KEE-058 : ANALOG & DIGITAL COMMUNICATION UNIT-1 : AMPLITUDE. MODUALATION (1-1 D to 1-38 D) Elements of communication system and its limitations, Amplitude modulation and detection, Generation and detection of DSB-SC, SSB and vestigial side band modulation, carrier acquisition AM transmitters and receivers, Superhetrodyne Receiver, IF amplifiers, AGC circuits, Frequency Division multiplexing. UNIT-2 : ANGLE MODUALATION (2-1 D to 2-34 D) Angle Modilation: Basic definition, Narrow-Band and wideband frequency modulation, transmission bandwidth of FM signals, Generation and detection of frequency modulation, Generation and detection of Phase Modulation. Noise: External noise, internal noise, noise calculations, signal to noise ratio. UNIT-3 : PULSE MODULATION (3-1 D to 3-32 D) Pulse Modulation: Introduction, sampling process, Analog Pulse Modulation Systems, Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM), Pulse width modulation (PWM) and Pulse Position Modulation (PPM). Waveform coding Techniques: Discretization in time and amplitude, Quantization process, quantization noise, Pulse code Modulation, Differential Pulse code Modulation, Delta Modulation and Adaptive Delta Modulation. : UNIT-4 : DIGITAL MODULATION TECHNIQUES —(4-1 D to 4-18 D) Types of digital modulation, waveforms for amplitude, frequency and phase shift keying, coherent and non-coherent methods for the generation of ASK, FSK and PSK. Comparisons of above digital modulation techniques. 5 : TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (5-1 D to 5-18 D) Time Division Multiplexing: Fundamentals, Electronic Commutator, Bit/byte interleaving, TI carrier system, synchronization and signaling of TI, TDM and PCM hierarchy, synchronization techniques. Introduction to Information Theory: Measure of information, Entropy & Information rate, channel capacity, Hartley Shannan law, Huffman coding, shannan Fano coding. SHORT QUESTIONS (SQ-1 D to SQ-18 D) SOLVED PAPERS (2011-12 TO 2017-18) (SQ-1D to SQ-15 D)www.askbooks.net *AKTU Quantums «Toppers Notes *Books *Practical Files *Projects *IITJEE Books www.askbooks.net All AKTU QUANTUMS are available pereeneey inks * Your complete engineering solution. * Hub of educational books. eee ee Te ce ee et ere eee Se RU emu Cur MCE CEL Cy RRC CE CR AC ee ee Eee Ck eC au CULL e 2. We don't intend to infringe any copyrighted material. EM ade Aue acu ean a PO i ae tom ues Pa a Cur OS khunimee esteAmplitude Modulatio,, 1-2 D (EN-Sem-5) Amplitude Modulation | t F 1, Communication is a process which involves the transmission of information from one point to another through a succession of processes, 2. There aré three basic elements of communication system namely transmitter, channels and receiver. 3. There are basically two modes of communication i.e., broadcasting and point to point communication. 4, Fig. 1.1.1 showsa simple block diagram of an electronic communication system. Source Destination Input Input Output Output InformaticH™| transducer transducer{-tnformation 4, Different blocks of source are discussed below i, Input transducer: It converts the information to be transmitted to its electrical equivalent message signal. The input information can be speech, text, video ete. Microphone is an example of input transducer. ii, Transmitter : It is a device that makes input electrical information suitable for efficient transmission over a given channel. Channel : Channels are the medium to transmit information from source to destination. It should be noted that the term channel is often‘Analog & Digital Communica ion 13D EEN. jem.) he frequency range allocated to a pai transmission, such asa television channel. ay interfere with signal at any point in the communica, | have its greatest effect when signal is weakos, nthe channel or at the input to the receiver is the mag ul used to refer to t ar Service Noise m i system, but it wil means the noise in noticeable. su. Receiver : Receiver does the opposite process that of transmitter, Herg a nedulation of the wave coming from the receiver through channg|j done to get original information. The output of receiver may be fed to, loudspeaker or video display. v. Output transducer : It converts electrical input to a form of message required by user. For example, speech, image, video, text ete. The loug speaker is an example of output transducer. =| What are the fundamental limitations in communication ‘The fundamental limitations in communication system are: 1. Noise limitation : Due to low frequency, baseband signals which are not modulated are mostly affected by noise in the channel. 2. Bandwidth limitation : Due to low bandwidth it is not possible to have multiplexed signals from baseband signals. 3. Equipment limitation : Due to the high transient noise of active equipment in communication system, the original form of baseband signal is not received at destination. Explain the term modulation and demodulation. eee SEae A. Modulation : L Modulation is defined as the process by which some characteristic ofa signal called carrier is varied in accordance with the instantaneous value of baseband or modulating signal. 2 ‘Thesignal resulting from the process of modulation is called modulated signal. . Modulating or V | J i lantand ee Soeuetenal “Modulated signal og14D (EN-Sem-5) Amplitude Modulation B. Demodulation : 1. The receiver recreates the original message signal from a degraded version of transmitted signal after propagation through the channel, 2__ This recreation is accomplished by using a process called demodulation, _| What is modulation ? Why the modulation is needed ? AKTU 2013-14, Marks 05 OR What is the need of modulation of signal before transmitting it to distant place ? AKTU 2011-12, Marke 05 B. Need of modulation before transmitting : 1. Multiplexing: i Sending multiple messages over a channel is called multiplexing. Ifthe signals are transmitted without modulation they will interfere with each other because their baseband (spectrum) are identical, ii, However, the signals can be send without interfering using multiplexing techniques, which are of two types frequency division multiplexing and time division multiplexing. 2. Practicability of antenna: i The message signals are sent through an antenna at the transmitter when free space is used as the communication medium, For affective transmission the height of the antenna should be of the order of the wavelength to be transmitted. Therefore, if the wavelength of the signal is 5 kHz then height of the antenna should be whichis impracticable. ii, The height of the antenna can be reduced by modulation, as it provides frequency shifting. The higher frequency signals with small wavelengths are used for modulation. iv. Therefore, if an audio frequency is translated to radio frequency of 1 MHz, then height of the antenna is : A _ 3x10° 2 * oxi0° 50 meter which is practically achieved,| = 1-5D (EN-Sem-5) ‘Analog & Digital Communication Se eee jght of the antenna is practicable, the Tren ifw assume ha 0 om BD kis to 10 Hn he a0 of jo signals tran! : audio Sent warelensth S200 ive ii ingle antenna cannot receive So als ae anejated to radio range freae 10°50 ,_1_ which is ap becomes 79° 10" 1.01 all the signals. jgnal. Now if the audio ae sient 1 MHz, then ratio proximately unity. So a single antenna can receiv ace eo an we ulation and deduce the Explain the amplitude mod equation for this wave. OR ‘The signal v() = (1 + m cos @,,£) cos o,f is detected using a diode envelop detector. Sketch the detector output when m = 2. ARTO 201819) 0 OR Draw and explain envelope detector circuit for demodulation of AM signal along with the appropriate Time Constant range. EY A. Amplitude modulation : 1. Amplitude Modulation (AM) is defined as a system of modulation in which the amplitude of the carrier is made proportional to the instantaneous amplitude of the modulati i of the carrier constant. ce ore eae 2, Baseband or modulating signal is generally low frequency audio signal and carrier is high frequency RF-signal. 3. Let the carrier voltage (v,) and modulating voltage (v,) respectivel¥ 'm givenas: i } j1-6D (EN-Sem-5) Amplitude Modulation V, sin o, ¢ en( 1.521) V,, sin ©,,¢ (1.5.2) Maximum amplitude of carrier wave. Maximum amplitude of modulating wave. 4, From the Fig. 1.5.1 it is clear that amplitude of AM wave A is given as: A=V, +0, (1.5.3) From eq. (1.5.2), we have 4,=V,+V,, sin o,t where, (2, \ A= V,|1+—sino,¢ (1.5.4) [1+ sinogt] (1.5.4) ‘The ratio V,,/V, is known as modulation index (m,). v4 rigs 5. The modulation index is a number lying between 0 and 1, and it is often expressed as a percentage and called the percentage modulation. 6. So, from eq. (1.5.4) we have amplitude of amplitude modulated wave A=V,(1+m, sin o,,t) (1.5.5) 7. So the instantaneous voltage of amplitude modulated wave is given as : Vay =A sin of (since frequency is constant) From eq, (1.5.5), we have Vay = V, (1 +m, sin o,,£) sin of (56) ‘This is the complete equation of AM-wave. 8 Now expanding eq. (1.5.6) we have Vay = V, sin o,t + ae (2sin o,¢ sin o,f) Visina t+ M098 (0, -0,)8 e008 (0, +04) Vay = eee 8 2 Carer SB ‘USB 9. Amplitude Modulated wave consists of unmodulated carrier and two sidebands LSB and USB.: 1-7 al Communication DEN Sen, Carrier V, Detection of AM: ‘The merit of the amplitude modulated carrier signal is the ease with which the baseband signal can be recovered. The recovery of the baseband signal, a process which is referred toy demodulation or detection, is accomplished with the simple circuit Fig. 1.5.3 which consists of a diode D and the resistor capacitor Re combination. For simplicity, we assume that the amplitude modulated carrier which applied at the input terminals is supplied by a voltage source of zen internal impedance. We assume further that the diode is ideal, ic., of zero or infinite resistance, depending on whether the diode current is positive or the diode voltage negative. Let us initially assume that the input of fixed amplitude and that the resistor R is not present. In this case, the capacitor charges to the petk Positive voltage of the carrier. The capacitor holds this peak voltage, aud diode would not again conduct, Suppose now that the input-carrier amplitude is increased. The diode again conducts, and the capacitor charges to the new hight! carrier peak. In order to allow the capacitor volta; the carrier amplitude is decreasing, R, so that the capaci ge to follow the carrier peaks whet itis necessary to include the resis itor may discharge, Tn thiscase the capacitor voltage v,has the form shown in Fig. U4 D o——> Amplitude modulated carrier1-8D (EN-Sem-5) 10. 