;fshFk;.
,tu; 1947 nrg;nuk;gu; 09 Me; jpfjp mnkupff
; htpy; ngh];ld; efupy; ,t;Tyiftpl;L
kiwe;jhu;.
fyhepjp uP. gP. [hah

1890 rdtup 01 Me; jpfjp fz;b> fynfjiug; gpuNjrj;jpy;
gpwe;j Jthd; Gu;`hDj;jPd; [hah mtu;fspd; ,sikf; fhyk;
fpuhkg; gps; i sfSld; vspikahff; fope; j J. ,tu;
nfhl;lhQ;Nrid nrd; Nghy;]; fy;Y}upapYk; gpd;du; nrd;
Njhk]; fy;Y}upapYk; fy;tp gapd;whu;.
1910 Mk; Mz;by; fz;b ju;kuh[ fy;Y}upapy; Mrpupauhfg; gjtpNaw;w ,tu;

yj;jPd;> fpNuf;fk;> nghUspay;> tuyhW NGhd;w ghlq;fspD}lhf khztuJ kdjpy;
tPuk;> MSik> ehl;Lg;gw;W Nghd;wtw;iw Vw;gLj;Jk; tifapy; fw;gpjj
; ypy; <Lgl;lhu;.
1917 ,y; nfhOk;G Mde;jhf; fy;Y}upapy; Mrpupauhf ,Ue;j fhyj;jpy; ehl;ilg;
nghWg;Ngw;f cjTk; tifapy; G+uzkhd fy;tpia khztu;fSf;F toq;fpdhu;.
1921 ,y; nfhOk;G ]h`puhf; fy;Y}up mjpguhfg; gjtpNaw;whu;. mf;fhyj;jpy;
iùpah ngz;fs; ghlrhiy> nld;`hk; Mq;fpyg; ghlrhiy Mfpatw;iwj;
jhgpj;jtUk; ,tNu. mSj;fik> fk;gis> Gj;jsk;> khj;jis Mfpa efuq;fspy;
]h`puhf; fy;Y}upfisAk; mSj;fik> ml;lhisr;Nrid Mfpa efuq;fspy; Mrpupau;
gapw;rpf; fyhrhiyfisAk; Muk;gpj;jhu;.
Njrpaf; nfhbf; fkpl;b> Njrpa fPjf; fkpl;b Mfpatw;wpy; mq;fj;jtuhf ,Ue;J
nraw;gl;lhu;. 1960 Nk 3 Me; jpfjp Gdpj `[; flik epiwNtw;wr; nrd;wNghJ
kf;fh efupy; ,iwab Nru;e;jhu;.
286
fyhepjp rp. lgps;A. lgps;A fd;dq;fuh
,ytrf; fy; t papd; je;i j vdg; Nghw; w g;g Lk; fyhepjp
fpwp];Nlhgu; tpy;ypak; tpN[Nfhd; fd;dq;fuh Gfo;G +j;j
fy;tpapayhsUk; Njrpa tPuUkhthu;. ,tu; 1894 xf;Nlhgu; 18
Me; jpfjp gpwe;jhu;.
fyhepjp fd;dq;fuh mtu;fs; ghuj Njrj;jpy; gpwe;jpUg;ghuhdhy; mtu; xU nja;tk;
Nghd;W Nghw;wg;gl;bUg;ghu; vd 1945 ,y; ,yq;ifapy; ,Ue;j ,e;jpag; gpujpepjp
jpU. vk;.v];. mNd $wpAs;shu;. mk;gyhq;nfhil nt];ypad; fy;Y}up> fhyp
upr;kz;l; fy;Y}up Mfpatw;wpy; fy;tp gapdw
; mtu; gpupj;jhdpa Vfhjpgj;jpa ehLfspy;
kpfr; rpwe;j khztUf;Fupa gupirAk; ngw;whu;.
upr;kz;l; fy;Y}up Mrpupauhfj; jdJ tho;f;ifiaj; njhlq;fpa ,tu; nkhul;Lit
Nty;]; Fkhu tpj;jpahyak;> nfhOk;G nt];ypf; fy;Y}up Mfpatw;wpYk; Mrpupauhfg;
gzpahw;wpAs;shu;. 1931 njhlf;fk; 1946 tiuapy; ,yq;ifapy; fy;tp mikr;ruhf
msg;gupa Nrit Mw;wpAs;shu;.
Kjyhe; juk; njhlf;fk; gy;fiyf;fofk; tiuapy; ,ytrf; fy;tp toq;Fjy;>
jha;nkhopiaf; fy;tp Clf nkhopahf;Fjy;> ghlrhiyfis muR nghWg;Ngw;wy;>
kj;jpa kfh tpj;jpahyaq;fs; Muk;gpj;jy;> xt;nthU gps;isf;Fk; jkJ ngw;Nwhupd;
rkaj;ijf; fw;gpjj
; y;> Fiwe;j tUkhdKila FLk;gq;fisr; Nru;ej ; gpsi
; sfSf;Fg;
Gyikg;guprpy; toq;Fjy;> nghJthd ghlj;jpll ; k; jahupjj
; y;> ghl ntspNtiyfis
xOq;Fnra;jy;> ghlrhiyfSf;F tpisahl;L ikjhdq;fis mikj;Jf;nfhLj;jy;>
,ir> eldk;> nka;ty;Yeu; tpisahl;Lf;fs; Mfpatw;iwf; fw;f tha;g;gspj;jy;>
,uz;lhk; juk; Kjy; Mq;fpyg; ghlk; fw;gij fl;lhakhf;fy; Nghd;wit mtu;
Mw;wpa NritfSs; Kf;fpakhdit MFk;.
,e;j kWrPuikg;Gfs; fhuzkhf> ,yq;iff; fy;tpapy; Gjpa jpUg;gk; Vw;gl;lJ.
mf;fhyg;gFjpapy; Mrpahtpy; kpf mgptpUj;jpaile;j ehL vDk; epiyia ,yq;if
mile;jJ. ntspehl;ltupd; Mjpf;fj;jpd; fPo; ,Ue;j xU fhyfl;lkhf ,Ue;j
NghjpYk; ,yq;ifapd; fy;tpf;Nfhyj;ij khw;wpaikg;gjw;fhfj; Njhs; nfhLj;j
fyhepjp rp. lgpsA
; . lgpsA
; fd;dq;fuh mtu;fs; rpwe;j fy;tpkhDk; Njrpa tPuUkhthu;.
,jdhNyNa ,tu; ,ytrf; fy;tpapd; je;ij vdg; Nghw;wg;gLfpwhu;.
Mju; rp. fpshf;

,tu; ,q;fpyhe;jpd; njw;Fg; gFjpapy; ]ku;nrw; gpuhe;jpaj;jpy;
kapd;n`r; efupy; 1917 bnrk;gu; 16 Me; jpfjp gpwe;jhu;. ,tu;
xU tpQ;QhdpAk; rpwe;j vOj;jhsUkhthu;. ,tu; 1945 ,y;
tau;ny]; ntu;yl; ; (Wireless world) vDk; rQ;rpifapy; ntspapll
;
xU fl;L iu fhuzkhfg; gpugy;akile;jhu;. jiuapypUe;J
thdpy; nra;kjpfis mDg;g KbAk; vdTk; mr;nra;kjpfisg;
gad;gLj;jp nra;jpg; gupkhw;w Kiwnahd;w pid cUthf;f
KbAk; vdTk; mtu; mf;fl;Liuapy; Fwpg;gpl;bUe;jhu;.
,tu; 1956 ,y; ,yq;ifapy; FbNawpdhu;. nkhul;Lit gy;fiyf;fof Nte;juhfTk;

,q;fpyhe;J mur thdpayhsu; fof mq;fj;jtuhfTk; gzpahw;wpdhu;. ,tUf;F
38 gl;lq;fSk; tpUJfSk; fpilj;Js;sd. ieapw; gjtpAk; ,tUf;Ff; fpilj;Js;sJ.
jdJ 90 Mk; tajpy; 2008 khu;r; 19 Me; jpfjp ,yq;ifapy; capu; ePj;jhu;.
287
tz. v];. k`pe;j Njuu;
jpngj; ehl;by; rPf;fpk; gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; gpwe;j v];.Nf. jrpdk;fy;
1914 ,y; jdJ 12 Mk; tajpy; nfhOk;G tpj;N ahja
gpupntdhtpy; Nru;eJ; ghsp> rpqf ; sk;> rk];fpUjk; Mfpatw;iwf;
fw;whu;. Mq;fpy kfhNghjp tpj;jpahyaj;jpYk; ngh];f];Jit
MuhkahtpYk; fPioj;Nja nkhopfisf; fw;whu;. uj;fik>
tz.rpup#yRkd mtu; f spd; khztu; f s; njlu; e ; J it
irygpg;ghuhikapy; rPf;fpk; k`pe;j vDk; ngaupy; Jwtwk;
G+z;lhu;.
,tu; 1934 - 1936 tiuapyhd fhyj;Js; nfhOk;G Mde;jhf; fy;Y}upapy; rpq;fsk;>
ghsp> ngsj;j rkak; Mfpa ghlq;fs; fw;gpj;jhu;. gd;rhiy> fpuhkk; Mfpatw;Wf;fhf
mUk;gzpahw;wpa ,tu; et yq;fh rka ghlrhiy> Mq;fpyg; ghlrhiy Mfpatw;iw
Muk;gpj;jhu;. NkYk; mg;gpuNjr rj;juNgWt fpuhkq;fspypUe;J kUe;J %ypiffisr;
NrfupjJ ; ,ytr kUe;Jr;rhiy xd;wpidj; jhgpjj ; hu;. kf;fs; khl;biwr;rp cz;gijj;
jtpug
; g
; jw;fhf mUk;ghLgl;lhu;. ,tu; ghze;Jiw> njhl;lfKit cgrk;gjh gpf;Ffs;
rigapd; gjpthsuhfTk; nraw;gl;lhu;.
tzf;fj;Jf;Fupa v];. k`pe;j mtu;fs; ftpij E}y;fSk;> ciueil E}y;fSkhf
nkhj;jk; 40 ,w;Fk; Nkw;gl;l E}y;fis ntspapl;Ls;shu;. ,tuJ yq;fh khjh>
epj`Nr ke;j;ua (Rje;jpu ke;jpuk;)> epj`Nr j`d (Rje;jpu jpahdk;)> [hjpf jW
eytpy;y (Njrpa jhyhl;L) Nghd;w Gj;jfq;fs; ,yq;if kf;fsplj;Nj ehl;Lg;gw;iw
tsu;f;f cjtpd. nfhOk;G Afj;jpd; gpugy;akpf;f xU ftpQuhf ,Ue;j ,tuJ
KjyhtJ ftpij E}y; xth Kj;Jjk (mwpTiu Kj;Jr;ruk;) vd;gjhFk;. ,Wjpahf
ntspapl;l E}y; =ghj vd;gjhFk;. ehl;Lg;gw;Wld; ehl;Lf;Fg; gzpahw;wpa ,tu;
1951 khu;r; khjk; 14 Me; jpfjp ,aw;ifnaa;jpdhu;.
 mj;jfty;fisf; nfhz;L ghj;jpuq;fs; (Ml;fs;) njhlu;ghd tfpghfNkw;W

ebj;jy;fis Kd;itf;FkhW khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.
 Fwpj;j ghj;jpuq;fspd; jd;ikfis ,ay;ghf ntspg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lk; tifapy;
ebj;Jf;fhl;LkhW khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.
nraw;g hL : 4
 gz;ila fiyg;gilg;ghfpa nfhb myq;fhuk; / gyhg;ngj;jp myq;fhuk; njhlu;ghd
tpsf;fj;ij khztu;fSf;F toq;Ftjw;fhd xOq;Ffisr; nra;f.
288
 ,t;thwhf nfhb myq;fhuq;fs; / gyhg;ngj;jp myq;fhuq;fs; rpytw;iw tiuAkhW
khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.
 khztu; tiue;j rpj;jpuq;fis mofhf epwe;jPl;LkhW topg;gLj;Jf.
 mofhf tu;zk; jPl;ba nfhb myq;fhuj;ijf; fj;jupf;Nfhypdhy; ftdkhf
ntl;bafw;WkhW topg;gLj;Jf.
 gpd;du; mt;tyq;fhuj;ijf; fWg;Gj;jhspy; xl;bf; fhl;rpg;gLj;j topg;gLj;Jf.
nraw;g hL : 5
 Kw; f hye; n jhl; L tpisahb tug; g Lk; xU tpisahl; l hfpa gy; y hq; F op
tpisahl;lhdJ jw;NghJ tpisahlg;gLtij mupjhfNt fhz KbfpwJ. gy;yhq;Fop
tpisahl;il vt;thW tpisahLtJ vDk; tpsf;fk; fPNo jug;gLfpwJ.
 gy;yhq;Fop tpisahl;Lf;fhf Fopfs; cs;s xU gyif gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,J
gy;yhq;Fopg; gyif vdg;gLk;.
 ,t;tpisahl;bd; rl;ljpl;lq;fs; gpuNjrj;jpw;Fg; gpuNjrk; NtWgLk;.
 gy;yhq;Fop tpisahLtjw;F ,Utu; Njit. ,UtUk; gy;yhq;Fopg; gyifapd;
,U Gwq;fspYk; mku;e;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
 gyifapd; ,uz;L gf;fq;fspYk; VO (7) Fopfs; tPjk; fhzg;gLk;.
 xU Fopapy; ehd;F (4) Fd;wpkzp tpj;Jfs; my;yJ kQ;rhb tpj;Jfs; tPjk;
cz;L.
 tpisahLNthu; jkJ gf;ff; Fopnahd;wpYs;s Fd;wpkzp tpj;Jf;fis xU Fopf;F
xd;W tPjk; mLj;j FopfSf;Fg; gfpu;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW gfpUk;NghJ
ntWikahd Fopnahd;wpidr; re;jpj;jTld; mjw;F vjpNuAs;s Fopapy; ,Uf;Fk;
Fz;wpkzp tpj;Jfis vLj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. mtw;iwg; gyifapy; jkf;nfd
xJf;fg;gl;Ls;s ngupa FopapDs; ,l;L itj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
 gpd;du; kw;iwatu; jkJ gf;ff; Fopnahd;wpy; cs;s tpj;Jf;fspy; Muk;gpj;J
Fopf;F xU tpj;J tPjk; gfpu;e;J tpisahl;ilj; njhlu;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
 ,Wjpapy; $Ljyhd njhif tpj;Jfis ntd;nwLj;Jr; Nrfupj;jtu; ntw;wp
ngw;wtuhthu;.
nraw;g hL : 6
 ek; Kd;Ndhupd; Nritfs; midtUf;Fk; Kd;khjpupahdit vd;gij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
cjhuzk; :
 %j;Njhiu kjpj;jy;
 jaf;fkpd;wp cjtpnra;a Kd;tUjy;
 mwpTiufisAk; vr;rupf;iffisAk; cupathW gpd;gw;Wjy;
 ew;gz;Gfisg; NgzpathW nraw;gly;
 thahbj;jdkhff; fijahik / tha;fhl;lhik
 $l;lhfr; Nru;e;J nraw;gly;
289
Rw;whly; rhu;e ;j nraw;ghLfs; - fzpg;g PL
jfty; gjpTg; gbtk;
fzpg;gPl;L mstpil
khztu; ngau; ntw;w pfukhfr;
nraw;gLfpwhu;.  fUg; n ghUs;
,lu;g;gLfpwhu; /
NkYk; cjtp Njit. 
cly;> cs rkepiyAld; Rakjpg;G czu;Tfs; tsu;r;rp ailAk;

tifapy; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLthu;
ey;y elj;ijfis ntspf;fhl;bathW vjpu;fhy ntw;wpf;Fj;
vkJ ey;tho;T
JizahFk; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLthu;.
Njrpa jdpj;Jtj;ij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk; FwpaPLfs;> ,yr;rpidfs;>
cw;rtq;fs; njhlu;ghd tpsf;fj;Jld; nraw;gLthu;.
ntt;NtW kf;fl; gpuptpdupilNa el;GuPjpahd kdg;ghq;F fis ehk; ,yq;ifau;
Vw; gLj; jpathW gz; g hl;L j; jdpj; Jtj;i j cWjpg; gLj; Jk;
jhtug; G+f;fspy; fhzg;gLk; ntt;NtW ,ay;Gfis ,dq;fz;L
mtw;wpd; %yk; fpilf;Fk; gad;fisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
jhtuq;fSf;Fk; tpyq;FfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;Gfis kuQ;nrb
mtjhdpj;J mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jthu;. nfhbfs;
jhtuq;fs; rhu;e;j Mf;fq;fs; nra;thu;.
#oypy; thOk; gpuhzpfspd; capu;thOk; cupikiaAk; capupd;
ngWkhdj;ijAk; me;je;jg; gpuhzpapd; gy;tifik %yk; vk;ikr; #oTs;s
,dq;fz;L $Wthu;. gpuhzpfs;
ntt; N tW %yg; n ghUs; f isg; gad; g Lj; j p gpuhzpfspd;
elj;ijfisf; fhl;Lk; fspg;G+l;Lk; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLthu;.
ntt;NtW njhopy;fspd;NghJ gad;gLk; cgfuzq;fs; kw;Wk;
mt; T gfuzq; f isg; guhkupg; g jd; mtrpak; njhlu; g hd
ehk;
gad;gLj;Jgit
jukhd gz;lq;fis / nghUs;fisj; njupT nra;J nfhs;tjd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wpa tpsf;fj;Jld; nraw;gLthu;.
gad;gLj;Jk; cgfuzq;fs;> tpisahl;L cgfuzq;fs; kw;Wk;
Gj;jspg;Gf; fUtpfs; %yk; $l;lhf thj;jpakpirg;ghu;.
MNuhf;fpakhd tsu;r;rpf;Fj; Njitahd Nghrhf;F kw; Wk;
xs\jg; gz;Gfs; nfhz;l czit Efu;tjw;fhfj; njupT
nra;J nfhs;thu;. vkJ czT
czT tiffs; jahupf;Fk;NghJk; ew;fhg;Gr; nra;Ak;NghJk;
gupkhWk;N ghJk; gpd; gw; w Ntz;b a rupahd xOq;Ffisg;
gpd;gw;Wthu;.
md;whl Ntiyfspy; <LgLk;NghJ ghJfhg;Gk; fuprpidAk;
njhlu;ghff; ftdk; nrYj;Jthu;. ghJfhg;Gk;
mwpKfkw;w Ml;fSld; / egu;fSld; nraw;gLk;NghJ ghJfhg;Gf; fupridAk;
Fwpj;Jf; ftdk; nrYj;Jthu;.
njhw;WNeha;fSk; njhw;wh Neha;fSk; Vw;gLtijj; jtpu;fF ; k;
jpwd; njhlu;ghd tpsf;fj;Jld; nraw;gLthu;.
ePupd; jd;ik NtWgLk; tpjj;ijf; ifahz;Lghu;j;J mJ
njhlu;ghd mDgtq;fis ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
ePu; fhuzkhf Vw;glf;$ba ghjpg;Gfis ,opthf;Ftjw;fhd ePu;
ePupdhy; ,af;ff;$ba gy;NtW Mf;fG+u;tkhd fspg;G+l;lf;$ba
290
tPjp xOq;Ffisr; rupahfg; gpd;gw;Wtjw;Fk; nghJ thfdq;fisg;
ghJfhg;gjw;Fk; Mtd nra;thu;. Nghf;Ftuj;J
thfdq;fs; %yk; ngwf;$ba gad;fs; gw;wpa tpsf;fj;Jld;
nraw;gLthu;.
khjpup tPl;Lj;Njhl;lj;ij mikg;gjw;fhf nray; uPjpapy; gq;fspg;Gr;
nra;thu;.
Nrjdg; gris gad;gLj;jp cw;gj;jpnra;j gapu; tpisnghUisg; tPl;Lj;Njhl;lk;
gad;gLj;jp cznthd;W jahupg;gjpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;J $l;lhf
cz;L fspg;ghu;.
j p l ; l k p l ; L k; x O q; f h fT k ; N t i y f i s , y Fg L j ; j p f;
nfhs;tjw;Nfw;w El;g Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;Jk; gupr;raj;ij
Ntiyia
ntspf;fhl;Lthu;.
fhe;jq;fs; kw;Wk; vspikahd kpd;Rw;Wfspd; njhopw;ghl;ilf; ,yFgLj;jpf;
ifahz;L ghu;j;J mDgtq;fis ntspapLthu;. nfhs;Sk;
rf;jp Kjy;fisg; gad;gLj;jp ntt;NtW Mf;fq;fs; Kd;itg;ghu;. topfs;
VidNahUld; ey;y njhlu;Gfisg; NgzptUtjw;Fj; Njitahd
jpwd;fis ntspf;fhl;Lthu;.
kdpj elj;ijfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ntspf;fhl;lg;gLk; tifapyhd kdpj
$l;lhd Mf;fr; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLthu;.
gh lrh iy tsit mtj hdp j; J mj d; gy; t ifi kia g; elj; ijfs;
guprPypg;gjw;fhd nraw;ghLfis elj;Jthu;.
,yq;ifapd; khfhzq;fs;> khtl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; gpuNjr efuq;
fisAk; jkJ gpuNjrj;ijAk; Njrg;glnkhd;wpy; mtjhdpj;Jf; epyKk;
$Wthu;. thDk;
ghlrhiyapy; ey;y khw;wq;fisr; nra;tjw;fhf jpl;lq;fis
Kd;itj;J mjpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;thu;.
tPlL ; r; #oypYk; ghlrhiyr; #oypYk; nghUj;jkhd khw;wq;fisr;
nra;tjw;fhf ntt;NtW nghUs;fisg; gad;gLj;jp> Mf;fq;fs;
nra;tjpy; <LgLthu;. vk;khy;
Clf cgfuzq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp rupahd njhlu;ghlypd; NghJ nra; af;$ba
Ngzptu Ntz;ba gz;Gfs; ghJfhf;fg;gLkhW nraw;gLthu;> khw;w q;fs;
gupr;raj;ijg; ngWthu;.
ntt;NtW Clfq;fs; %yk; ngWk; jfty;fisg; gFg;gha;T
nra;J nghUj;jkhd jfty;fisj; njupTnra;thu;.
tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;JtKs;s ,lq;fs; kw;Wk; fiyg; gilg;Gfspd; kdpjDk;
ngWkhdj;ij ,dq;fz;L nraw;gLthu;. jfty; fSk;
ehl;bd; ew;ngaiu Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhfg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Njhu;
gw;wpf; fw;wha;e;J mtu;fspd; ngWkhdj;ij kjpg;ghu;. vkJ gz;ila
Kw;fhyk;njhl;L tpisahlg;gl;LtUk; cs;sf tpisahl;L fspy; jfty;fs;
<Lgl;Lf; fspg;GWthu;.
Mq;fpy nkhopapy; $wg;gl;l mwpTWj;jy;fisr; nrtpkLj;jr;
rupahfj; Jyq;fy; fhl;Lthu;.
Mq;fpyr; rpWtu; ghly;fisr; nrtpkLj;J jhsj;Jf;fpirthfj; tha;nkhop %y
Jyq;fy; fhl;Lthu;. Mq;fpyk;
vspikahd Mq;fpyg; ghlnkhd;iw (jug;gl;Ls;s) kddkhfg;
ghLthu;.
jd;idg; gw;wp rpy vspia thf;fpaq;fs; Mq;fpyj;jpy; $Wthu;.
gpuhzpnahd;W gw;wpr; rpy vspa thf;fpaq;fs; Mq;fpyj;jpy;
$Wthu;. (G+id> eha;)
291
3.0 nraw;ghLfs; mbg;gilapyhd tha;nkhop Mq;fpyk;
Kjd;ik epiy xd;wpd; nraw;ghl;L mbg;gilapyhd tha;nkhop Mq;fpyj;ijg;
gad;gLj;jy; njhlu;ghf mDgtj;ijg; ngw;Ws;s khztu;fis NkYk; tsg;gLj;JtJld;
njhlu;ghlYf;fhf Mq;fpy nkhopiag; gad;gLj;Jk; mDgtj;ijAk; toq;Fjy; ,uz;lhk;>
%d;whk; Kjd;ik epiyfspy; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
juk; %d;wpy; ,Ue;J Mq;fpy nkhop khztu;fSf;Fg; gapw;Wtpf;fg;gLk; %d;W

re;ju;g;gq;fs;
(i) tFg;Gf;Fr; r%fkspf;Fk; Mq;fpy Mrpupau; Mq;fpy ghlj;jpw;F xJf;fg;gl;Ls;s

ghlNtisapy; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpw;F Vw;w Mq;fpy nkhop fw;gpj;jy;
(ii) Kjd;ik epiy xd;iwg; Nghd;Nw Rw;whly; rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfs; tplaj;jpw;F

