250

Nov.-Dec. 2020
Vol.01 Issue.03

Chritophe Balg Rudra Budhbhatti

Geobrugg Maccaferri

The Need of the Hour

IN THE LAST FEW DECADES, TREMENDOUS GROWTH HAS BEEN WITNESSED IN
THE TECHICAL AVALANCHE PROTECTION SYSTEMS AND IT HAS EVOLVED AS AN
INDEPENDENT ENGINEERING BRANCH IN ASIAN, EUROPEAN AND AMERICAN COUNTRIES
 INDEX 4

60. Interview -
A candid chat with Mr. Katikeya
Kalani, President Flexituff International
Limited on application of geosynthetics
in river training works

63. Interview -
In Conversation with Mr. Manish
Barot, Head-Technical Sales and
Business Development at TechFab
India

66. Case Study -

Design & Execution Of Cable Anhord
For Reinforced Slope – An In-depth
study on the construction of reinforced
walls for prevention and mitigation of
landslide using cable anchors

75. Webinar –
Excerpts from the live webinar
on Avalanche Protection – The
Need of The Hour

80. Interview -
Rendezvous with Dr. TN Singh,
Vice Chancellor at Mahatma
Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith

WWW.GEO-XCHANGE.COM | VOL..01 ISSUE .03

 LETTER
5
The year 2020 has been full of unexpected
FROM THE EDITOR
turn of events to say the least, being hit by a
pandemic is something neither of us ever
anticipated. While we are still getting accustomed
to the “new normal” for me the year 2020 will
be a memorable one since this was the year
“GeoXchange” was born. Today, writing this note
on a warm winter afternoon, I am humbled by
how welcoming this industry has been of our
endeavor. We at GeoXchange are grateful
to each and every member of this fraternity
who has shown faith in us and given us the
opportunity to tell their story. With the third
issue of our magazine ready for publication,
I am proud to say that we have been able to
achieve, 4000 + downloads of our first two
editions and a tremendous response to the series of
webinars that we have been hosting. With every
issue and webinar, I can see us grow from
strength to strength and achieve global
recognition in countries like Switzerland, USA,
Italy and more.
The world is a land of diverse terrains, which
also means that we are constantly dedicating
resources to mitigate a multitude of plausible
disasters that can greatly impact the global
economy. With the onset of winters every year,
my newsfeed is drowned with incidents of heavy
snowfall, avalanches and stories about regions
that are cut-off from civilization for almost six
months because of it. As a conscious global
citizen, these stories have often led to a
profound awareness of this plight, with the
heartbreaking understanding that perhaps not
much can be done about it. When I extended my
communications business and dived into the
journalistic world of Geohazard mitigation
earlier this year, I was surprised at how little we
get to know about the efforts made by so many
players in this industry to mitigate risks relate d
to high altitude terrains around the world. As an
ode to the voices that haven’t been heard, the
third issue of GeoXchange is dedicated towards
navigating the world of Avalanche Protection
which is truly a need of the hour.
I sincerely hope our efforts in bringing these
GEOXCHANGE | DECEMBER 2020
NEHA BAJAJ
Editor-in-Chief
coversations to the fore front will get you one
step closer to knowing more about successes,
projects and players of this industry. I would like
to extend my thanks to everyone who helped
us put this issue together, your contribution is
greatly valued.
We are also gearing up for our next webinar
in January. Stay tuned to know more about it
along with compelling news features from the
industry by subscribing to our website
www.geo-xchange.com and following us on our
social media handles.
As we all gear up for the coming year, here’s
hoping that 2021 brings in health and happiness
to everyone around us and may we get success
on COVID Vaccine soon so we can be assured of
safety of our loved ones. With the New Year, we
at GeoXchange are also geared up and excited
to further diversify our portfolio and bring to you
more in-depth conversations and stories with
leaders and stakeholders that go beyond the
realms of natural hazard mitigation. I sincerely,
hope you continue to enjoy this new chapter of
our journey with us. On that note it’s time to
be merry and welcome the new year! Feel free
to write to me should you have any
queries / recommendations.
Merry Christmas and a Happy and Prosperous
New Year!
See you in February.
TEAM 6

