The gender of

Cardinal Virtues

Fig. 1 The five Cardinal Virtues

1. Prudence, 2. Wisdom, 3.Justice,
4. Mythos and 5. Thymos

Joannes Richter

Abstract
A limited number of allowed letters for the important words may have lead to the inheritance of the
sacred names such as MINOS, DYAUS, DIÉU(S) and *DJOUS ....
Basically these words had to be composed from 5 selected letters, which had to represent all 5
independent Places of articulation. The pentagrams often are defined as virtues, which are defined
as cardinal virtues, such as the goddesses METIS and ΘEMIS. These words describe the most
important cardinal virtues (“wisdom”, respectively “justice”).
If all peoples had to name a handful of cardinal virtues the supply of all pentagrams would have
been exhausted after a few centuries. Therefore a sharing of the important names may have been
practiced by neighboring peoples.
Therefore the Germanic words WITAS and TIWAZ for the cardinal virtues “wisdom” and “justice”
are copied from the Greek words METIS, respectively ΘEMIS. In contrast to the Greek goddesses
METIS & ΘEMIS the gender of the Germanic gods WITAS & TIWAZ is masculine.
In the course of time the definitions and the number of cardinal virtues may have varied. The
maximum of the cardinal virtues seemed to be seven, which matches to the seven spouses (or
consorts) of the sky-god Zeus.
In this essay I describe some strange effects in the name-giving of the seven cardinal virtues and the
seven consorts of Zeus.
The seven spouses of the sky-god Zeus
An analysis of the seven spouses of Zeus results in two goddesses who may be interpreted as
cardinal virtues. According to Hesiod Zeus married 7 consorts: (1) METIS (“wisdom”), (2) ΘEMIS
("divine law"), (3) Eurynome, (4) Demeter, (5) Mnemosyne, (6) Leto, (7) Hera. I could not identify
the other five goddesses as virtual virtues. Their names may belong to earlier religions or located in
remote or colonized regions.
• The two cardinal virtues (METIS and ΘEMIS) probably had been defined at the very
beginning of the pantheon of the sky-god's empire.
• Eurynome is linked to Artemis, whose name may be a pentagram and is related to Themis.
Artemis is a daughter of Leto.
• The name ArTEMIS (noun, feminine) is of unknown or uncertain etymology,[6][7] although
various sources have been proposed. R. S. P. Beekes suggested that the e/i interchange
points to a Pre-Greek origin.[8] Artemis was venerated in Lydia as ARTIMUS.[9]
• Only Zeus' first two consorts METIS and ΘEMIS may be proven as cardinal virtues, which
are also seem to be related to the Germanic deities Wotan and Tiwaz.
Name Pentagram virtue Details
Consort
Metis MÆTIS or METIS wisdom
Themis ΘEMIS Common divine law For all

Eurynome EURYNOME ARTEMIS / ARTIMUS religious law (in hunt) for hunting
(Artemis is suggested as a surname)
Demeter De-MITÉRA religious law in the for agriculture
Chtonic Mother Earth (Eleusinian Mysteries)
Mnemosyne "remembrance” of the memory branches rememBRANCe
(BRANC) of the forefathers
Leto in Lycian: “wife”; Pre-Greek origin Leto is the mother of
Artemis (ARTEMIS),
the goddess of the
hunt
Hera Pre-Greek origin
Table 1 According to Hesiod Zeus married 7 consorts

Metis
Probably Zeus was supposed to be a wild, young man at his first marriage with METIS. He had to
learn some wisdom from his nurse METIS, who helped him to rescue himself and his sisters and
brothers;
Metis is notable for helping a young Zeus free his siblings from his father Cronus' belly by
supplying him with a special drug. After Zeus became king, he and Metis were married, and
she bore him a daughter, Athena, the goddess of wisdom1.

1 Metis_(mythology) - Ancient Greek: Μῆτις ( MÆTIS )

The Greek word metis meant a quality that combined wisdom and cunning. The wisdom of Themis
differs from the "prudence", "wisdom" or "wise counsel".
In the end Zeus swallowed his pregnant consort, which resulted in the birth of Pallas Athena, who
became the new deity of wisdom. Athena was made the goddess of wisdom, warfare, and crafts.