Vw;w ghlNtisiaAk; fzpjg; ghlNtisiaAk; Xa;T Neuq;fisAk; gad;gLj;jp
tFg;ghrpupau; khztu;fs; Mq;fpyk; NgRtjw;Fk; Mq;fpyj;ijf; Nfl;gjw;F k;
re;ju;g;gj;ij toq;Fjy;
(iii) thuj;jpw;F xUKiw my;yJ nghUj;jkhdthW Mq;fpy ciuahly; epfo;r;rp

xd;iw tFg;ghrpupaUf;Fk; khztu;fSf;FkpilNa kfpo;r;rp jUk; nraw;ghLfs;
%yk; Nkw;nfhs;sy;
,q;F khztu;fSf;F md;whl tho;fi ; fapy; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F mtrpakhd ciuahliy

gapw;Wtpj;jy; - jd;idg; gw;wp> tPl;bYs;s nry;yg; gpuhzpfisg; gw;wp rpy thf;fpaq;fis
gof;Ftpj;jy; Mfpad vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
kpfTk; ed;whf Mq;fpyr; nrhw;fisf; fpufpf;f ,yFthd 16 ghly;fs; 16 fUg;nghUs;

fSf;F Vw;wthW mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. mjw;F vy;yhg; ghlrhiyfSf;Fk;
mg; g hlq; f Sk; mwpKfg; g Lj; j g; g l; L s; s nrhw; f s; > ciuahly; f s; Mfpad
gjpTnra;ag;gl;l ,Wtl;L (DVD) xd;iw toq;Ftjw;Fj; Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpd;
Muk;gf; fy;tpj; Jiw eltbf;if vLj;Js;sJ.
tFg;giwf;Fg; nghWg;ghd ePq;fs; mjid ed;F nrtpkLj;J khztu;fSf;F Mq;fpy

nkhopiar; nrtpkLg;gjw;Fk; NgRtjw;Fk; gapw;Wtpj;jy; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
cjhuzkhf> ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;ba Mq;fpyr; nrhw;fsQ;rpankhd;W ,q;F

cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjpy; md;whl tho;f;ifapy; khztu; ve;NeuKk; re;jpf;Fk;
nghUs;fspd; Mq;fpyr; nrhw;fisAk; gy;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd vspa
thf;fpaq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwAk; cs;slf;fpAs;sd.
khztu;fSf;F mz;ikahd Rw;whlYf;F Vw;g ,r;nrhw;fsQ;rpaj;jpw;F nrhw;fisg;

Gjpjhfr; Nru;g;gjdhy; my;yJ Fiwg;gjdhy; nghUj;jkhdthW khw;wpf;nfhs;tjw;F
MrpupaUf;Fr; Rje;jpuk; cz;L. ,q;F Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;s Rw;whly; rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfs;
tplaj;jpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhf mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;s nrhw;fs; mj;jidiaAk;
gad;gLj;Jjy; fl;lhakhdjy;y. mt;thNw Rw;whly; rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfs; tplaj;jpy;
fUg; nghUSf;F g; nghUj; jkhf Kd; itf;f g; gl;L s; s nraw; ghLfisg; Nghd; Nw
ghly;fisAk; Mrpupaupd; tpUg;gpw;Nfw;g khw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; Rje;jpuk; cz;L vdf;
$w Ntz;Lk;.
khztupd; Mq;fpy mwpit msg;gjw;F fUg;nghUs; xd;wpd; ,Wjpapy; mtu;fsplk;

,Ue;J tha;nkhopahf tpdhf;fs; tpdTjy;> glk; xd;iwf; fhl;b mJ vd;d vd
tpdTjy;> nrhy; xd;iwf; $wp mjw;F cupa glj;ijf; fhl;Ltjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gk;
toq;Fjy; Nghd;w vspa nraw;ghLfis ,jw;Fg; gad;gLj;j KbAk;. (What is this? /
What is this colour? / Show me .......)khztupd; Mq;fpy mwpit msg;gjw;F cjhuzk;:
Draw a cat / Colour is this Black vd;wthWk; ,e;j fzpg;gPl;ilg; nghUj;jkhdthW
tFg;ghrpupau; nra;a KbAk;. ,f;fzpgg ; l
P L
; r; nranyhOq;F tFg;ghrpupaupdhy; gpsi
; sf;Fr;;
Rikaw;w tpjj;jpy; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. nraw;ghLfspd;NghJ mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;l
nrhw;fisAk; thf;fpaq;fisAk; kl;Lk; gad;gLj;jp ,f; fzpgg ; L
P nra;ag;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
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Grade 4 Activity Based Oral English – syllabus-2018
Suggested Conversational Language -
vocabulary & between class teacher and
Songs / Games /Activities
useful expressions students, students and students
1. Our Good Song Useful Expressions

Behaviour Win or loss – happy or sad // 1. I am Ruwan.
1. win Smile and sing – it’s our life // What’s your name?
2. loss 2. How old are you?
3. happy Game I am eight / nine
4. sad 1. Stand up. 3. What’s your school?
5. smile 2. Bend forward. My school is
6. sing 3. Touch your toes. DharmapalaVidyalaya.
7. life 4. Stand straight. 4. In which grade are you?
8. clean 5. Stretch your arms. I’m in grade three / four
9. dirty 6. Put down your arms. / put
10. bend your arms down.
11. stretch your 7. Run to the wall.
arms 8. Come back.
12. put your arms 9. Run on the spot.
down 10. Stop.
13. stand straight 11. Turna round.
14. run to the wall 12. Let’s go to the classroom./sit
15. come back down.
16. run to the
blackboard
17. turn around
18. sit down
2. We are Song Useful Expressions

Sri Lankans We are Sri Lankans// 5. Where do you live?
1. Sri Lankans We are sons and daughters of you. I live in Maharagama.
2. Sinhalese 6. How many sisters do you have?
3. Tamils We are Sinhalese, we are Tamils, I have one sister. / two sisters/
4. Muslims we are Muslims or Burghers. no sisters
5. Burghers We are Sri Lankans// 7. How many brothers do you
6. food We are sons and daughters of you. have?
7. dress I have one brother. / two
8. language brothers/ no brothers.
9. hand in hand
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10. national anthem Though our food, though our dress,
11. national flag though our language is different
12. national bird Let’s live happily //
13. national flower Let’s live happily in hand in hand.
14. national tree
15. national game
16. national dress
17. national hero
18. temple
19. church
20. mosque
21. kovil
22. crib
23. Christmas tree
24. kolam
25. wesak lantern
26. jungle fowl
27. blue waterlily
28. ‘Na’ tree
29. Volleyball
3. Plants Trees Song Useful Expressions
& Creepers
1. Large plants Large plants, small plants 8. What is this?

2. small plants Climbers, creepers, bushes /// It’s a bush.
3. climbers Trees// green everywhere
4. creepers (John Brown’s .. tune)
5. bushes
6. flowers
7. leaf/leaves
8. roots Game : Find my name.
9. trunk I am white.
10. branch/branches I have five petals.
11. bud/buds (Teacher shows the picture of a
12. stem jasmine) Who am I?
13. petals Answer : Jasmine/ You are a
14. marigold jasmine.
15. shoe flower
16. rose
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17. nectar
18. bloom I am yellow.
19. colour of the I have many petals.
petal (Teacher shows the picture of a
20. number of sunflower) Who am I?
petals Answer : Sunflower/ You are a
21. squirrel sunflower.
22. snail
23. monkey
4. Animals Song Useful Expressions

around us
1. beak They are animal friends of mine// 9. Can you sing?
2. horns Who says meow meow Yes, I can. / No, I can’t.
3. fins Cat says meow meow I can dance.
4. tail Who says bow wow
5. whiskers Dog says bow wow 10. Do you have a pet?
6. trunk Meow//// bow wow bow Yes, I have a cat.
7. wings No, I don’t have.
8. eyes Who says quack quack
9. nose Duck says quack quack
10. mouth Who says moo moo
11. tongue Cow says moo moo
12. antenna quack //// moo ///
13. dog
14. cat Who says cheep cheep
15. elephant Bird says cheep cheep
16. cow Who says oink oink
17. goat Pig says oink oink
18. fish Cheep //// Oink ///
19. iguana They are animal friends of mine//
20. snake (Eskimo …tune)
21. parrot
22. peacock
23. sparrow
24. woodpecker
25. crane
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26. rabbit Game :Who am I? Useful Expressions
27. crow I eat fruits. 11. Do you have a pencil? /
28. caterpillar I can fly. a piece of paper/ an eraser.
29. spider I am green.
30. ant I have a red beak. Sorry, I don’t have. /
31. hen Who am I? Yes, here you are.
32. cock Answer : Parrot/ You are a parrot.
33. owl I have no legs. 12. Is this your pencil?
34. butterfly I have fins. Yes, it’s mine. /
35. mosquito I can swim. Yes, it’s my pencil.
36. worm Who am I? No, it’s Saman’s pencil.
37. centipede Answer : Fish/ You are a fish
38. millipede I have eight legs. 13. Where’s my pencil?
39. fly I can’t fly. It’s on the table./
40. rat I can’t swim. It’s under the table./
41. rattle snake I spin cobwebs. It’s in the bag.
42. cockroach Who am I?
43. buffaloe Answer : Spider/ You are a spider.
44. I fly I am very big.
45. I swim I have a trunk.
46. I walk I help carrying logs.
47. I glide Who am I?
Answer :elephant/ You are an
elephant.
5. What We Use Song

1. needle Books in the library – desks and
2. thread chairs in the classroom
3. knife All in our school//
4. spoon Let’s protect them lovingly
5. fork (Bingo …tune)
6. cup
7. saucer
Game : What am I?
8. plate
I help you to cut vegetables.
9. pan
(teacher can mime & show the
10. broom
picture of a knife)
11. ekel broom
Answer :Knife
12. saw
I help you to sit.
13. ruler
Answer : chair/ You are a chair.
14. mammoty
296
15. plough I help you to comb your hair.
16. hanky Answer : Comb/ You are a comb.
(handkerchief)
17. blackboard I help you to brush your teeth.
18. table Answer : Toothbrush / You are a
19. chair toothbrush.
20. duster
21. desk I help you to sweep.
22. dustbin Answer :Broom / You are a broom.
23. bed
24. comb
25. toothbrush
6. Our Food Song Useful Expressions

1. healthy food To be a healthy - boy or girl
2. fatty food A boy or a girl// 14. What do you like?
3. spicy food To be a healthy - boy or girl I like buns.
4. homemade You need to eat good food//
food 15. Do you like ice cream?
5. junk food Homemade food like rice and curry, Yes, I do. / No, I don’t.
6. banana rice and curry//
7. pineapple Homemade food like rice and curry 16. How much is it?
8. mango Will make you a healthy boy. It’s ten rupees
9. rose apple Will make you a healthy girl.
10. pawpaw
11. fruit juice But you should not eat – fatty food
12. wood apple or spicy food or fatty food
13. olive But you should not eat – fatty food
14. water melon or spicy food – too much
15. custard apple spicy food – too much
16. potato
17. cabbage
18. tomato
19. jak
20. carrot
21. beet
22. drumsticks
23. brinjal
24. cucumber
25. rice and curry
297
26. bread Game : What am I?
27. hoppers It is a fruit.
28. buns It is sour.
29. tea It is juicy.
30. milk We can eat or drink it.
31. ice cream What is it?
32. string hoppers It begins with letter ‘o’
33. egg (Teacher shows the picture of an
34. fish orange)
35. meat Answer : Orange.
36. coconut
We eat with curries.
It grows in the paddyfield.
What is it?
It begins with letter ‘r’
(Teacher shows the picture of rice)
Answer : Rice.
It is made of flour.
We can cut into slices.
We can eat with curries, butter or
jam.What is it?
It begins with letter ‘b’.
(Teacher shows the picture of a
loaf of bread.)
Answer :bread
7. Safety & Song Useful Expressions
Protection Don’t play with fire//
1. fire Don’t speak with strangers// 17. Be careful.
2. strangers Don’t eat from strangers// You may fall.
3. slip Think of you - wherever go You may slip.
4. fall Think of you – whatever do
5. accident Song
6. safe/safety Be careful, be careful
7. dangerous When you light crackers.
8. stranger Be careful, be careful
When you cross the road.
Be careful, be careful
When you climb steps.
Be careful, be careful
When you play with animals.
298
8. Water Song Useful Expressions
1. bathe Water// we need you 18.Don’t waste water.
2. cook Water// we like you
3. wash Water// without you
4. drink We can’t bathe – we can’t cook-
5. water we can’t wash or we can’t live
(the plants) We protect you//
6. well Wasting no- no wasting.
7. river Water// we need you
8. pond Water// we like you
9. tank Water// without you
We can’t live//
(Jameica…tune)
9. Transport Song Useful Expressions
1. left Look to the right- look to the left
2. right look to the right again. 19. Where are you going?
3. cross Cross the road, if the road is clear. I am going to the canteen.
4. road
Look to the right- look to the left
5. bus 20. Where is Saman?
look to the right again.
6. car In the canteen. /Saman is in
Cross the road, if the road is clear.
7. lorry the canteen. / he is in the
8. van No playing – no running – no canteen.
9. train playing
10. aeroplane No playing no running on the road. 21. Where are they?
No playing – no running – no They are in the canteen.
11. helicopter
12. ship playing,
As vehicles are moving on the road.
10. Home Garden Song Useful Expressions

1. sunflowers sunflowers and roses jasmine and 22. How many flowers are
2. roses bees. there?
3. jasmine Butterflies and humming birds on
4. bees my fruit trees. Two flowers / There are
5. butterflies two flowers
Cool breeze, shady trees, flowers
6. humming birds with sweet smell
7. fruit trees All kinds of green leaves in my
8. flowers garden.
9. home garden (all kinds …tune)
10. shoe flowers
11. sweet potatoes
299
12. yams Song
13. manioc Roseapple, pineapple
14. curry leaves Mangoes and pawpaw.
Longbeans and wingedbeans,
Curry leaves and spinach.
Jasmine and roses,
Shoeflowers and lotus.These are
the things in my beautiful
garden
(Favourite things …)
11. Ways of Song Useful Expressions

Making Work
Easy
1. hole puncture Let’s save time// la la …. 23. Don’t waste time.
2. stapler machine Let’s do work// la la…
3. pencil Let’s play and work// la la ..
sharpener Don’t waste time// la la ..
4. hammer (hey ho …tune)
Game
What am I?
I help you to make a hole.
What am I?
Begins with letter ‘p’.
Puncture /you are a puncture.
I help you to sharpen the pencil.

What am I?
Pencil sharpener/ you are a
pencil sharpener.
I help you to hit a nail.

What am I?
Hammer./you are a hammer.
300
12. Human Song Useful Expressions
Behaviour If you’re happy and you know it 24. Who is this?
1. innocent clap your hands// This is my father.
2. helpful If you’re happy and you know it –
3. clever and you really want to show it 25. What are you doing?
4. kind If you’re happy and you know it I am reading a book.
clap your hands.
If you’re angry and you know it, no
no fight//
If you’re angry and you know it –
and you really want to show it
If you’re angry and you know it no
no fight.
If you’re sad and you know it,
share with friends//
If you’re sad and you know it –
and you really want to lessen it
If you’re sad and you know it share
with friends//
Song
You’re my best friend,
You are so kind.
You make me happy
You are innocent and very helpful
(You’re my sunshine…)
13. Earth & Sky Song Useful Expressions

1. sky Don’t throw rubbish 26. I have two eyes.
2. sun everywhere. I have two ears.
3. moon Put them into a garbage pit. I have one nose.
4. stars Keep the classroom beautiful I have one mouth.
5. rainbow Keep the school your beautiful. I have two hands.
6. wind Keep Sri Lanka beautiful. I have two legs.
7. clouds Keep my country beautiful// I have ten fingers.
8. rain I have ten toes.
9. river Game Who am I?
10. hill You can see me in the sky at
11. mountain night.
12. rain drops I am yellow and round.
301
13. lightening Who am I?
14. floods Moon / you are the moon.
15. thunder
16. sea You can see me in the sky at day
17. beach time.
18. mist I am orange, round and hot.
19. waterfall Who am I ?
20. trees Sun/ you are the sun.
21. flowers
14. Changes We Song Useful Expressions

Can Do Keep your hair neat and clean 27. It has two eyes.
1. clean Neat and clean// It has two ears.
2. sweep Keep your hair neat and clean It has one nose.
3. weed My dear friend It has one mouth.
Wear your clothes tidy and clean. It has a bushy tail.
tidy and clean// It has whiskers.
Wear your clothes tidy and clean. It has sharp teeth.
My dear friend It has sharp nails.
Cut your nails and keep them It likes milk.
clean.
Keep them clean//
Cut your nails and keep them
clean.
My dear friend.
Then you will become
healthy boys, healthy girls,
healthy boys
Then you will become healthy
girls.
My dear friend.
( London…tune)
Game
I help you to sweep the floor.
Who am I?
Broom / you are a broom.
I help you to sweep the garden.
Who am I?
Ekelbroom / you are an ekel
broom.
302
15. Man & Song Useful Expressions
Information Information where we find
1. letter Where we find// 28. What can you see? /
2. newspapers Information where we find What can you see in this picture?
3. telephone My dear friend. I can see a house. / a house, a cat.
4. post
Newspapers –read /// 29. What is in my hand?
Newspapers –read /// my dear a bag / an umbrella.
friend
Radio - listen to it ///
Radio - listen to it - my dear
friend
Television – watch ///
Television – watch ///
But don’t watch too much.
(London..tune)
16. Our Past Song Useful Expressions

1. history Ancient kings our fore fathers// 30. I am Sahan.
2. stone carvings Built this world beautiful// I am eight /nine
3. timber carvings Built this world happy and safe// I live in Nawala.
4. ancient kings Let’s call them our heroes// I go to DharmapalaVidyalaya.
5. palace Let’s become great like them.// I am in grade three/ four
6. throne I have one brother and one sister.
7. crown Game : Guess I like red.
I live in a palace.
I wear a crown. 31. I have a pet.
I sit on the throne. It is a cat.
Who am I? My cat is black.
Answer : King / You are a king. My cat likes milk.
32. My cat has four legs.

