XOBLICONLAW

ATTY. MARCELINO A. PINEDA, JR.

 THE
ANGELITE
PRAYER
 CONTRACT
What are the essential requisites or elements of a contract?
The essential elements of a contract are:
a)Consent
b)Object
c)Cause or consideration

Art. 1318 provides:

“There is no contract unless the following requisites concur:

(1)Consent of the contracting parties;

(2)Object certain which is the subject matter of the contract;
(3)Cause of the obligation which is established.”
 CONTRACT

What is the meaning of consent?

Consent is the conformity or concurrence of wills (offer and
acceptance). It is the meeting of minds or mutual assent
between the parties on the subject matter and the cause which
are to constitute the contract

What is the object of a contract?

Object is the subject matter of the contract

What is the cause of a contract?

Cause is the essential reason or purpose which the
contracting parties have in view at the time of entering into
the contract. It is something bargained for or given by a party in
exchange for a legally enforceable promise of another.
 CONTRACT

Alex offered to sell to Bernard, Alex’s BMW with plate number

ABC1234 for P 1 Million. Bernard offered to buy the BMW with plate
number ABC1234 for P 950,000.

Was there consent by the parties to buy and sell the BMW with
plate number ABC1234?
No, there was no consent from Alex and Bernard, because there
was no meeting of the offer and the acceptance of the cause

How is consent manifested?

“Consent is manifested by the meeting of the offer and the
acceptance upon the thing and the cause which constitute the
contract.”
 CONTRACT
Art. 1319 provides:

“Consent is manifested by the meeting of the offer and the

acceptance upon the thing and the cause which are to
constitute the contract. The offer must be certain and the
acceptance absolute. A qualified acceptance constitute a counter-
offer.

Acceptance made by letter or telegram does not bind the offerer

except from the time it came to his knowledge. The contract, in
such a case, is presumed to have been entered into in the place
where the offer was made.”

What is an offer?
An Offer is a proposal made by one (1) party (offerer) to
another (offeree), indicating willingness to enter into a contract
 CONTRACT

How should offer be made?

The offer must be certain or definite so that the liability (or the
right) of the parties may be exactly fixed (2nd sentence of the 1st
par. Of Art. 1319)

What is the meaning of acceptance?

Acceptance is the manifestation by the offeree of his assent to
all the terms of the offer. Without acceptance, there can be no
meeting of the minds between the parties.

How should acceptance be made?

The acceptance of the offer must be clear and absolute,
unconditional, and unqualified.
 CONTRACT
Will a qualified acceptance constitute to a meeting of the minds
between the contracting parties?
No. A qualified acceptance is a counter-offer, and does not
constitute to a meeting of the minds between the contracting
parties.

Alex offered to sell his car with plate no. ABC 123 to Bernard for PhP
200,000.

Since Bernard was in Davao and Alex was in Pampanga, on June 1,

2021, Bernard drafted and sent a letter to Alex, wherein Bernard
agreed to buy the car of Alex with plate no. ABC 123 for PhP 200,000.

Alex received and read the letter of Bernard on June 15, 2021.

When does Alex start to be bound of the acceptance?

June 15, 2021, when Alex received the letter of acceptance
 CONTRACT
In case the acceptance is made through letter or telegram, when
does it bind the offeror?
The offeror will be bound from the time it came to his knowledge

Where is the situs or place of the perfection of the contract in case

the acceptance is made through a letter or telegram?
The situs or place of the perfection of the contract is the place
where the offer was made

In what form should an express acceptance?

Express acceptance may be oral or written
 CONTRACT
Article 1320 provides: An acceptance may be express or implied

What is an implied acceptance?

An implied acceptance is one that is inferred from act or conduct

Give an example of an implied acceptance:

Alex offered to pay Bernard PhP 1,000 to repair the car of Alex.
Without saying a word Bernard worked on and fixed the car of
Alex.

Is the person making the offer (offerer) allowed determine the time,
place, and manner of acceptance?
Yes Art. 1321
 CONTRACT
Article 1321 provides:
The person making the offer may fix the time, place, and manner of
acceptance, all of which must be complied with.

Who or what is an agent?

An agent is a person who acts for and in behalf of another with authority to
do so

Alex is the agent of Pedro. Pedro authorized Alex to sell Pedro’s car with
plate no. ABC 1234 for PhP 500,000. Alex offered to Bernard, Pedro’s car
with plate no. ABC 1234, for PhP 500,000.