11. 13. 14, Amplitude Modulation Capacitor voltage, ve Carrior Currier envelope KJ — H SQ \ a xy <) pa i a ind output voltage v,. ‘across\capacitor. ‘The capacitor charges to the peak of each carrier cycle and decays slightly between cycles. The time constant RC is selected so that the change in v, between cycles is at least equal to be decrease in carrier amplitude between cycles. It is seen that the voltage v, follows the carrier envelope except that v, also has superimposed on it a sawtooth waveform of the carrier frequency. In Fig. 1.5.4 the discrepancy between v, and the envelope is greatly exaggerated. . In practice, the normal situatio : 1s one in which the time interval between carrier cycles is extrem :ly small in comparison with the time required for the envelope to mal.e a sizeable change. Hence, v, follows the envelope muh more closely than is suggested in the Fig. 1.5.4. Since the carrier frequency is ordinarily much higher than the highest frequency of the modulating signal, the sawtooth distortion of the envelope waveform is very easily removed by a filter. For numerical, the modified diagram is : Capacitor voltage, v, Discuss the power relations in the AM wave.will be 1 power in the modulated en , 1, The total oe Ve. 4 Vis + ‘iso (rms) “aug ee Mie oe 1 three voltages are rms yalues, F is the resistance, ne te tori of oa (1.6:0) is the anmodulated carrier Power ang, 2, The firs! given by E Ve P= BA ag . IR 3 Similarly, Pisp= } } P= Pose ‘ therefore, substituting eq. (1.6.2) and (1.6.3) into (16.0), ; 2m? V2 2 " Vi nie p+ psp We have, P=optaoR'42R °° 4 4° 2 cam we (1.64) ‘This equation relates the total power in the amplitude modulated wave to the unmodulated carrier power. (Que 17.7 A given AM broadcast station transmits a total power of 50 kW when the carrier is modulated by a sinusoidal signal with a modulation index of 0.707. Calculate the carrier power and the transmission efficiency. eS GINGA Total power S50 EW, Me : 1 PraP +P, IP, = side band pow" 50=P,4 ct TP = PB [ + 7077 21-10 D (EN-Sem-5) 2 Power efficiency in the power at wide bands P, = (60 ~ 40) = 10.W 3 Efficiency = te * 100 10 = = x 100= 20% 50 . Quen, i, A400W carrier is amplitude modulated to a depth of 100% Calculate the total power in case of AM and DSB-SC technique. How much power saving is achieved for DSB-SC? If depth of modulation is changed to 75 %, then how much Power is required for transmitting DSB-SC wave ? ii, ASSB transmitter radiated 0.5 kW when the modulation percentage is 60 % How much of carrier power is required if we want to transmit the same message by an AM transmitter? AKTU 2016-17, Marks 10 i. Case 1: Given, P, = 400 Wand m= 1 . Total power in AM, Pay, =P, (+ mi) = 400 (a + 3) =600W (ol Power saving (in W) = Pay ~ Ppgp.g¢ = 400 W Thus we require only 200 W in case of DSB-SC which is one-third of total AM power. This is the gain we achieve using DSB-SC. Case 2 : Given, P. = 400 W and m = 0.75 Total power in DSB-SC, Total power in DSB-SC, Pysp.s¢ = PY _ 490 { 0-78") -112.5W (F)=ao(S97) = nes Posp.sc = ‘The power required in this case is lower than m = 1 case. This infers that the total power in DSB-SC also depends on the depth of modulat will be maximum, that is, one-third of total AM power when m = 1 and less for m <1. ii, Given, Pegp = 0.5 kW and m = 0.6 : 4 4 ) = Ci +) =05(—4.) =5.56kW farrier power, —P, = Pggp (4) 0.5 (45 We require 5.56 kW to transmit the carrier component along with the existing 0.5 kW for one sideband and 0.5 kW more for another | sidebant when m = 0.6. In total 6.56 kW is required by the AM transmitter.a Analog & Digital Communication 1411 (EN-Sem.5) Que.9.'] An amplitude modulated signal is given by : Vi) = 10 cos(2n x 10%) +5 cos(2n x 10%) . cos(2n x 10°) + 2cos(2nx 10%), cos(4n x 10%) . Find the net modulation index, 0 cos(2x x 10%) + 5 cos(2n x 10°) . eos(2n x 10°) + 2cos(2n x 10°). cos(4n x 108) ...(1.9.1) 2. The general expression for AM wave is given by : Vit) = A cos wt + m, A cos 01 #08 @.£ + my A cos o,f . cos o,f (1.9.2) Comparing eq. (1.9.1) and (1.9.2), we get 1 A=10,m,= gmat 3. The net modulation index is given by : m= Imibtmicn+ cme = (PG (Que 1-10.] For the baseband signal m(t) = 2 cos 1000t + cos 20008; j estas 5 4 Sketch the spectrum of m(t). | AKTU 2012-18, Marks 05, ‘Answe Given, m(t) = 2.cos 1000¢ + cos 20008 i 2. Taking fourier transform : Moo) = 2 {60 ~ 1000) + (0 + 1000) + 5 [5(c — 2000) + 8(@ + 2000)] a M(o) = 8(@ ~ 1000) + 80 + 1000) + 2 3(w - 2000) Z : &(o + 2000)1-12 D (EN-Sem-5) Amplitude Modulation IM@)| =2000 — 1500 - 1000-600 0 600 1000 1600 2000 (ig 110. fit) = cos o,f + 0.3 cos (2rf,,t) sin (2rf,,t) = cos (2nf,t) + $3 sin (4nf,,t) = cos (2nf,t) + 0.16 sin (4nf,,t) 2. Since, amplitude of signal /(é) changes with modulating signal. Hence, it is a modulated signal. 3. The phasor diagram of given signal Alt) = cos (2nf.t) + 0.15 sin (Anf,,t) is shown in Fig. 1.11.1. Amplitude 0.15 sin 2nf,,tce RR TEE IEE al ‘Analog & Digital Communication ‘JSD EN-Sems) ‘The value of f, is very high on comparison with the value of 4, Range of amplitudes : Inpositive amplitude, maximum amplitude = 1 +0.15 = 1.15 minimum amplitude = 1-0.15 = 0.85 Innegative amplitude, maximum amplitude minimum amplitude = 140,15 = 0.85 1-0.15=-1.15 12, At AM amplifier provides an output of 106 W at 100% modulation. The internal loss is 20 W: i. What is un-modulated carrier power ? ii, What is the sideband power ? Prog = 106 W Pig = Py + Py = 106 +20 = 126 W 1. Unmodulated carrier power P,, is related with P,, as 2 Pas P(t ma) in elit 126 = p.(1d}=3R, ni P.,=84W 2. Sideband power,1-14D (EN-Sem-5) Amplitude Modulation ipseane | Explain DSB-SC modulator and DSB-SC demodulator. . OR Explain how DSB-SC demodulator works ? = DSB-SC Modulator : An arrangement for carrier suppression is shown in Fig. 1.13.1. Here two physical multipliers are used which are labeled in the diagram as amplitude modulator. A, cos @,t ‘ ‘Amplitude |__4c [1 + m(b)] cos o, t + m(t) =m) _ J] Inodulator Adder =mit) ¢ | Amplitude [ae ane Avoes.ect | “modulator | a fa mip) eos Bia) E118: Teint opmarrere: amplitude) Anode ete al [sideband suppresselerricr output Se The carrier inputs to the two modulators are of reverse polarity as are the modulating signals. The modulator outputs are added with consequent suppression of the carrier. We observe a cancellation not only of the carrier but of the baseband signal m(¢) as well. The last feature is not of great importance, since, as noted previously the baseband signal is easily eliminated by a filter. We note that the product terms of the two modulators reinforce. The arrangement of Fig. 1.13.1 is called a balanced modulator. DSB-SC Demodulator : A method for detecting the AM-SC signal shown in Fig. 1.13.2 is used at the receiver end for recovery of the message signal. The method of retranslation is similar to that of translation. Here modulated signal m(t) cos @¢ is multiplied with cos @,¢ (locally Senerated carrier), and passed through a low pass filter. The signal m(¢) cos ot when multiplied with cos wf, yields mid) cost o.t= F m(e) (1+ c05 20,t11-15D EN-Sem.s, Analog & Digital Commun = pms i m(o eos 20,t 113 1 sn right-hand side ofthe en. (19-1) thatthe term > my 4, Itisclear fro} ear # 20, can be bypassed by a low pass filter, ang cos 20, centered n¢ ee ee at the output of the low pass filter original baseband signal 5 m(t)is recovered. i og P ot Multiplier} m(t) 608" Oct, Pafultiplier -—>1/2m(t) m(t) cos at With the support of mathematical expressions explain the working of balanced modulator. BPF + (+0) a Fs ae 24 33 25 327 2 6 aa ie = & In a balanced modulator, two non-linear devices are connected in the balanced mode, so as to suppress the carrier wave. Inthe Fig. 1.14.1, voltages e, and e, are given as : "e,= cos ot + fit) y= cos «,t — fit) 3. Currents i, and i, are : ae, + be, = alcos a, + At)] + blcos o,t + AO?1-16 D (EN-Sem-5) Amplitude Modulation ey + bet alcos wt —((e)] + blcos wt - (o))? 4, The voltage at the output of the bandpass filter is given by : v,= 0, -v,=1,R-i,R v, = 2Rlaflt) + 2bflt) cos «,t) 5. The output of BPF centered around +a, is given by : Output = 2bR{{t) cos w,t = Kflt) cos wt This is the desired DSB-SC signal. (Que 1.15.'| Prove that the balance modulator removes the carrier and gives the two sidebands only. [Answer Balance Modulator : 1. Using Diode: Output DSB-SC 2. Using FET: 1. Two circuits of the balanced modulator are shown in Fig. 1.15.1 and Fig, 1.15.2. Each utilizes the non-linearity principle.Analog & Digital Communication 2 1ATD (EN-Sem) is fe -pull and the carrier The ing voltage V, is fed in push-pull Volta atch to a pair of identical diodes or class A (transistor a : ; FET) amplifiers. Inthe FET circuit, the carrier voltage is thus applied to the two gateniy phase; whereas the modulating voltage appears 180° out of phase at thy gates, since they are at opposite ends of a center-taped transformer, The modulated output currents of the two FETs are combined in thy center tapped primary of the push-pull output transformer. They therefore subtracted, as shown in Fig. 1.15.2. If this system is made completely symmetrical, the carrier frequeney will be completely cancelled. Itis not possible to have completely symmetrical system in practical, sy only carriers are suppressed and the generated output is known ay Double-side-Band suppressed carrier (DSB-SC). Proof: FET transfer equation is given as ig=a+bV+ceV? =-(1.15.1) For FET with (V, + V,) as gate input we have ig =a +(V, + Vz) + (V+ V,)" ig, = 04+ BV, + BV, + 0V,2+.cV,24 2c VVy (1.15.2) For FET with (V,— V,) as gate input we have hag = a+ BV, —V,) + 0V,2+ eV,2—26 V, Vp.