It has a tail.
It has two eyes.
It has two ears.
It has a small nose.
It has a small mouth.
It has whiskers.
303
Assessment (done by the class teacher)
Listen & Draw :
• Draw a cat
• Draw one cat
• Draw two cats. etc.
Listen and colour
• Colour the cat in brown.
Look and say (show the picture an ask)
• What is this?
• What is this animal ?
• What is this fruit?
• What is this vegetable?
• What colour is it ?
• How many cats are there ?
• How many dogs are there? etc.....
• What can you see in this picture?
Listen and answer
• Name three fruits.
• Name three vegetables.
• Name three animals.
• What’s your name? ............ etc
304
4.0 ,uz;lhk; Njrpa nkhop - rpq;fsk;
1. mwpKfk;
,yq;ifau; vd;w tifapy; jk;Kld; thOk; rNfhju kf;fspd; nkhopiaf; fw;gjd;
%yk; xUtiunahUtu; tpsq;fpr; nraw;gLk; jpwid khztuplj;Nj tsu;g;gNj ,jd;
%yk; vjpu;ghuf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
,f;FwpfN ; fhis ikag;gLj;jp> ,uz;lhk; Njrpa nkhopiaf; fw;gpg;gjd; %yk; khztuplk;

nkhopg; gz;baj;jpaj;ij Vw;gLj;j vjpu;ghu;ff
; g;gltpyi
; y. khwhf njhlu;ghly; jpwd;fis
XusTf;F tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;tJk; xUtNuhnlhUtu; Gupe;Jzu;it Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tJk;
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;w J.
nraY}f;fKs;s Njrpa xd;wpizg;ig Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; Njrpa xw;Wikia

Vw;gLtj;Jtjw;fhd Kjd;ikahd mbj;jsj;ij ,Ltjw;Fk; ,uz;lhk; Njrpa nkhopiaf;
fw;gJ J}z;LNfhyhf mikAk; vd;gJ vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
mjw;fika ,uz;lhk; Kjd;ik epiyapy; ,uz;lhk; Njrpa nkhopapd; fPo; gpd;tUk;

Nju;r;rpfis miltjw;fhf ,e;j Mrpupau; topfhl;b jahupff
; g;gl;Ls;sJ. nrtpkLj;jy;>
NgRjy; Mfpa nkhopj; j pwd; f s; njhlu; g hd nraw;g hLfs; khj; j puNk ,q; F
jug;gl;L s;sd. ,j;Nju;r;rpfs;> khztuJ taJ> Kjpu;r;rp vd;gtw;NwhL mtu;fs;
ngw;Ws;s mDgtq;fisAk; ftdj;jpw;; nfhz;L jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
2. Muk;g f; fy;t pg; gUtj;J f;F upa Nju;r;rpfs; (,uz;lhk; Njrpa nkhop)
 ehshe;jj; Njitfis epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf nghUj;jkhd nrhw;fisAk;
nrhw;nwhlu;fs; - thf;fpaq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpg; NgRthu;.
 rpqf; sj;jpy; $Wgtw;iw nrtpkLj;J nghUSs;s tifapy; Jyq;Fthu;/ vjpu;tpid
fhl;Lthu;.
 nkhopiaf; ifahSk;NghJ ew;gof;fq;fis ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
 VidNahuJ Kd;dpiyapy; jkJ fUj;ijAk; ntspg;gLj;j Kd;tUthu;.
 thrpg;Gj;jpwid ntspg;gLj;jp> mjidg; nghUSs;s tifapy; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
 ghly;fs;> ftpijfis nrtpkLj;Jk; ghbAk; ,urpg;ghu;.
 ,uz;lhk; Njrpa nkhopiaf; ifahs;tjd; %yk; fspg;GWthu;.
 ,uz;lhk; Njrpa nkhopiaf; ifahSk; jpwd;fis kjpg;ghu;.
3. Kjd;ik epiy ,uz;bw;Fupa Nju;;r;rpfs;

 Fwpg;ghf Xu; ,lj;ij VidNahUf;Fr; rupahff; $Wthu;.
 jkJ NjitfSf;Fupa nghJ ,lq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLthu; my;yJ ngaupLthu;.
 md;whlf; fUkq;fspdN; ghJ Fwpjj
; vspikahd fl;lisfSf;F vjput ; pid (Jyq;fy;)
fhl;Lthu;.
 md;whlk; jkJ NjitfSf;fhf el;Gld; Ntz;LNfhs; tpLg;ghu;.
 tpUj;jpdu;fis tuNtw;W el;Gld; ciuahLthu;.
 jkJ fpl;ba #oypy; fhzg;gLk; kuQ;nrbnfhbfs;> G+f;fspd; ngau;fis ,dq;fz;L
$Wthu;.
 jkJ fpl;ba #oypy; fhzg;gLk; goq;fs;> fha;fwpfisr; rupahf ,dq;fz;L
$Wthu;.
 jkJ clypd; cWg;Gf;fisr; rupahff; $Wthu;.
305
 md;whlk; gad;gLj;Jk; ghtidg; nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; cgfuzq;fis ,dq;fz;L
$Wthu;.
 vz;Fwpfis ,dq;fz;L rupahfTk; njspthfTk; cr;rupj;J thrpg;ghu;.
 nghJ ,lq;fspy; jkJ Njitfis epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;fhfj; jfty;fis
tprhupj;jwpthu;.
 vspikahd ghly;fs;> ftpijfis mq;f mirTfSld; ghLthu;.
 mbg;gilj; jfty;fs; njhlu;ghf ciuahly; xd;wpy; <LgLthu;.
4. juk; ehd;f pw;F upa Nju;r;rpfs;

 ghlrhiyapy; ,Uf;Fk; ntt;NtW Ml;fis//egu;fis ,dq;fz;L $Wthu;.
 FLk;gj;jpy; neUq;fpa cwtpdupd; cwTKiwfis ,dq;fz;L $Wthu;.
 nghJ ,lq;fspd; ngau;fis ,dq;fz;L $Wthu;.
 md;whlj; NjitfSf;fhf el;Gld; Ntz;LNfhs; tpLg;ghu;.
 gjpndhd;W (11) njhlf;fk; gjpide;J (15) tiuapyhd vz;fisr; rpq;fs nkhopapy;
$Wthu;.
 md;whl ciuahly;fspd;NghJ ahNjDk; xU nghUs; my;yJ vtNuDk; xUtu;
,Uf;Fk; ,lj;ijj; jpl;ltl;lkhff; Fwpg;gpLtjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd gpuNahfq;fisg;
gad;gLj;Jthu;.
 jkJ md;gu;fSld; el;Gld; ciuahLthu;.
 jfty; mwptjw;fhf tpdhf; Nfl;ghu;.
 kzpapy; Neuj;ijf; $Wthu;.
5. fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; mZFKiwfs;

Kjd;ik epiy xd;W njhlf;fk; ,uz;lhk; Njrpa nkhopiag; gapYtjw;F khztu;f;F
tha;g;gspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. jpl;lkpl;l tpisahl;Lf;fs;> fspg;G+l;L k; Ntiyfs; kw;Wk;
nraw;ghLfis Kjd;ikahff; nfhz;L Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,j;jg; ghlj;jpdhy;
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; fw;wy; - Nju;rrpfis milaj;jf;fthwhd fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nrad;Kiw
jpl;lkplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,uz;lhk; Njrpa nkhopnahd;wpidf; fw;gjhy; mila vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; Nju;r;rpfis
milaj;jf;fthwhf> fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nra;d;Kiwia xOq;F nra;J nfhs;tJ
Mrpupaupd; nghWg;ghFk;. NkYk; ,q;F jug;gl;Ls;s nraw;ghLfSf;Fg; gjpyhf
nghUj;jkhd Gjpa nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkply; gad;gLj;Jk; Rje;jpuk; MrpupaUf;F
cz;L.
6. ghlrhiyf; nfhs;i fAk; Ntiyj; jpl;l q;fSk;
,uz;lhk; Njrpa nkhopiag; gad;gLj;Jk; re;ju;g;gq;fisg; ghlrhiyf; nfhs;ifapd;
topNa cUthf;FtJ njhlu;ghf mjpgu; ftdQ; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. mj;NjhL juk;
ehd;F tFg;gpy; ,uz;lhk; Njrpa nkhopg; gad;ghl;Lf;Nfw;w nfhs;iffis cUthf;FtJ
Fwpj;J tFg;ghrpupau; ftdQ; nrYj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;. tho;jJ ; j; njuptpj;jy;> ed;wp $Wjy;
Nghd;wtw;iw rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ,uz;lhk; Njrpa nkhopapYk; $Wjy; Nghd;w
nkhopfis cUthf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; ,uz;lhk; Njrpa nkhopf;fhd xU jpdj;ijg;
ngaupl;L (gpufldg;gLj;jp) tFg;G kl;lj;jpy; tpNrl epfo;r;rpfis xOq;F nra;ayhk;.
7. khztuJ Kd;Ndw;wj;i jf; fzpg;g pLjy;
re;ju;g;gq;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd rpq;fsr; nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy; njhlu;ghd
jfty;fisj; jpul;Lq;fs;. khztuJ tYf;fis ,dq;fhz;gjw;Fk; ,lu;ghLfspd; NghJ
cjtp Guptjw;Fk; mj;jfty;fis gad;gLj;Jq;fs;. Mrpupau; topfhl;bapy; jug;gl;Ls;s
nghJf;fzpg;glP L
; g; gj;jpuj;jpd; ,uz;lhk; Njrpa nkhopf; fzpg;gPlL
; f;fhf cupa epakq;fs;
cs;slf;fg;glLs;sd.
306
,uz;lhk; Njrpa nkhop - rpq;fsk;
ghlj;jpl;lk; - juk; 04
Nju;r;rp - 1
• ghlrhiyapy; ,Uf;Fk; ntt;NtW Ml;fis//egu;fis ,dq;fz;L $Wthu;.
• .=rejrhd$.=rejßh FUtuah/ FUtupa Mrpupau;

• úÿy,am;s;u= d tpJ`y;gjp mjpgu;
• YsIHhd \p\;aah khztd;
• YsIHdj \p\;aht khztp
• hy`Mjd a`Yth ez;gd;
• fhfy<sh na`ypa ez;gp
Nju;r;rp - 2
• FLk;gj;jpy; neUq;fpa cwtpdupd; cwTKiwfis ,dq;fz;L $Wthu;.
• wdÉÑ Mr;rp ghl;b

• iShd rP ah jhj;jh/ghl;ld;
• udud khkh khkh
• kekaod ee;jh khkp
• ifydaorhd rNfhjuah rNfhjud;
• ifydaoßh rNfhjupa rNfhjup
Nju;r;rp - 3
• nghJ ,lq;fspd; ngau;fis ,dq;fz;L $Wthu;.
• mdi, ghry ghlrhiy

• fmd< nghy re;ij
• nia kej;=ï fmd< g]; etJk; nghy g]; epiyak;
• ÿïßh ia:dkh Jk;upa ];jhda Gifapuj epiyak;
• frday, Nuhfy itj;jparhiy
• nexl=j gq;Ft tq;fp
• ;eme,a ld¾hd,h jgy; fhu;ahya jghy; fhupahyk;
Nju;r;rp - 4
• md;whlj; NjitfSf;fhf el;Gld; Ntz;LNfhs; tpLg;ghu;.
• fndkak Bnghd;d FbAq;fs;
• lkak fd;d rhg;gpLq;fs;
• wßkak mupd;d jpwTq;fs;
• fidaokak Nrhjd;d fOTq;fs;
307
Nju;r;rp - 5
• gjpndhd;W (11) njhlf;fk; gjpide;J (15) tiuapyhd vz;fisr; rpq;fs
nkhopapy; $Wthu;.
• tfld<y - 11 vnfhs` gjpndhd;W

• fod<y - 12 njhs` gd;dpuz;L
• oy;=k - 13 jfJd gjpd;%d;W
• ody;r - 14 jhfju gjpd;ehd;F
• myf<dj - 15 gfnsht gjpide;J
Nju;r;rp - 6
• md;whl ciuahly;fspd;NghJ ahNjDk; xU nghUs; my;yJ vtNuDk; xUtu;
,Uf;Fk; ,lj;ijj; jpll
; tl;lkhff; Fwpg;gpLtjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd gpuNahfq;fisg;
gad;gLj;Jthu;.
• tfya$w;k$w;kg$w;ksk$a tfyka vN`/mj;jd/mj;jdl/mj;jdpd; mq;Nf

• fufya$fu;k$fu;kg nkN`/nkj;jd/nkjdl;l ,q;Nf
• bÈßfhka$bÈßhg ,jpupnad;/,jpupal;l Kd;dhy;
• msgqmi$msgqmiska$msgqmig gpl;Lgr/gpl;Lgrpd;/gpl;Lgrl gpd;dhy;
Nju;r;rp - 7
• jkJ md;gu;fSld; el;Gld; ciuahLthu;.
• uu rdKs’ Tn ljqo @ kk uhzp xg fTj? ehd; ,uhzp ePq;fs; ahu;?

• uf.a ku iuka kNf ek rkd; vdJ ngau; rkd;
• ug wdmam ´k kl Mg;g Xd vdf;F mg;gk; Ntz;Lk;
• Thdg j;=r ´fko @ xah(l;)l t(j;)Ju Xdj? cq;fSf;F jz;zPu; Ntz;Lkh?
• kE Ne ,y;iy
• Tõ xt; Mk;
• ug j;=r tmd k(l;)l tJu v(g;)gh vdf;F jz;zPu; Ntz;lhk;.
• Tn ljqo@ xg fTj? ePq;fs; ahu;?
• uu iuka kk rkd; ehd; rkd;
• uu kk ehd;
• Tn xg ePq;fs;
• ug kl;l vdf;F
• Tng xgl;l cq;fSf;F
• uf.a kNf vdJ
• Tfí xNg cq;fs;
308
Nju;r;rp - 8
• jfty; mwptjw;fhf tpdhf; Nfl;ghu;.
• Tfí ku l=ula o @
xgNf ek Fkf;j? cq;fs; ngau; vd;d?
• Tfí wïudf.a ku l=ula o @
xNg mk;khNf ek Fkf;j? cq;fs; mk;kh ngau; vd;d?
• Tfí ;d;a;df.a ku l=ula o @
xNg jhj;jhNf ek Fkf;j? cq;fs; mg;gh ngau; vd;d?
• Tfí jhi lSho @
xNg tar fPaj? cq;fs; taJ vj;jid?
• Tfí mdi, l=ula o @
xNg ghry Fkf;j? cq;fs; ghlrhiy vJ?
• Tfí mqgjq l=ula o @
xNg Gl;Lt Fkf;j? cq;fs; fjpiu vJ?
• Tfí fïih l=ula o @
xNg Nkra Fkf;j? cq;fs; Nkir vJ?
• Tfí mka;h s l=ula o @
xNg ge;jpa Fkf;j? cq;fs; tFg;G vJ?
• Tfí .u fldfya o@$l=ula o @
xNg fk nfhN`j/Fkf;j? cq;fs; Cu; vJ?
• mqia;ld,h fldfya o @
G];jfhya nfhN`j? E}yfk; vq;Nf?
• mqia;ld,h tfya
G];jfhya vN` E}yfk; mq;Nf
• nia kej;=ïfmd< fldfyao @
g]; etJk;nghy nfhN`j? g]; epiyak; vq;Nf?
• nia kej;=ïfmd< fufya
g]; etJk;nghy nkN` g]; epiyak; ,q;Nf
• fmd< fldfya o @
nghy nfhN`j? re;ij vq;Nf?
• fmd< fufya
nghy nkN` re;ij ,q;Nf
• frday, fldfya o@
Nuh`y nfhN`j? itj;jparhiy vq;Nf?
• frday, tfya
Nuh`y vN` itj;jparhiy mq;Nf
• iuka fldfya o @
rkd; nfhN`j? rkd; vq;Nf?
309
• iuka fufya
rkd; nkN` rkd; ,q;Nf
• .=rejrhd fldfya o @
FUtuah nfhN`j? Mrpupau; vq;Nf?
• .=rejrhd tfya
• FUtuah vnkN` Mrpupau; mq;Nf
Nju;r;rp - 9
• kzpapy; Neuj;ijf; $Wthu;.
• fj,dj tlhs Ntyht vf;fa; xU kzp

• fj,dj folhs Ntyht njf;fa; ,uz;L kzp
• fj,dj ;=khs Ntyht Jda; %d;W kzp
• fj,dj y;rhs Ntyht `j;jua; ehd;F kzp
• fj,dj myhs Ntyht gà; Ie;J kzp
• fj,dj yhhs Ntyht àa; MW kzp
• fj,dj y;hs Ntyht `j;ja; VO kzp
• fj,dj wghs Ntyht ml;la; vl;L kzp
• fj,dj kjhhs Ntyht ekaa; xd;gJ kzp
• fj,dj oyhhs Ntyht jàa; gj;J kzp
• fj,dj tfld<yhs Ntyht vf;nfhsà; gjpndhU kzp
• fj,dj fod<yhs Ntyht njhsà; gd;dpuz;L kzp
310
Nju;r;rp - 1
ghlrhiyapy; ,Uf;Fk; ntt;NtW Ml;fis//egu;fis ,dq;fz;L $Wthu;.
.=rejrhd$.=rejßh FUtuah/ FUtupa Mrpupau;

úÿy,am;s;u= d tpJ`y;gjp mjpgu;
YsIHhd \p\;aah khztd;
YsIHdj \p\;aht khztp
hy`Mjd a`Yth ez;gd;
fhfy<sh na`ypa ez;gp
MfpNahiuf; fhl;Lk; MW gl ml;ilfs; jahupj;Jf;nfhs;f.
nraw;ghL : 1
• mg;gl ml;ilfis xt;nthd;whff; fhl;b mtu;fisr; rpq;fsj;jpy; miof;Fk;
tpjj;ij NkNy fhl;bAs;sthW cuj;J cr;rupj;Jf; $Wtjw;F khztu;f;Fr;
re;ju;g;gkspf;F f.
• Nkw;gb ghj;jpuq;fs; ahTk; cs;slq;Fk; tifapy; khztu; midtu;f;Fk;
xt;nthd;W fpilf;FkhW NghJkhd msTf;F mg;ghj;jpuq;fspd; glq;fisf;
nfhz;l njhg;gpfs; my;yJ gjf;f khiyfs; jahupj;Jf;nfhs;f.
cjhuzk;: tFg;gpy; 30 khztu;fs; cs;snudpd; xt;nthU glj;jpYk; 5 gpujpfs;
tPjk; jahupj;Jf;nfhs;f.
• Mrpupia mtw;Ws; xU ghj;jpuj;jpd; ngaiuf; $wpaTld;> mg;ghj;jpuj;ij
mzpe;Js;s khztu;fs; vOe;J epd;W> jhk; mzpe;Js;s ghj;jpuj;jpd; ngaiu
cuj;Jf; $wpa gpd;du; mkUjy; Ntz;Lk;.
• ,t;thwhf vy;yhg; ghj;jpuq;fSk; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jg;gLk; tifapy; Mrpupau;

ngau;fisf; $Wjy; Ntz;Lk;.
• gpd;du; mzpe;Js;stw;iw khztu;fSf;fpilNa gupkhwpr; nraw;ghl;il kPz;Lk;
elj;Jf.
311
• MrpupaUf; F g; gjpyhf> ngau; $wp miog; gjw;f hf khztiu <LgLj; jp>
nraw;ghl;ilj; njhlu;e;Jk; elj;jyhk;.
nraw;ghL : 2
• tFg;G khztiu ,ltrjpAs;s jpwe;j ntspahd Xu; ,lj;Jf;F mioj;Jr;
nry;f.
• khztiu MW Ngu; nfhz;l FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff.
• Nkw;gb nraw;ghL : 1 ,y; jahupj;j gl mzpfyd;fis MSf;F xd;whf toq;Ff.
• xt;nthU FOtpYk; MW ghj;jpuq;fSk; mlq;fpapUf;Fk; tifapy; mtw;iw
toq;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.
• xt;nthU FOtpYk; khztu;fis miutl;l tbtj;jpy;; epw;FkhW topg;gLj;jp>
xU khztiu Kd;dhy; tUkhW mwpTWj;Jf.
• Kd;dhy; te;j khztu; Kjypy; jk;ik mwpKfQ; nra;j gpd;du;> FOtpy;

kw;WnkhUtiu Kd;dhy; tUkhW mioj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
cjhuzk;:
uu úÿy,am;s kk tpJ`y;gj;jp ehd; mjpgu;
.=re;=ud$.=re;=ñh tkak FUJkh/ FUJkpa vd;d Mrpupau;/Mrpupia thUq;fs;.
• gpd;du; miu tl;lj;jpd; Kd;Nd ,Uf;Fk; khztu; miu tl;lj;Jld; Nru;e;J
nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;. ,uz;lhtjhf Kd;Nd te;j khztu; Kd;du; Nghd;Nw jk;ik
mwpKfQ; nra;j gpd;du; kw;WnkhUtiu Kd;Nd tUkhW mioj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
cjhuzk;:
uu .=rejrhd$.=rejßh kk FUtuah/FUtupa ehd; Mrpupau;/Mrpupia
YsIHhd tkak \p\;aah vd;d khztd; thUq;fs;.
• ,t;thwhf FOtpy; / tFg;gpy; midtUf;Fk; Kd;Nd te;J $wTk; miof;fTk;
re;ju;g;gk; fpilf;FkhW nraw;ghl;ilj; njhlu;e;J elj;Jf.
• gpd;du;> tFg;gpy; khztu; midtiuAk; miutl;ltbtpy; epWj;jp> Kd;ida
nraw;ghl;by; nra;jJ Nghd;W> xU Fwpj;j ghj;jpug; glj;ij mzpe;Js;s khztu;
midtiuAk; Kd;Nd mioj;Jr; nraw;ghl;il Kd;du; Nghd;Nw elj;jpr; nry;f.
312
nraw;ghL : 3
• gpd;tUk; ghliyg; ghLtjw;fhf NkNy nraw;ghL - 1 ,y; jahupj;j mzpfyd;fisg;
gad;gLj;Jf.
• mzpfyd;fis khztUf;Fg; gfpu;e;jspf;Ff.
• ghlypy; fhl;bAs;sthW jkJ ghj;jpuk; njhlu;ghfg; ghbathW Kd;itg;Gr; nra;a

khztu;f;Fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
ghly; 1:
mjpgu; :
úÿy,am;s ''' uu''' uu''' uu''' uu'' úÿy,am;s
úÿy,am;s ''' uu''' uu''' uu''' uu'' úÿy,am;s
uu úÿy,am;s
tpJ`y;gjp... kk... kk... kk... kk.. tpJ`y;gjp

tpJ`y;gjp... kk... kk... kk... kk.. tpJ`y;gjp
kk tpJ`y;gjp
Mrpupau; :
.=rejrhd ''' uu''' uu''' uu''' uu'' .=rejrhd
.=rejrhd ''' uu''' uu''' uu''' uu'' .=rejrhd
uu .=rejrhd
FUtuah... kk... kk... kk... kk.. FUtuah