Bernard accepted the offer and agreed to buy Pedro’s car. Bernard informed
Alex of his acceptance on June 1, 2021.

On June 15, 2021, Alex informed Pedro that Bernard accepted the offer.

When is the acceptance made?

June 1, 2021, the day the acceptance was communicated to Alex
 CONTRACT

Article 1322 provides: An offer made through an agent is

accepted from the time acceptance is communicated to him.

Alex offered to sell his car with plate no. ABC 1234 to Bernard for
PhP 500,000. Before Bernard could accept the offer, Alex became
insolvent.

What will happen to the offer?

The offer will become ineffective

What are the incidents or instances that makes the offer ineffective,
before an offer is accepted?
When (1) of the parties
• dies,
• suffers civil interdiction,
• becomes insane, or
• becomes insolvent
 CONTRACT

Article 1323 provides: An offer becomes ineffective upon the

death, civil interdiction, insanity, or insolvency of either party
before acceptance is conveyed.

On June 1, 2021, Alex offered to sell his car with plate no. ABC
1234 to Bernard for PhP 500,000. Alex gave Bernard until June
30, 2021, to accept the offer.

On June 15, 2021 Alex told Bernard that, Alex is withdrawing the
offer, and is no longer selling his car to Bernard.

May Alex validly withdraw the offer?

Yes, Art. 1324, gives Alex the right to withdraw the offer
 CONTRACT

On June 1, 2021, Alex offered to sell his car with plate no. ABC
1234 to Bernard for PhP 500,000. Alex gave Bernard until June 30,
2021, to accept the offer provided Bernard pays PhP 500 to Alex in
consideration for the period to decide. Bernard paid Alex PhP 500.

On June 15, 2021, Alex told Bernard that Alex is withdrawing the
offer and is no longer selling his car to Bernard.

May Alex validly withdraw the offer?

No, latter part of Art. 1324 prohibits Alex from withdrawing the offer
because, the period for option to decide was with a
consideration

Article 1324 provides: When the offeror has allowed the offeree a
certain period to accept, the offer may be withdrawn at any time
before acceptance by communicating such withdrawal, except
when the option is founded upon a consideration, as something
paid or promised. (n)
 CONTRACT
What is an option money?
Money paid or promised to be paid in consideration for the option.
Option money is not part of the price

Is option money the same as earnest money?

No, option money is not the same as earnest money.

What is an earnest money?

Is the initial payment. It is part of the price

What is an option contract?

It is a contract wherein a person is given a certain period withon
which to accept the offer for a consideration

What is an option period?

It is the period given within which the offerree must accept the offer
 CONTRACT
Alex placed a “This Car is for Sale” advertisement on his car with
plate no. ABC 1234, and Alex also indicated his cellular phone
number on the advertisement.

Is the advertisement “This Car if for Sale” a definite offer?

No, it is merely an invitation to make an offer.

Article 1325 provides: Unless it appears otherwise, business

advertisements of things for sale are not definite offers, but mere
invitations to make an offer.

Alex placed an advertisement “This Car is for Sale for PhP

500,000” on his car with plate no. ABC 1234, and Alex also
indicated his cellular phone number.

Is the advertisement placed by A on his car a definite offer?

Yes, it is a Definite offer
 CONTRACT
Alex placed an advertisement on his car with plate no. ABC 1234
which reads “This Car is for Sale to the highest bidder”. Bernard
offers to buy the car at PhP 500,000; Carlos offers to buy th car at
PHP 550,000; and Dennis offers to buy the car at PhP 600,000.

Is Alex bound to sell his car to Dennis?

No, simply invitations to make proposals (Art. 1326)

Article 1326 provides: Advertisements for bidders are simply

invitations to make proposals, and the advertiser is not bound to
accept the highest or lowest bidder, unless the contrary appears.

Who does not have capacity to enter into a contract?

•Below18 years old
•Insane or demented
•Suffering from civil interdiction
•Deaf and mute who could not write
 CONTRACT
Art. 1327 provides:

“The following cannot give consent to a contract:

(1)Unemancipate minors;
(2)Insane or demented persons, and deaf-mute who do not know
how to write”

Alex is a 20 year old mute who could not write. Alex saw the car of
Bernard, and offered to buy Bernard’s car with plate number
ABC1234 for PhP 500,000. Bernard agreed to sell the car to Alex.