(1.15.3) Since two currents are out of phase. 4 Fresultant = tg, ~ta i, = 2V,+4eV,V, (1.15.4) We may take carrier voltage V, by V, sino,t and the modulating voltage V, by V,, sin ,,. Hence from eq. (1.15.4) we have, 2bV,, Sin Ont + AcV,,V, sin o,tsin ont 2BV,, sin Ont + 2eV,, V, [008 (w,~ 0, It ~008 (0, + 0, )t (L158) The output voltage V, is proportional to this the constant of proportionality be a Then, Vy= ai, From eq, (1.15.5) we have primary current (i,). Let Vo= 2a bY, sin ont + 2aV,,V, c08 (o,— opt ~ 2aV,V,, cos (o, + Oa! Now let P= 20bV,,, Q = 2aV,V, Then output voltage of modulatorAmplitude Modulation 1-18D (EN-Sem-5) + Qcoslw, — 0, Qeos(o, + On)t wa(1.15.6) 0 satating roqweney Upper aicband steawi ont Eq, (1.15.6) shows that the carrier has been cancelled ou the two sidebands and the modulating frequency. eae 8, The tuning of the output transformer will remove modulating and the output is DSB-SC. [SAG] explain ring modulator for the DSB-SC generation. Psin®y Vo= Lower sideband 1. - The Chopper type balanced modulator (Ring modulator) consists of four diode connected in ring form; hence the circuit is also known as ring modulator. 2. The baseband signal m(¢) can be chopped by a switching or chopper circuit. One such chopper circuit is shown in Fig. 1.16.1. rg a BPF DSB-SC output Acoso, t 3. The diodes are used as a switching device. The carrier signal is such that its amplitude A >|m()|,,,, and o, > o,,, where o,, is the maximum frequency component present in the baseband signal m(t). 4. For a positive cycle of the carrier signal, all the four diodes are forward biased. 5. The four conducting diodes provide a short cireuit to the baseband signal m( and the output is zero for the period of positive half cycles. § On the other hand, for negative eycles of the carrier, all the four diodes cE biased, and provide a path for the signal m(t) to reach at the ut. Hence, for a positive halfcycle ofthe carrier, for the negative half cycle, chopped version of ‘m(t) is ob no output appears, whereas, m(t) appears at the output, and thus, a tained at the output of the chopper circuit.1-+19D EN-Son, ‘ Analog & Itel R-L-C network tuned to o, acts as a bandpass filter ang a Bene Par ofthis filter the DSB-SC signal is achieved, the outpu e circuit is referred to as adouble-balanced modulator as itis balan ®. ireepest to the baseband signal as well as the carrier, GELIT] Giving the drawback of DSB-SC, explain the need a SSB-SC. Need of SSB-SC: i. - Better management of the frequency spectrum. ii, Low power consumption. Draw the block diagram of phase shift method for generating the SSB signal and explain its working. 1. This alternative scheme comes from our mathematical presentation of SSB signal in eq. (1.18.1). Balanced 90° phase [| modulator =] ki 190° phase, 90° phase|Garrier| Adder | Output Basebandy shit | ac shift | or LS signal | network network | '®PUt/subtractor| mit) cos ogt + AW) sin ot ensoct 90° phase difference Balanced modulator 2. The carrier signals of angular frequency @, which are applied to the modulators differ in phase by 90°, 3. Similarly the baseband signal, before application to the modulators, is passed through a 90° phase-shifting network so that there is a 90° phas? shift between any spectral component of the baseband signal applied one modulator and the like frequency component applied to the othe! modulator.1-20 D (EN-Sem-5) Amplitude Modulation 4, To see most simply how the arrangement of Fig. 1.18.1 operates, let bed assume that the baseband signal is sinusoidal and appears at the input to one modulator as cos w,, and hence as sin w,,t at the other. 5. Let the carrier be cos @, ¢ at the other. Then the outputs of the balanced modulators (multipliers) are 1 C08 ©, £608 W, f= 9 [C08 (o, ~ W,)¢ + 608 (0, + Opt) (118.1) - 1 sin @,, ¢ sin ©, t= 5 [eos (o, ~ 0,,)¢ — cos (@, + ,,)4) -(1.18.2) 6. Ifthese waveforms are added, the lower sideband results; if subtracted, the upper sideband appears at the output. 7. Ingeneral, if the modulation m(t) is given by, mit) = >) A, cos (@, t + 0,) (1.18.8) iat then, using Fig. 1.18.1, we see that the output of the SSB modulator is in general m(d) cos @, ¢ + A(t) sin w, t . --(1.18.4) where, m(t)= >A, sin (@, + 6,) »-(1,18.5) iat | Draw the block diagram of an SSB-SC transmitter employing sideband suppression filter and explain. aswer | A. Filter Method of SSB (Single Sideband Generation) : 1. The filter method of SSB generation is the simplest method. After the balanced modulator the unwanted sideband is removed by a filter. 2. The filter may be LC, crystal, ceramic or mechanical, depending on the carrier frequency and other requirements. 3. Block diagram of Filter method of SSB (Single Sideband) generation is shown in Fig. 1.19.1, The key circuits in this transmitter are the balanced modulator and the sideband — suppression filter. In block diagram the two suppression filters are shown but only one is used at a time depending on which sideband is going to be suppressed (LSB or USB).Analog & Digital Communication 1-21D (EN-Sem.s) Crystal oscillator ¥ Balanced Sideband Balanced Buffer [1 modulator | 7] suppression}——»} Balances S8B sane 0 filter ' mixer | “output t 1 f 1 ' f { 1 1 ' 1 . t ; Filter for Crystal i A AF in | meaner tou] other |! | osctinic or sideband synthesizer EO SSB B. The main characteristics of suppression filter are listed below; 1. Suppression filter must have a flat bandpass and extremely high attenuation outside the bandpass, 2. The quality factor must be sufficiently high, 3. It should be highly frequency selective, 4. The bandwidth of the filter must not be greater than the maximum frequency component present in the baseband signal, ero] Explain envelop detector method for demodulation of SSB signal. Suppose a carrier of angular frequency o, is amplitude modulated bya sinusoid of angular frequency @,, to the extent where the resulteat signal displays a percentage modulation m. Then the waveform is AO = A. + moos a, t) cos o,t = Acosat+™ feos (o, +0,)E+008 (6, —@,,)f] 2. If one of the sidebands is rem ‘ved, leaving, however, the carrier we have AO= Acoso,t+™ cos (o, 40,4 Py + 3. To calculate the response of a diode demodulat tor to f,(t), we need to have the form of the envelope of f,(¢). We have F(t) = Acose,t+ ™ coset +c0s0,t— sino,tsinogt 2 = a(t _ Feosa,t) cose,t — TA Sinogtsinog 4. The amplitude A() of f(t) is1-22 D (EN-Sem-5) Amplitude Modulation q a AW = a:(1+eoso,t) +(Avino,t) 7 = se(1+ 2 a'monsoyt) and for m <<1 Alt)= ala + Feosent What is VSB modulation ? What is the application of Marks 05| A. VSB modulation : 1. Vestigial side band (VSB) modulation is something in between SSB and DSB-SC modulation which provides certain advantages at small cost. This is so called because a vestige or appendage is added here to SSB spectrum. 2. Let us now mathematically repre ent a VSB signal. We use Fig. 1.21.1 for it where we consider genera’ing VSB signal by filtering DSB-SC signal with H(o). We know that Mysp(0) = $1M(o+0,)+M(o-0,) 3. Then, VSB spectrum Mysp= Hlo) Mygp (0) = LH(oM(o+ 0,)+ Mo- 0.)Analog & Digital Communication 1-23D (EN -Sen,5 4. Inthe demodulation process, (similar to Fig. 1.21.1 input is no * , oe, VSB signal) the multiplier output, y(t) = Mygp(t) cos ot W only Yio) = FU (o+0,)+ My(o- 0,1 Lio+0)Mo+0,+0,)+Ho+0,Mo-o, +o,)] +1 1Ho-0.Meo+o, ~0,)+ Hoo) Mo~o,~0) = ttHo +0,)+H@ ~oIM(o) +5 [H(o+0,)M@+20,) +Ho- 0) Mo ~20) 5. The low pass filter removes the second term which is centred arounj 2o, and has a transfer function H_(.). 6. Then final demodulated output will be LH, @)[E(0+0,)+Ho-0,Mo)) B. Application : In commercial television broad casting, C. Merits: 1. The video signal exhibits alarge bandwidth and significant low frequency content, which suggest the use of vestigial sideband modulation. 2. The circuitry used for demodulation in the receiver should be simple and therefore inexpensive. D. Demerits: r No other sideband is feasible for transmitting video information in TV broadcasting. For example : Single sideband is not feasible because of the complexity it introduces into each of the millions of receivers, . Quemaa] Evaluate the condition for distortionless demodulation ofa VSB signal, initially generated by Passing a DSB signal through a vestigial filter, using synchronous detector, "Generation of VSB signals : A VSB signal can be generated by passing a DSB signal through * sideband-shaping filter (or vestigial filter), as shown i Fig. 1.22.1) Fig. 1.22.1(6) to (e) illustrates the Spectrum of a VSB signal [xygp(¢)) # relation to that of the message signal m(), assuming that the lowe" sideband is transformed to vestigial sideband. bPAmplitude Modulation mit) xnaull) PoE] ven? | filtor 2 cos w_b (a) 1-24 D (EN-Sem-5) M(o) ev LPF -/}———> cos wt 3. The spectrum of xpgp(t), Xpgp(), is given by [Fig. 1.22.2(c)] Xpsp(0) = M(o- 0) + M+ 0) 4. From Fig. 1.22.2(e), the spectrum of xygp(t), Xygp(o), is Xysp(0) = (Mo - 0) + M(@ + o)] Ho) (1.22.0)Fee ely ae ' 1-25D (EN-Sems ot nication Analog & Digital Comm i . VSB demodulator (Fig- 1.22.2) and its Fourier transfor 5. Next, d(¢) ofthe are given by 1 dit) = xysgqld) €08 0 5 Xysp(~ a) + Xysp(@ + 0) (1.229 i i tion and eliminating ty stuting eq. (1.22.1) in the preceding equat ng Subst ts 20, (suppressed by a low-pass filter), we find that the crtput y() of the synchronous VSB demodulator and its Fourie, transform are given by we 2 Mo) Ho + 0) + Ho- 0) (1.223) For distortionless detection, we must have yt) = km) > kM(o) +-(1.22.4) where k is any constant. Thus, for distortionless demodulation, we must have Ho + o,) + H - ,) = Constant for |o| Say The quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) is similar to DSB-SC bu! sends two message signals over the same spectrum. One of this message signal, say m,(t) is sent in phase i.e., by multiplying it with cos o,¢ and the other message signal, m,(¢) is sent in