Themis
His second consort was ΘÉMIS2 ("divine law"). She is the goddess and personification of justice,
divine order, fairness, law, and custom, and her symbols include the Scales of Justice.
There are several gods and therefore also more than one version Themis ("divine law"), who cannot
be ignored after the introduction of a new divine order. Each Themis may be honored for stability in
a social order.
A theocracy is a form of government in which a God or a deity is recognized as the supreme
civil ruler.
If there are several deities the number of virtues may also have to be expanded...

Eurynome (Ar-Themis)
After METIS and ThEMIS I would expect the next cardinal virtue would be Eurynome. The name
EURYNOME seemed to be founded on a pentagram EURYN.
EURYNOME was the third bride of Zeus and mother of the Charites, goddesses of grace
and beauty.[2] Hesiod names three – Aglaea ("Shining"), Euphrosyne ("Joy"), and Thalia
("Blooming")[2][1] .
I noticed EURYNOME's surname ARTEMIS may be interpreted as a variant of ΘEMIS:
Pausania claims: "Eurynome is believed by the people of Phigalia to be a surname of
Artemis (ARTEMIS). [10] 3
If ARTEMIS was to be interpreted as another ThEMIS the Eurynome might represent an ancient
version of a predecessor “Archaic Themis for Hunting”, maybe labeled: ThEMIS-2 (“Artemis”).

Demeter
The name Demeter is a derivation of “Mother4”, whose name in at least 5 languages is a pentagram:
MÓÐIR5, MIThER6, MITÉRA7, MATRI8 and MATIR9.
Demeter is linked to sacred law, and the cycle of life and death. This may be a link to a virtue in the
sense of another law, named religious law. Sacred or religious law includes ethical and moral codes
taught by religious traditions. This law (maybe “related to the Eleusinian Mysteries”) may have
been as lawful as the ΘÉMIS ("divine law").
Like her other siblings but Zeus, Demeter was swallowed by her father as an infant and
rescued by Zeus. Though Demeter is often described simply as the goddess of the
harvest, she presided also over the sacred law, and the cycle of life and death. She and
her daughter Persephone were the central figures of the Eleusinian Mysteries, a

2 Themis - Ancient Greek: Θέμις ( ΘÉMIS )

3 Pausanias, 8.41.6
4 Originally both parents Father and Mother both seemed to have been pentagrams.
5 Icelandic: Móðir - MÓÐIR
6 Scots: mither (MIThER)
7 Modern Greek: μητέρα (MITÉRA): [1]
8 Sicilian: [1] dativus: matri (MATRI)
9 Mother – van Doorn A (2016). "On The Gaulish Influence on Breton"
 religious tradition that predated the Olympian pantheon and which may have its roots in
the Mycenaean period c. 1400–1200 BC.[6]

An alternative Proto-Indo-European etymology comes through Potnia and Despoina,

where Des- represents a derivative of PIE *dem (house, dome), and Demeter is "mother
of the house" (from PIE *dems-méh₂tēr).[25] R. S. P. Beekes rejects a Greek
interpretation, but not necessarily an Indo-European one.[15] 10

The Demeter may also represent a predecessor “Archaic Themis for agriculture”, maybe labeled:
ThEMIS-3 (“De-MATIR”).

Mnemosyne (remembering)
The term Mnemosyne MNEMOSYNE is derived from the same source as the word mnemonic, that
being the Greek word mnēmē, which means "remembrance, memory".[1][2] 11
A repetitive "remembrance” of the memorial branches (BRANC) may be a virtue if it can be
switched off and on.