FUtuah... kk... kk... kk... kk.. FUtuah
kk FUtuah
• ,t;thwhf kw;iwa ghj;jpuq;fisAk; ghlypy; cl;gLj;jpg; ghliyg; ghLkhW

khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.
• khztiu tl;lkhf epWj;jp> khztu; xt;nthUtUf;Fk; nraw;ghL: 1 ,y; jahupj;j

mzpfyd; xt;nthd;W toq;Ff.
• gpd;tUk; ghliy khztUld; Nru;e;J ghLf.

ghly; 2:
uu úÿy,am;s ''' $$ Tn ljqo@
uu .=rejrhd ''' $$ Tn ljqo@
uu YsIHhd ''' $$ Tn ljqo@
uu YsIHdj''' $$ Tn ljqo@
uu hy¨jd ''' $$ Tn ljqo@
uu fhfy,sh''' $$ Tn ljqo@
313
kk tpJ`y;gjp... // xg fTj?
kk FUtuah... // xg fTj?
kk FUtupa... // xg fTj?
kk \p\;a;ah... // xg fTj?
kk \p\;aht ... // xg fTj?
kk a`Yth... // xg fTj?
kk nan`ypa... // xg fTj?
• gpd;du; tl;lj;jpy; xU khztd; jk;ikg; gw;wp Nkw;$wpathW mwpKfQ; nra;J>

jkf;F tyJ Gwj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; khztdplk; ~ePq;fs; ahu;?| vd ghlypd;gb
rpq;fsj;jpy; tpdTjy; Ntz;Lk;.
• mk;khztu;> ghlypd;gb> jhk; ahu; vd mwpKfQ; nra;J> jkJ tyJ Gwj;Nj

cs;s khztdplk; Kd;ida khztd; nraw;gl;lJ Nghd;Nw ~~ePq;fs; ahu;|| vd
rpq;fsj;jpy; ghlypd;gb tpdTjy; Ntz;Lk;.
• ,t;thwhf tl;lk; KbtilAk; tiuapy; nraw;ghl;il elj;Jf.
• gpd; du; khztu;f s; ,Uf;F k; ,lq; fis khw;w p njhlu; e; Jk; nraw; ghl; il
elj;jpr;nry;yr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
314
Nju;r;rp - 2
FLk;gj;jpy; neUq;fpa cwtpdupd; cwTKiwfis ,dq;fz;L $Wthu;.
wdÉÑ Mr;rp ghl;b

iShd rP ah jhj;jh/ghl;ld;
udud khkh khkh
kekaod ee;jh khkp
ifydaorhd rNfhjuah rNfhjud;
ifydaoßh rNfhjupa rNfhjup
nraw;ghL : 1
• FLk;g cwtpdupd; cwT Kiwfisr; rpq;fs nkhopapy; $Wk; tpjk; gw;wp
khztu;f;F mwpT+l;lk; nra;f.
• mr;nrhw;fis khztu;fs; rpy jlitfs; cr;rupf;fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
• Nkw;gb MW cwT KiwfisAk; Fwpf;Fk; tifapy; khztu; mzpaj;jf;fthwhf

MW NtlKfq;fs; jahupj;Jf;nfhs;f.
• gpd;du; vOkhwhfj; njupT nra;J MW khztu;fSf;F Nkw;gb NtlKfq;fis

toq;fp> tFg;gpd; Kd;Nd te;J fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sthW jk;ik mwpKfQ; nra;AkhW
$Wf.
cjhuzk;:
uu wdÉÑ kk Mr;rp ehd; ghl;b
uu iShd kk rPah ehd; jhj;jh
• gpd;du; NtlKfq;fis khztu;fSf;fpilNa gupkhw;wk; nra;J khztu;fs;

midtUf;Fk; re;ju;g;gk; fpilf;Fk; tifapy; nraw;ghl;ilj; njhlu;e;J elj;Jf.
nraw;ghL : 2
• ghl;b> jhj;jh> khkh. khkp> rNfhjud;> rNfhjup MfpNahupd; glq;fisf; nfhz;l
~~tpuy; nghk;ikfs;|| NghJkhd msTf;Fr; nra;J nfhs;f.
• khztu; xt;nthUtUf;Fk; xU tpuy; nghk;ikj; njhFjp (6 nghk;ikfs;) tPjk;

toq;fp> mtw;iwj; jkJ tpuy;fspy; mzpe;Jnfhs;SkhW mwpTWj;jy; toq;Ff.
• khztiu ,UtupUtuhfg; gpupf;Ff.
• gpd;tUk; ghliyg; ghbathW khztu;fF

; r; nraw;ghl;by; <Lglr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
A wïud fldfyao@ mk;kh nfhN`j?... //
B uu fufya kk nkN`.. //
C fldfyduo iem ikSm@ nfhn`hkj ]g;g]dPg;g?... //
D fyd`Èka bkakjd n`he;jpd; ,d;dth... //
315
• A vDk; khztu; xU tpuiy Ml;bathW A wïud fldfyao@ - (mk;kh nfhN`j?)
vd tpdTjy; Ntz;Lk;.
B vDk; khztd;> jhapd; glj;ijf; nfhz;l tpuiy mirj;J> uu fufya - (kk
nkN`) vdf; $Wjy; Ntz;Lk;.
• ,t;thwhfg; ghlypd; kPjpg; gFjpiaAk; ,UtUk; ,q;F jug;gl;Ls;sthW ghLjy;

Ntz;Lk;. (Kjypy; Mrpupau; A MfTk; Vida khztu;fs; B MfTk; nraw;ghl;il
elj;Jf.)
• ,t;thwhf Vida cwT Kiwfs; njhlu;ghfTk; tpdtpathW ghliyg; ghLf.
• gpd;du;> B Mf ,Ue;J ghliyg; ghbNahUf;F A ghba ghly; gFjpfisg;

ghlTk;> A Mf ,Ue;J ghliyg; ghbNahUf;F B ghba ghly; gFjpiag; ghlTk;
re;ju;g;gkspf;F f.
• ,r;nraw;ghl;il khztu; FOf;fshfr; Nru;e;Jk; elj;jyhk;.
nraw;ghL : 3
• njhiyf;fhl;rpg;ngl;b Kfg;Gg; Nghd;w xU khjpupAUitr; nra;J nfhs;f.
• mk;kh> mg;gh> mz;zd;> mf;fh> jk;gp> jq;if> ghl;b> jhj;jh> khkh> khkp
MfpNahupd; ghlq;fisf; fhl;Lf. ml;ilfisj; jahupj;J toq;Ff. (10 ml;ilfs;)
• mt;tl;iliaj; jkJ cilapy; njhq;ftpl;Lf; nfhs;SkhW mwpTWj;Jf.
• nraw;ghL 1 ,y; ghba ghlypd; Muk;gg; gFjpia Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l cwT Kiwfis

cl;gLj;jp Mrpupau; ghLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
cjhuzk;:
wïud fldfyao@ - mk;kh nfhN`j
• mg;NghJ ~mk;kh| ml;ilia mzpe;Js;s xU khztd; Kd;Nd Xb te;J>

njhiyf;fhl;rpg; ngl;bapd; gpd;Nd epd;W>
uu fufya - kk nkN`
vdf; $wp> tFg;gpy; Vida khztu;fs; ghu;f;ff;$bajhf epd;wthW cuj;Jf;$w
Ntz;Lk;.
• mg;NghJ tFg;gpy; cs;s kw;iwa khztu;fs;> mg;ghlypd; ,uz;lhtJ gFjpapy;

fldfyduo iem ikSm@ - ~nfhN`hkj rg;g rdPg;g| vdg; ghLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
• tFg;gpy; Kd;Nd te;j khztd;>

fydòska bkakjd - ~n`he;jpd; ,d;dth| vd tpilaspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
• gpd;du; gl ml;il fpilf;fhj khztu;fF

; Nkw;gb ml;ilfisg; gfpu;e;jspj;J
tFg;G khztu; midtiuAk; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;Jf.
316
Nju;r;rp - 3
nghJ ,lq;fspd; ngau;fis ,dq;fz;L $Wthu;.
mdi, ghry ghlrhiy

fmd< nghy re;ij
nia kej;=ï fmd< g]; etJk; nghy g]; epiyak;
ÿïßh ia:dkh Jk;upa ];jhda Gifapuj epiyak;
frday, Nuhfy itj;jparhiy
nexl=j gq;Ft tq;fp
;eme,a ld¾hd,h jgy; fhu;ahya jghy; fhupahyk;
nraw;ghL : 1
• Nkw;gb nrhw;fis khztu;fsplj;Nj ed;F gjpAk; tifapy; cuj;J cr;rupj;J
mtw;wpd; nghUis tpsf;Ff.
• gpd;du; me;j ,lq;fspd; gl ml;ilfis my;yJ Nfhy; nghk;ikfis jlitf;F

xd;W tPjk; fhl;b> me;j ,lq;fspd; ngau;fisf; $WkhW khztiu topg;gLj;jpr;
re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
• khztu; mr;nrhw;fis ed;F tpsq;fpf;nfhz;l gpd;du; xt;nthU glkhff; fhl;bf;

FOthf tpilaspf;fr; re;ju;g; gkspj;J> gpd;du; khztu; xt;nthUtUf;Fk;
ml;ilfisf; fhl;b tpilaspf;fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
nraw;ghL : 2
• Nkw;gb nraw;ghL: 1 ,y; gad;gLj;jpa glq;fisf; fPNo glj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;
Ls;sthwhf gpup];ly; ml;ilapy; xl;Lf.
• mg;glq;fis xU jpiuapdhy; kiwf;fg;gLk; tifapy; jahupjJ

; f;nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;.
• mj;jpiu kPJ 1 njhlf;fk; 7 tiu vz;fs; ,Lf.
• 1 - 7 tiuapyhd vz;fs; vOjg;gl;l VO rpwpa ml;ilfisj; jahupj;J> rpwpa

ngl;bnahd;wpy; ,l;Lf; nfhs;f.
317
• vOkhwhfj; njupT nra;j xU khztu; tPjk; tFg;gpd; Kd;Nd mioj;J> rpwpa
ngl;bapypUe;J vz; ml;ilnahd;W ntspNa vLf;FkhW $Wf.
• mk;khztd; vLj;j vz;Zf;F xg;ghf gpup];ly; ml;ilapy; cs;s vz; vOjg;gl;l

jpiuiaj; jpwe;J mjpy; fhzg;gLk; glj;Jf;Fupa rpq;fsg; ngaiu cuj;Jf;
$WkhW khztUf;F mwpTWj;jy; toq;Ff.
• ,t;thwhf khztu; midtUf;Fk; nraw;ghl;by; <Lglr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
• ,jid xU FOr; nraw;ghlhfTk; jpl;lkpl;Lf;nfhs;syhk;.
318
Nju;r;rp - 4
md;whlj; NjitfSf;fhf el;Gld; Ntz;LNfhs; tpLg;ghu;.
fndkak nghd;d FbAq;fs;

lkak fd;d rhg;gpLq;fs;
wßkak mupd;d jpwTq;fs;
fidaokak Nrhjd;d fOTq;fs;
nraw;ghL : 1
• Nkw;gb nrhw;fspd; cr;rupg;ig khztu;fF
; ed;F gupr;rag;gLj;jp> mr;nrhw;fspd;
nghUis tpsf;Ff.
• gpd;du; gpd;tUk; nraw;ghLfspy; <Lgl khztu;fF

; r; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
• Mrpupau; toq; Fk; Nkw;gb fl;l isfSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdthW khztu; fs;

mr;nraiyg; Nghyr; nra;J fhl;Ljy; Ntz;Lk;.
• ,jd;NghJ khztu;fs; 1> 2> 3 Me; juq;fspy; fw;w nrhw;fis kPs epidT+l;Lk;
tifapy; fl;lisfis toq;Ff.
cjhuzk;:
j;=r fndkak tj;Ju nghd;d jz;zPu; FbAq;fs;
f;a fndkak Nj nghd;d NjePu; FbAq;fs;
lsß fndkak fpup nghd;d ghy; FbAq;fs;
n;a lkak gj; fd;d NrhW rhg;gpLq;fs;
frdá lkak nuhl;b fd;d cnuhl;b rhg;gpLq;fs;
msÜgq lkak gpl;L fd;d gpl;L rhg;gpLq;fs;
w; fidaokak mj;j Nrhjd;d if fOTq;fs;
uqyqK fidaokak K`{z Nrhjd;d Kfk; fOTq;fs;
lg fidaokak fl;l Nrhjd;d tha; fOTq;fs;
ll=, fidaokak ff;Fy Nrhjd;d fhy; fOTq;fs;
• ,r;nraw;ghl;il vy;NyhUk; vDk; nghUisj; jUk; ~yefudau| (`Nkhk) vDk;

nrhy;Yld; Nru;j;Jk; elj;jyhk;.
cjhuzk;:
yefudau w; fidaokak `Nkhk mj;j Nrhjd;d vy;NyhUk; if fOTq;fs;.
nraw;ghL : 2
• gpd;tUk; ghliy khztUld; Nru;e;J $l;lhfg; ghLq;fs;. ghl;bd; nghUisAk;
tpsf;Ff.
gFjp 1
fndkak fndkak nghd;d nghd;d FbAq;fs;; FbAq;fs;;
fndkak j;=r fndkak nghd;d tj;Ju nghd;d FbAq;fs; jz;zPu; FbAq;fs;
319
gFjp 2
lkak lkak fd;d fd;d rhg;gpLq;fs; rhg;gpLq;fs;
lkak n;a lkak fd;d gj; fd;d rhg;gpLq;fs; NrhW rhg;gpLq;fs;
gFjp 3
fidaokak fidaokak Nrhjd;d Nrhjd;d fOTq;fs; fOTq;fs;
fidaokak w;a fidaokak Nrhjd;d mj; Nrhjd;d fOTq;fs; if fOTq;fs;
• ghlypy; cs;s nrhw;fs; khztUf;F ed;F gupr;rakhd gpd;du;> khztiuj;

jpwe;j ntspahd Xu; ,lj;Jf;F mioj;Jr; nrd;W ,uz;L FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J
fPNo glj;jpy; fhl;bAs;sthW epw;FkhW mwpTWj;jy; toq;Ff.
• FO 1 vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l khztu;fs; ghliyg; ghLjy; Ntz;Lk;. FO 2 vdf;

Fwpg;gplg;gl;l khztu;fs; mjw;Nfw;wthW Fwpj;j nraiyg; Nghyr; nra;Jfhl;Ljy;
Ntz;Lk;.
• ,t;thwhfg; gpd;d u; FO 2 khztu;fs; ghliyg; ghLjy; Ntz;Lk;. FO 1

khztu;fs; Fwpj;j nray;fisg; Nghyr; nra;J fhl;Ljy; Ntz;Lk;.
320
Nju;r;rp - 5
gjpndhd;W (11) njhlf;fk; gjpide;J (15) tiuapyhd vz;fisr; rpq;fs

nkhopapy; $Wthu;.
tfld<y - 11 vnfhs` gjpndhd;W
fod<y - 12 njhs` gd;dpuz;L
oy;=k - 13 jfJd gjpd;%d;W
ody;r - 14 jhfju gjpd;ehd;F
myf<dj - 15 gfnsht gjpide;J
nraw;ghL : 1
• 1 njhlf;fk; 10 tiuapyhd vz;fis khztu;fF
; kPs epidT+l;Lf.
• Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l vz;fspd; rpq;fsg; ngau;fs; khztUf;F ed;F gupr;rakhFk;

tiuapy; cuj;J cr;rupf;f topg;gLj;Jf.
• vz;fis xOq;FKiwahfTk; xOq;fpd;wpAk; Kd;itj;J mt;ntz;fspd; rpq;fsg;

ngaiu tpdTf.
• 1 njhlf;fk; 15 tiuapyhd vz;fisr; rpq;fsj;jpy; vz;ZkhW khztiu

topg;gLj;Jf.
• fPNo glj;jpy; fhl;bAs;sthW 16 khztu;fF

; tupirahf epw;FkhW mwpTWj;Jf.
• xUtu; jtpu kw;iwa khztu;fF

; 1 njhlf;fk; 15 tiu ngaupLf.
• vz; ngau; fpilf;fhj khztu;> tupirapy; Kjyhtjhf ,Uf;Fk; khztupy;

Muk;gpj;J> ,Wjpahf cs;s khztu; tiuapy; cs;sq;ifapy; jl;bathW 1
njhlf;fk; 15 tiuapyhd vz;fis xt;nthd;whf cuj;Jf;$w topg;gLj;Jf.
• gpd;du; mtu; ,Wjpapy; cs;s khztUf;F mUNf epw;wy; Ntz;Lk;.
• ,t;thwhfNt tupirapy; ,uz;lhtJ epw;Fk; khztDk; Kd;du; Nghd;Nw

1 njhlf;fk; 15 tiuapyhd vz;fis xt;nthd;whff; $wpathW khztupd;
iffisj; jl;bathW nrd;W tupirapy; ,Wjpahf epw;wy; Ntz;Lk;.
• ,t;thwhf tupirapy; cs;s khztu;fs; midtUk; nraw;ghl;by; <Lgl;L> 1 - 15

tiuapyhd vz;fisr; rpq;fs nkhopapy; $wr; nra;J gupr;rag;gLj;Jf.
• nraw;ghl;by; gq;Fgw;wr; re;ju;g;gk; fpl;lhj khztu; cs;sdu; vdpd;> mtu;fisAk;
nghUj;jkhdthW nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;j Mtd nra;f.
nraw;ghL : 2
• glj;jpy; fhl;bAs;sthW khztiu xUtu; gpd; xUtuhf ,uz;L tupirfshf
epWj;Jf.
• ,uz;L tupirfSf;Fk; vjpNu vy;iyf; Nfhnlhd;W tiuf.
321
• vy;iyf; Nfhl;Lf;F Kd;Nd 1 - 15 tiuapyhd vz;fs; ,lg;gl;l ge;Jj; njhFjpfs;
,uz;L mlq;fpAs;s xU ngl;bia itf;Ff.
• khztu; tupirfs; ,uz;Lf;Fk; gpd;Gyj;jpy; ntWk; ngl;b xt;nthd;W itf;Ff.
• nraw;ghl;il/tpisahl;il Muk;gpg;gjw;fhf Mrpupia 1-15 ,w;F ,ilg;gl;l Xu;

vz;izr; rpq;fsj;jpy; $Wjy; Ntz;Lk;.
• mjidr; nrtpkLj;J ,uz;L tupirfspYk; KjyhtJ ,Uf;Fk; khztu; ,UtUk;

Xbr;nrd;W vjpNu cs;s ngl;bapy; ,Ue;J Mrpupau; $wpa vz; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s
ge;ijj; njupT nra;J vLj;Jj; jhk; Kd;du; tupirapy; epd;w ,lj;Jf;F Xbr;
nry;yy; Ntz;Lk;.
• gpdd; u; jkf;Fg; gpd;dhy; epw;Fk; khztdplk;> mg;glj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s vz;izr;

rpq;fsj;jpy; $wp> gpd;dhy; epw;Fk; khztdplk; ge;ijf; nfhLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
• gpd;du; ge;ijg; ngw;w khztUk; mt;ntz;izr; rpq;fsj;jpy; $wp> jkJ gpd;dhy;

epw;Fk; khztdplk; ge;ijf; nfhLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thwhf tupirapy; filrp
khztd; tiuapYk; ge;ij mDg;Gjy; Ntz;Lk;.
• tupirapy; filrpahf epwF

; k; khztd; mg;ge;ijg; gpd;dhy; cs;s ntWk; ngl;bapy;
,lNtz;Lk;.
• ,t;thwhf ,uz;L tupirfspYk; ,uz;lhtjhf ,Uf;Fk; khztu; ,UtUk;>

Kd;du; Nghd;w Mrpupia xU vz;izf; $wpaJk; Xbr;nrd;W nraw;ghl;by; <Lgl
Ntz;Lk;.
• ,t;thwhf ,uz;L tupirfspy; cs;s khztu;fSf;Fr; nraw;ghl;by; <Lglr;
re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.
• vz; ngaiur; rupahff; $wpathW> tpiuthfg; ge;Jfisg; gpd;dhy; cs;s

ntWk; ngl;bf;F mDg;gpa FO ntw;wp ngw;w FO MFk;.
322
nraw;ghL : 3
• fPNo glj;jpy; fhl;bAs;sthW 1 - 15 tiuapyhd vz;fs; vOjg;gl;l xU vz;
rf;fuj;ijf; fow;wf;$bathwhfj; jahu; nra;J nfhs;f.
mjp\;lr; rf;fuk;
• tFg;G khztiu A, B vd ,uz;L FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff.
• A, B vd ngaupl;l Gs;spg; gyifnahd;iwj; jahupj;Jf; nfhs;f.
• A FOtpypUe;J xU khztiuAk; B FOtpy; ,Ue;J xU khztiuAk; vOkhwhf

vz; rf;fuj;jpd; mUNf tUkhW miof;Ff.
• A FOitr; Nru;e;j khztd; vz; rf;fuj;jpy; cs;s vz;fSs; vOkhwhf Xu;

vz;izr; rpq;fsj;jpy; $Wjy; Ntz;Lk;.
• B FO khztd; vz; rf;fuj;ijr; Row;Wjy; Ntz;Lk;.
• mjw;fika vz; rf;fuj;jpy; cs;s mk;Gf;Fwp epw;Fk; ,lj;jpy; cs;s vz;iz A