quadrature by multiplying it with sin o,f and finally adding these two signals, AQAM signal is thus represented as, Magy) = m,(t) cos w,t + m,(¢) sin wt ‘The demodulation uses coherent detection. ie., multiplication by carriet and then baseband low pass filtering, carne Temgqy(t) is multiplied with cos «4 we get m,(t) back and ifitis multipl with'atn o,t we get matt) back, »£ we get m,(t) back and if it is multiplied Maay(t) cos @,t = m,(t) cos? ot + m,{t) sin w,t cos @,t " 2 l(1+ 008 «,t)m,(¢)+ m,(¢)sin 20,t] " 1 gl +m,(0) cos w,t i Similarly, 2 m, 8 @.t + m,(t) sin 20,t] Tau(® sin 0,¢ = m,(0) sin ot cos o,f + mt) sin? otAmplitude Modulation 1-26 D (EN-Sem-5) = dim sin 20,1 m,(t) = m,{t) cos 20,4) Que i24,] What is the advantage of quadrature amplitude modulator ? Explain with the help of suital ble block diagram ? AKT 2019-14) Marks 05 A 1 e nN 2 = Advantage : QAM offers an attractive alternative to SSB-SC. QAM can be exactly generated without requiring sharp-cutoff bandpass filter. Using QAM, itis possible to transmit two different signals simultaneously on the same carrier. QaM: ‘The transmission bandwidth required by a DSB-SC signal is twice the bandwidth of the message signal. Using quadrature multiplexing or quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), it is possible to send two DSB-SC signals using carriers of the same frequency but with quadrature phase (i.e., 90° out of phase). Both the modulated signals occupy the same frequency band and this, in effect, increases the bandwidth efficiency. ‘The QAM scheme is shown in Fig. 1.24.1. m,(t) cos (o,t) sqam(t) m,(t) sin (ot) (a) x(t) | [Low-pass yA) filter v Saam(t) cos (wt) Low-pass “) ° xx filter > 2! sin (@,t)Analog & Digital Communication 1-27D (EN-Sem-5) (QGSTBE] Discuss the two methods of carrier acquisition in DSB.SC modulation. A. Signal squaring method : 1. _Inthis scheme the incoming signal is s anarrow bandpass filter tuned to 2o,. ‘The output of this filter is the sinusoid & cos 20,t with some residual unwanted signal. 5. The signal is then applied to a PLL to obtain a cleaner sinusoid of twice . the carrier frequency, which is passed through 2: 1 frequeney divider to obtain a local carrier in phase and frequency synchronism with the quared and then passed through » incoming carrier. m(t) cos wet x(t) © 008 2agt 4 fo? PY Le [2:1 Frequency]|_K cos ot divider Narrowband filter Ene 4. The square output x(¢) is x(t) = [m(¢) cos of}? 1 1 a gms gmt) cos 20,t (1.25.1) 5. Let the average value, which is the de component of m*(t)/2 be k. Now m?(t)/2 can be express as 1 2mO =k + 4) where $(#) is a zero mean baseband signal. 6 Thus, 1 x(t) = 5 me) + ; m°(2) cos 20,t 1 = 2H) +h cos 2a + Ht) cos 2o,t (1.25.2)1-28 D (EN-Sem-5) ‘Amplitude Modulation or tuned to frequency 20,- 7, The bandpass filter is a narrow band filt whose spectrum is centered at 8, It completely suppresses the signal m2), @=0. 9, It also suppresses most of the signal $(t) cos 20,¢ because this signal 20, since 4(t) has a spectrum is centered at 20, and ithas zero power a _ zero de value. B. Costas loop : T-channel U2 A, cos$ mit) Product Low-pass modulator [>| filter ae cos 2h, t+4) Voltage ‘ = controlled [at] Phase dis: 4 oscillator criminator ¢ 3 90" phase < shifter | sin Qxf,t + #) Product Low-pass modulator [7] filter V2A, sing mit) @channel 1. This is another scheme for generating a local carrier. 2. Inthis the two coherent detectors supplied with the same input signal A, cos (2rf) a(t), but with individual local oscillator signals that are in phase quadrature with respect to each other. 3. ‘The detector in the upper path is referred to as the in-phase coherent detector, and that in the lower path is referred to as the quadrature- phase coherent detector. 4, Inorder tounderstand the operation, suppose that local oscillator signal is of the same phase as the carrier wave A, cos (2nf.t) used to generate the incoming DSB-SC wave. 5, Wefind that [ channel output contains the m(t), whereas the Q channel output is zero of the @ channel. 6. Thus, by combining J and Q channel outputs in a phase discriminator, a DC control signal is obtained that automatically corrects for local phase errors in the voltage controlled oscillator. desired demodulated signal due to quadrature null effecty Analog & Digital Communication BP EN Seng [QueH,26]] Draw the block diagram of the AM transmitters gy, explain it briefly. The AM transmitters are divided into two categories : A. Low-power level modulation : 1. These types of systems are used in low power transmitters, 2. Here the modulation process takes place at a low power level and the signal is then amplified by a class B power amplifier to rise to the desire{ power level. 8. The class C amplifier has narrow bandwidth, which may cause sideband cuttings, and thereby introduce distortions, 4. The remedy is to increase the power level of the carrier before modulation to the desired extent and then perform modulation. ‘Modulating signal £1) ‘Modulating amplifier ‘Transmitting | antenna Buffer |’ [Harmonic] [Modulated] [Class Btuned were >] amplifier} generator fm ammplifee oscillator |" | Ba) HG) lass C ¥ Buffer ic|, | Class Ctuned] [Modulated] Master Harmonie lator |] amplifier >) Emorai [>] power beef uouiate (class ©) amplifier class C f ‘Modulating amplifier ] Baseband (Fig: T26 2: ANCTPaReiibacwaagRMIETaLIREd 1. The block diagram for this type of transmitter is shown in Fig. 1.262 2. Inthis modulation, the carrier is first amplified by class C amplifier, of then modulation is done at the higher power level, 8. Here, the class C amplifier has to amplify only the carrier frequen) ™ have high gain and efficiency.1-80 D (EN-Sem-5) Amplitude Modulation 4, This type of transmitter is complex and more expensive than low level transmitters, Que 1.27. | Write a short note on AM receiver. Aradio receiver is an electronic circuit that picks up a desired modulated radio frequency signal, and recovers the baseband signal from the modulated signal. Receiving antenna = 2 () Radio a @) (4) Audio 2 frequency} —>] | [>| Audio voltage power [>| anes jetector ° amp! amplifier amplifier Speaker A receiver performs various functions which are explained with the help of block diagram ofa simple receiver known as tuned radio frequency (TRF) receiver. 1. Interception : This function is performed by receiving antenna. The radio waves coming from various transmitting stations arrive at this antenna. 2. Selection : The process by which the receiver selects a particular carrier frequency, and rejects others, so that at any time a signal from only one transmitter is received. As a large number of modulated carrier coming from various transmitters is intercepted by the antenna, only one gets selected, which is one for which the-receiver is tuned. 3. RF amplification : The selected carrier is amplified by a class C tuned amplifier. This is necessary to raise the carrier voltage level. This increase carrier voltage also suppresses the effect of noise. 4. Detection : It is the process of recovering a baseband signal from a modulated carrier. 5. Audio amplification : The detected signal is amplified to drive the speaker. PART-S \ Superheterodyne Receiver, IF Amplifier, AGC Circuits, Frequency Division Multiplexing. Questions-Answers _Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Question®Analog & Digital Communication 1-31 DIEN-Sem.s Que 1.28. | Write a short note on superheterodyne receiver, AKTU 2011-12, Marke 05] OR Write the advantages of superheterodyne receiver. Answer A. Superhetrodyne receiver: 1. Inabroadcasting system, irrespective of whether itis based on amplitude modulation or frequency modulation, the receiver not only has the task of demodulating the incoming modulated signal, bt itis also required to perform some other system functions : 2 Carrier-frequency tuning, the purpose of which is to select the desired signal (i.e., desired radio or TV station). ». Filtering which is required to separate the desired signal from other ‘modulated signal that may be picked up along the way. ¢. Amplification which is intended to compensate for the loss of signal Power incurred in the course o f transmission. Specifically it overcomes the. difficulty ofhavin, 1g to build a tunab] highly selective and variable filter. 2 8. This frequency translation is achi the sidebands to the carri fie=ho-bap|~82 D (EN-Sem-5) Amplitude Modulation 10. quency of the local oscillator and fy, is the carrier frequency of the incoming RF signal. We refer to fy, as the intermediate frequency (IF), because the signal is neither at the original input frequency nor at the final baseband frequency. where fig is the The mixer local oscillator combination is sometimes referred to as the first detector, in which case the demodulator is called the second detector. Antenna Loudspeaker 1. 12. 13. 