Leto (in Lycian: “wife”)

Leto is the mother of Artemis (ARTEMIS), the goddess of the hunt.
In ancient Greek mythology and religion, Leto (/ˈliːtoʊ/; Greek: Λητώ pronounced [lɛːtɔɔː], Lētṓ, or
Λατώ pronounced [laːtɔɔː], Lātṓ in Doric Greek) is a goddess and the mother of Apollo, the god of
music, and Artemis, the goddess of the hunt.[1]
In Roman mythology, Leto's Roman equivalent is Latona, a Latinization of her name, influenced
by Etruscan Letun.[4] In ancient art, she is presented as a modest, veiled women in the presence of
her children and Zeus, usually in the process of being carried off by the giant Tityos. 12
In 20th-century sources Leto is traditionally derived from Lycian lada, "wife", as her earliest cult
was centered in Lycia. Lycian lada may also be the origin of the Greek name Λήδα Leda. Other
scholars (Paul Kretschmer, Erich Bethe, Pierre Chantraine and R. S. P. Beekes) have suggested a
Pre-Greek origin.[6]

Hera
Hera may have been the first deity to whom the Greeks dedicated an enclosed roofed temple
sanctuary, at Samos about 800 BCE. It was replaced later by the Heraion of Samos, one of the
largest of all Greek temples (altars were in front of the temples under the open sky).
R. S. P. Beekes has suggested a Pre-Greek origin.[9] Her name is attested in Mycenaean Greek
written in the Linear B syllabic script as e-ra, appearing on tablets found in Pylos (PYLOS) and
Thebes,[10] as well in the Cypriotic dialect in the dative e-ra-i.[11] 13

10 Demeter (De-matir)
11 Mnemosyne (re-member)
12 Leto
13 Hera
The gender of the Greek cardinal virtues
The definitions of the cardinal virtues according to Aeschylus, Plato, Xenophon and Socrates signal
the existence of four cardinal virtues. The most prominent couple of virtues was METIS
(“wisdom”) and ΘEMIS (“justice”). The Greek virtues had been represented by female deities, who
were defined as the 1st respectively the 2nd consorts of Zeus.
The most important Greek virtues seem to correspond to a couple of the corresponding Germanic
gods (WITAS for “Wisdom” and TIWAZ for “Justice”). These male Germanic gods WITAS &
TIWAZ did correspond to the Greek female virtues METIS “wisdom” and ΘEMIS “justice”.
The paired names METIS & WITAS are equivalent pentagrams, was well as ΘEMIS & TIWAZ.

Definitions of the cardinal virtues according to Aeschylus

In Seven against Thebes (V. 610) the author Aeschylus (467 BCE) describes the 4 cardinal virtues to
characterize a man. He describes a man and uses the virtues as adjectives, which of course are referring to a
man:

Aeschylus (467 BCE) Plato in Politeia and Nomoi Xenophon (Socrates)

Seven against Thebes (V. 610) (375 BCE)
Greek English Greek English Greek English
sóphron wise Σωφροσύνη (female) prudence
(sophrosýne)
díkaios righteous Δικαιοσύνη (female) justice δικαιοσύνη justice
(dikaiosýne) (dikaiosýne)

eusebés pious Φρόνησις (female) cleverness εὐσέβεια piety

(phrónesis) wisdom (eusébeia)
σοφία (sophía)
Agathós brave ἀνδρεία (female) bravery
agathós (“good”) (andreia)

Table 2 Definitions of the cardinal virtues according to Aeschylus, Plato, Xenophon and Socrates
The masculine and female virtues
The first couples consorts (METIS ↔ ΘEMIS) of Zeus were interpreted as the virtues “wisdom”
and “justice” as goddesses. In these word compositions the roots “MET” ↔ “ΘEM” seemed to be
mirrored.
Some other compositions for the Greek words for a mirrored couple of “virtual” virtues
(ΜΥΥΘΟS ↔ ΘUMΌS) were masculine and did not really describe divine names. In Greek
language the gender may often be read from the extensions: usually the extensions “-os” are
masculine and “-is” often is female. There is no evidence these words had been used as
virtues, which would have been a contradiction against St. Augustine's claim that Greek
virtues should be goddesses (female deities):
Augustine of Hippo commented the divine symbols for the four cardinal virtues prudence, justice,
fortitude, and temperance as follows:
They [the pagans] have made Virtue also a goddess, which, indeed, if it could be a
goddess, had been preferable to many. And now, because it is not a goddess, but a gift of
God, let it be obtained by prayer from Him, by whom alone it can be given, and the
whole crowd of false gods vanishes. For as much as they have thought proper to
distribute virtue into four divisions—prudence, justice, fortitude, and temperance—
and as each of these divisions has its own virtues, faith is among the parts of justice, and
has the chief place with as many of us as know what that saying means, ‘The just shall
live by faith.’