FOitf; Nru;e;j khztd; rpq;fsj;jy; $Wjy; Ntz;Lk;.
• mk;khztd; Fwpj;j vz; ngaiur; rupahff; $wpdhy; FOTf;F xU Gs;sp

toq;fg;gLk;.
• A FO khztd; $wpa mNj vz;> vz;rf;fuj;jpy; mk;Gf;Fwpapdhy; fhl;lg;gl;ljhapd;

mf;FOTf;F Nkyjpfkhd xU Gs;sp toq;fg;gLk;.
• ,t;twhf B FO khztu; vOkhwhf Xu; vz;izf; $wTk; A FO khztd; vz;

rf;fuj;ijr; Row;wTk; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
• FOf;fs; ngWk; Gs;spfisg; gyifapy; Fwpg;gpLf.
• ,t;thwhf vy;yh khztu;f;Fk; re;ju;gg

; k; fpilf;Fk; tiu nraw;ghl;ilj; njhlu;eJ
;
elj;Jf.
323
Nju;r;rp - 6
ghlrhiyapy; ,Uf;Fk; ntt;NtW Ml;fis/md;whl ciuahly;fspd;NghJ

ahNjDk; xU nghUs; my;y J vtNuDk; xUtu; ,Uf; F k; ,lj; ijj;
jpl;ltl;lkhff; Fwpg;gpLtjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd gpuNahfq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
tfya$w;k$w;kg$w;ksk$a tfyka vN`/mj;jd/mj;jdl/mj;jdpd;/vnfd; mq;Nf

fufya$fu;k$fu;kg nkN`/nkj;jd/nkj;jdl;l ,q;Nf
bÈßfhka$bÈßhg ,jpupnad;/,jpupal;l Kd;dhy;
msgqmi$msgqmiska$msgqmig gpl;Lgr/gpl;Lgrpd;/gpl;Lgrl;l gpd;dhy;
nraw;ghL : 1
• NkNy jug;gl;l tfya$w;k$w;kg$w;ksk$a tfyka - fufya$fu;k$fu;kg Mfpa
nrhw;fspd; nghUis khztu;fF; tpsf;Ff.
• fPNo glj;jpy; fhl;bAs;sthW jpwe;j ntspahd Xu; ,lj;jpy; khztiu epWj;Jf.
• Mrpupau; xU khztid tpopj;J> mtuplk; kw;WnkhU khztd; vq;Nf vdr;

rpq;fsj;jpy; tpdTf.
cjhuzk;:
iqoka" mjdks fldfyao@ Rjd;> gthdp nfhN`j? Rjd; gthdp vq;Nf@
• ,jw;Fr; Rjd; gjpy; $Wk;NghJ> gthdp> J}uj;Nj cs;shs; vdpd;> ifia ePl;b>
gthdp ,Uf;Fk; jpiriaf; fhl;b>
mjdks tfya gthdp vN` gthdp mq;Nf
vd tpil$w Ntz;Lk;.
• gthdp jdf;F mUNf cs;shd; vdpd;>

mjdks fufya gthdp nkN` gthdp ,q;Nf
vdf; $w Ntz;Lk;.
324
• ,t;thwhf xt;nthU khztuplKk; kw;iwa khztu;fs; ,Uf;Fk; ,lj;ij tpdtp>
mq;Nf> ,q;Nf Mfpa ,uz;L nrhw;fisAk; $Wtjpy; ed;F gupr;rak; ngWk;
tiuapy; nraw;ghl;ilj; njhle;Jk; elj;Jf.
nraw;ghL : 2
• khztiuf; fPNo glj;jpy; fhl;bAs;sthW ,uz;L tl;lq;fspy; ,UtupUtuhf
epWj;Jf.
• bosrsfhka - ,jpupnad;> miqmiska - gRgrpd; Mfpa ,uz;L nrhw;fspd; nghUis

khztu;f;F tpsf;Ff.
• Mrpupia tl;lj;jpd; kj;jpapy; epd;W> xU khztu; Nrhbapy; cs;s xU khztid

tpopj;J> kw;wtu; vq;Nf ,Uf;fpd;whu; vdr; rpq;fsj;jpy; tpdTf.
cjhuzk;:
iqoka" mjdks fldfyao@ Rjd;> gthdp nfhN`j? Rjd;> gthdp vq;Nf@
• ,jw;fhfr; Rjd; gpd;tUkhW jUzj;jpw;Nfw;g tpilaspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

mjdks bosrsfhka gthdp ,jpupnad; gthdp Kd;dhy;
mjdks miqmiska gthdp gRgrpd; gthdp gpd;dhy;
vdg; gjpy; $w Ntz;Lk;.
• ,t;thwhf>
mjdks" iqoka fldfyao@ gthdp> Rjd; nfhN`j? gthdp> Rjd; vq;Nf?
vd Mrpupia tpdTk;NghJ jUzj;jpw;Nfw;g
iqoka bosrsfhka Rjd; ,jpupnad; Rjd; Kd;dhy;
iqoka miqmiska Rjd; gRgrpd; Rjd; gpd;dhy;
vd mtu; gjpy; $w Ntz;Lk;.
• ,t;thwhf khztu; xt;nthUtUf;Fk; tpilaspf;fr; re;ju;g;gk; fpilf;Fk; tifapy;

nraw;ghl;ilj; njhlu;e;Jk; elj;Jf
.
• Mrpupauhfr; nraw;gLtjw;F khztUf;Fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
325
• khztu; ,Uf;Fk; ,lj;ij khw;wpagb nraw;ghl;by; <LglTk; re;ju;g;gk; mspf;Ff.
nraw;ghL : 3
• khztiuj; jpwe;j ntspahd Xu; ,lj;Jf;F mioj;Jr; nry;f.
• gpd;tUkhW fl;lis toq;fp>

tfya" fufya vN`> nkN` mq;Nf ,q;Nf
vDk; ,uz;L nrhw;fisAk; NkYk; gjpfF
; k; tifapy; Kd;du; Nghd;Nw nraw;ghl;il
elj;Jf.
cjhuzk;:
fufyag tkak nkN`l;l vd;d ,q;Nf thUq;fs;.
tfyag hkak vN`l;l ad;d mq;Nf Nghq;fs;.
fu;k bkak nkj;jd ,d;d ,q;Nf epy;Yq;fs;.
t;kg oqjkak vj;jdl;l Jtd;d mq;Nf XLq;fs;
t;k n,kak vj;jd gyd;d mq;Nf ghUq;fs;.
• gpd;du;> khztiuf; FOf;fshfg; gpupj;Jf; fl;lis toq;Ftjw;fhff; FOTf;F

xUtiu epakpj;J> Kd;du; Nghd;Nw nraw;ghl;il elj;Jf.
nraw;ghL : 4
• fPNo glj;jpy; fhl;bAs;sthW khztu;fis ,uz;L tupirfspy; Kfj;ij Kfk;
ghu;j;jthW epw;fr; nra;f.
• xt;nthU Nrhb khztUf;Fk; xU ge;J tPjk;> A FO khztu;fsplk; xt;nthU

ge;J tPjk; toq;fp>
• Mrpupau;>
bosrh
s g ,jpupal;l Kd;dhy;
vdf; $wpaTld;> A FO khztu;fs; jkJ vjpNu cs;s khztUf;Fg; ge;ij
mDg;Gjy; Ntz;Lk;.
• gpd;du; Mrpupau;>
msgqmig gpl;L grl;l gpd;dhy;
vdf; $wpaTld; B khztu;fs;> gpd;Gwk; jpUk;gp> ez;gDf;F KJFfhl;b epd;wthW>
jiyf;F Nkyhfg; ge;ij ez;gDf;F mDg;Gjy; Ntz;Lk;.
• ,t;thwhf>
bosrsfhka ,jpupnad; Kd;dhy;
msgm
q iska gpl;Lgrpd; gpd;dhy;
Mfpa fl;l isfis khw;wp khw;wpr; nrhw;fspd; nghUs; ed;F tpsq;FkhW
khztu;fspilNa nraw;ghl;il elj;Jf.
326
Nju;r;rp - 7
jkJ md;gu;fSld; el;Gld; ciuahLthu;.
uu rdKs Tn ljqo @ kk uhzp xg fTj? ehd; uhzp ePq;fs; ahu;?

uf.a ku iqoka kNf ek Rjd; vdJ ngau; Rjd;
ug wdmam ´k kl Mg;g Xd vdf;F mg;gk; Ntz;Lk;.
Thdg j;=r ´fko @ xah(l;)l t(j;)Ju Xdj? cq;fSf;Fj; jz;zPu; Ntz;Lkh?
kE Ne ,y;iy
Tõ xt; Mk;
ug j;=r tmd k(l;)l tJu v(g;)gh vdf;Fj; jz;zPu; Ntz;lhk;.
nraw;ghL : 1
• Vwj;jho Xu; mb (30 nrd;wp kPw;wu;) tl;lKs;s tisankhd;wpid gpuk;G/rpW
%q;fpy; nfhz;L Mf;fpf; nfhs;f. my;yJ nldpnfhapl;L (Tenniquoit) tisa
nkhd;iwj; Njbg;ngWf.
• kztiu tl;lkhf epWj;jp tl;lj;jpy; Xuplj;jpy; MrpupaUk; epw;Ff.
• tisaj;ij xU khztid Nehf;fp ePl;bathW>

uu iqoka" Thd ljqo @ kk Rjd;> xah fTj? ehd; Rjd;> ePq;fs; ahu;?
vd tpdTjy; Ntz;Lk;.
• tisaj;ijg; ngw;w khztd;> jkJ ngaiuf; $wp rpq;fsj;jpy; jk;ik mwpKfQ;

nra;j gpd;du; jk;kplKs;s tisaj;ij kw;WnkhU khztid Nehf;fp ePl;b>
mtu; ahu; vd tpdTjy; Ntz;Lk;.
cjhuzk;:
uu rdod" Thd ljqo @ kk uhjh> xah fTj? ehd; uhjh> ePq;fs; ahu;?
• ,t;thwhf vy;yh khztUf;Fk; re;ju;g;gk; fpilf;Fk; tifapy; nraw;ghl;il

elj;Jf.
327
nraw;ghL : 2
• ,jw;fhf Vwj;jho 12 mq;Fy (30 nrd;up kPw;wu;) ePskhd xU gPtPrp (PVC)
Foha;j;Jz;bd; ,U me;jq;fspYk; myq;fhur; RUf;f Ntiy ,l;Lj; jahu;gg
; Lj;jpf;
nfhs;f.
• FLk;g cWg;gpdu;fs; midtuJk; cUtg; glq;fs; mlq;FkhW khztu; njhiff;Fg;

NghJkhf msTf;F khiyfs; jahupj;Jf;nfhs;f.
• khztiu tl;lkhf epWj;jp> MSf;F xd;whf khiyfisg; gfpu;e;jspf;Ff.
• nraw;ghL 1 I elj;jpaJ Nghd;Nw ,r;nraw;ghl;ilAk; nra;f.
• ,q;F khztu; mzpe;Js;s FLk;g cWg;gpduhfj; jk;ikf; fUjp tpilaspj;jy;

Ntz;Lk;.
nraw;ghL : 3
• tFg;G khztiu ,uz;L FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff.
• mf;FOf;fspuz;ilAk; ntt;NtWgl;l ,uz;L nghUl;fs; vdg; ngaupLf.

cjhuzk;:
1. goq;fs; - fha;fwpfs;
2. kPd;fs; - gwitfs;
3. goq;fs; - g+f;fs;
• ,t;thwhf ,l;;l ngau;fspd;gb> xt;nthU tifapy; 10 gl ml;ilfs; tPjk;

,UgJ gl ml;ilfs; jahupj;Jf; nfhs;f.
• jahupj;j gl ml;ilfis xU ngl;bapy; ,Lf.
• glj;jpy; fhl;bAs;sthW khztu; FOf;fs; ,uz;ilAk; ,uz;L tupirfspy;

epWj;jp tupirfSf;F ,ilNa kj;jpapy; gl ml;ilg; ngl;bAld; Mrpupau; epw;Ff.
328
• jlitf;F Xu; ml;il tPjk; vLj;J mjid> FOf;fspuz;bd; vtNuDk; xU
khztDf;Ff; fhl;b>
Thdg ´ko@ xahl;l Xdj? cq;fSf;F Ntz;Lkh?
vd tpdTjy; Ntz;Lk;.
• Mrpupia fhl;ba gl ml;il jkJ FOTf;F cupa xd;nwdpd;>

´k xt; Mk;
• Mrpupia fhl;ba gl ml;il jkJ FOTf;F cupa xd;W my;y vdpd;>

tmd vg;g h Ntz;lhk;
cjhuzk;:
FOf;fspuz;Lk; goq;fs; - g+ff
; s; vdg; ngauplg;gl;Ls;sjhapd;> ~G+f;fs;| FOitr;
Nru;e;j xU khztDf;F Mrpupia go tifnahd;wpd; glj;ijf; fhl;b?
Thdg ´ko@ xahl Xdj? cq;fSf;F Ntz;Lkh?
vd tpdtpdhu; vd;dp> mtu;
tmd vg;g h Ntz;lhk;
• Mrpupia g+ tif xd;wpd; glj;ijf; fhl;bdhu; vdpd;>

´k xd Ntz;Lk;
• ,t;thwhf ,uz;L FOf;fspdJk; vy;yh khztu;fsplKk; vOkhwhf kPz;Lk;

kPz;Lk; glq;fisf; fhl;b>
´k xd Ntz;Lk;
tmd vg;g h Ntz;lhk;
vd;wthwhfg; gjpy; ngw Ntz;Lk;.
• ,r;nraw;ghl;il xU tpisahl;Lg; NghyTk; elj;jyhk;.
• tpisahl;bd;NghJ>
´k xd Ntz;Lk;
tmd vg;g h Ntz;lhk;
vdr; rupahfg; gjpy; $Wk; FOTf;F xU Gs;sp tPjk; toq;fp> tpisahl;ilj;
njhlu;e;Jk; elj;jpr;nry;yyhk;.
• ´k xd Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;Fg; gjpyhf

´k xt; Mk; vdg; gjpyspf;fyhk; vdTk;>
tmd vg;g h Ntz;lhk; vd;gjw;Fg; gjpyhf

kE Ne ,y;iy
vdg; gjpyhspf;fyhk; vdTk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
329
´k Xd Ntz;Lk;
Tõ xt; Mk;
tmd vg;g h Ntz;lhk;
kE Ne ,y;iy
• Nkw;gb nraw;ghl;il>
Tõ xt; Mk;
kE Ne ,y;iy
Mfpa nrhw;fisAk; gad;gLj;jp mtw;wpd; nghUs; cWjpngWk; tifapy;
nraw;ghl;il elj;Jf.
cjhuzk;:
A - Thdg j;=r ´k o @ xahl;l tj;Ju Xdj? cq;fSf;F jz;zPu; Ntz;Lkh?
B- ´k Xd Ntz;Lk;
Tõ xt; Mk;
A- Thdg wdmam ´ko @ xahl Mg;g Xdj? cq;fSf;F mg;gk; Ntz;Lkh?
B- kE Ne ,y;iy
tmd vg;g h Ntz;lhk;
330
Nju;r;rp - 8
jfty; mwptjw;fhf tpdhf; Nfl;ghu;.
nraw;ghL : 1
• mk;kh> mg;gh> mz;zh> mf;fh> jk;gp> jq;if> Mrpupau;> mjpgu; Mfpa cUtg;glq;fs;
mlq;fpa Row;wf;$ba mjpu;\;lr; rf;funkhd;W jahupj;Jf;nfhs;f.
• mt;TUtg;glq;fspy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;Nshu; ahtu; vd khztu;fSf;F mwpKfQ;

nra;f.
• gpd;du; jlitf;F xU khztu; tPjk; tFg;gpd; Kd;Nd mioj;J mjpu;\;lr;

rf;fuj;ijr; Row;wr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
• mjpu;\;lr; rf;fuj;jpy; mk;Gf;Fwpf;F Neuhff; fhzg;gLk; glj;ijr; Rl;bf;fhl;b>

fudyq$weh ljqo @ nkh`{ / ma fTj? ,tu; ahu;?
vd Mrpupau; tpdTjy; Ntz;Lk;.
• fï whshd Nk ma;ah ,tu; mz;zh vd;whthwhf mk;Gf;Fwp

fhl;Lk; cUtg;glj;jpd; gb khztd; gjpy; $w Ntz;Lk;.
• gpd;du; Mrpupau;>
Tfí whshd ljqo@ xNg ma;ah fTj? cq;fs; mz;zh ahu;?
vd tpdTjy; Ntz;Lk;.
• mjw;fhd gjpyhf mk;khztd;>

uf.a whshd '''''' kNf ma;ah ...... vdJ mz;zh....
vdg;gjpy; $w Ntz;Lk;.
• rNfhjud; ,y;iynadpy;>
ug whshd ^flfkla& kE kl ma;ah (nfndf;) Ne vdf;F mz;zd; ,y;iy
• ,t; t hwhf vOkhwhf khztiu mioj;J mjpu; \ ;l r; rf; fuj;i j Row; wr;
re;ju;g;gkspj;J> Kd;ida khztdplk; tpdtpaJ Nghd;Nw tpdhf;fs; tpdtpg;
gjpy; $wr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
• vtNuDnkhUtu; gw;wp tpdTk;NghJ>

ljqo@ fTj? ahu; ?
vDk; nrhy; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wikia tpsq;fpf;nfhs;sr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
nraw;ghL : 2
• 1 - 15 tiuapyhd vz; f s; vOjg;g l; l ml; i lfis MSf; F xd; w hfg;
gfpu;e;jspg;gjw;Fg; NghJkhd msTf;Fj; jahupj;Jf;nfhs;f.
331
• khztUf;Fr; RahjPdkhf mq;Fkpq;Fk; nry;yr; re;ju;g;gkspj;J Mrpupau; irif

toq;fpaTld; ,UtupUtuhfr; Nru Ntz;Lk; vdf; $Wf.
• xt;nthU NrhbapYk; cs;s xU khztu; kw;wtiu Nehf;fp>

Tfí wxlh lSho@ xNg mq;fa fPaj? cq;fs; vz; vj;jid?
vd tpdTjy; Ntz;Lk;.
Nrhbapd; kw;w khztu;> jkJ ifapy; cs;s ml;ilapd; vz;izr; rpq;fsj;jpy;

$w Ntz;Lk;.
cjhuzk;:
oyhhs jàa; gj;J
• ,t;thwhf tpilaspj;j khztd; > vw;fdNt tpdhj;njhLj;j khztdplk;>
Tfí wxlh lSho@ xNg mq;fa fPaj? cq;fs; vz; vj;jid?
vd tpdTjy; Ntz;Lk;.
• mk;khztu; mjw;Fg; gjpyspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
• kPz;L k; Mrpupaupd; fl;lisapd; gb (Vtypd;gb) RahjPdkhf ele;J jpupar;

re;ju;g;gkspj;J> Kd;du; Nghd;Nw toq;Fk; xU rkpf;iQapd;gb nraw;ghl;by;
<Lglr; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
• ,r;nraw;ghl;by; ahNjDk; vz; gw;wp tpdTk;NghJ>

lSho@ fPaj? vj;jid?
vDk; nrhy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wikia tpsq;fpf;nfhs;s Mtd nra;f.
nraw;ghL : 3
• ahNjDk; nghUs; gw;wp tpdTk;NghJ vJ vDk; nrhy;Yf;F rpq;fs nkhopapy;>
fldal o@ Nfhf;fj? vJ?
l=ula o@ Fkf;j? vJ?
vDk; nrhw;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wikia khztUf;F tpsf;Ff.
• khztiug; gpd;tUk; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;Jf.
• xt;nthU FOtpYk; khztu; xt;nthUtUk; jkJ ngd;rpiy jkJ FOtpd;