14. i “ Yy RF Tt vixer Le! IF |_,[Envelope]_,| Audio -c section section] >| detector || amplifier| “ 4 // Common a oscillator Basic elements of an AM radio receiver of the superheterodyne type. ‘The IF section consists of one or more stages of tuned amplification with a bandwidth corresponding to that required for the particular type of modulation that the receiver is intended to handle. ‘The IF section provides most of the amplification and selectivity in the receiver. : The output of the IF section is applied to a demodulator, the purpose of which is to recover the baseband signal. If coherent detection is used, then a coherent signal source must be provided in the receiver. The final operation in the receiver is the power amplification of the recovered message signal. Advantages : Sensitivity : ‘The sensitivity of a superheterodyne receiver is primarily decided by the IF amplifier stage. Ahigh gain IF amplifier provides a better sensitivity. Selectivity : ‘The selectivity of a superheterodyne receiver is also decided mainly by the IF amplifier. The tuned circuit associated with the IF amplifier operates at a fixed centre frequency of 455 kHz. Since the bandwidth of the baseband signal is about 10 kHz, the Q required by a tuned circuit is given by @Q=f,/ bandwidth where f, is the centre frequency. Therefore qq 455 kHez _Analog & Digital Communication Que 1.29. Differentiate between TRF Superheterodyne receiver, Answer A S.No TRF Receiver | 1-88 En, Seng fixed and practical value of @ i ¢ than that of a TRF receiver can he ache’ As the tuning circuit of design, a better selectivity ti Detector Design : ‘The detector stage of a superheterodyne receiver operates on 9 fixe frequency, JF, and hence it can be designed to detect the entire base} without introducing much distortion, asthe time eavee RC ote detector remains fixed. receiver ang What are the functions of receiver? ARTU 2016-17, Marka ip Difference: Superheterodyne Receiver 1. | Itamplifies and tunes the raw radio signal as present in the air waves. It has one or two stages of RF amplification and then mixes the raw signal with another signal that’s generated within the receiver itself, B._ Functions : Refer Q. 1.28, Page 1-31D, Unite1 Que 1.30. | Write a short note ‘on Intermediate Frequency ampli fiers Answer 1 » The IF amplifier is a fixed fre function of rejecting adjacent tuned voltage amplifiers, ‘quency amplifier, having an importa unwanted frequencies. These are alt Most ofthe receiver gain is provided by this stage. More than one staf of IF amplifier is used to get a good sensitivity. For n stages of IF amplifier, the total number of IF transformers need is (n+ 1). The IF in a commercial AM receiver has a fixed value of 455 kHz. value chosen as a compromise between two conflicting factors‘ ind easy tracking for which IF should Adjacent channel selectivi low Image signal rejection for which IF s} For proper channel1-34 D (EN-Sem-5) Amplitude Modulation AGC stands for Automatic gain control, ILis an adaptive system found in many electronic devices, , The most general description of an AGC system is shown in. the Fig 1.31.1. Here the input signal is amplified by a Variable gain amplifier (VGA), whose gain is controlled by an external signal V,. The output from the VGA can be further amplified by a second stage to generate an adequate level of Vp. The output signals parameters, such as amplitude, carrier frequency, index of modulation or frequency, are sensed by the detector; any undesired component is filtered out and the remaining signal is compared with a reference signal. ‘The result of the comparison is used to generate the control voltage (V,) and adjust the gain of the VGA. An AGC is essentially a negative feedback system; the system can be described in terms of its transfer function. v, ; anl¥ | Variable gain | V1.) 4 aotitier Vp amplifier Vv, Detector Difference |*—] Low-pass amplifier "] filter V; Rg TSLRACO Max aag 2 process of FDM. AKTU 2012. Marks 10 OR What is frequency division multiplexing system ? iiiwer | A B. 1. Multiplexing: It is the set of techniques that allows the simultaneous transmission of multiple signals across a single data link. FDM: To transmit a number of signals over the same channel, the signals must be kept apart so that they do not interfere with each other and thus they can be separated at the receiving end.Analog & Digital Communication 1-35 D (EN-Sem.5) is is i i ither in frequency or j lished by separating the signals eit ‘ n fr, The ttunlque olegpeating tha sivas in frequency ireiareg as frequency division multiplexing (FDM). block diagram of an FDM system is shown in Fig, 182.1.'The incomin, message signals are assumed to be of the low-pass type, but their spectra 3. r do not necessarily have non-zero values all the way down to zero frequency. 4. Following each signal input, we have shown a low pass filter, which is designed to remove high frequency components that do not contribute significantly to signal representation but are capable of disturbing other message signals that share the common channel. These low pass filter may be omitted only if the input signe’s are sufficiently band limited initial ly. . 6. The filtered signals are applied to modulators that shift the frequency Fanses of the signals so as to occupy mutually exclusive frequency intervals, 5 7. ‘The necessary carrier frequencies needed to perform these frequency translations are obtained from a carrier supply. 8 The most widely used method of modulation in frequency-division multiplexing is single sideband modulation Bandpass Low-pass Mes fiers Demodulaors “aie Pas® Message uP fei Message Low-pass Band-pass ‘inputs “filters Modulators PfyPe 1->| Lp L_sfaronl 4 —! 2-m) LP L-»|Monl_el gp BP Common channel N-> LP mon} Carrier supply ‘Transmitter [>| BP 9. The band-pass filters followin, band of each modulated wave 10. The resulting band pass filter ined i It ext form the input to the common channel, “ombined in parallel 1. At the receiving terminal a bank of band. ith their i i i -pass filters, with th ts Founected in parallel, is used to separate the message signals on a frequeney-occupancy basis, Finally the original message signals are recovered by individual demodulat m are used to restrict the Tange. to its prescribed ors,1-86 D (EN-Sem-5) Amplitude Modulation Que 1.33, | Explain why it is not possible for a signal that is strictly limited to a band of frequencies to be sii finite time duration and vice-versa ? AKTU 2012-13, Marks 05 ultancously limited to a ‘Answer 1. 2 Let x(¢) be a signal with fourier transform X(/) thatis strictly limited to the band of frequency centered at + f, and of width 2W. We may express X(/) in terms of an ideal filter transfer function A, illustrated in Fig. 1.33.1 as XP) = X(PHp «(1.33.1) where X'(f) is the Fourier transform of a signal x'(¢), not necessarily bandlimited, and Hip) = rect (4 (GE) (1.38.2) ow + rect ow . : f) 1 for-W|prensa ae (7 bandtinited signal o) eal bandposs fe (8) Heal band lla ation are Cory apoio ‘may be asked in your SESSIONALS as well as UNIVERSITY EXAMINATION. Q.1. With the help of block diagram explain the working communication system. wom Refer @ 11 @.2, Discuss the power relations in the AM wave. awe Refer Q.16, Q.3. Explain DSB-SC modulator and DSB-SC demodulator. AE. Refer Q. 1.13. Q4. With the support of mathematical expressions explain tht working of balanced modulator. awe Refer Q. 114, 5. Prove that the balance modulator removes the carrier gives the two sidebands only. tame, Refer Q. 1.15 Aroplitude Modulation Explain ring modulator for the DSB-SC generation. Refer Q. 116. Draw the block diagram of an SSB-SC transmitter employing jideband suppression filter and explain. Refer Q. 1.19. 3. What is VSB modulation ? What is the application of VSB modulation ? Refer Q. 1.21. Deseribe quadrature amplitude modulation. Refer Q. 1.23. ‘What isthe advantage of quadrature amplitude modulator? Explain with the help of suitable block diagram ? Rofer Q. 124 |. Draw theblock diagram of the AM transmitters and explain briefly, Refer Q. 1.26. Write a short note on superheterodyne receiver. Rofer Q. 1.28 Define multiplexing. Explain with a block diagram the process of FDM. Refer Q. 1.32. 00Angle Modulation CONTENTS | _ to Noise Ratio Basic Definition, Narrow-band .... 2-2D to 2-9D and Wideband Frequency Modulation, Transmission Bandwidth of FM Signals Generation and Detection . of Frequency Modulation, Generation and Detection of Phase Modulation 2-9D to 2-19D Noise : External Noise, .. Internal Noise Noise Calculations, Signal .. 21D EN-Sem.5)2-2.D (EN-Sem-5) Angle Modulation PART-1 sic Definition, Narrowband and Wideband Frequency Modulation, Transmission Bandwidth of FM Signals, Questions-Answers / Long Answer ‘Type and Medium Answer Type Questions Que 2.1. | Define the following terms: Angle modulation Phase modulation . Frequency modulation Frequency deviation fewer] i. Angle modulation: It is the process of varying the total phase angle of a carrier wave in accordance with the instantaneous value of the modulating signal, keeping ampli‘ude of the carrier constant. ii, Phase modulation: In this typr. of angle modulation, the phase angle v( is varied linearly with a mod lating signal f(t) about an unmodulated phase angle @,(t). vit)=ot+ Kf). ifi, Frequency modulation : In tais type of angle modulation, the instantaneous frequency @, is varied linearly with a modulating signal Ae) about an unmodulated frequency ©,. iv. Frequency deviation : The instantaneous frequency of FM signal varies with time. The maximum change in instantaneous frequency from the average i.e., w,, is called frequency deviation. What is angle modulation ? Explain its types. A. Angle modulation : 1. Angle modulation is one of the significant processes of modulation used for message transmission. ; 2. It is the process of varying the total phase angle of a carrier wave in accordance with the instantaneous value of the modulating signal, keeping amplitude of the carrier constant. 