— City of God, IV, 20 – by Augustine of Hippo in the early 5th century AD

In this sense Dante is claimed to have described the 4 cardinal virtues as four women. Also “ the
"mother" of all virtues” Providentia is female.
Dante Alighieri also attempts to relate the cardinal and theological virtues in his Divine
Comedy, most notably in the complex allegorical scheme drawn in Purgatorio XXIX
(24) to XXXI (31). Depicting a procession in the Garden of Eden (which the author
situates at the top of the mountain of purgatory), Dante describes a chariot drawn by a
gryphon and accompanied by a vast number of figures, among which stand three
women on the right side dressed in red, green and white, and four women on the left,
all dressed in red. 14.

Dante's four women in red “on the left in the depicting” may be the cardinal virtues: the Greek
words had to be interpreted as deities, which matches to METIS ↔ ΘEMIS, ΜΥΥΘΟS ↔ ΘUMΌS.

14 Source: Paragraph titled “In relation to the theological virtues” (in Wikipedia's cardinal virtues)
Modifications of patterns in the history of important words
Of course the words for the cardinal virtues have been modified in the course of time.
The genders of the words may have been adapted to match the virtues to the divine names for the
consorts of the sky-god.
Only a few divine names have been composed as pentagrams, which in this essay are highlighted
with the 5 colors lingual, palatal, guttural, labial and dental.

The most prominent words for the virtues

The post prominent virtue seems to be METIS (“wisdom”), to be followed by ΘEMIS ("divine
law"):
According to Hesiod Zeus married 7 consorts: METIS (“wisdom”), ΘEMIS ("divine law"),
Eurynome, Demeter, Mnemosyne, Leto, Hera. Although Hera had been honored by large
temples she was recorded as the latest spouse. The virtues had been defined at the very
beginning (at METIS and ΘEMIS) of the pantheon of the sky-god's empire.

Mirroring the virtues wisdom ↔ justice

Prudence (“wisdom”) was the “mother” of all virtues, who was virtually “mirrored” to Justice:
As the "mother" of all virtues Prudentia15 is an allegorical female personification of the
virtue, whose attributes are a mirror and snake, who is frequently depicted as a pair with
Justitia, the Roman goddess of Justice16.
However literally the name METIS for “wisdom” also mirrored (MET ↔ ΘEM) to the name
ΘEMIS for “justice”. Eventually METIS and Prudentia are equivalent representatives for
“wisdom”.

A supreme god in Etruscan mythology

In Etruscan mythology, VOLTUMNA or Veltha[1] was the chthonic (relating to or inhabiting the
underworld)[2] deity, who became[3] the supreme god of the Etruscan pantheon, the deus Etruriae
princeps, according to Varro.[4]17

Thor
Thor does not belong to the category of standard sky-god (“Dyaus”), but is derived from the Proto-
Germanic theonym *Þun(a)raz, meaning 'Thunder'. ÞUN(A)R is not a genuine pentagram.
Thor is the son of Odin and Jörð,[2] by way of his father Odin, he has numerous brothers, including
Baldr. The name of a Gothic deity named *TEIWS (later *TĪUS) may also be reconstructed based
on the ... meaning 'diurnal sky', hence 'daylight-sky god'

Ares
Ares is one of the Twelve Olympians, and the son of Zeus and Hera.[50]

15 As the "mother" of all virtues (in Wikipedia's Prudence)

16 Prudentia is an allegorical female personification of the virtue, whose attributes are a mirror and snake, who is
frequently depicted as a pair with Justitia, the Roman goddess of Justice.
17 Source: Veltha
The words Mythus and Thymus
• The word "myth" comes from Ancient Greek μῦθος (mȳthos),[52] meaning 'speech,
narrative, fiction, myth, plot'.
• Thumos (also commonly spelled 'thymos'; Greek: θυμός, male) is the Ancient Greek
concept of "spiritedness" (as in "a spirited stallion" or "spirited debate")18.