Nkir kPJ itf;FkhW $Wf.
• Mrpupau; FOtpd; mUNf nrd;W> xt;nthU khztiuAk; tpopj;J>

cjhuzk;:
iqoka Thdf.a mekai, fldal o@
Rjd; xahNf ngd;ry Nfhf;fj?
Rjd; cq;fs; ngd;rpy; vJ?
vd tpdTjy; Ntz;Lk;.
332
• mjd;gb Fwpj;j khztd; jdJ ngd;rpiyr; Rl;bf;fhl;b>
fïl Nkf ,J
• ,t;thwhf NtW nghUs;fisAk; gad;gLj;jp>

fldal o@ Nfhf;fj? vJ?
vDk; nrhy;iy ed;F tpsq;fpf;nfhs;s Mtd nra;f.
cjhuzk;:
Thdf.a wäre, l=ula o$fudlla o @
xahNf mb&y Nfhf;fj? / nkhff;j?
cq;fs; mbkl;lk; vJ?
nraw;ghL : 4
• tFg;G khztiu A, B vd ,uz;L FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff.
• Mrpupau; xU mjpjp Nghyr; nraw;gLf.
• mjpjp (Mrpupau;) tFg;Gf;F te;jTld; ,uz;L FOf;fspYkpUj;J jlitf;F xUtuhf

mjpjp njhlu;ghf mtuplk; jfty;fs; ngWtjw;fhf tpdhf;fs; tpdTjy; Ntz;Lk;.
FO: A - khztd;:
Tfí ku l=ula o @ xNg ek Fkf;j? cq;fs; ngau; vd;d?
FO: B - khztd;:
uf.A ku'''''' kNf ek....... vdJ ngau;......
FO: A - khztd;:
Tfí .u fldfya o @ xNg fk nfhN`j? cq;fs; Cu; vJ?
FO: B - khztd;:
uf.A .u'''''' kNf fk....... vdJ Cu;......
FO: A - khztd;:
Tfí jhi lSh o @ xNg tar fPaj? cq;fs; taJ vj;jid?
FO: B - khztd;:
uf.A jhi'''''' kNf tar....... vdJ taJ......
FO: A - khztd;:
Tfí mdi, l=ula o @ xNg ghry Fkf;j? cq;fs; ghlrhiy vJ?
FO: B - khztd;:
uf.A mdi,''''' kNf ghry....... vdJ ghlrhiy......
333
• ,t;thwhf xU jlitapy; xU FOitr; NRu;e;j xU khztu; tPjk; rupahf xU
tpdhit Kd;itj;jhnudpd; FOTf;F xU Gs;sp cupj;jhFk;.
• ,t;thwhf mjpjp gw;wpa jfty;fis khztu;fs; ,ad;w msTf;F tpdhf;fs;

tpdtpg; ngWjy; Ntz;Lk;.
• mjw;fika khztu; fw;Ws;s tplaq;fisj; jOtp> tpdhf;fs; tpdTtijg;

gupr;rag;gLj;Jf.
l=ula o @ Fkf;j? vd;d?

fldal o@$fudlla o@ Nfhf;fj?/ nkhff;j? vJ?
lSh o@ fPaj? vj;jid?
fldfya o@ nfhN`j? vq;Nf?
ljqo @ fTj? ahu;?
• Nkw;gb nrhw;fis NkYk; typAWj;Jtjw;fhfg; gpd;tUk; ghliy khztUld;

Nru;e;J ghLf.
wïuf.a ku fudlla o@$$ mk;khNf ek nkhff;j? mk;kh ngau; vd;d?$$

lshkak$$ fpad;d$$ nrhy;Yq;fs;$$
wïuf.a ku l=uoq d$$ mk;khNf ek FKjh$$ mk;kh ngau; FKjh$$
ku l=uoq d$$ ek FKjh$$ ngau; FKjh$$
Tfí jhi lSh o@$$ xNg tar fPaj?$$ cq;fs; taJ vj;jid$$
uf.a jhi oyhhs $$ kNf tar jàa;$$ vdJ taJ gj;J$$
jhi oyhhs $$ tar jàa;$$ taJ gj;J$$
Tfí ñ;=rd ljq o@ $$ xNg kpjJ; uh fTj?$$ cq;fs; ez;gd; ahu;?$$

uf.a ñ;=rd kdoka$$ kNf kpjJ ; uh ehjd;$$ vdJ ez;gd; ehjd;$$
ñ;=rd kdoka$$ ; uh ehjd;$$
kpjJ ez;gd; ehjd;$$
Tfí mqgjq l=ula o @$ xNg Gl;Lt Fkf;j?$$ cq;fs; fjpiu vJ?$

uf.a mqgjq fïl$$ kNf Gl;Lt Nkf;f$$ vdJ fjpiu ,J$$
mqgj
q fïl$$ Gl;Lt Nkf;f$$ fjpiu ,J$$
Tfí u,a,S fldfya o@$$ xNg ky;yp nfhN`j?$$ cq;fs; jk;gp vq;Nf@$$
uf.a u,a,S fufya$$ kNf ky;yp nkN`$$ vdJ jk;gp ,q;Nf$$
u,a,S fufya$$ ky;yp nkN`$$ jk;gp ,q;Nf$$
334
Nju;r;rp - 9
kzpapy; Neuj;ijf; $Wthu;.
fj,dj tlhs Ntyht vf;fa; xU kzp

fj,dj folhs Ntyht njf;fa; ,uz;L kzp
fj,dj ;=khs Ntyht Jda; %d;W kzp
fj,dj y;rhs Ntyht `j;jua; ehd;F kzp
fj,dj myhs Ntyht gà; Ie;J kzp
fj,dj yhhs Ntyht àa; MW kzp
fj,dj y;hs Ntyht `j;ja; VO kzp
fj,dj wghs Ntyht ml;la; vl;L kzp
fj,dj kjhhs Ntyht ekaa; xd;gJ kzp
fj,dj oyhhs Ntyht jàa; gj;J kzp
fj,dj tfld<yhs Ntyht vf;nfhsà; gjpndhU kzp
fj,dj fod<yhs Ntyht njhsà; gd;dpuz;L kzp
nraw;ghL : 1
• 1-15 tiuapyhd vz;fisr; rpq;fsj;jpy; $Wk; tpjj;ij khztu;f;F epidT+l;Lf.
• mjw;fika Neuj;ij kzpapy; $Wk;NghJ>

fj,dj Ntyht Neuk; vd;gij Fwpj;j vz;Zld; Nru;j;Jf; $Wk; tpjj;ij
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
• xUtuplk; Neuj;ij tpdTk;NghJ>

fj,dj lSho@ Ntyht fPaj? Neuk; vd;d?
vd tpdtyhk; vd;gij tpsf;Ff.
• gpd;du; fbfhu Kfg;igg; gad;gLj;jp kzpf;F kzp Neuj;ijr; rpq;fs nkhopapy;

$w topg;gLj;Jf.
• khztu; FOTf;F Vw;fdNt Maj;jg;gLj;jpa fbfhu Kfg;G xt;nthd;W tPjk;

toq;Ff.
xU kztd; rpq;fsj;jpy;
fj,dj lSho@ Ntyht fPaj? Neuk; vd;d?
vd tpdTtjw;Fk;>
kw;iwa khztu;fs;> fbfhu Kfg;gpy; fhl;lg;gLk; Neuj;ijr; rpqf

; sj;jpy; $Wtjw;Fk;
topg;gLj;Jf.
cjhuzk;:
fj,dj myhs Ntyht gà; Ie;J kzp
fj,dj y;hs Ntyht `j;ja; VO kzp
• FOtpy; xt;nthUtUk; Neuj;ij tpdTgtuhfTk; Neuj;ijf; $WgtuhfTk; nraw;glr;

re;ju;g;gkspf;F f.
335
nraw;ghL : 2
• glj;jpy; fhl;bAs;sthW fbfhu Kfg;Gg; Nghd;W tl;lkhf epw;FkhW khztiu
topg;gLj;Jf. (12 khztu;fs;)
• tl;lj;jpd; kj;jpapy; jb/J}z; xd;W ehl;bf; nfhs;Sq;fs;.
• tl;lj;jpd; kj;jpapy; ,Ue;J gd;dpuz;L kzpiaf; fhl;Lk; ,lj;ij xU epwg;gl;bapdhy;

my;yJ Rz;zhk;G Nghd;w xU nghUspdhy; khztu;f;F ed;F GydhFkhW
milahskpLf.
• tl;lj;jpd; kj;jpapy; cs;s J}zpy; Vwj;jho xU kPw;wu; (%d;W mb) ePskhd

Jzp ehlh xd;wpidj; jsu;thff; fl;Lf. tl;lj;jpy; epw;Fk; khztu;fspd; fOj;jpy;
1 - 12 tiu vz;fs; vOjg;gl;l vz; ml;il khiyifs; mzptpf;Ff.
• kw;WnkhU khztid tl;lj;jpd; kj;jpapy; mioj;J> iffis ,UGwkhfTk;

ePl;b xU ifapdhy; Jzp ehlhitg; gpbj;jpUf;FkhW $Wf.
336
• Mrpupau; xU Neuj;ijf; $wpaJk;>
cjhuzk;:
fj,dj folhs Ntyht njf;fa; ,uz;L kzp
mk;khztd; Jzp ehlhitg; gpbj;jthW Xbr; nrd;W Mrpupau; $wpa Neuj;ijf;

fhl;Lk; khztd; ,Uf;Fk; me;Neuj;ijf; fhl;Ljy; Ntz;Lk;.
• gpd;du; kw;WnkhU khztid tl;lj;jpd; kj;jpf;F mioj;J Kd;ida khztu;

nraw;gl;lJ Nghd;W nraw;glr;nra;J Mrpupaupd; Vtypd;gb Neuj;ijf; fhl;Ljy;
Ntz;Lk;.
• ,t;thwhf tl;lj;Jf;F ntspNa ,Ue;j khztu;fSf;Fk; gpd;du; tl;lj;jpy; epd;w
khztu;f;Fk; Mrpupau; Fwpg;gpLk; Neuj;ijf; fhl;lr; re;ju;g;gk; fpilf;Fk; tifapy;
nraw;ghl;ilj; njhlu;e;Jk; elj;Jf.
nraw;ghL : 3
• ghlypdg
; b Neuj;ij tpdTtjw;Fk; tpdhTf;Fk; gjpyspgg
; jw;Fk; re;ju;gg
; kspgg
; jw;fhf>
khztu;f;F gpd;tUk; ghliy Kd;itf;Ff.
fj,dj lSho@$$ lshkak$$

Ntyht fPaj? fpad;d//
Neuk; vd;d? nrhy;Yq;fs;
fj,dj tlhs$$ Ntyht vf;fa;$$ xU kzp$$

fj,dj tlhs$$ Ntyht vf;fa;$$ xU kzp$$

fj,dj tfld<yhs$$ Ntyht vf;nfhsà;$$ gjpndhd;W kzp$$

fj,dj tfld<yhs$$ Ntyht vf;nfhsà;$$ gjpndhd;W kzp$$

fj,dj fod<yhs$$ Ntyht njhsà;$$ gd;dpuz;L kzp$$

fj,dj fod<yhs$$ Ntyht njhsà;$$ gd;dpuz;L kzp$$
• ,t;thwhf>
fj,dj tlhs Ntyht vf;fa; xU kzp njhlf;fk;
fj,dj fod<yhs Ntyht njhsà; gd;dpuz;L kzp tiuapy;
nrhw;fis cs;slf;fpg; ghliyg; ghl topg;gLj;Jf.
337
• khztu; xt;nthUtUf;Fk; 1 - 12 tiuapyhd kzpfs; vOjg;gl;l ml;ilfSs;
xt;nthd;W toq;Ff.
cjhuzk: 1.00> 2.00> ...
• Mrpupau;> xU khztid Nehf;fpf; ifia ePl;b>

vd Neuj;ij tpdTjy; Ntz;Lk;.
• mk;khztd; jk;kplKs;s ml;ilapy; fhl;lg;gLk; Neuj;ij ghlypd; ,uz;lhtJ
mbahf rpq;fsj;jpy; $w Ntz;Lk;.
cjhuzk;:
gthdpapd; ifapy; cs;s ml;ilapy; fhl;lg;gLk; Neuk; 3.00 kzp vdpd;> mtu;>
fj,dj ;=khs Ntyht Jda; %d;W kzp
vdg; gjpyspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
• ,t;thwhf khztu; midtUf;Fk; Neuj;ijr; rpq;fsj;jpy; $wr; re;ju;g;gk;

fpilf;FkhW ghliyj; njhlu;e;J ghLf.
nraw;ghL : 4
• khztiuj; jpwe;j ntspahd> ,ltrjp cs;s Xu; ,lj;Jf;F mioj;Jr; nry;f.
• FOtpy; 13 Ngu; mlq;FkhW khztiuf; FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff.
• Mrpupau; ahNjDk; Neuj;ij rpq;fsj;jpy; $wpaJk;> khztu; FO> $l;lhf fbfhu

Kfg;Gg; Nghd;W mike;;J me;Neuj;ijf; fhl;Ljy; Ntz;Lk;.
• ,jw;fhf 12 khztu;fs; fbfhu Kfg;gpy; cs;s gd;dpuz;L kzpfisAk;

Fwpg;NghuhfTk; kw;iwa khztd; jkJ iffshy; kzpiaAk; epkplj;ijAk;
fhl;LgtuhfTk; nraw;gl Ntz;Lk;.
338
5.0 khztuJ Kd;N dw;wj;i jf; fzpg;g ply;
1.0 mwpKfk;
Muk;gj; juq;fspy; fw;Fk; khztu;fSf;fhf> tpisjpwd;kpf;f fw;wy; mDgtq;fis
xOq;Fnra;Ak; Mrpupau;> jkJ khztu;fs; fw;wypy; fhl;Lk; ,lu;g;ghLfs;> jpwikfs;
gw;wpa njspthd tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;wpUj;jy; mtrpakhFk;. mjw;fika tFg;giwapy;
,Uf;Fk; xt;nthU khztUf;Fk; nghUj;jkhdthW fw;wy; Kiwfis xOq;FgLj;jyhk;.
,e;jg; gue;j Nehf;Fld; tFg;giwapy; khztuJ Kd;Ndw;wk; Fwpj;J ,ilawhJ
jfty; NrfupfF ; k; nrad;KiwNa fzpg;gL P vdyhk;. khztiuf; fz;lwpjy;> mwpTWj;jy;
toq;Fjy;> rhd;wpjo; toq;Fjy;> Muha;r;rp Mfpatw;Wld; njhlu;Gila Nehf;fq;fs;
,tw;Ws; Kf;fpakhditahFk;. vdpDk; Muk;gj; juq;fspy; Fwpg;ghf fz;lwpjy;>
mwpTWj;j y; toq;F jy; Mfpa gzpfis mbg;g ilahff; nfhz; Nl fzpg; gP L
elj;jg;gLfpwJ. Muk;gj; juq;fspy; fw;Fk; khztu;fs; gy ,lu;gg ; hLfisf; fhl;LtJz;L.
Mrpupau; fw;gpf;Fk; NtisapNyNa mtw;iw ,dq;fz;L jPu;T toq;Fjy; mtrpakhFk;.
jkJ tFg;gpYs;s xt;nthU gps;isAk; Fwpg;ghf vjpu;Nehf;Fk; gpur;rpidfis
,dq;fz;L mt;ntht;nthU khztUf;Fk; nghUj;jkhdthW fw;wy; eltbf;iffis
xOq;Fnra;tjw;F ,J JizahFk;. mjd; %yk; Mrpupauhy; xt;nthU khztiuAk;
fiyj;jpl;lj;jpdhy; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; Nju;r;rpfspd;ghy; ,l;Lr;nry;y KbAk;. khztiu
Kjyhktu;> ,uz;lhktu; vdj; jutupirg;gLj;Jjy;> jpwikkpf;f khztu;fs;> jpwik
Fiwe;j khztu;fs; vd tifg;gLj;Jjy; Nghd;wit Muk;gj; juq;fspy; fzpg;gPL
elj;jg;gLtjd; Nehf;fq;fsy;y.
2.0 khztu;fisf; fzpg;g PL nra;tjw;fhfg; gad;g Lj;jj;j f;f El;g

Kiwfs;
khztiuf; fzpg;gL
P nra;tjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jj;jf;f El;l Kiwfisg; gpujhdkhf
,uz;L tplaq;fSf;fika vLj;Jf;fhl;lyhk;.
2.1 khztuJ Kd;N dw;w j;ij Kiwikahff; fzpg;g pLjy;

fw;gpjj
; y; nrad;Kiwiaj; jw;fhypfkhf epWj;jp> Kd;dhaj;jj;JlDk; jpll; kpll
; tifapy;
KOf; ftdj;ijAk; mjd;ghy; nrYj;jpr; nra;ag;gLk; fzpg;gPL Kiwikahd fzpg;gPL
MFk;. ,jw;fhf Kiwikahd NrhjidfSk;> nraw;ghLfSk; jahupf;fg;gl;Lg;
gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jw;fhf Muk;gj; juq;fspy; fw;gpf;Fk;
Mrpupaupd; gad;ghl;bw;fhfj; jahupf;fg;gl;L s;s “Kiwikahd Nrhjidfisj;
jahupg;gjw;Fupa topfhl;ly; Nfhit” iag; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
2.2 khztuJ Kd;N dw;w j;i j Kiwrhuhj tifapy; fzpg;g pLjy;

,q;F khztu;fs; fw;wypy; <Lgl;bUf;ifapNyNa mjw;Fg; gq;fk; tpisahj tifapy;
jfty; Nrfupf;f g; gLk; . ,jw;f hfg; gpujhdkhf tpdhf;f s; tpdTjy;> jdpj; jdp
khztUlNdh> khztu; FOf;fSlNdh fye;JiuahLjy;> khztu;fs; Ntiyapy;
<Lgl;bUf;Fk;NghJ mtu;fsJ Ntiyfis mtjhdpj;Jj; jfty; Nrfupj;jy;> khztuJ
tPl;L Ntiyfis kjpg;gL P nra;jy; Nghd;w El;gKiwfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,q;F
Mrpupaupd; thz;ik kpf Kf;fpakhdJ. Mrpupau; vg;NghJk; kpfr;rupahd jPuk
; hdq;fisNa
vLf;f Ntz;Lkhjyhy; mJ Fwpj;Jf; ftdj;Jld; nraw;gLjy; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
Kiwrhuh El;g KiwfspD}lhf khztu; njhlu;ghd tpupthd> gz;G uPjpahd jfty;fs;
fpilf;fpd;wikahy; mtw;iwf; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiwf;fhf tpisjpwd;kpf;f
tifapy; gad;gLj;j tha;g;Gf; fpilf;Fk;. khztu; njhlu;ghf Mrpupau; Kiwikapd;
tifapy; vLf;Fk; jPu;khdq;fspd; ek;gfj;jd;ik kpf cau;thdJ vd;W gy Ma;Tfs;
%yk; njupa te;Js;sJ.
339
fzpg;g Pl ;L g; tbtq; f s;
fzpg;gPl;il> fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiwapd; ntt;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fspy; elj;jyhk;.

mjw;fika fzpg;gPl;Lr; nrad;Kiwia ,Wjpepiyf; (Summative) fzpg;gPL> njhlu;
(Formative) fzpg;gPL vd tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
,Wjpf; fzpg;gPL
Fwpj;j xU fw;wy; fl;lj;jpd; Kbtpy;> khztu;fs; jkJ fw;wiy ve;jsT ntw;wpfukhf
mile;Js;sdu; vd;gijg; guPl;rpj;jiyNa ,Wjpf; fzpg;gPL vd;gu;. ,jd;gb ,Wjpapy;
me;j tUlj;jpy; / jtizapy; / myfpy; fw;gpj;j tplaq;fis cs;slf;fpj; jahupj;j
tpdhg;gj;jpuk; xd;wpd; %yk; khztupd; militf; fzpg;gpl KbAk;. vdpDk; ,t;thwhd
njhU fzpg;gPl;L Kiw Muk;gj; juq;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdnjdf; fUjKbahJ.
njhlu; fzpg;g PL
ahNjDk; fw;wy; fl;lj;jpd; ,ilapy; njhlu;r;rpahf khztupd; fw;wy; jpwd;fisAk;
,lu;g;ghLfisAk; fz;lwptNj ,jdhy; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J njhlu; fzpg;gPL vdTk;
miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Muk;gj; juq;fspy; khztu;fs; fw;wypd;NghJ vjpu;Nehf;Fk;
,lu;gg
; hLfSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd jPuT
; fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jy; fl;lhakhdjhFk;. my;yJ
mtu;fSf;Fj; njhlu;e;J fw;wy; fbdkhdjhf mikAk;. ,t;thW fw;wypy; milAk;
Njhy; tpapdhy; mtu;f s; NkYk; gpd; d ilthu; f s;. MfNt khztiug; gw; wpj;
njhlu;r;rpahfj; Njbawpjy; Muk;gj; juf; fzpg;gPl;bd; Kf;fpakhd xU Nehf;fkhff;
fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
Muk; g j; juq; f spy; epajprhu; fzpg; g PN l elj; j g; gLfpd;w J. ,q; F Mrpupauhy;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; Kjd;ikg;gLj;jpAs;s Kiwrhuh El;gq;fspy; $Ljyhd ftdk;
nrYj;jg;gLk;.
epajprhu; fzpg;g PL
fiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; cs;slf;fk;> Nju;r;rpfs; vd;gtw;Wf;Nfw;g jahupf;fg;gl;l epajpfis
khztu;fs; mile;Js;sduh vd;gijg; guPl;rpj;jy; epajp mbg;gilapyhd fzpg;gPlhFk;.
,jw;Fg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba epajpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L jahupff ; g;gl;l fzpgg
; l
P L
; g;
gbtq;fs; Muk;gj; juq;f Sf; fhf tbtikf;fg;g l;L s;s Mrpupau; topfhl;b apy;
cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,t;thrpupau; topfhl;bapy; nkhop> Rw;whly; rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfs;
Mfpa ghlg;gug;GfSf;fhd fzpg;gPl;Lg; gbtq;fs; mg;ghlq;fspd; ,WjpapYk; nghJf;
fzpg;gPl;Lg; gbtk; Mrpupau; topfhl;bapd; ,WjpapYk; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. NkYk;
fzpjg; ghlj;jpw;fhfj; jahupff
; g;gl;Ls;s fzpg;gl
P L
; g; gbtk; fzpj Mrpupau; topfhl;bapd;
,WjpapYk; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
nkhop> fzpjk;> Rw;whly; rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfs; Mfpa ghlq;fSf;Fj; jahupf;fg;gl;l

epajpfs; rpy ,q;F jug;gl;Ls;sd.
fzpjk;
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: ehnshd;wpy; eilngWk; rk;gtq;fisj;
njhlu;GgLj;jp Neuj;ijf; $Wthu;.
Kjd; n khop
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: fUj;Jg; glnkhd;iwg; ghu;j;J mjw;Fupa rpwpa
ciuahliy vOJthu;.
340
Rw;w hly; rhu;e;j nraw;g hLfs;
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: VidNahuplk; kfpo;r;rpAld; RKfkhf ciuahLthu;.
nghJf; fzpg;g PL
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: gpwUf;F cjTtjw;F Mu;tk; fhl;Lthu;.
nray; milTf; N fhit