Is the contract between Alex and Bernard valid?

Yes, Alex is capacitated to enter into a contract. Because he is only
deaf , not a deaf mute who could not read and write
 CONTRACT
Alex is a 20 year old deaf and mute, who could write. Alex saw the
car of Bernard, and offered to buy Bernard’s car with plate number
ABC1234 for PhP 500,000. Bernard agreed to sell the car to Alex.

Is the contract between Alex and Bernard valid? Why?

Yes, Alex is capacitated to enter into a contract. Because Alex
could read and write.

Alex suffers from periodic insanity, and during a time when he was
lucid Alex agreed to buy the car of Bernard for PhP 500,000. Before
Bernard could deliver the car Alex, Alex lost his sanity.

Is the contract between Alex and Bernard valid? Why?

Yes, because it was entered into during a lucid interval
 CONTRACT
Alex suffers from periodic insanity, and during a time when he was
lucid Alex agreed to buy the car of Bernard for PhP 500,000. Before
Alex could make any payment, Alex lost his sanity.

Is the contract between Alex and Bernard valid? Why?

Yes, because it was entered into during a lucid interval

1st sentence of Article 1328 provides: Contracts entered into

during a lucid interval are valid

What is a lucid interval?

Lucid interval is a temporary period of sanity

Alex got drunk, and during the time when he was drunk, Alex agreed
to buy the car of Bernard for PhP 500,000.

Is the contract between Alex and Bernard valid?

Yes, but voidable
 CONTRACT
2nd sentence o Art. 1328 provides:

Contracts agreed to in a state of drunkenness or during a hypnotic

spell are voidable.

Article 1329 provides: The incapacity declared in article 1327 is

subject to the modifications determined by law, and is understood
to be without prejudice to special disqualifications established in the
laws

Give an example of special disqualifications?

A guardian is not allowed to buy the property of his ward
 CONTRACT
Beranard threatened Alex, for Alex to buy the car of Bernard, with
plate number ABC1234 for PhP 500,000. Fearing the threat of
Bernard, Alex bought the car of Bernard for PhP 500,000.

Is the contract of sale between Alex and Bernard valid?

Yes, but voidable

Aside from incapacity, what are the other causes that makes a
contract voidable?
The following are the other causes of voidable contracts:
• Mistake
• Violence
• Intimidation
• Undue influence
• Fraud
 CONTRACT

Article 1330 provides: A contract where consent is given through

mistake, violence, intimidation, undue influence, or fraud is voidable.

What are the requirements in order that mistake may vitiate

consent?
• Mistake should refer to the substance of the thing which is the
object of the contract; or
• Those conditions which have principally moved one or both
parties to enter into the contract
• Mistake as to identity and qualifications when such identity
and qualifications have been the principal cause of the
contract

Are there mistakes that will not amount to vitiation of consent?

Yes, when the mistake is considered simple
 CONTRACT
Article 1331 provides:
In order that mistake may invalidate consent, it should refer to the
substance of the thing which is the object of the contract, or to those
conditions which have principally moved one or both parties to enter into
the contract.

Mistake as to the identity or qualifications of one of the parties will vitiate

consent only when such identity or qualifications have been the principal
cause of the contract.

A simple mistake of account shall give rise to its correction.

Give example of a contract where there was mistake, which vitiates

consent, thus making the contract voidable.
Alex bought a parcel of land from Bernard, for PhP 1,000,000 believing
that the area of the land is 500 square meters, when the actual area is
only 400 square meters.
 CONTRACT
Give example of a contract where there was mistake, which does
not vitiates consent, thus the contract not voidable.
Alex and Bernard agreed that Alex will buy a land from Bernard,
measuring 500 square meters at PhP 2,000 per square meters. It
was mistakenly computed that the total contract price is PhP
950,000, when it should have been PhP 1,000,000.

In the instant case, the mistake does not vitiate consent and error
would only be corrected. Because, the parties have agreed as to
the area and the price per unit of area.

What is the duty of the person enforcing a contract, when the other
party alleges that he is unable to read or he did not understood the
language of the contract he entered into?
The person enforcing the contract must show that the terms
thereof have been fully explained to the former. (Art. 1332)
 CONTRACT
Article 1332 provides: When one of the parties is unable to read, or
if the contract is in a language not understood by him, and mistake
or fraud is alleged, the person enforcing the contract must show that
the terms thereof have been fully explained to the former.