OUR TEAM BOARD

GEOXCHANGE is guided by an advisory board comprising industry veterans and professionals from
IIT, having vast knowledge & experience in geotechnical engineering and more.

nerjee
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Conte
Sr. Copy Editor

g
agi Saanvi Dan aliser
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ector
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CASE STUDY 66

DESIGN & EXECUTION OF

CABLE ANCHORD FOR
REINFORCED SLOPE
Luiz Antonio Naresi Junior (Author)
PROGEO, BELO HORIZONTE, BRASIL

RESUME:

This project focusses on the use ofconstruction of reinforced walls for

prevention and mitigation of landslide using cable anchors in a envi-
ronmently friendly way with the highest safety for the workers involved
in accordaince to the guidelines of Brazil.

Cable anchors is a specialized engineering application used to an-

chor reinforced concrete structures to the ground in order to contain a
slope, we will describe some executive methods for the construction of
a reinforced slope. It is one of the active containment solution for slope
stabilization which addresses the issue of global stability, by introduc-
ing a force corresponding to a stabilizing thrust that reacts against
unstable masses.

The execution of a cable anchor, as well as reinforced concrete slope,

are part of the stabilizing solution of massifs and involve various en-
gineering activities such as drilling in soil, alteration of rock and rock,
injection of cement grout under pressure, execution of form, frame
and concreting and finally the prestressing of the strands, these works
are generally performed on scaffolding with manual and mechanical
excavations. All services present in the execution of cable anchors in-
volve serious risks to worker safety.

In most situations, site conditions involve other engineering risks such

as; working at height, trench excavations and sliding slopes.
In this project, the author, who is a Civil Engineer with specialiation
in Occupational Safety Engineer and Environmental Analyst, and has
been working since he graduated with the art of Geotechnics, man-
aged to address in detail about all the executive procedures and the
corresponding approach to work with safety and prevent any damage
to the environment. Protecting environment is one of the highest pri-
ority for geotechnical engineers, designers, executors, occupational
safety engineers and occupational safety technicians.

KEYWORDS: CALCULATION, EXECUTION, ANCHORTIRANTE,

ANCHORS, SLOPE STABILIZATION, LANDSLIDE MITIGATION

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67 CASE STUDY

1. PRESENTATION OF THE It is as if we made a hole in all the books, pass-

TIE ROD ing a threaded screw and putting a nut on each
side and tightening, as shown in Figure 04.
1.1. Prestressing
If we want to take a lot of books at once, we
“squeeze” them as shown in Figure 01 and thus
transport them to the place we want. If we don’t
press the books against each other, as shown in
Figure 02, they will fall to the floor.

Figure 3: The impressed fort

Figur1 1: Strong – Horizontal Force

Figure 4: Horizontal Effort

Source: Own Collection

This screw is nothing more than a type of tie rod.

Figure 2: Weak – Horizontal Force
Source: Own Collection 2.2 Tie-in rod
The riser takes a little more work, but the idea is
This squeeze, we call “prestressing”. the same.
Do you know why our foot is forward?