khztu;fisf; fzpg;gpl cgNahfpf;ff;$ba kpfTk; gaDWjpAs;s xU Kiwahf
,J fUjg;gLfpdw ; J. khztupd; fw;wy; njhlu;ghd ,lu;fisAk; mtu;fsJ jpwd;fisAk;
njhlu;r;rpahff; fzpg;gpLk; xU Kiw vd;w tifapy; mjpf Kf;fpaj;JtKilaJ.
nghJthf Muk;gj; ju Mrpupau;fs; ahtUk; khztu; xt;nthUtuJk; Ntiyfisj;
jdpj;jdpf; Nfhitfspy; Nrfupf;Fk; tof;fKilatu;fshtu;. vdpDk; nray; milTf;
Nfhit Kiwia ,jdpYk; Kd;Ndw;wfukhd xU Kiwahff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,jd;gb
nray; milTf; Nfhit vd;gJ khztuJ jpwikfisAk; mtu; fw;wypd;NghJ
vjpu;nfhs;Sk; ,lu;fisAk; fhl;Lk; tifapy; fUj;jhoj;Jld; jahupf;fg;gl;L s;s
khztu; Ntiyj; njhFg;ghFk; vdf; fUjyhk;. ,J khztu;fs; gw;wpa njspthd
fUj;ij ntspf;fhl;Lk; xU Nfhitahf mikjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,jidj; jahupf;Fk;
Kiw Mrpupau;fSf;Nfw;gNt khWgLk;. ,J gw;wpa xU epak Kiw ,y;iyahifahy;
Mf;fj;jpwDila xU Mrpupauhy; jdJ Mf;fj;jpwDf;Nfw;g kpf cau;kl;lr; nrayilTf;
Nfhit xd;i w tbtikj;Jf;nfhs;s KbAk;. nray; milTf; Nfhit xd;wpy;
cs;slf;fj;jf;fit ahit? ,jpy; khztuJ Ntiyfspd; khjpupfis cs;slf;Fk;
vOj;J Ntiyfs;> nra;j fzf;Ffs;> tiue;j rpj;jpuq;fs;> Mf;fq;fs; Nghd;wit
,jpy; cs;slf;fg;glyhk;. NkYk; Mrpupaupd; rpW Fwpg;GfisAk; ,jpy; cs;slf;fyhk;.
RUf;f f; Fwpg;G vOJjYk; nrt;i tghu;g ;Gg; gl;b ay;f is

cgNahfpj; j Yk;
xU Mrpupau; jdJ khztu;fspd; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijAk; fw;wy; ,lu;gg ; hLfisAk; ,dq;fhz
Kaw;rpfF; k;NghJ mtu;fs; xt;nthUtiuAk; gw;wpa jfty;fisAk; rpW rpW FwpgG; fshfr;
Nrfupj;Jitj;jy; gadspf;Fk;. tFg;gpy; fw;gpf;Fk;NghJ khztu; gw;wpa Vuhskhd
jfty;fs; MrpupaUf;Ff; fpilf;fpd;wd. nkd;NkYk; ,j;jfty;fs; fUj;jhoKs;sthW
gad;gLj;jg;gLtJ fpilahJ. MfNt khztu;fs; gw;wpa jfty;fisg; Gj;jfnkhd;wpy;
RUf;ff; Fwpg;ghf vOjpitj;J mtw;iwj; Njitf;Nfw;wthW gad;gLj;JtJ njhlu;ghff;
ftdk; nrYj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. nrt;itghu;g;Gg; gl;bay;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy; gad;kpff
;
kw;WnkhU KiwahFk;. Mrpupau; topfhl;bapd; ,Wjpapy; jug;gl;Ls;s epajpfis
khztu; mile;Js;sduh vdj; jPu;khdpg;gjw;F nrt; itghu;g ;Gg; gl;bay;f isg;
gad;gLj;jyhk;.
fzpg;g Pl; Lg; gbtq;f Sk; mtw;i wg; gad; g Lj;J jYk;
Nrfupj;j jfty;fisf; Fwpj;Jitj;J mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba
ehd;F gbtq;fspd; khjpupfs; Mrpupau; topfhl;bapy; jug;gl;Ls;sd. mit jha;nkhop>
fzpjk;> Rw;whly; rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfs;> nghJf; fzpg;gPL vdg; ngauplg;gl;Ls;sd.
mtw;wpy; xt;nthU khztupd; ngaUf;F vjpNuAk; xt;nthU fw;wy; NgWf;fhfTk; xU

fl;lk; tPjk; xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. khztu;fs; me;je;j fw;wy; Ngw;iw mz;kpj;Js;sduh
,y;iyah vdr; Nrhjpj;jwpe;j gpd;du; mjid ,q;F Fwpj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. nghJf;
fzpg;gPl;Lg; gbtj;jpy; jug;gl;Ls;s fzpg;gPl;bw;F cl;gLj;j Ntz;ba ngUk;ghyhd
341
“fw;ww;NgWfs;” tUlk; KOtJk; fz;lwpa Ntz;ba tpjj;jpy; gue;jike;Js;sd.
,q;F xU jtizf;F xU khztDf;F xU fl;lk; tPjk; gad;gLj;jf;$bathW xU
fw;wy; NgWf;F %d;W fl;lq;fs; tPjk; xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
xt;nthU khztu; njhlu;ghfTk; xt;nthU fw;wy; Ngw;wpd; fPOk; ePq;fs; Nrfupj;j

jfty;fspd; cjtpAld; gpd;tUkhW FwpaPLfisg; gad;gLj;jp mwpf;ifg;gLj;jyhk;.
KbT FwpaPL
ntw;wpfukhfr; nra;fpwhu;. 
,lu;g;gLfpwhu; / NkYk; cjtp Njitg;gLfpd;wJ. 
ahNjDk; xU fw;wy;NgW njhlu;ghf khztu; ntw;wpiaf; fhl;Lfpd;wduh vd;gij

Mrpupau; KbT nra;tjw;fhff; Fwpj;j fw;ww;NgWf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdjhfj; jhNk jahupj;j
epajpfisg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
fz; l wpjYk; gupfhuKk;
Kiwrhuh - njhlu; fzpg;gPl;L Kiwapd; gpujhd Nehf;fk; fz;lwpjyhFk;.
xU khztdpd; fzpg;gPl;Lg; gbtj;jpy; “” FwpaPL ,lg;gLk; xt;nthU re;ju;g;gk;

njhlu;g hfTk; tpNrl ftdk; nrYj;j g;g ly; Ntz;L k;. khztd; vjpu;N ehf;F k;
,lu;g;ghLfis ,dq;fz;L> mtw;Wf;Fg; gupfhuk; fz;L> gpd;du; kPz;Lk; fzpg;gPl;bw;F
cl;gLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Fwpj;j “” vDk; FwpaPL “” vDk; FwpaPlhf khWk; tiu
,r;nraw;ghl;ilj; njhlu;rr
; pahf elj;Jjy; Mrpupaupd; nghWg;ghFk;.
,dq;fz;l fw;wy; ,lu;g;ghLfisj; jtpu;g;gjw;F me;je;jr; re;ju;gg

; j;jpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd
thW rpwg;ghd gupfhuf; fw;wy; - fw;gpjj
; y; Kiwfis xOq;fikj;jy; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
,it xt;nthU khztDk; fhl;Lk; fw;wy; ,lu;gg ; hLfSf;Nfw;gNt jPu;khdpf;fg;glyhk;.
mt; thNw Fwpg;gpl; l rpy fw; wy; - Nehf;fq;f s; njhlu; ghf tFg;G khztUs;
ngUk;ghyhNdhu; “” FwpaPl;ilg; ngw;Ws;sduhapd;> mjw;F VJthd fhuzq;fs; gy
,Uf;f KbAk;. mtw;iw ,dq;fz;L nghUj;jkhd xU eilKiwiag; gpd;gw;wp
mk;khztu;fs; cupa fw;wy; NgWfis milar; nra;tJ Mrpupaupd; nghWg;ghFk;.
Vida tplaq; f s;
 xU khztdpd; fw;wy; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij kw;nwhU khztdpd; fw;wy; Kd;Ndw;wj;Jld;

xg;gpLtjd; %yk; fy;tp uPjpahf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWk; jPu;khdq;fis vLj;jy;
fbdkhdjhFk;. MfNt khztu; - khztu; milTfis xg;gpLtijj; jtpu;j;Jf;
nfhs;Sq;fs;.
 xU khztdpd; jw;Nghija milT kl;lj;ij mtdJ Kd;ida milT kl;lj;Jld;

xg;gpl;L> khztdJ Kd;Ndw;wk; gw;wpa jfty;fisg; ngwyhk;. vdNt ,J gw;wp
mf;fiw nrYj;Jq;fs;. NkYk; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fis ve;jsTf;F
mile;Js;sdu; vd mwpjYk; mtrpakhFk;.
 tFg;ghrpupau; jdJ tFg;gpYs;s khztu;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd tpjj;jpy; fzpgg

; l
P L
;
cgfuzq;fisj; jahupj;Jf; nfhs;sj;jf;ftuhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
342
nghJf; fzpg;g PL
fzpg;gPl;Lg; gjpTg; gbtk; - juk; 4
khztu; ngau; fzpg;gPl;L mstpil

ntw;w pfukhfr;
nraw;gLfpwhu;. 
,lu;g;gLfpwhu; /
NkYk; cjtp Njit. 
1. Fwpj;j Ntiynahd;wpy; Muk;gk; Kjy; ,Wjp tiuapy; <LgLthu;.

2. cjtp Njitg;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fis ,dq;fz;L cjtp Gupthu;.
3. nghJg; nghUs;fisg; gad;gLj;Jthu;@ ghJfhg;ghu;.
4. Ra Rj;jk; njhlu;ghff; ftdk; nrYj;jpr; nraw;gLthu;.
5. Ntiynahd;wpd; Kbtpy; cgfuzq;fisAk; ,lj;ijAk; Rj;jpfupj;J>
cgfuzq;fis cupa ,lq;fspy; itg;ghu;.
6. jhsj;jpw;Nfw;gg; ghl;Lg; ghLtjpy; <LgLthu;.
7. tfpghfNkw;W ebg;ghu;.
8. Fwpj;j Ntiynahd;wpy; Mf;fG+u;tkhf <LgLthu;.
9. ghlrhiyapy; Ntiyfspd;NghJ VidNahUld; xj;Jioj;Jr; nraw;gLthu;.
10. ahNjDnkhd;wpidr; nra;tjw;fhf tpUg;Gld; Kd;tUthu;.
11. Mrpupau;fSf;Ff; fz;zpakspg;ghu;@ kupahijahfg; NgRthu;.
12. gad;gLj;Jk; cgfuzq;fisr; rupahff; ifahs;thu;@ ghJfhg;ghu;.
13. jiyikj;Jtj;ij kjpj;Jr; nraw;gLthu;.
14. jkJ nghUs;fisg; Nghd;Nw VidNahupd; nghUs;fisAk; kjpg;ghu;.
15. Rakhff; fw;gjpy; Mu;tk; fhl;Lthu;.
16. jkJ fUj;Jf;fisAk; czu;TfisAk; rpj;jpuk; %yk; ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
17. VidNahupd;ghy;> czu;jd;ikAld; nraw;gLthu;.
18. mirtpaf;fr; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLthu;.
19. Gj;jspg;Gf; fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;jpf; $l;lhf thj;jpakpirg;ghu;.
20. #oypy; cs;s tsq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp gy;NtW Mf;fq;fs; nra;thu;.
21. jug;gl;l gUkl;lhd jpl;lj;jpd;gb khjpupAUf;fs; Mf;Fthu;.
22. ijay;> gpd;dy; %yk; Mf;fq;fs; nra;thu;.
23. elj;jy;> XLjy;> gha;jy; rhu;e;j tpisahl;Lf;fspy; <LgLthu;.
24. ge;ijg; gpbj;jy;> vwpjy; rhu;e;j tpisahl;Lf;fspy; <LgLthu;.
25. jkJ NjitfSf;fhfr; rpq;fs nkhopapy; vspikahd Ntz;LNfhs;fis
tpLg;ghu;.
26. rpq;fsnkhopapy; Kd;itf;fg;gLk; vspikahd Vty;fSf;F rpq;fsnkhopapy;
Jyq;fy; fhl;Lthu;.
27. jUzj;jpw;Nfw;g> rpq;fsnkhopapy; tho;j;Jj; njuptpg;ghu;.
28. jj;jkf;fpilNa el;G tsUk; tifapy; vspikahd Mq;fpyr; nrhw;fisAk;
gpuNahfq;fisAk; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
343
6.0 Kjd;ik epiy ,uz;bFupa mj;jpahtrpaf; fw;wy;
Nju;r;rpfs;
1. mwpKfk;
Muk;gf; fy;tpf;fhf xJf;fg;gl;Ls;s Kjy; Ie;J Mz;Lfs; egnuhUtupd;
tho;f;ifapy; Kf;fpakhd fhyfl;lkhFk;. jw;fhy Vw;Wf;nfhs;sYf;F Vw;g mtw;Ws;
Kjy; %d;W Mz;LfSk; Kd; gps;isg;gUtj;jpw;Fk; vQ;rpa ,U Mz;LfSk;
gps;isg;gUtj;jpd; njhlf;f epiyf;Fk; cupj;jhFk;. Kiwrhu; fy;tpf;F mtrpakhd
mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfisg; Nghd;Nw ntw;wpfukhd jdpegnuhUtuhf tho;tjw;Fj;
Njitahd Nju;r;rpfSk; tpUj;jp miltJ ,f;fhyf;fl;lj;jpDs;Ns MFk;. mjdhy;
,f;fl;lj;jpy; khztUs; mj;jpahtrpakhf tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl Ntz;ba Nju;r;rpfis
,dq;fz;L khztu;fs; mj;Nju;rr ; pfspy; ghz;bj;jpak; ngWjiy cWjpg;gLj;Jjy;
,t;Ntiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; jiyaha nfhs;ifahFk;.
jdJ tFg;gpy; fw;Fk; khztu; mj;jpahtrpaf; fw;wy; Nju;r;rpfspy; ghz;bj;jpak;
mile;Js;sduh vdr; Nrhjpj;Jg; ghu;j;jYk;> mt;thwpy;yhtpby; mtw;iw mgptpUj;jp
nra;tjw;Fj; Njitahd eltbf;iffis vLj;jYk; Mrpupaupd; nghWg;nghd;whFk;.
mt;thNw flikAk; MFk;.
,q;F Nju;r;rp vd;gjdhy; tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;JtJ mwpT> jpwd;> kdg;ghq;F>
tpOkpaq;fs; Mfpadtw;wpd; rpf;fyhd Nru;khdnkhd;wpw;F Fwpj;j Nju;r;rpnahd;wpw;F
,t;tk;rq;fs; midj;Jk; my;yJ rpy gy;NtW kl;lq;fspy; cs;slq;fg;gl;bUf;f
KbAk;. mjw;Nfw;g rpy Nju;r;rpfs; jpwid Nehf;fp $Ljyhf rhu;e;jpUf;ff;$badthf
,Uf;ff;$baNjhL NtW Nju;rr ; pnahd;W mwpitAk; kdg;ghq;ifAk; Nehf;fpf; $Ljyhf
rhu;e;jpUf;f KbAk;. rpy Nju;r;rpfs; tpOkpaj;ij Nehf;fpAk; $Ljyhf rhu;e;jpUf;f
KbAk;.
xt;nthU Kjd;ik epiyAk; KbtilAk; NghJ rfy khztu;fSk; me;j
epiyf; F mj;jpahtrpakhd fw; wy; Nju; r;rpfs; midj;jpdJk; ghz; bj;j paj; ij
cWjpg;gLj;Jjy; me;epiyf;Fg; nghWg;ghd Mrpupaupd; nghWg;ghFk;.
mjpy;> • mj;jpahtrpaf; fw;wy; Nju;r;rp vd;gjdhy; fUjg;gLtJ ahJ?
• KjyhtJ Kjd;ik epiyf;F ,dq;fhzg;gl;Ls;s mj;jpahtrpaf; fw;wy;
Nju;r;rpfs; ahit?
• ghz;bj;jpak; vd;gjd; fUj;J ahJ?
• mj;jpahtrpaf; fw;wy; Nju;rr
; pnahd;wpd; ghz;bj;jpaj;ij cWjpg;gLj;jpf;
nfhs;tJ vt;thW?
• ghz;bj;jpa kl;lj;ij milahj khztu;fSf;F topfhl;Ltjw;fhd
nray;topfs; ahit?
vDk; tplaq;fisg; gw;wp tpupthd tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;wpUj;jy; Kf;fpakhFk;.
2. mj;j pahtrpaf; fw;w y; Nju;r ;rpfs; vd;gd ahit?
Muk;gj; juq;fSf;fhfj; jahupff
; g;gl;Ls;s fiyj;jpl;lk; gy;NtW jpwd; kl;lq;fspy;
cs;s khztu;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhFkhW vspa kl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;J rpf;fyhd kl;lk;
tiuapyhd Nju;r;rpfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpilNa cupa epiyapDs; rfy
khztu;fspdhYk; fl;lhakhf milag;ngw Ntz;ba mbg;gil Nju;r;rpfspd; njhFjp
344
mj;jpahtrpaf; fw;wy; Nju;r;rp vd;wiof;fg;gl KbAk;.
mj;jpahtrpaf; fw;wy; Nju;r;rpfspDs;>
• cupa epiyapDs; khztupd; mgptpUj;jpj; Njitfisg; G+u;j;jp nra;jy;>
• fw;wiy NkYk; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;Fk; elj;jpr; nry;tjw;Fk; cjTk;
• ey;y gpui[ahf ntw;wpfukhf tho;tjw;F fl;lhakhfj; Njitahd mj;jpthuk;
Mfpa Nju;r;rpfs; fl;bnaOg;gg;gLk;.
3. Kjd;ik epiy ,uz;bw;F tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;s fw;wy; Nju;r;rpfs; ahit?
Kjd;ik epiy
Kjd;ik epiy ,uz;by; khztnuhUtu; 50 mj;jpahtrpa Nju;r;rpfis epiwT nra;a
Ntz;Lk;. ,tw;iw ,dq;fhZk; NghJ Kjyhk;> ,uz;lhtJk; %d;whtJk;> ehd;fhtJk;
Ie;jhtJk; juq;fspd; ghlj;jpl;lq;fSk; kw;iwa fiyj;jpl;l rhjdq;fSk; Mokhff;
fw; w hag; g l; l NjhL Mrpupau; f s; > Mrpupa MNyhrfu; f s; > tpupTiuahsu; f s; >
fiyj;jpl;lq;fis tpUj;jpnra;Nthu;> fy;tpahsu;fs; MfpNahupd; fUj;Jf;fSk; ftdj;jpw;
nfhs;sg;gl;ld. mt;thNw NtW ehLfspy; ntspaplg;gl;Ls;s ,t;thwhd mj;jpahtrpa
milT kl;lq;fSk; fw;whag;gl;ld. mJ kl;Lkd;wp ,f;fl;lj;jpy; cs;s khztu;fspd;
tpUj;jpj; Njitfs; kPJk; Mokhf mtjhdpf;fg;gl;ld. ,tw;Wf;F Nkyjpfkhf
,j;jpizf;fsj;jpdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l gps;is tpUj;jp juq;fs; gw;wpa Ma;Trhu;
fw;iffspypUe;J fz;lwpag;gl;litAk; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
,dq;fhzg;gl;Ls;s mj;jpahtrpaf; fw;w y; Nju;r;rpfs; njhFjp ghluPjpahfj;
jdpj;jdpahf kl;Lkd;wp nghJj; Nju;r;rpj; njhFjpnahd;whfTk; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
mj;Nju;rr; pfs; njhFjpapDs; Muk;gf; fy;tpf;F mbg;gilahd njhlu;ghly;> Rw;whly;>
xOf;fnewpAk; rkaKk;> tpisahl;Lk; Xa;Tk;> fw;wYf;Fk; MSikf;Fk; nghUj;jkhfTk;
NtiyAyfpd; Maj; j j; j pw; F k; nghUj; j khd Nju; r ; r pfSk; vDk; mbg; g il
Nju;r;rpfSf;Fupa Nju;r;rpfSk; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
tpNrlkhff; fUJk; NghJ mj;jpahtrpaf; fw;ww;nwhFjp khztupd; xl;Lnkhj;j
tpUj;jpf;Ff; fPNo Fwpg;glg;gl;Ls;s mk;rq;fSld; Neubahd njhlu;Gfisf; fhl;Lk;.
khztupd; G+uz tpUj;jpf;F mj;jpahtrpaf; fw;wy; Nju;r;rpfSk; gq;fspg;Gr;
nra;Ak; gy;NtW mk;rq;fSk;.
* ey;tho;f;ifg; gof;fq;fs; * capUs;s> capuw;w Rw;whly;fs;
* Ra ghJfhg;G * Muha;T+ff ; k;> Muk;gj;jpy; ,Ue;J ,Wjp tiu
njhlu;e;jpUj;jy;
* Ez;zpaf;fj; jpwd; * xg;gpLjYk; msj;jYk;
* rktajpdUld; njhlu;G * moif kjpj;jy;
* Ra ek;gpf;ifAk; RahjPdKk; * kdjpw;Ffe;j r%f elj;ijfs;
* vz; vz;zf;fU * tsu;e;NjhUldhd njhlu;G
* gpur;rpidfs; jPu;j;jy; * Ngupaf;fj; jpwd;fs;
* Mf;fG+u;tjd;ikAk; fw;gidAk;* Ngh\hf;F
* tprhupf;Fk; kdk; * nkhopAk; Muk;g vOj;jwpTk;
4. ghz;bj;jpak; vd;gjd; fUj;J ahJ?