Shifted and switched letters between old and new patterns

Most patterns seem to have switched some vowels and consonants in the course of time:
Virtue / God Greek Etruscan Latin French Germanic Transitions
Virtual supreme Gods TINIA DONAR
VELThA
(Veltha)
Sky-God DI-WO-(S) *DJOUS DIÉU(S) TUISCO **WO* → **OU*
→ DziEUS (*****) (*****) *TEIWS
(*****)

Sky-God's (1) METIS,

Consorts (2) ThEMIS,
(3) Eurynome,
(4) Demeter,
(5) Mnemosyne,
(6) Leto,
(7) Hera → Uni → Juno
Children to the Triads Ares Menrva Mars Thor

(1) Prudence (female) Prudence Providentia

(2) Wisdom METIS MENRVA MINERVA WITAS ME*I* → WI*A*
Metis (female ) (*****) ( *****)
(3) Justice "divine law" ΘEMIS TINIA (?) *IUSTA justice TIWAZ *EMI* → *IWA*
Themis (female ) (*****) IUSTUS IUSTUS (*****)

(4) Piety ΜΥΥΘΟS ΜΥΥΘUS MYThE MYThe

Mythos (masculine) (μῦθος)
(5) Passion ΘUMΌS ΘUMΌS ThUMOS MUT
Thumos (masculine) ΘYMΌS ΘYMΌS WUT
(θυμός) thymus

Table 3 Shifted and switched letters between old and new patterns

18 Thumos
A role as the “Mother of all virtues” for Prudence
Of all definitions there is no pentagram available to describe the prudence-virtue. As a “Mother of
all virtues” she should be interpreted as another “swallowed” consort of Zeus.
Phronesis is derived from φρονέω (phronéō, “to think”) + -σις (-sis); the former from
φρήν (phrḗn, “mind”). Prudence was considered by the ancient Greeks and later on by
Christian philosophers, most notably Thomas Aquinas, as the cause, measure and form
of all virtues. It is considered to be the auriga virtutum or the charioteer of the virtues19.

In some of Plato's dialogues, Socrates proposes that phronēsis is a necessary condition

for all virtue.[2][3] Being good, is to be an intelligent or reasonable person with
intelligent and reasonable thoughts. Phronēsis allows a person to have moral or ethical
strength.[4] 20

Sophia
Aristotle points out that although sophia is higher and more serious than phronesis, the
highest pursuit of wisdom and happiness requires both, because phronesis facilitates
sophia.[9] He also associates phronesis with political ability.[10] According to
Aristotle's theory of rhetoric, phronesis is one of the three types of appeal to character
(ethos). The other two are respectively appeals to arete (ἀρετή, virtue) and eunoia
(εὔνοιᾰ, romanized: eúnoia goodwill).[11] 21

19 Prudence - As the "mother" of all virtues

20 Phronesis, in Greek philosophy: practical wisdom
21 Phronesis, Aristotle
Inherited pentagrams for the deities in the pantheons

The inherited words for the sky-gods

In Linear-B the names for the sky-god Zeus (*Dii ēus) are DI-WE or DI-WO and may be extended to
DI-WE (S) or DI-WO (S). These names are equivalent to the Germanic name TIWAZ and
eventually TEIWS.
The names (*****) for the sky-gods also had been expanded to the PIE-sky-god DYEUS (*Dyeus),
DIAUS (Dyáuṣ Pitṛ)ṛ , the Provencal and French DIÉU(S) (Dieu) and Italian sky-god *DJOUS
PATĒR) (for Jupiter).
In the course of time the patterns for the sky-gods switched from DI-WO (S) (*****) to *DJOUS
(*****).
The original Germanic sky-god may have been an equivalent of the Gothic sky-god TEIWS
(*****), in which the pattern is an equivalent of the standard PIE-names Dyáuṣ and *Dyeus.
The Germanic supreme god Donar (DONAR) may have been inherited from a predecessor sky-god
which was shared with the Etruscan source TINIA.