GEOXCHANGE | DECEMBER 2020

CASE STUDY
Figure 5: Foot Support - Efforts that work.
Source: Own collection.
If we cut off the tip of our foot, we will fall be-
cause we lose our support.
On a mountain, the same thing happens. If we
dig the foot of the mountain, it loses its support,
and it slides: at the top it collapses at the bottom.
If soon after we cut the mountain, we can put
pressure on it (as in the books on the table), the
mountain will not fall..
Figure 6: Slope collapse
Fonte: Own collection
But, how to make this squeeze, if there is no one
to hold on the other side?
Then someone had an idea: he drilled a hole in
the ravine, tilted downwards, filled the hole with
a mixture of water and cement and put an iron
bar inside.
When the cement hardened, it “pulled” the iron
rod out, as if it wanted to pull it out: the sticky
section did not let the rod out. Then it made a
floor of wood, or of steel or concrete profiles, and
built a device that would not let the bar return to
its original position, and released the bar. When
the bar was released, it “pushed” the bank, with
a force in the opposite direction to the slide, not
letting the bank or mountain slip.
68
to the slide, not letting the bank or mountain slip.
This operation of “pulling out” the bar from the
ground is called “prestressing”, and when we re-
quest the bar, it “presses” the ground (as in the
books on the table).
This force that we apply to the bar is called “trac-
tion” or “tensioning” and the bar (can be one, or
several grouped together) is called tie rod.
Figure 7: Principle of the draped curtain
Source: Own Collection
2. WHAT IS AN ANCHOR FOR
As we saw above, risers are therefore elements
that support tensile forces and serve to balance
the forces exerted by earth masses.
As we have seen, we must not delay in its
execution: in general the terrains are weak
(when compared to the strength of steel and
concrete) and with the help of water, which is
always present, they easily collapse.
Therefore, the speed and perfection in the
execution of a tie, in all its phases (drilling of
the land, assembly and installation inside the
hole, injection of cement grout and pretension)
are essential conditions, both for the work and
for the safety of people who are running the
same.
2.1 Type of Tie rods
Nowadays there is a huge variation of types of
tie rods, we mention below the most usual ones
that can be summarized in:
2.1.1 Wire tie rods
2.1.2 Wire rope tie rods
2.1.3 Rod risers
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69 CASE STUDY

Figure 8: Layout of a bar tie rod

Source: Own Collection

Figure 11: 8 Wire Rope dia 8mm

Source: Own collection

Figure 9: Tie Rod Figure 12: Detail of the free section

Source: Own Collection Source: Own collection

Figure 10: Wire/Strand Holders Figura 13: Middle of Anchored & Free Section
Source: Own Collection Source: Own collection