Alex bought a car from Bernard, who informed Alex that the engine
of the car makes a sound that suggest that the engine has a
damage. The engine of the car stopped working.

Can Alex allege that there is mistake?

No, Alex cannot allege that there is a mistake, because he was
made aware of the problem of the engine

Article 1333 provides: There is no mistake if the party alleging it

knew the doubt, contingency or risk affecting the object of the
contract.
 CONTRACT
Art. 1334 provides:
“Mutual error as to the legal effect of an agreement when the real
purpose of the parties is frustrated, may vitiate consent.”

Article 1334 contemplates mistake of law or mistake in the legal

effect of the agreement.

So when the real purpose of the parties is not what the contract
provides, then the consent of the parties are vitiated

What is mistake of law?

It is that which arises from an ignorance of some provision of
law, or from erroneous interpretation of its meaning, or from the
erroneous conclusion as to the legal affect of an agreement.

Does mistake of law generally vitiate consent?

No, generally mistake of law does not vitiate consent
 CONTRACT
What are the requisites when the legal effect of an agreement
when the real purpose of the parties is frustrated, thus consent
vitiated?
(a) The error must be mutual
(b) It must pertain to the legal effect of the agreement
(c) It frustrated the real purpose of the parties

Give an example of the application of Art. 1334.

Alex borrowed PhP 10,000 from Bernard. As security for the debt,
it was agreed that Alex will mortgage his parcel of land in favor
Bernard. However, the document as written is one of sale.

In such a case, the contract is voidable

 CONTRACT
When does violence amount to vitiation of consent?
When serious or irresistible force is employed which leads to vitiation
of consent

Give an example of violence employed which vitiates consent:

Alex agreed to sell his car to Bernard, because, Bernard kept
punching Alex, while Bernard was pointing a gun at Alex, until Alex
agreed to sell his car to Bernard

When does intimidation amount to vitiation of consent?

When one of the contracting parties is compelled by a reasonable
and well-grounded fear of an imminent and grave evil upon his
person or property, or upon the person or property of his spouse,
descendants or ascendants, to give his consent
 CONTRACT
Give an example of intimidation employed which vitiates consent.
Alex agreed to sell his car to Bernard, because, Bernard threatened
to kill Alex’s wife if Alex refused to sell his car to Bernard.

Bernard promised to sell his car to Alex. Alex threatened Bernard

that if Bernard does not sell his car to Alex, Alex will go to court to
compel Bernard to sell his car to Alex.

Does the threat made by Alex amount to vitiation of consent?

No, threat to enforce a right through legal means does not vitiate
consent
 CONTRACT
Article 1335 provides:
There is violence when in order to wrest consent, serious or
irresistible force is employed.

There is intimidation when one of the contracting parties is

compelled by a reasonable and well-grounded fear of an
imminent and grave evil upon his person or property, or upon the
person or property of his spouse, descendants or ascendants, to
give his consent.

To determine the degree of intimidation, the age, sex and condition

of the person shall be borne in mind.

A threat to enforce one's claim through competent authority, if

the claim is just or legal, does not vitiate consent.
 CONTRACT
Alex agreed to sell his car to Bernard, because, Carlos threatened
Alex that Carlos will kill the wife of Alex, if Alex does not sell his car
to Bernard.

Is the contract of sale between Alex and Bernard valid?

Yes, but it is voidable or annullable. (Art. 1336)

Article 1336 provides: Violence or intimidation shall annul the

obligation, although it may have been employed by a third person
who did not take part in the contract.

When is there undue influence?

There is undue influence when a person takes improper advantage
of his power over the will of another, depriving the latter of a
reasonable freedom of choice
 CONTRACT
Give an example where undue influence was employed, which
vitiates consent:
Alex a teacher of Bernard, borrowed money from Bernard. If
Bernard does not want to lend money to Alex, but due to the
influence of Alex over Bernard, Bernard was compelled to lend
money to Alex.