8. Let us consider an unmodulated carrier wave given by| nication & Digital Commu Analog a =A 009 (ot + Oy) i 2-3D EN-Sen.» 2.29 ; J g(d) = A cos Y Je of carrier wave. ig tho total phase ang) ; where y = (ot + ered ‘a, the real part of the rotating phag, Bq, (2.2.2) may Ae/¥, Let it be denoted by $ i.e § =4e%¥ (2.23) i) =RelAe*) oe : =A Relcos wy +/sin yl oa =Acos y (2.24 ‘The phasor 6 rotates at a constant angular velocity @, provided 6, independent of time. : - The constant angular velocity @, of the phasor 6 is related to its totg hase angle w(t) as a y= ot + % (2.25 Differentiating eq. (2.2.5), we get a =o, ol 2.26 fe This derivative we is constant with time for an unmodulated carrier, it Accordingly, angular velocity of the phasor § will also change with tim This time dependent angular velocity is called instantaneous anguls velocity, and it is denoted by «,, Thus, eq. (2.2.6) will become % dy _ 3 ae ~%% v= fod where «; is time dependent, ‘Types: There are two types of angle modulation, Phase modulation : i ‘his he instantaneous value of phase angle w, i equal to the phas¢t” a carrier (o,1) plus. time varying component proportion Mathematically, The proportion; radians/volts, t) = VO = Ot + by ft) if al constant, OF ai is known as phase Sensitivity expressed!2-4 D (EN-Sem-5) Angle Modulation 3. Show the generation of narrow band FM using phase modulator. ‘The carrier wave after phase modulation is given by dyn, =A cos y(t) =Acoslo,t +k, fel (2.2.8) Frequency Modulation : In this type of angle modulation, the instantaneous frequency 0, is varied linearly with a modulating signal f(t) about an unmodulated frequency ©,. In this the instantaneous value of the angular frequency ©; is equal to the frequency @, of the unmodulated carrier plus a time varying component proportional to f(t). Mathematically, @; = o, + kflt) (22.9) The term k, represent the frequency sensitivity of the modulator expressed in Hz/volt. df(t) —t a w(2,2.10) ato ae The total phase angle of the FM wave can be obtained by integrating eq. (2.2.9) y, = Jodt = flo. +h f@lde (2211) =o + k[f@de ‘The corresponding FM wave is given by beylt) =A cos y;=Acosot+ kp[f@dt (2.2.12) Ifthe phase angle of carrier at t = 0 is zero, then the limit of integration will be 0 tot. boyd) =A cos ot + k, | f(t) at (2.2.18) (7-18, Marks 10 PM and FM are closely related in sense that the net effect of both is variation in total phase angle. In PM, phase angle varies linearly with /(e) whereas in FM phase angle varies linearly with the integral of ft). ; We can get FM by using PM provided that at first the modulating signal is integrated and then applied to phase modulator.Analog & Digital Communication 2-5 D (EN-Sem-5) 4, Phase > FM >| Integrator TR modulator ae FAcosw,t Carrier generator Similarly we can generate a PM wave using frequency modulator provided that /(¢) is first differentiated and then applied to frequency modulator. F . Frequency —> PM ray >) Differentiator modulator fase Carrier generator A. Narrowband FM: When kp i.e., frequency sensitivity is small, the bandwidth of FM is narrow. We know FM signal is given by s(t) = A, cos [2nf-t + Bsin (2nf,,t)] en(2.4.1) where B is modulation index. Expanding the relation of eq. (2.4.1) 8(0) =A, cos (2nf.0) cos [B sin(2nf,,t) ~A, sin (2rf2) sin [B sin (2rf,2)) (2.42) Assuming that the modulation index B is small as compared to 1 radian then the approximations cos [B sin (2nf,.t)] = 1 and, sin [p sin (2rf,,0)] = B sin (2nf,t) Eq. (2.4.2) simplifies to s(t) = A, cos (2rf.t) ~ BA, sin (2rft) sin (2nf, pt) Eq, (2.4.3) defines th ‘sil . *-4°3) defines the approximate form of a narrowband FM sii Produced by a sinusoidal modulating signal A, cos (2a a. =» 2-6D (EN-Sem-5) ‘Angle Modulation B. Wideband FM: 1, When &, has an appreciable value, then the FM signal has a wide bandwidth. 2. In order to determine the spectrum of the single-tone FM signal of eq. (2.4.1) for an arbitrary value of modulation index f. We assume that the carrier frequency f. is large enough therefore, s(t) = Re[A, exp (j2nf,t + B sin (2xf,,0))] = Re [S(¢)exp (j2nf.t)] (244) where 5(¢) is a complex envelope of the FM signal s(t). B: S(t) =A, exp j B sin (2rf,,0)] Now, we expand 4(¢) in the form of ‘complex fourier series then we get (0) = >) 6, exp(j2nnf,t) (2.4.5) where ¢, is complex fourier coefficient. fe (pe S(Dexp(—j2nnf,t)dt on = fy Ac | vag eXPLIBSin(2nf,t)— j2nnf,,tldt ++(2.4.6) 4, Defining anew variable: x= Onf,t (24.7) Hence, e,= & fexpliGsinx—na)}dx (24.8) ‘The integral on the right hand side is recognized as the n‘* order Bessel function of the first kind and argument 8. This function is commonly denoted by J,(B). (6) = Lf" explj(Bsinx—na)lde Qne-n Therefore eq. (2.4.6) can be reduced to c=, J,(6) Therefore, S(t) = A, YJ, Bexpi2nnf,t) (2.4.9) Substituting the value of 5(t) in eq. (2.4.4) s(t) = Re Y J, @dexplj2n(f, of] (2.4.10) Bq, (2.4.10) can be written as s(t) = A, Yo J,@ycosl2n(f, + nf,,)é}i 2-7D (EN. j Analog & Digital Communication Sema) 9, ‘Thus, the discret spectrum of (is obtained by talking Fourier transfoy, "ofboth the sides stn= & YA BIS -f.—My)+ 56 + f+ fA. 2.5. chosatieal FM (WBF). Answer Answer Compare narrow band FM (NBFM) versus widebanj L Modulation index is less than] Modulation index is Sreater, one. than one. | ; 2_| Frequency deviation = 5kHz, | Frequency deviation = 75 kit | 3. Modulating frequency = 3 kHz.| Modulating frequency rang: from 30 Hz to 15 kHz. 4, | Bandwidth =2 fy. Bandwidth 15 times NBFM. 5. | Less suppressing of noise. Noise is more suppressed. 6. Spectrum contains two Spectrum contains infinite sidebands and carrier. number of sidebands ani carrier. 7. | Use:Mobile communication. | Use : Entertainment ant | broadcasting, 2 Discuss the transmission bandwidth of FM signals a explain Carsan’s rnie. or Write short note on. transmission bandwidth of FM signa’s. a Siena. AKTU 2011-12, Marks 0 “Answer A. Bandwidth of FM signals : 1. The bandwidth of FM signal is given by, BW = 2n.o,, radians/s Here, n = number of significant sidebands produced,2-8D (EN-Sem-5) Angle Modulation 2. Since nam, - BW = 2mpo, (2.6.1) 3. AS m,= 42 (2.6.2) On Putting the value of eq. (2.6.2) in eq. (2.6.1), we get Hence, Thus, the bandwidth of FM system is given as twice the frequency deviation. B. Carson’s rule : 1, Anempirical formula for the bandwidth of a single-tone wideband FM is given by Carson’s rule. 2. According to this rule, the FM bandwidth is given by BW = 2(4o + @,,) = 2hw + 20, As one) Ma where, m, = FM modulation index BW= 2(Ao) +240 my, = 2a + 2| radians my, = ay + 4] Hertz aig Special case: 1. When Ao << @,, (narrowband FM); m,<< 1 BW = 2o,, 2. When Ao >> @,, (wideband FM); m,>> 1 BW = 2(A0) Write a short note on performance comparison of frequency modulation and amplitude modulation.Analog & Digital Communication 2-9D (EN-Sem.5) Frequency Amplitude modulation modulation _ Frequency of carrier is varied according to amplitude of the modulating signal. Amplitude of carrier is varied according to amplitude of modulating signal. Bandwidth is higher and depends on modulation index. Bandwidth is lower compared to FM but independent of modulation index. Since bandwidth is large, fidelity is better. AM has poor fidelity due to} narrow bandwidth. FM transmission and reception equipment are more complex. AM transmission and reception| equipment are less complex. Noise interference is minimum. Noise interference is more. It is possible to decrease noise by increasing deviation. This feature is absent in AM. All transmitted power is useful. Carrier power and one sideband| power is useless, ‘Transmitted power remains constant irrespective of modulation index. Transmitted power varies according to modulation index, Infinite number of sideband are present. In AM only carrier and two sidebands are present, OR Explain generation of FM signals and define its method® Ilustrate the prineiple of Armstrong method of generating FM.‘Angle Modulation 2-10 D (EN-Sem-5) Illustrate the: principle of Armstrong, method of | a OR generating PM signal. & There are two methods of generating FM signals, namely, direct FM and indirect FM. 2, Indirect method the carrier frequency is directly varied in accordance inth the input bascband signal whereas in indirect method, the modulating signal is first used to produce a narrowband FM signal and frequency multiplication is next used to increase the frequency deviation to the desired level. 3, ‘The FM modulator circuits used for generating FM signal can be grouped into two categories : Parameter variation method (Direct method) : 1. Inthis method, the modulating signal directly modulates the carrier. 2, Thegenerator which produces the carrier of an FM waveform is a tuned 3. 4. 5. 6. i. 1. circuit oscillator. The frequency of oscillation is given by = > 77q im which L is the inductance and C is the capacitance. Voltage variable capacitor Tc, zo, ‘To remainder of oscillator circuit Modulating signal, m(t) ( ) : al ‘The capacitor consists here of fixed capacitor Cy, which is shunted by a voltage variable capacitor C,, ‘A voltage variable capacitor is commonly known as varicap. In this circuit the modulating signal varies the voltage across C,. Therefore the capacitance of C, changes and causes a corresponding change in the oscillator frequency. An oscillator whose frequency is controlled by the modulating signal voltage is called a voltage-controlled oscillator. A principal difficulty: with the parameter variation method of frequency modulation is the difficulty it entails when we require that the carrier frequency be maintained constant to a higher order of precision over extended period of time.Analog & Digital Communication 2ALDIEN Sen 3. There isa certain measure of unconsistency in requiring a devies iy b have long time frequency stability and yet be able to respond reagi a modulating signal. ; ‘The Armstrong method (Indirect method) : ‘A phase-modulated waveform in which the modulating waveform ny is written as coslo,t + m(d)]. modulation is narrowband [| m(t)| source amt lpeainced : lance Bsin ont | modulator | %\ ; Modulation m(t) sin ot = sino,tsin o¢ L demodulator. [Answer | It converts the FM signal into correspondi signal by using he FA sponding AM. freq? dependent cireuits, called feequenty dito ee he 3‘Angle Modulation 2-12 (EN-Sem-5) AM signal ; ea Original FM —>| Discriminator >) See + modulating input eee signal f(t) 2 ‘The original modulating signal /{t) is recovered from this AM signal using linear diode envelope detector. 3, The discriminator circuit consists of a tuned circuit which is slightly detuned from the carrier frequency @,. | 4, The circuit converts the FM signal into an AM signal. 5 Assmall change in the frequency (Ao) of the input signal produces a change in the amplitude of e, by an amount é4y = (40). 6. Thus, frequency variations at the input produce corresponding variations at the output. 7. Inthis way, the FM signal is converted to AM signal, which is detected to recover the modulating signal ft). Explain the working of a balanced frequency discriminator with the help of a circuit diagram. Frequency discriminator : 1 It converts the FM signal into a corresponding AM signal by using frequency dependent circuits, ., circuits whose output voltage depends on input frequency (f,. Such circuits are called as frequency discriminators. Balanced frequency discriminator : 1. The circuit diagram consists of two LC circuits as shown in Fig. 2.10.1. 