GEOXCHANGE | DECEMBER 2020

CASE STUDY
Figure 14: Protection detail
Source: Own collection
Figure 15: End of the anchored section
Source: Own collection
Figure 16: Prestressed wire rope
Source: Own collection
70
Figure 17: Bench injection tie rod
Source: Own collection
3.ELEMENTS THAT MUST BE IN
THE WORK
For the execution of risers, we must be in
possession of the work, obligatorily of the
elements that concern the execution.
3.1.The Survey Report
It describes the type of soil or rock that we are
going to drill, whether it is soft or hard,whethere
there is water and if there is a ripple, etc.
This drilling report is very important which
informs us, what type of equipment we are going
to use, what drill or hammer we are going to
use and, whether or not we have to cover the
hole, the way to inject the rod, the pressures
to be applied, the care to be taken so that
neighboring buildings are not damaged, etc.
3.2.Tie-rod design
It shows where we should start drilling: so many
meters from the top, so many meters from the
ground.
Placing the tie rod in the wrong position can
cause inconvenience later. For this it is very
important to know where the head of the tie is
in relation to the ravine.
3.3.Drawing informing the characteristic
of the tie
a) If it is made of bar, wire or cordage;
b) How many bars, wires or strings;
c) How long the tie rod: free, anchored and left
over (out of the ground);
d) What is the inclination to be given when drilling?
e) What type of corrosion protection:
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71
f) The. painting: type of paint, how many coats;
a. sheath: individual and / or collective.
3.4. Execution bulletins
Execution reports record the history of each tie.
That is why it is essential to complete and correct
filling, which are: drilling, assembly, injection
and pretension.
Figure 18: Boult assembly,drilling & injection bulletin
Source: Own collection
Figure 19: Presetressing bulletin
Source: Own Collection
GEOXCHANGE | DECEMBER 2020
CASE STUDY
4.MASSEMBLY PROCEDURE OF A
TIE-ROD
First, let’s list the materials that will make up the
tie: steel wires; the spacers; the hems; plastic
masses; the paints; the central tube, with injection
valves; the wire.
4.1. Steel wires
You have to arrive at the construction site with
a certificate. The certificate shows his resistance,
which we must compare with the resistance
marked in the project.
4.2. Spacers
The function of the spacers is to assemble the
wires or strands separately from each other, so
that at the time of injection, the syrup uniformly
envelops them in the anchorage area. They are
placed every 0.5 meters of wire / strand or 2.5
meters in bar tie rod.
4.3. Sheaths
The sheath can be individual, collective or joint.
The sheath will insulate the wires along the free
stretch, from contact with the cement grout. The
individual sheath is a plastic tube that we place
on each rod or wire on the rod.
The collective sheath is a tube or hose that wraps
all of the wires simultaneously.
The joint sheath is the use of two sheaths,
individual and collective, at the same time.
The hem must also not tear. Therefore, the tie
rod must be handled with care, especially when
it is placed inside the hole.
4.4. Plastics
They are placed in the passage from the free
zone to the anchoring zone on all ties, whether
permanent or temporary. At the bottom of the
tie, put the plastic putty only when the tie is final.
No temporary tie rod is necessary.
4.5. The paints
Before painting, the wires or strands must be
carefully cleaned on the entire surface to remove
areas of oxidation, rust spots, grease and resins.
Cleaning should be done by manual brushing or
CASE STUDY
electric circular whip brush, until total removal of
the aforementioned residues. Immediately after
cleaning, the wires / strands should receive the
first coat of paint. This ink is composed of two
components, plus the solvent. This solvent, after
mixing components A and B should be added
in a minimum and gradually, as necessary and
sufficient, to allow applicability to the surface of
the wires / strands. Do not forget to touch up
the support points of the elements on the bench.
After light sanding, when the paint on the first
coat shows sufficient grip, that is, it does not
come off the surface of the steel, it should be
applied to the second coat.
Read the instructions for using the paint on the
outside of the can to check the recommended
curing time between coats.
Never a permanent tie must be installed without
the bar, wires or strands being painted and
cured.
4.6. The central tube
The central PVC tube is the “column” or
“backbone” of the tie. It is around him that
everything will be done. It should have the length
of the rod plus one left over. In the free zone,
it is smooth. In the anchoring zone, it is drilled
with an electric drill, every 500 mm. There are 8
6.3 mm holes. These holes will be covered by a
rubber tube 100 mm long by 2 mm thick, with
side stops (collars) to prevent their displacement
along the tube.
This tube is what we call a headline valve.
The assembly sequence is:
1. cut the wires to the size that the project
sends. Pay attention to add (increase) the length
by another 1 meter or as much as the project
requires;
2. sand the wires with sandpaper or with a wire
brush. If it is corded, clean the cracks well;
3. paint the threads with two coats of paint, as
described;
4. pass the bar, wires or strings through the
spacers spaced every 50 cm or 2.5 meters on
the bar. Install the injection tube (central PVC)
with the bottom plug and secure the assembly
with the wire. Then, install the individual sheaths
on the free section of the tie, securing them firmly
with the wire. If the tie is permanent, place the
collective sheath.
72
4.MASSEMBLY PROCEDURE OF A
TIE-ROD
First, let’s list the materials that will make up the
tie: steel wires; the spacers; the hems; plastic
masses; the paints; the central tube, with injection
valves; the wire.
4.1. Steel wires
You have to arrive at the construction site with
a certificate. The certificate shows his resistance,
which we must compare with the resistance
marked in the project.
4.2. Spacers
The function of the spacers is to assemble the
wires or strands separately from each other, so
that at the time of injection, the syrup uniformly
envelops them in the anchorage area. They are
placed every 0.5 meters of wire / strand or 2.5
meters in bar tie rod.
4.3. Sheaths
The sheath can be individual, collective or joint.
The sheath will insulate the wires along the free
stretch, from contact with the cement grout. The
individual sheath is a plastic tube that we place
on each rod or wire on the rod.
The collective sheath is a tube or hose that wraps
all of the wires simultaneously.
The joint sheath is the use of two sheaths,
individual and collective, at the same time.
The hem must also not tear. Therefore, the tie
rod must be handled with care, especially when
it is placed inside the hole.
4.4. Plastics
They are placed in the passage from the free
zone to the anchoring zone on all ties, whether
permanent or temporary. At the bottom of the
tie, put the plastic putty only when the tie is final.
No temporary tie rod is necessary.
4.5. The paints
Before painting, the wires or strands must be
carefully cleaned on the entire surface to remove
areas of oxidation, rust spots, grease and resins.
Cleaning should be done by manual brushing or
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73 CASE STUDY

5. ANCHOR INJECTION Diagram of the acting pressures:

PROCEDURE

The rod injection serves to transfer the load by
adhering the bars / wires / strands to the ground,
in addition to creating an additional protective
layer to the paint so that they do not oxidize over
time in direct contact with the water in the subsoil.
This work step is carried out in two phases.