Article 1337 provides: There is undue influence when a person

takes improper advantage of his power over the will of
another, depriving the latter of a reasonable freedom of
choice. The following circumstances shall be considered: the
confidential, family, spiritual and other relations between the
parties, or the fact that the person alleged to have been unduly
influenced was suffering from mental weakness, or was ignorant or
in financial distress.
 CONTRACT
In determining existence of undue influence, what factors may be
considered?
The following are the factors that may be considered when
determining existence of undue influence:
• If the person who exerted influence is a confidential,
• If the person who exerted influence is a family member
• If the person who exerted influence has spiritual ascendancy
• If the person alleged to have been unduly influenced was
suffering from mental weakness, or was ignorant or in financial
distress.

When is there fraud?

There is fraud when, through insidious words or machinations
of one of the contracting parties, the other is induced to enter
into a contract which, without them, he would not have agreed
to. (Art. 1338)
 CONTRACT
Art. 1338 provides: “There is fraud when, through insidious words or
machinations of one of the contracting parties, the other is induced to
enter into a contract which, without them, he would not have agreed
to.”

What kind of fraud is contemplated in Art. 1338?

Causal fraud

What is causal fraud?

It is the fraud committed by 1 party before or at the time of the
celebration of the contract to secure the consent of the other. It is
fraud used by a party to induce the other to enter into a contract
without which the latter would not have agreed to

When fraud is employed in the performance of an obligation, what

kind of fraud is this?
Incidental fraud
 CONTRACT
How are causal fraud committed?
Causal fraud are committed by:
• By insidious word or machination (Art. 1338)
• By concealment (Art. 1339)

Article 1338 provides: There is fraud when, through insidious

words or machinations of one of the contracting parties, the other is
induced to enter into a contract which, without them, he would not
have agreed to. (1269)

Article 1339 provides: Failure to disclose facts, when there is a

duty to reveal them, as when the parties are bound by confidential
relations, constitutes fraud. (n)
 CONTRACT
Give an example wherein fraud was employed which vitiate
consent.
Anna sold a ring to Britney, by misrepresenting that the ring is 24K
gold, when in fact the ring sold by Anna to Britney is merely gold
plated.

Give an example where concealment amounts to fraud.

Alex and Bernard are partners, in a car exchange business. Among
the car owned by the partnership is a car with plate number
ABC1234. Carlos wants to buy the car with plate number ABC1234
for PhP 300,000. Alex did not inform Bernard of the interest of
Carlos in the car. Instead, Alex bought the car from the partnership
for PhP 250,000, and then sold it to C for PhP 300,000.

The concealment of Alex, in not telling Bernard of Carlos’ interest in

the car amounts to fraud, because, as partners, Alex has the duty to
inform Bernard of Carlos’ interest in the property of the partnership.
 CONTRACT

Give an example where concealment does not amount to fraud.

Alex owns a car with plate number ABC1234 which he is selling.
Bernard was informed that Carlos wants to buy the car for PhP
300,000. When Bernard learned that Carlos is interested in
buying the car of Alex with plate number ABC1234, for PhP
300,000, Bernard bought the car for PhP 250,000, from Alex,
and then sold it to Carlos for PhP 300,000.

The concealment of Bernard, does not amount to fraud,

because, Bernard is not duty bound to inform Alex’s of Carlos’
interest in the car.
 CONTRACT

Alex offered to sell his car with plate number ABC1234 to Bernard
for PhP 300,000. Alex informed Bernard that the car is like brand
new. Bernard inspected the car, and saw that there are scratches
and dents. Bernard agreed to buy the car for PhP 300,000.

Is the representation of Alex that the car is like brand new

fraudulent?
No, because, Bernard had the opportunity to inspect the car.

Article 1340 provides: The usual exaggerations in trade, when the

other party had an opportunity to know the facts, are not in
themselves fraudulent.
 CONTRACT
Anna inherited a ring from his mother. Anna knows nothing about
jewelry. Anna thought that the ring was 24k gold. Anna told Belinda
that the ring is 24k gold, and Anna sold the ring to Belinda. It turns
out that ring is 18k gold.

Does the opinion of Anna amount to fraud?

No, the opinion of Anna does not amount to fraud.

Anna inherited a ring from his mother. Anna a jeweller and an expert,
told Belinda that the ring is 24k gold. Anna sold the ring to Belinda. It
turns out that ring is 18k gold.

Does the opinion of Anna amount to fraud?

Yes, , the opinion of Anna amount to fraud, because Anna is an
expert and she knows that the ring is not 24k gold.
 CONTRACT

Article 1341 provides: A mere expression of an opinion does not

signify fraud, unless made by an expert and the other party has
relied on the former's special knowledge.