Inherited words for the virtue “Wisdom” (female)

The name MINOS (Minos) may also have been inherited to the Latin MINERVA, who is the
goddess for wisdom in Rome. This would characterize MINOS to a “wise king” in Crete.
MENRVA and MINERVA are Etruscan & Roman names for Metis, the Hellenic deity of wisdom.
Symbolically the pentagram MINERVA is an equivalent to the Cretan name MINOS (Minos).
The Etruscan goddess MENRVA (“wisdom”) is equivalent to the Greek goddess METIS (Metis,
“wisdom”), in which only the Etruscan palatal vowel I is missing in the Etruscan name MENRVA.
The Germanic word for wisdom may have been “WITAS” (to “wit”) and may have been inherited
from the Greek METIS (Metis, “wisdom”), in which only two vowels (A, E ↔ I) and one
consonant (W ↔ M) had to be switched.
In the course of time the pattern METIS (*****) for the virtue “wisdom” may have evolved
modified from the Greek definition to the Germanic “WITAS” ( ***** , to “wit”).

Inherited words for the virtue “Justice” (female)

The Germanic word for justice was TIWAZ (*Tīwaz, abbreviated to Tiw, honored in Tuesday),
which is comparable to the Hellenic word ThEMIS (Themis) for justice, in which again only two
vowels (A, E ↔ I) and one consonant (W ↔ M) had to be switched.
In the course of time the pattern for the virtue “justice” may have evolved modified from ThEMIS
(*****) to TIWAZ (*****).
The root word for Roman “justice” may be reconstructed as “*IUSTA”, which may have inherited
from *DJOUS PATĒR) (for Jupiter).
Inherited words for the virtue Mythos (masculine)
The word "myth" comes from Ancient Greek μῦθος (MȲThOS),[52] meaning 'speech, narrative,
fiction, myth, plot'. Myths are anything transmitted by word of mouth, such as a fable, legend,
narrative, story, or tale (especially a poetic tale). 22

Inherited words for the virtue Thumos (masculine)

In Homer's works, ThYMOS (θυμός or 'thymos') was used to denote emotions, desire, or an internal
urge. Thumos was a permanent possession of living man, to which his thinking and feeling
belonged. When a Homeric hero is under emotional stress, he may externalize his thumos and
converse with or scold it.[1] Thumos was also commonly spelled 'thymos'.23

22 mythos
23 Thumos
Various Royal names and Creators as pentagrams

Minos
Symbolically the Cretan royal name MINOS (Minos) may have shared the pattern of the
Greek METIS (Metis, “wisdom”), in which only two vowels (O, E ↔ I) and one consonant
(N ↔ T) had to be switched.
A number of patterns for important words seem to have been shared with neighboring peoples. This
mechanism is studied in this essay.

Louis
In FRANCe the names of the royal pedigree started with a pentagram C LOVIS and resulted in a
long pedigree with numerous names LOUIS or in English LEWIS.

The etymology of Spina

Spina (SPINA) is an Etruscan port city at the mouth of the river Padus, established by
the end of the 6th century BCE on the Adriatic, Italy.