2, The two tuned circuits are in the stagger-tuned mode, i.e., one is tuned above the carrier frequency f, and other is tuned below f,.21D EN Seq, Analog & Digital Communication istic of the balanced slope det,» 3, Fig. 2.10.2 shows the characte! rs (frequency discriminator). It shows Vous + put frequency, et ro ' 1 ' ' - ' It 1 &-af 4. 5. Vaa> Veo Hence Ving = Voy ~Voq is maximum positive for /, + 6f 6. When Veo oa Vey Hence Voeq = Vor ~ Ver if maximum negative for, f.-8 7. Forother frequencies of input, the output (V,,.) is produced accordi eo he characteristics shown in Fig.2.10.2. For example ifinput frequent (ft tries to increase above /, then V,, will be greater than V,, and 04 output will be positive. 8, No harmonic distortion is caused when operation is restricted to th region ic., region between /, - 6fand f, + 8f. ¢ short note on Foster Seeley discriminator. }, Marks linear (Que 211. | Writ ‘AKTU 2017- The «ret diagram of phase discriminator or Foster Seeley dsermise™ is as shown in Fig. 2.11.1. 2 Here the primary and the secondary windings both are tuned to came center frequency f, of the incoming signal.14D (EN-Sem-5) Angle Modulation 2 -Sem- Principle of operation : 1. Even though the primary and secondary tuned circuits are tuned to the same center frequency, the voltage applied to the two diodes D, and D are not constant. 2. They vary depending on the frequency of the input signal. This is due to the change in phase shift between the primary and secondary windings depending on the input frequency. a. Atf,, =f, the individual output voltage of the two diodes will be equal and opposite. The output voltage is zero as, A = Vor 7 Veo . ». For fi, > f., the phase shift between the primary and secondary winding is such that the output of D, is higher than D,. Hence the output voltage will be positive. c. For f,, Vap secondary ‘ ———____ a (@) Relation between primary and secondary~ anthem Analog & Digital Communication 2-16D (EN-Bom4y 0000S (b) Secondary equivalent circuit (©) Phasor diagram for fj, = f, 102 2. Because the output is dependent on the primary-secondary Phas, relationship, this circuit is called as phase discriminator. [QEEBHA]] explain the detection of phase modulation. ‘These are two methods of detection in phase modulated system : 1. Fixed reference detection. 2. Differential detection. A. Fixed reference detection: 1. In this detection method a fixed reference is given to the source phase To achieve maximum efficiency it is desirable to transmit this carriet information with the minimum power. 2. There are number of methods of obtaining the reference phase froa the carrier frequency. A separate tone may be sent (a very narrow band outside the data band) which is harmonically related to the carrier frequency containinf information about the phase of the latter. A delay distortion may change the phase of this tone by a differed amount to the carrier, because of its different frequency. This has tol compensated for. Also a phase reference may be send in bursts at intervals in tht transmission. Data are often organized into words or checked. Each of these may be precede Differential detection : It does not attempt to generate a fixed reference phase at the receiv®" The data are coded by means changes in phase, To carry out the detection, the signal received is delayed one sya)! interval and compared with the signal then being received. This comparison indicates the phase change that has occured betwe? the symbol intervals, 5. The phase change detected is then converted into bits, dibits etc. = = 2 ‘records and separately sent at! d by aburst of carrier frequen’) epee = J2-16 D (EN-Sem-5) Angle Modulation: What are the advantages of frequency modulation ? The carrier frequency of an FM broadcast transmitter is 100 MHz and maximum frequency deviation is 75 kHz. If the highest audio frequency modulating the carrier is 15 kHz, what is the approximate A. Advantages of frequency modulation : 1. Frequency modulation is less susceptible to noise. 2. Signal to noise ratio doubles on doubling the bandwidth. 3. Bandwidth required is more, so the system performance would increase. B. Numerical : 1. Given, 100 MHz, Af = 75 kHz Highest audio frequency, f,, = 15 kHz 2. Be = 3. Bandwidth, B: 26+ D)f,=26+) 15 = 180kHz In an FM system whe: the audio frequency is 500 Hz and the AF voltage is 2.4 V, the deviation is 4.8 kHz. If the AF voltage is now increased to 7.2 V, what is the new deviation? If the AF voltage is raised to 10 V, while the AF is dropped to 200 Hz, what is the deviation ? Find the modulation index in each case. 1. We know that deviation 8 is proportional to modulation voltage Ey i.e.» SaE,. (2 Thus,Analog & Digital Communication 2-17D (Ey, OV x 10 = 20 kHz 3. The change in the modulation frequency made no difference deviation, since it is independent of the modulating frequency, ‘So, modulation index in each case will be, tng Que 2:15.'| What do you understand by instantancou: frequency deviation and bandwidth of FM wave frequency 100 MHz is frequency modulated by a amplitude 20 V and fr the modulator is 25 of FM signal. 8 frequen, 7A carrier wave, sinusoidal wave, equency 100 kHz, The frequency sensitivity, KHz per volt. Determine approximate bandwit Instantaneous frequency :Itis defin ed as the frequency of the ari at a given instant of time, 1 dat) ) = 1 ge) Oe aa ; Frequency deviation (Af) : Refer Q. 2.1, Page 2-2D, Unit-2. Bandwidth : The bandwidth of FM wave is twice the sum ofthe devs! and the highest modulating frequency, A BW = 24F + fas) Numerical Part : Frequency deviation, af = hE, = 25 x 108 x 20 =5x 10H 2. So the bandwidth, : BW = 2(6 x 105 + 105) Hz BW = 12MHz2-18 D (EN-Sem-5) Angle Modulation (Que 2.16, | An angle-modulated signal with carrier frequency ©, = 27 x 108 is described by the equation’ ,,, (t) = 10 cos(o,t +5 sin 3000r f+ 10 sin 2000r £) i, Find the power of the modulated signal. ij, Find the frequency deviation Af. iii, Estimate bandwidth of the FM signals. i, ii, Frequency deviation til Bandwiat se : i. Power of modulated signal AP _ ao? QR 2x1 yey = 50W ii Frequency deviation d ad; 5 ; 4 Qi) =£ lot +5 sin 2000nt + 10 sin 3000z¢] dt oo) dt oe = 1) = ©, + 100002 cos 2000nt + 30000n cos 3000nt maximum values of carrier deviation = 10000 n + 30000 x — 10000x +30000x frequency deviation, Af a = 20 kHz. ii, Bandwidth of FM signal B =21AF + fyyanaxo! = 2(20000 + 1500] = 43 kHz. ueza7] Consider a frequency modulated signal is given by Vey (#) = 20 cos[2n-10°t + 0.1 sin(10*- xt)] . Given k,= 10 x, derive the expression for the modulating signal. a Pants 1. Comparing with standard equation of Viy(t) Vigglt) = A, cos [ame + 4.4 sin art]Analog & Digital Communication 2-19D EN, a= 20, 4 = 1, Arf, = 104 w 10'n | yA = 01 fy = 0.1% | pA = 500 500 _ 50 AP tor 2. Modulating signal i m(t) = A cos (2 nf,,f) i = 2 cos (104m) © In an FM system a7 kHz modulating signal modula 107.6 MHz carrier wave so that the fre 50 kHz. Determine i, Carrier swing in the FM signal and modulation index. The highest and lowest frequency attained by the FM signi quency deviation} = 2x 50 = 100 kHz Modulation index, m=O = m= = 7.143 ii, Highest frequency, Lowest frequency, f= fe OF = 107.6 MHz ~50 kHz = 107.55 MHz2-20 (EN-Sem-5) ‘Angle Modulation ae 16 2:19. | Define Noise. Whereis it most likely to affect the signals ? Also define noise figure. A. Noise: 1. Noise may be defined as any unwanted introduction of energy tending to interfere with proper reception and reproduction of transmitted signals. 2. Inother way, noise refers to unwanted signal that tends to disturb the transmission and processing of information signals in a communication system. 3. Noise mostly affects the transmission of signal through the channel. 4, Almost all noise components are added to message in the channel. 5. The source of noise may be internal or external. Source of Channel ———_ Information information >] Transmitter 7 Receiver |} — received Noise B. Noise figure : Noise figure is defined as the ratio of input SNR to the output SNR. (SNR), re ree ie, Noise figure= Sr Discuss external noise in detail. The noise that is originated outside the receiver is known as external noise. The noise include: Atmospheric noise Atmospheric noise consists of spurious radio signals with components distributed over a wide range of frequencies. bP‘Analog & Digital Communication i dinary radi th in the same way as or‘ ia enthat atany point on the ground, statie way torms, local and distant. : but less frequent ifthe story 2, Itis propagated over th of the same frequencies, received from all thunders! 3, The static is likely to be more severe local. ‘i | Field strength is inversely proportic e en ‘ wall faeries more with the reception of radio than that of television ‘Atmospheric noise becomes less severe at frequencies above 30 Ma, Extraterrestrial noise : 1. Extraterrestrial noise or space range from about 8 MHz to somewhat above 1.43 GHz. 2. This noise can be classified under two categories : a. Solar noise : i 1. | The sun radiates over a very broad frequency spectrum which includ the frequencies we use for communication. : 2. The sun is constantly changing star which undergoes cycles of p activity from which electrical disturbance erupt, such as corona fl and sunspots. b. Cosmic noise : . 