Anna inherited a ring from his mother. Belinda wanted to buy the
ring from Anna. Anna does not know anything about the ring.
Belinda borrowed the ring to have it appraised by an
expert/jeweller. Carla, an expert/jeweller told Belinda that the ring
is 24k gold. Belinda did not tell Anna the opinion of Carla. Anna
sold the ring to Belinda. It turns out that ring is 18k gold.

Does the opinion of Carla amount to vitiation of consent of Anna

and Belinda?
No, because, the opinion of Carla is an opinion of a 3rd person
 CONTRACT
Alex wanted to buy a parcel of land to build a house. Bernard owns a
land which he wants to build a commercial building. Carlos informed
Alex and Bernard that the land owned by Bernard, is classified as a
residential land. Since Bernard could not build a commercial building
on his land, Bernard sold the land to Alex.

It turned out that the land is classified as a commercial, hence, Alex

could not build a house on it.

Does the opinion given by Carlos, amount to vitiation of consent?

Yes, the consents of Alex and Bernard are vitiated, and the contract
may be annulled

Article 1342 provides: Misrepresentation by a third person does not

vitiate consent, unless such misrepresentation has created
substantial mistake and the same is mutual.
 CONTRACT
Anna inherited a ring from her mother. Anna knows nothing about
jewelry. Anna thinks that the ring is 24k gold, because, her mother
told her that it was 24k gold. Anna told Belinda that the ring is 24k
gold. Anna sold the ring to Belinda. It turns out that ring is only 18k
gold.

Does the opinion given by Anna, amount to fraud?

No, the opinion of Anna does not amount to fraud, since the same
was made in good faith.

Article 1343 provides: Misrepresentation made in good faith is not

fraudulent but may constitute error.
 CONTRACT
What are the requisites of causal fraud?
(a)It should be serious
(b)It should not have been employed by both contracting parties
(c)It should not have been known by the other contracting parties

1st sentence of Article 1344 provides: In order that fraud may

make a contract voidable, it should be serious and should not have
been employed by both contracting parties.

What are the liabilities of those who commit incidental fraud?

The person who commit incidental shall be liable for damages.

2nd paragraph of Article 1344 provides: Incidental fraud only obliges

the person employing it to pay damages.
 CONTRACT
What does simulation of a contract mean?
It is the act deliberately deceiving others, by feigning or pretending
by agreement, the appearance of a contract which is either non-
existent or concealed

What are the different kinds of simulation of contracts?

Absolute simulation – when the contract does not really exist and
the parties do not intend to be bound at all.

Relative simulation – when the contract entered into by the parties

is different from their true agreement

Article 1345 provides: Simulation of a contract may be absolute or

relative. The former takes place when the parties do not intend to be
bound at all; the latter, when the parties conceal their true
agreement.
 CONTRACT
Give an example of an absolute simulation of a contract.
Alex is applying for a US visa. In order to have a good chance to be
issued a US Visa Alex must present proof of ownership of a real
property. Alex does not have a real property. Alex then asked his
brother Bernard, to execute a Deed of Sale for the property of
Bernard, making it appear that Alex bought the real property of
Bernard, in support of the application for a US Visa of Alex.

Alex and Bernard have no intention of conveying the property of

Bernard to Alex.

Give an example of a relative simulation of a contract.

Alex sold his car to Bernard for PhP 300,000. In order to hide the
real purchase price of the car from Bernard’s wife, the Deed of Sale
executed by Alex and Bernard, showed that Alex sold his car to
Bernard for PhP 250,000.
 CONTRACT

What is the effect of an absolute simulated contract?

Void contract

What is the effect of a relative simulated contract?

It binds the contracting parties provided no 3rd party is prejudiced, it is
not contrary to law, moral, public policy, public order, good customs

Article 1346 provides: An absolutely simulated or fictitious contract

is void. A relative simulation, when it does not prejudice a third
person and is not intended for any purpose contrary to law, morals,
good customs, public order or public policy binds the parties to their
real agreement.
 ASSIGNMENT

Reading Assignment for next meeting :

LAW ON CONTRACTS : Art. 1347 to 1369

Be Ready for Graded Recitation next meeting

 END OF CLASS

SEE YOU ON THE NEXT

SYNCHRONOUS MEETING