Name: PAGTALUNAN, ROSETTE R.

Date: SEPT 02, 2022

Year & Section: BSC 4-YA-1 Score:

Activity No. 1
Personalities in Polygraph

Instruction: Explain the contribution of the different personalities in polygraph examination.

1. Cesare In 1895 an Italian physician, psychiatrist and pioneer criminologist Cesare

Lombroso Lombroso (1835-1909) was the first to experiment with a device,
measuring blood pressure and pulse, to detect deception in criminal
suspects and noted increased blood pressure following relevant
questions when put to some subjects. He called it a Hydrosphygmograph.
In 1895 Dr. Lombroso published the second edition of "L'Homme
Criminel" ("The Criminal Man"). It documents his use of a
plethysmograph and sphygmomanometer during the interrogation of
criminal suspects. Seven years later, in 1902, for the first time in court
history, a mechanical device helped to prove the innocence of the person
accused of committing a crime.

In conjunction with his polygraph, Dr. Larson used a test/a scientific

procedure originated by Dr. William Moulton Marston (1893-1947) in the
2. William Harvard Psychological Laboratory in 1915 and applied by him to various
Moulton fields of investigation during World War I. Dr. Larson modified Dr.
Marston Marston's procedure and applied it to the police procedure at the
Berkeley Police Department beginning in 1921. Larson developed an
interviewing technique, called the R/I (relevant/irrelevant) procedure.
Throughout questioning, he would sprinkle questions relevant to the
crime and questions that had nothing to do with it.
 - one of the first to suggest the use of EDA, galvanic
skin response as an indicator of deception.
3. George Sticker

4. Leonard Leonarde Keeler (1903-1949), born in North Berkeley, California, USA, is the
Keeler most prominent polygraph examiner of all times. Having conducted over 30,000
polygraph examinations, Leonarde Keeler was one of the world's foremost
scientific criminologists, whose contribution to the stature of the field of lie
detection is merely immeasurable and invaluable.
In 1925, Leonarde Keeler (a Stanford University psychology major working at the
Berkeley Police Department), developed two significant improvements to
Larson's polygraph: a metal bellows (tambour) to better record changes in blood
pressure, pulse and respiration patterns, and a kymograph, which allowed chart
paper to be pulled under the recording pens at a constant speed.
In 1936, Keeler added a third physiological component to his polygraph – the
Psychogalvanometer – a device for measuring changes in a person’s skin
resistance. This version of Keeler's polygraph was the prototype of the modern
polygraph, and Keeler himself is therefore considered the "father of modern
polygraph". In addition to improving the polygraph, Keeler is also credited with
numerous contributions to polygraph examination technique.

5. Sir James After his move to London at the age of 54, Mackenzie established a successful
practice as a consulting physician. His reputation grew rapidly. In his classic
Mackenzie text The Study of the Pulse (1902), he described an instrument of his own devising
that he called a “polygraph,” which allowed the user to correlate the arterial and
venous pulses with the beat of the heart itself. This instrument enabled Mackenzie
to make important and original distinctions between harmless and dangerous
types of pulse irregularities. In his ambitious text Diseases of the Heart (1908),
Mackenzie summarized his diagnostic work on pulsation and cardiovascular
disease. He also convincingly demonstrated the efficacy of the drug digitalis in the
treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. During World War I he served as a consultant to
the Military Heart Hospital, an institution he had been instrumental in founding.
He was knighted in 1915.

The earliest attempt at a scientific approach to the development of

6. Angelo Mosso diagnostic instrumentation for lie detection dates circa 1875, when the
Italian physiologist, Angelo Mosso (1846-1910), began studies of fear and
its influence on the heart and respiration. The fear of being detected was
considered an essential element of deception. Through his research
Mosso demonstrated that blood pressure, blood volume, and pulse
frequency changed depending on changes in emotions of a tested
subject. From records of pulsation, Mosso was able to distinguish persons
who were afraid from those who were tranquil. Mosso devised several
types of Plethysmographs (Plethysmos (Gr.) – enlargement, increase and
Grapho (Gr.) – write, record) – instruments for measuring changes in
volume within an organ or whole body (usually resulting from fluctuations
in the amount of blood or air it contains).

7. John Larson The polygraph invented by John Augustus Larson (1892-1965) of the
United States of America in 1921, is considered officially one of the
greatest inventions of all time. The literal meaning of the word
"polygraph" is "many writings" (Polys (Gr.) – many and Grapho (Gr.) –
write).

8. Luigi Galvani Luigi Galvani - an Italian Physician and Physiologist who in

1791,
accidentally discovered that a dissected frog leg would twitch
and
contract at the touch of a scalpel charged with electricity. He
discovered that current or galvanic electricity flowed through
animal
tissue.
9. Otto Veraguth  

- was a Swiss neurologist. In the 1900s he published a

study of a phenomenon he called "psychogalvanic reflex"
associated
with observed changes in the electrical properties of the skin. In
his research he noticed that emotional stimuli caused greater
deflections (higher readings) on a galvanometer that was
connected
to the skin via electrodes than did neutral stimuli. He used the
galvanomenter in conjunction with word-association tests.

10. Victtorio
Bennussi
an Italian Psychologist who in 1914 discovered a
method for calculating the quotient of the inhalation to exhalation
time as a means of verifying the truth and detecting deception in
a subject. Benussi measured and recorded breathing by means
of an
instrument known as the Pneumograph. He concluded that lying
caused
an emotional change within a subject that resulted in detectable
respiratory changes that were indicative of deception.

11. Harold Burtt

improvised and conformingly utilized the techniques of Benussi.

Accordingly, he considered this method ( the measuring of the
recordedrespiratory tracing) to be loss diagnostic value than blood
pressure techniques. Hethen determines that respiratory changes were
indications of deception. He foundout that changes in systolic blood
pressure were of greater value in determiningdeception than in changes
in respiration.

12. John E. Reid American John E. Reid (1910-1982), educated as an attorney, is one of the
world's most renowned polygraph examiners and interrogators, and the
author of several world-renown books on these subjects. In 1945, Reid
developed the Reid Polygraph. Besides recording blood pressure, pulse,
respiration, and GSR, this new polygraph recorded muscular activity in the
forearms, thighs, and feet thanks to metal bellows placed under the arms
 and seat of the polygraph chair. The Reid Polygraph was the first
instrument to use a movement sensor to detect subject movement during
the examination. In 1947, Reid developed a major breakthrough in
polygraph technique, the Reid Control Question Technique. He inserted a
surprise control question in the relevant/irrelevant technique. Reid is
therefore considered the "father of controls".

13. Cleve Backster

The President, Director and Chief Instructor of the Backster School of Lie
Detection (San Diego, USA), Cleve Backster, has made an enormous
contribution to the development of the psychophysiological detection of
deception. In 1960, Backster developed the Backster Zone Comparison
Technique. He also introduced a qualification system of chart analysis,
which standardized chart analysis making it more objective and scientific
than before. Backster's concepts have been widely adopted into practice
in psychophysiological detection of deception throughout the world.

14. Richard O.  
Arthur
(1966), director of the Baxter polygraph School in San Diego, used
a clinical approach to the polygraph, he was experimenting with the
GSR in manual and auto mode, it found that there was no
significant difference in quality between the two modes of data
collection. He developed the Art II, or the technique of marking the
beginning and end of controlled stimulants, established "scientific
journal of the polygraph," the oldest public publification which
mentions polygraph.
15. Dr. Dale E.   
Olsen and
John C. Harris
  Dr. Dale E. Olsen and John C. Harris - statisticians at Johns
      Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, in Maryland,
      completed a software program called PolyScore in 1993.