6. PROCEDURE FOR TENSION

AND PRETENSION
After 7 (seven) full days of the curing of the
injected cement (CP-II-E-32) or 3 (three) full days
when using the initial high strength cement (CP-
V-ARI), the tie rod may be intended . Figure 44: Actuating
Every tie must be tested with a load greater than pressure diagram
the one it will actually work on. Source: Own Collection

Containment pushes:
7. CALCULATION OF SLOPE E1 = 0,624 x 5,00 = 3,120 tf / ml
STABILITY: E2 = 3,514 x 5,00 = 8,785 tf / ml
2,0
For the calculation and dimensioning of the Total active Thrust:
containment system, we will take into account the 3,120 + 8,785 = 11,905 tf / ml
section of the thrown curtain that has a height of Curtain length: 20,00 m
5.00 m and comprises 20.00 m in length. Buoyancy Total:
11,905 tf/m x 20,00 m = 238,10 tf
Calculation of active active thrusts: For the uses of SAS Prestressing – CT= 35 tf,
238,10 tf : 35 tf/anchor = 6,80 anchors
Soil 1: y (kN/m³) = 1,8 Adopted 16 anchors - FS= 2,35 - ok!
C (kPA) = 2,0
0 (º) = 26 8. CONCLUSION:
Active buoyancy coefficient: We conclude that the solution presented has a
• Ka = 0,390 safety factor above that recommended in Global
• √Ka = 0,625 Stability and Containment. In Global Stability,
sha = Z.Ka – 2.C.√Ka + q.Ka the containment system has a safety factor of
1.656, after the insertion of elements resistant
Elevation pressure EL. 99,30 (Top containment) to active efforts, such as rods and piles. The soil
sh = – (2 x 2,0 x 0,625) + (8,0 x 0,390) parameters adopted were described above.
sh = 0,624 tf / m²

Elevation Pressures EL. 94,30 (Toe containment)

sh = (1,8 x 5,0 x 0,390) – (2 x 2,0 x 0,625) +
(8,0 x 0,390)
sh = 4,138 tf / m²

GEOXCHANGE | DECEMBER 2020

CASE STUDY 74

In the Stability of Containment, the risers are REFERENCES

dimensioned with a safety factor of 2.35, also
above the recommended which is 2.0. The
section analyzed was the 20.00 m contention,
which is 5.00 m high with 16 of the SAS Proten-
sa Ø 32 mm in diameter CT = 35 tf in the
lengths indicated in the project.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
To all who directly or indirectly participated in
the execution of this work, especially SAS and
Progeo Engenharia Ltda for their contribution.
NARESI JR, Luiz Antônio. Curtains with risers.
2014. Available at: www.naresi.com. Accessed
on: 07/04/2015.
NARESI JR, Luiz Antônio. TRINDADE, Sérgio.
Hillside Containment. Foundations and
Geotechnical Works Magazine. In focus. Rudder
Publisher. Edition 55. Year 6. p. 66-77, May.
2015.
NARESI JR, Luiz Antônio. Work safety in
Containment Works with the Use of Tie Rods,
(2008) Master’s Dissertation, Post-Graduate
Program in Occupational Safety Engineering,
Department of Civil Engineering, Federal
University of Juiz de Fora, 150 P.

Luiz Antonio Naresi Júnior is a civil engineer with an

emphasis on Sanitation, has a postgraduate degree in
Occupational Safety Engineering, Environmental Analyst from
UFJF (Federal University of Juiz de Fora), and Geotechnical
Engineering from UNICID (University of São Paulo) ). He
specializes in Deep Foundation works, Hillside Containment,
Special Art Works, Containment Projects, Railway and Road
Infrastructure. He is currently a partner at ABMS (Brazilian
Association of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering),
director of the Engineering Club of Juiz de Fora (MG), Prof.
do Escalla Cursos - Escola da Construção - JF, consultant,
commercial and advisor to the board of directors of Empresa
Progeo Engenharia Ltda..

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