4 1. _ Since distant stars are also suns and have very high temperatures, the} radiate RF noise in the same manner as our sun. 2. Since they are far from the earth, number of disturbances accumulata to disturb over communication system. c. Industrial noise : j 1. Between the frequencies of 1 to 600 MHz the intensity of noise made human easily outstrips that created by any other sources. onal to frequency, s0 that this ng.’ wo j 4 noise is observable at a frequency in ty, : 2. Under this heading sources such as automobiles and aircraft ignition electric motors and switching equipment, leakage from high voltaé. lines and electrical machines are all included. . OR Write a short note on noise. OR Explain different type of internal and external noises.2-22 D (EN-Sem-5) Angle Modulation A B. hc. 6. loise : Refer Q. 2.19, Page 2-20D, Unit-2. External noise : Refer Q. 2.20, Page 2-20D, Unit-2. Internal noise : Noise created by any of the active or passive devices found in receivers is known as internal noise. This type of noise is also known as fluctuation noise. The important types of internal noise are : Thermal agitation noise : The noise generated in a resistance or the resistive component is random and is referred as thermal agitation, white or Johnson noise. It is due to the rapid and random motion of the molecules inside the component itself. Since the kinetic energy, and hence the velocity of particles inside matters is proportional to its absolute temperature. So the noise generated by a resistor is proportional to its absolute temperature, in addition to being proportional to the bandwidth over which the noise is to be measured. Therefore Pi Tot= kT 8f where, k = Boltzmann's constant T = Absolute temperature af = Bandwidth of Interest P, = Maximum noise power output of resistor It must be realized that all formulas referring to random noise are applicable only to rms value of such noise; not to its instantaneous value, which is quite unpredictable. a ea «(2.21.2)Analog & Digital Communication 2-23 D (EN-Sem5) From eq. (2.21.1) and (2.21.2), ve op ovATY Noise voltage, V,= J4kTS/R b. Shot nois' 1. The most important of all the other sources is the shot effect, which sends to shot noise in all amplifying devices and active devices. 2, Itiscqused by random variationsin the arrival of electrons at the output a vretrode of an amplifying device and appears as a randomly varying noise current superimposed on the output. 3, When amplified, it is supposed to sound as a shower of lead shot were falling on a metal sheet. Hence the name shot noise is given. 4, Fora diode, the rms shot noise current is [ei, oF where, e = Charge of an electron i, = Direct diode current 3f = Bandwidth of system c. Transit-time noise : 1. Ifthe time taken by an electron to travel from emitter to the collector of the transistor become significant to the period of the signal being enolic ie.,at isan in the upper VHF range and beyond, the so called transit time effect take place and the noise in itta the transistor increases. ad 2. The minute currents induced in the iny i nute ¢ put of the device by random fluctuations in the output current become of great. importanse at such frequencies and create random noise. ie Calculate signal-to-noi i que 222 noise ratio for si i 3 suppressed carrier (SSB-SC). ota fat ol2-24 D (EN-Sem-5) Angle Modulation ystem, the demodulator is multiplier. Here the carrier is A cos 2nft. For synchronous demodulation, the demodulator must be furnished with a synchronous locally generated carrier cos 2rf,t We assume that the upper sideband is being used; hence the carrier filter has a bandpass that extends from f,. to f+ fyy, where fy is the baseband bandwidth. The bandwidth of the baseband filter extends from zero to fy 6. Let us assume that the baseband signal is a sinusoid of angular frequency fy Ln $ fxg): The carrier frequency is fp, and, since we have assumed that the upper sideband is being used, the received signal is S(t) = A cos [2n(f, + f,,)f) S\() = A cost2n (f, + ft} S.tt S,=A% So= Carrier Baseband Noise spectral | filter Ho(f) filter Hy) power @ , density = G,, = n/2 "= @ HO 1910) fof 0h ff fy Oty ot iM ia me fin 0h ig. 2.22.1, (a) A synchronous demodulator operating on a single-sideband Single-tone signal, (b) The bandpass range of the carrier filter, (c) The passband of the lowpass baseband filter. 7. The output of the multiplier is SAO = S(O) cos wf = eos tan f+ ft + 4 cos 2nfyf 2.22.2) Only the difforence-frequency torm will pass through the baseband filter. Therefore, the output signal is S(O) = feos 2nf,,tAnalog & Digital Communication 2-25D (EN-Sem.g) which is the modulating signal amplified by 1/2. 8. The input signal power is, a i= 2 while the output signal power is, Ay _A’_S, S= gla) 84 8,1 Thus, S=2 me 34 Calculation of noise power : os 2rft, the original noise component is replaced by two componel one at frequency f, + f and one at fre ; a quency f. ~, having one fourth the power of the aim C The input noise is white and of spectral density 1/2. The noise input to multiplier has spectral density G,,. The density noise after multiplication by cos 2nftis G, ». Finally, is it by the baseband filter is of density G,,."" -Aaoie nei each new compo26 D (EN-Sem-5) ‘Angle Modulation N,= 2f, t= he (2.22.8) Thus, signal to noise ratio at the output, S_ 8/4 _ —s ‘ = we 2.22.4) N, thu /4 why The importance of S/N, is that it serves as a figure of merit of the performance of communication system. Calculate signal to noise ratio for double sideband fuppressed carrier (DSB-SC). Double sideband suppressed carrier (DSB- SC) : When a baseband signal of frequency range fy, is transmitted over a _ DSB-SC system, the bandwidth of the carrier filter must be 2f,, rather than fy. Thus, input noise in the frequency range fo —fy to f+ fy Will contribute to output noise. Gu £1 9 [&| few frie fife fete Calculation of noise power : It shows the spectral density G, ,(/) of the white input noise after the IF filter.i 2-27 D (EN-Sem, | Analog & Digital Communication | ‘The noise is multiplied by cos t+ the ml Ki penton ron a ia frequeney shift by + /,and the reduction of pow density of the noise by a factor of 4. "The noise power spectral density in th WA. I he output noigf 4. Hence, the output noise power js twice as large as the output noj power for SSB. « rogion between —/yy and + fy Calculation of signal power + a 1. Let us assume a sinusoidal baseband signal of frequency fn, = fy: 1} 2 S,= we ower the same as in SSB case ie., 2 keep the received p | Sit) = JBAC0s 2rfgt Cos 2nfet | = fp 0s Ba, + gM + s cos [2n(f, ~ fr) 2. The received power is, CeO Si= gp) *2\a) “2 3, In the demodulator, $,(d) is multiplied by cos ,t. The upper sideb term yield a signal with the passband of baseband filter given by A S(t) = — oO) = 5g 608 Arhnt 028 Sy") us q 2a 08 int 22 4. Observe that S,'(d) and S,”(t) are in phase and hence output signal S,(t) = S(t) + S(t) A = cos 21 aoe nt which has power, ‘S,= 4- 4 5. Therefore, signal to noise ratio for DSB-SC will be 8.8 N, thy Que 2. Calculate signal to noise ratio for double sideband wi carrier (DSB-C).2-28 D (EN-Sem-5) Answer Double sideband with carrier (DSB -C): 1. Let psu the case where a carrier accompanies the double sideband Sigal. Demo tulation is achieved synchronously as in SSB-SC and DSB- 2. The carrier is used as a transmitted reference to obtain reference signal cos ,t. Here we replace S; by S{88), where S/*") is the power in the sideband alone, Then, ee sgn N, thy 3. Suppose that the received signal is S(t) = A[1 + m(O)] cos 2nft =A cos 2nf.t + Am(t) cos 2nf-t where, m(¢) is the baseband signal which amplitude-modulates the carrier A cos 2nf,t. The carrier power is (A?/2). The sidebands are contained in the term Am(t) cos 2nf.t. Angle Modulation 4. The power associated with term is (A*/2) m*(¢), where m°(t) is the time average of the square of the modulating waveform. 5, ‘Thus, the total input power S, is given by a S,= —+S5? A nol = STS Eliminating A?, we have g ss). ml _¢ . L+m*(t) | S, mi N, * em Wu oe In terms of carrier power, P, = = we get, Se 2 ete 5 z 6. Ifthe modulation is sinusoidal with ; im(t) =m cos 2nfyt (1 + m cos 2nf,t) cos 2nf.t Inthis case, andAnalog & Digital Communication 2-29 D (EN-Sem. 4) 1. Let us consider that input signal to the IF carrier filter ‘ $0 = Acod ot md) a «-(2.25,}) where, m(t) is the frequency modulating baseband waveform. 2, We assume that the signal is embedded in additive white gaussian noi, of power-spectral density 1/2. 3, _ The IF carrier filter has a bandwidth B = 2df + 2fy. 4, This filter passes the signal with negligible distortion and eliminates al noise outside the bandwidth B. 5. When the signal-to-noise ratio is high, the noise does not affect the output signal power. 6. Incalculating the output-signal power we shall therefore ignore the noise. 7. When the signal S(t) arrives at the output of limiter then, S,t)= AL cof oh] m(a) a] (2.252) ‘Thus, He) = kJ maar 8. For the output of the discriminator S(O = aw, + akm(t) Thus, the output signal S,(t) = akm(¢) and output-signal power is S,= a°k'm*(t) (2.259) Output noise power : Let us now calculate the noise output of the FM discriminator whi results from the presence at the input of white noise having a powe! spectral density 1/2. Let we set m(t) = 0 ie., the noise output i approximately independent of m(t), 2. Atthe limiter input, Vit) cos w.t + n,(t) cos wt ~n,(t) sin w,t = (A +n,(0)] cos wf —n,(¢) sin ot * 40.268 Note that the phasor representing n,(¢) cos ,t is in phase with tht carrier phasor A cos «,t. The phasor representing n,(t) sin «,t has amplitude n,(t) and i-s in phase quadrature with other two terms.2-30D (EN-Sem-5) Angle Modulation 4. The envelope R(t) is easily computed i., Ri) nyt) _—as04 RQ) = J[A+n OF +[n, OF (2.25.5) 5. Similarly, the phase O(t)is 1m) (2.25.8) Arn 6 Thus, signal and noise forming V(t) is V{e) = RO) cos log + O01 7. Thus, the output of the limiter-bandpass filter is therefore Vit) = Ay, 008 log + 06)] where, A, is determined by limiter and is constant. 8. Let usassume that, Q(t) = tan” n@) OO oraz ‘Then, V(t) = AL onl og +1 . (2.25.8) Compare eq. (2.25.8) with, V,(t) = 90, + ok ye) ‘The resulting equation will be VO= of, + 14,0 Avoiding de term Vt) = son) 9. Therefore, the spectral density of n,(t) is G,,() given by a2? B GN = arn Ifls> 10. Thus, the output noise power Ny ty N,= | GAdf sa( 2.25.9)a Analog & Digital Communication 2-81D (EN-Sems) inf 2 fa = 0 ant fap A fu 8x? a? Tat 025 |Hp(6] 1 f fy fw <1 _| Differentiator | G,4(0 | Baseband Salen IH@)|2=, LH filter > Gag(D -B2

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