xt;nthU khztiuAk; rfy mj;jpahtrpaf; fw;wy; Nju;r;rpfspYk; ghz;baj;jpak;
345
ngwr; nra;jy; ,q;F vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ. VNjDk; Nju;r;rpAld; njhlu;Ggl;l mwpT>
jpwd;> kdg;ghq;F> tpOkpak; njhlu;ghf cupa tajpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhdthW cau;
kl;lj;jpd; jpwndhd;iw ntspf;fhl;Lk; khztnuhUtu; mj;Nju;;r;rpapy; epGzu; vdf;
fUjg;gl Ntz;Lk;. VNjDk; Nju;r;rpnahd;W njhlu;ghf ghz;bj;jpa kl;lj;ij mile;j
khztnuhUtu; fP N o fhl; l g; g l; L s; s thwhd gz; G fs; midj; i jAk; my; y J
mNefkhdtw;iw ntspg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.
* Nju;r;rpf;F cupa epue;jukhd elj;ijrhu; khw;wj;ijf; fhl;Lthu;.
* Nju;r;rpf;F cupa mLj;j cau; kl;lj;jpw;Fr; nry;tjw;F Maj;jk; vd;gij
ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
* Nju;r;rpapy; <LgLjy; gw;wp jd;Ds; Ra ek;gpf;if cz;nld ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
* Nju;r;rpAld; njhlu;Ggl;l tplaq;fis ,d;ndhUtUf;F tpsq;fg;gLj;Jk; jpwid
ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
* Nju;r;rp gw;wp tpNrl Mu;tj;ij my;yJ tpUg;gj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
* Nju;r;rpAld; njhlu;Ggl;l gpur;rpidfSf;F Kfq;nfhLf;Fk; NghJ mjid Ra
Kaw;rpAld; jPu;f;Fq; jpwid ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
* Nju;r;rpf;Fupa fhupaq;fis rupahf epiwNtw;Wthu;.
* Nju;rr
; pf;Fupa kdg;ghq;Ffs; njhlu;ghd elj;ijia vg;NghJ ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
Nju;rr
; pnahd;wpy; ghz;bj;jpak; milag;ngw;Ws;sjh vdj; jPu;khdpg;gjw;F gy;NtW
tpjq;fspy; jfty;fisr; Nrfupj;jy; mtrpakhFk;. mJ Mrpupaupd; njhopy;rhu;
jPu;khdnkLj;jy; kPJk;> gz;Grhu; jd;ikapYk;> vg;NghJk; jfty;fis Nrfupj;jy;
kPJk; Kjd;ik epiy KOtJk; epfo Ntz;Lk;.
5. Nju;r;rpnahd;wpd; ghz;bj;jpaj;ij fzpg;gPL nra;jy; vt;thW?

khztnuhUtiu VNjDk; Nju;r;rpnahd;wpd; ghz;bj;jpaj;ij Nehf;fp nfhz;L
nry;Yk; nghWg;G tFg;ghrpupaUf;F cupajhFk;. ,jpy; Mrpupaupdhy; vLf;fg;gLk;
jPu;khdq;fspd; ek;gfj;jd;ik ntspg;gLkhW nghWg;Gld; khztu; fw;Fk; NghJ
ntspg;gLj;Jk; gpur;rpidfis ,dq;fz;L Njitahd nray;topfisf; filg;gpbg;gjd;
%yk; mtu;fisg; gbg;gbahf vjpu;ghu;j;j kl;lq;fSf;F ,l;Lr; nry;y Ntz;Lk;.
mj;jpahtrpaf; fw;wy; Nju;r;rpfspd; ghz;bj;jpaj;ij mile;Js;sduh vd;gij
njhlu; fzpg;gPL> ,Wjpf; fzpg;gPL> njhlu; fzpg;gPLk; ,Wjpf; fzpg;gPLk; Mfpa
Kiwapay;fspdhy; fzpg;gPL nra;a KbAk;. mJ gpd;tUk; cUtpw; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,Wjpf; fzpg;gPl;L jfty;fs; %yk;

ghz;bj;jpaj;ij cWjpg;gLj;Jjy; njhlu; fzpg;gPl;L jfty;fs; %yk;
njhlu;> ,Wjp fzpg;gPl;L jfty;fs; %yk;
5.1 ghz;bj;jpaj;ij njhlu; fzpg;gPl;lhy; fzpg;gPL nra;jy;

njhlu; fzpg;gPL nra;jy; vd;gJ fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; gbKiw xd;wpDs; md;whl
fw;gpj;jy; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; jfty;fis Nrfupj;J khztupd;
Mw; w y; kl; lq; f is ,dq;f hZk; nray; topahFk; . ,jw;F khztiu
mtjhdpj;jy;> khztUf;F nrtpkLj;jy;> tha;nkhop tpdhf;fis tpdhTjy;>
xg;gilfSf;Fg; Gs;sp toq;Fjy; Nghd;w Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;j KbAk;.
346
5.2 ghz;b j;jpaj;i j ,Wjpf; fzpg;g Pl ;l hy; fzpg;gPL nra;jy;
rpy mj;jpahtrpaf; fw;wy; Nju;r;rpfis ,Wjpf; fzpg;gPl;bd; Clhf kpfTk;
ed;whff; fzpg;gPL nra;a KbAk;. ,Wjpf; fzpg;gPL vd;gJ fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy;
gbKiwnahd;wpd; ,Wjpapy; jfty;fis NrfupjJ ; khztupd; Mw;wy; kl;lq;fis
,d q; f hZk; nray ; t op na hd ; w hF k; . mj ht J> ghl m ynfhd; i w
fUg;nghUnshd;wpd>; khjnkhd;wpd>; jtiznahd;wpd; ,Wjpapy; fzpgg ; L
P nra;Ak;
fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;jp epfo;j;Jk; fzpg;gPl;L Kiwapay; xd;whFk;.
mjpy; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nray;topia jw;fhypfkhf epWj;jp fzpg;gPL nra;Ak;
nray; t opf; F Kd; d u; tUk; . mjw; N fw; g mynfhd; W khjnkhd; w pd; >
jtiznahd;wpd; ,Wjpapy; toq;fg;gLk; Kiwrhu; fzpg;gl P hf nraw;ghLfisg;
gad; g Lj; j p khztu; vjpu; g hu; j ; j kl; l q; f is mile; J s; s duh vdj;
jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk;.
5.3ghz;bj;jpaj;ij njhlu;> ,Wjp Mfpa ,uz;bdhYk; fzpg;gPL nra;jy;
rpy mj;jpahtrpaf; fw;wy; Nju;r;rpfSf;F ghz;bj;jpaj;ijj; jPu;khdpg;gjw;F
Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;l njhlu;> ,Wjp fzpg;gPLfs; ,uz;ilAk; gad;gLj;j KbAk;.
tFg;gpd; md;whl fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nray;topapy; Nrfupf;fg;gLk; jfty;fs;>
khztu;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk; Kiwrhu; fzpg;gPl;Lr; nraw;ghLfspd; %yk;
ngwg;gLk; jfty;fs; vDk; ,U tiffspdJk; jfty;fs; ,jw;Fg; gad;gLk;.
5.4ghz;bj;jpaj;ij Fwpg;gjw;fhd Fwpfhl;bfs;
khztu;fs; VNjDk; Nju;r;rpia miljiy 3 kl;lq;fspy; Fwpf;f KbAk;.
mj;jpahtrpaf; fw;wy; Nju;r;rpapy; khztu; mile;Js;s ghz;bj;j paj;ij
'ghz; b j; j paj; i j milatpy; i y> ghz; b j; j paj; i j mz; k pj; J s; s hu; >
ghz; b j; j paj; i j mile; J s; s hu; " vd %d; W kl; l q; f spy; ,dq; f hz
Ntz;bAs;sJ. mJ gw;wpa tptuq;fs; fPNo ml;ltizapy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.
cjhuzk;: fpilahf itf;fg;gl;Ls;s kuf; fl;ilnahd;wpd; kPJ elg;ghu;.
rkepiyahd kuf; rkepiyahd kuf;

fl;ilnahd;wpd; kPJ mbfis fl;ilnahd;wpd; kPJ Muk;gj;jpy; rkepiyahd kuf;
khw;wp khw;wp itg;gjd; %yk; ,Ue;J ,Wjp tiu nry;y fl;ilapy; Muk;gj;jpy;
rkepiyahf Muk;gj;jpy; ,Ue;J KbAnkdpDk; nry;Yjypy; ,Ue;J ,Wjp tiu elf;f
,Wjp tiu elf;fpwhu;. ,lu;fisf; fhl;Lfpwhu;. KbahJ.
ghz;bj;jpaj;ij mile;Js;shu; ghz;bj;jpaj;ij mz;kpj;Js;shu; ghz;bj;jpaj;ij

(rptg;G epwk;) • (gr;ir epwk;) milatpy;iy.
• (ePy epwk;)
5.5 ghz;bj;jpaj;ij milahj khztupd; ,lu;fis fz;lwptjw;Fg;

gad;gLj;jf;$ba Kiw
khztnuhUtiug; gw;wpa KbGfSf;F tUk; NghJ mtu;fis Ez;zpakhf
mtjhdpj; jYk; mjd; kPJ nra;ag;gLk; njhopy;rhu; jPu;khdKk; kpfTk;
Kf;fpakhFk;. ghz;bj;jpaj;ij milahj khztu;fs; fhl;Lk; ,lu;g;ghLfis
fz;lwptjw;F gy;NtW Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;j KbAk;. khztu;fisg; gw;wp
ngwg;gl;Ls;s jfty;fisf; nfhz;L tpNrlkhd kpfTk; nghUj;jkhd Kiwia/
Kiwfisj; njupT nra;jy; Kf;fpakhFk;.
347
mjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba fz;;lwpjy; Kiwfs; rpy fPNo fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.
* Fwpj;j fhynkhd;wpDs; EZf;fkhf khztupd; elj;ijf; Nfhyj;ij
mtjhdpj;jy;.
* khztUld; jdpahf RKfkhf ciuahb ngwg;gLk; Jyq;fiyg; gw;wp
ftdQ; nrYj;Jjy;.
* tpsq;fg;gLj;Jjy;fspy; khztiu topg;gLj;jp mtjhdj;Jld; nrtpkLj;jy;.
* cupa Ntiyapy; <Lgl;bUf;Fk; NghJ tpNrlkhf mtjhdpj;jy;.
* khztu; gw;wp vOjg;gl;Ls;s rpW Fwpg;Gfs;/mwpf;iffs; Mfpatw;iw
gFg;gha;T nra;jy;.
* khztupd; tuT mwpf;ifia gFg;gha;T nra;J tuhikf;fhd fhuzq;fis
Njbawpjy;.
* cupa kw;iwa Mrpupau;fSld; fye;Jiuahb Njitahd jfty;fisg;
ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;.
* %j;j rNfhju/rNfhjupfs; ghlrhiyapy; ,Ug;gpd; mtu;fSld; fye;Jiuahb
Njitahd jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;.
* ngw; N whUld; my; y J ghJfhtyu;f Sld; fye; Jiuahb Njitahd
jfty;fis Nrfupj;jy;.
* khztupd; tPl;Lf;Fr; nrd;W jfty;fisr; Nrfupj;jy;.
* khztupd; nray;E}y;> gapw;rpg; Gj;jfk;> xg;gilfs; Nghd;wtw;iw tpNrlkhf
fw;wha;jy;.
* khztupd; Mf;fq;fs;> rpj;jpuq;fs;> khjpupahf;fq;fs; Mfpatw;iw Nrhjpj;Jg;
ghu;j;jy;.
* Kiwg;gb mikf;fg;gl;l fz;lwpjy; Nrhjidia elj;Jjy;.
* Njitahd re;ju;gg
; q;fspy; khztiu itj;jpanuhUtuplk; my;yJ gpzpaha;T
epiyankhd;wpw;Fr; nry;y topg;gLj;jp MNyhridfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;.
* Mrpupau; gad;gLj;jpa fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfspd; nghUj;jg;ghl;bidg;
gw;wp rpe;jpj;Jg; ghu;j;jy;.
* Mrpupau; khztuplk; fhl;ba kdg;ghq;F> khztu; njhlu;ghf eltbf;if
nra;j tpjk; vd;gd gw;wp rpe;jpj;Jg; ghu;j;jy;.
* fw;wy; ,lu;g;ghl;il ,dq;fhz;gjw;fhf kpfTk; nghUj;jkhd Kiw ,Ug;gpd;
mjw;Nfw;g khztiu ,dq;fhzy;.
6. Kd;khjpupahd fzpg;gPl;Lf; fUtpfs; ahit?

xt;Nthu; mj;jpahtrpaf; fw;wy; Nju;r;rpf;Fk; ghz;bj;jpak; milag;ngw;Ws;sjh
vd cWjpg;gLj;Jjy; 5.1,d; fPo; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sthwhd Kiwapay;fSf;F Vw;g
Mrpupau;fspdhy; fzpg;gPL nra;ag;gly; Ntz;Lk;. mjw;Nfw;g jahupf;fg;gl;l Kd;khjpup
fzpg;gPl;Lf; fUtpfs; gf;fk; ,yf;fk; 1,ypUe;J cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mtw;iw
mt;tpjj;jpNyNa my;yJ re;ju;gg
; j;jpwN
; fw;g khztUf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd tpjj;jpy; mikj;J
gad;gLj;j KbAk;.
348
Kd;khjpup fzpg;gPL nra;Ak; fUtpfs; gpd;tUk; mk;rq;fisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
* Nju;r;rp
* vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; vy;iy
* fzpg;gPl;il nraw;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd fhyk;
* Kd;dhaj;jk;
* nranyhOq;F
* ghz;bj;jpaj;ijj; jPu;khdpg;gjw;fhd gpukhzq;fs;
* vjpu;ghu;j;j ghz;bj;jpa kl;lj;ij milahj khztUf;fhd topfhl;ly;.
7.0 ghz;bj;jpak; gw;wpa KbGfisf; Fwpj;Jf; nfhs;tJ vt;thW?

mj;jpahtrpaf; fw;wy; Nju;rr
; pia ,l;L khztiuf; fzpgg
; L
P nra;jiy Nkw;nfhs;Sk;
NghJ mtu;fspd; Kd;Ndw;wk; gw;wp mbf;fb Nrhjpj;J mwp;f;ifg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sjy;
mtrpakhFk;. mjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba gbtnkhd;W cs;sJ. xt;Nthu; mj;jpahtrpaf;
fw;wy; Nju;r;rp gw;wp xt;nthU khztUk; ghz;bj;jpa kl;lj;ij mile;Js;sdu;
my;yJ ghz;bj;jpa kl;lj;ij milatpy;iy vd;whthW ePq;fs; vLf;Fk; KbGfis
mjpy; Fwpg;gpLq;fs;. ,t;thW khztu;fs; gw;wp jPu;khdk; vLf;Fk; NghJ Mrpupau;fspd;
njhopy;rhu; jPu;khdpj;jy; jpwd; fl;lhakhf Kf;fpakhFk;. mjid ek;gfj;jd;ikAld;
jPu;khdpg;gjw;F ftdQ; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;.
349

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ghlj;jpl;lKk;

Kd;gps;isg; gUt tpUj;jp kw;Wk; Muk;gf; fy;tpj;Jiw

mr;rpLjYk; tpepNahfKk; - fy;tp ntspaPl;Lj; jpizf;fsk;

Kd;gps;i sg; gUt tpUj;j p kw;Wk; Muk;gf; fy;tpj;Jiw

Kjw; gjpg;G: 2018

Kd;gps;isg; gUt tpUj;jp kw;Wk; Muk;gf; fy;tpj;Jiw

kpd;dQ; ry; : info@nie.lk

2007 Mk; Mz;L eilKiwapypUe;j cs;slf;fj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l

gy;NtWgl;l fy;tpahsu;fshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;TfspdJk;> fUj;Jf;fspdJk;

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Mrpupau;fspwF ; > mtu;fsJ tFg;giwf; fw;gpjj ; y;fis topgg

,e;j topfhl;b E}y;fspD}lhf> Mrpupau;fs; jq;fs; khztu;fspd; Nju;r;rpfis

,g;Gjpa gFj;jwpTthj ghltpjhdj;jpdJk;> Gjpa Mrpupa topfhl;b E}y;fs;> Gjpa

fyhepjp. jpUkjp. [ae;j p FzNrfu

fw;wy; vd;gJ gue;J tpupe;J nry;tnjhd;whFk;. mJ tho;f;ifia Nkk;gLj;jTk;

fw;wYf;fhfg; ngWkjp kpf;fit vitNah mitAk; fw;wy; Kiwapay;fSk; trjpfSk;

,yq;ifapd; gz;ila mUQ; nry;tq;fisAk; etPd nry;newpfisAk; cs;thq;fp>

Njrpa kl;lj;jpy; ghlf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fspd; xj;j jd;ik Ngzg;gLtJ mtrpakhFk;.

me;je;jg; ghlj;jpd; milT njhlu;ghf kjpg;gL P elj;Jk;> Njrpa kl;l guPl;rfu;fshy;

fyhepjp tz. khGs;nfhl Rkzujd Njuu;

2019 Mk; Mz;L %d;whk; Mz;by; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLk; ,e;j Mrpupau; topfhl;bahdJ>

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khztu;fspd; fw;wYf;fhf mtu;fsJ mz;kpj;j Rw;whliy kpfTk; ntw;wpfukhfg;

,t; Mrpupau; topfhl;bia jahu;nra;AKfkhf Mrpupau;fs;> Mrpupa MNyhrfu;fs;>

Mu; . vk; . Nf.j.rpy; t h

(i) njhlu;ghly; Nju;r;rpfs;

vOj;jwpT : ftdkhfr; nrtpkLj;jy;> njspthfg; NgRjy;>

vz;zwpT : nghUs;> ,lk;> fhyk; vd;gtw;Wf;F vz;fisg;

rpj;jpu mwpT : NfhL> cUtk; vd;gtw;wpd; fUj;ij mwpjy;

jfty; njhopDl;gj; jifik : fzpdp mwpT> fw;wypy;> njhopy; Rw;whlypy;>

(ii) MSik tpUj;jp njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;

(iii) #oy; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;

r%fr; #oy; : Njrpa ghuk;gupak; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;T> gd;ikr; r%fj;jpd;

capupay; #oy; : thOk; cyF> kf;fs;> capupay; #oy; njhFjp - kuq;fs;>

(iv) Ntiy cyfpw;Fj; jahu; nra;jy; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;

nghUshjhu tpUj;jpf;Fg; gq; fspj;jy;; mtu;f sJ njhopy; tpUg;GfisAk;

(v) rkaKk; xOfyhWk; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;

(vi) Xa;T Neuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jy;> tpisahl;L gw;wpa Nju;r;rpfs;

(vii) “fw;wYf;Ff; fw;wy;|| njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;

MNyhridAk; mDkjpAk;: fy;tprhu; mYty;fs; rig> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

MNyhrid : fyhepjp. jpUkjp. [ae; j p FzNrfu

tz.fyhepjp khk;G s;n fhl Rkzujd Njuu;

gzpg; G : Mu;.vk;.Nf. j rpy;t h

njhFg;G k; ,izg;g hf;f Kk;: tp.vd;. v];. cjare; j pud;

fiyj;j pl;lf; FO : Mu;.vk;.Nf. j rpy;th (gjpy; gzpg;ghsu;;)

jha; n khop (jkpo; ) : tp.vd; . v]; . cjare; j pud;

nkhopngau; g ; G : vk;. vr;. vk;. ahf;$ j;

fzpdp tbtikg;G : vg;. ep];a h mkPu;

nkhopr; nrk; i kahf;f Kk;

Kjd;ik epiy 1 ,d; mj;jpahtrpaf; fw;wy; Nju;r

rpe; j idf; F khd njupTg; g hlk ;

Gjpa fy;tpr;rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;- kWrPuikg;gpd; fPo; Muk;gf;fy;tp fiyj;jpl;;lj;jpd; tpNrl

 Ie;J Mz;Lfisf; nfhz;l Muk;gf;fy;tpg; Gyk; fiyj;jpl;l tpUj;jpapdJk;

 juk; 1 ,y; gpuNtrpf;Fk; gps;isia ,dq;fhz;gjw;F trjpahd nraw;ghLfs;

 nghJf;fy;tp epiy ,Wjpapy; khztu;fsplk; tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;

 ghl tplaq;fs; ehd;fhf tFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

 gps;isapd; G+uz tpUj;jpf;F nkhop> fzpjj; Nju;rr

 ,j;Nju;r;rpfisj; jdpj;jdpg; ghl myFfs; %yk; Kd;itg;gij tpl gps;is

 juk; 1 ,ypUe;J nraw;ghLfs; rhu;e;j tha;nkhop Mq;fpyKk; ,uz;lhtJ

 Kjd;ik epiy 2 ,ypUe;J Kiwrhu Mq;fpyk;; Nru;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 juk; 1 ,ypUe;J njhlu;r;rpahf ghl ,izr; nraw;ghLfSf;Fk; juk; 5 ,y;

 gps;isapd; Kd;Ndw;wk;> fw;wy; ,lu;g;ghLfs; njhlu;ghf jfty; Nrfupg;gjw;F

 ahtUf;Fk; fy;tpia cWjp nra;tij ,yf;fhff; nfhz;L mjw;Fj; juepuz; aKs;s

 xt;nthU Kjd;ikepiy ,WjpapYk; vjpug