SPAIN may have been interpreted as the world's SPINE24 which was identified in the Atlas'
mountains near Gibraltar. The Phoenicians and Carthaginians referred to the region as SPANIA,
therefore the most widely accepted etymology is a Levant-Phoenician one.[22] 25.
The name-giving of the royal families might have been founded on the world's SPINE. Maybe they
inherited the wish for pentagrams to the FRANKish royal families.
La Espina (ESPINA) is one of 28 parishes. Noble surnames, such as ESPINA, evoke images of the
ancient homeland of the Spanish people. The ESPINA family name is derived from one of several
places ...The surname ESPINA was first found in Castile, an important Christian kingdom of
medieval Spain. Spelling variations of this family name include: Espinosa, Espinoso, Espinoza,
Espinozo, ESPINA and many more. 26
Of all these names I remember the best: SPINOZA27, who was the most prominent philosopher of
his time. Spinoza became a leading philosophical figure of the Dutch Golden Age. Spinoza's given
name, which means "Blessed", varies among different languages. 28 His family's may have been
origin Espinosa de los Monteros near Burgos in Spain.
Albanian: SHPINË English: SPINE Italian: SPINA Sardinian: ISPINA, SPINA
Asturian: ESPINA French: ÉPINE Occitan: ESPINA Sicilian: SPINA
Catalan: ESPINA Friulian: SPINE Portuguese: ESPINHA Spanish: ESPINA
Dalmatian: SPAINA Galician: ESPIÑA Romansch: SPINA, SPEGNAVenetian: SPINA
The names for Spain - The SPINE of the world or Hamlett's Mill ?29
24 Traditionally thought to derive from a Phoenician/Punic name (ʾiy šapan) meaning "land of hyraxes" (cognate to
Hebrew ‫ןן‬‎‫ןפ‬‎‫( ש‬shafan, “hyrax”)), maybe applied because the Phoenicians thought the land's many rabbits resembled
hyraxes. This theory had some currency among Roman authors,[1] and may explain why Hispania is depicted with
rabbits on some Roman coins. But later scholars have sometimes doubted this interpretation[2] and proposed other
possible Phoenician etyma, like (‘I ṢAPUN "(is)land to the north").[3] (Source: Etymology Hispania)
25 Etymology of Spain
26 Source: Espina History, Family Crest & Coats of Arms - HouseofNames
27 Baruch (de) Spinoza[12][b] (born Bento de Espinosa;[16][17][18] later as an author and a correspondent Benedictus
de Spinoza, anglicized to Benedict de Spinoza; 24 November 1632 – 21 February 1677 [19][20]) was a Dutch
philosopher of Portuguese-Jewish origin, born in Amsterdam.[21]
28 De Sefardische familie Spinoza (d'Espinosa in het Portugees) kwam volgens sommige historici uit de plaats
Espinosa de los Monteros, bij Burgos in Spanje. (source in Dutch: chapter Familie in Benedictus_de_Spinoza)
29 Overview of the Descendants (Latin) in Wiktionary entry: spina
Runga
In the most remote region Rapa Nui/Easter-island the name of the Creator is a pentagram RUNGA.
For the Māori the names Rangi & Papa symbolize the Sky & Earth.

The paradisaical rivers

In religion, paradise is a place of exceptional happiness and delight. ... as well as its
derivative PĀLĪZ (or "jālīz"), which denotes a vegetable patch 30. Modern Persian palīz
'garden' may be derived from Middle Persian palēz.31

In the Garden of Eden the name-giving for the four rivers Euphrates, Tigris, Pis(h)on and Gihon32
may have been synchronized with the names for the parents “father and “mother” (PITER and
MODIR), in which the male words follow the pattern ***** and the female words the pattern
*****.
These patterns define the gender “masculine” for the FIRAT (Euphrates) and PISON (Pis(h)on) and
the gender “female” for the MEZIN (Tigris) and PASIN (Gihon). The patterns ***** and *****
may symbolize eternity, which in the rivers represents eternal fertility and in the parental relations
eternal procreation.
The original name of the garden may have been PĀLĪZ irrigated and surrounded by 4 carefully
named and well-designed water supplies, named: FIRAT, MEZIN, PISON, P ASIN33.

30 Paradise
31 Although the genuine Old Persian form must have been *paridaida-, Modern Persian palīz 'garden' from Middle
Persian palēz presupposes a variant *pardaiza- (with syncope of -i-), which seems to be the cognate of *paridaida-
from a different Iranian language (Avestan, Median or Parthian) borrowed into Persian still in an early period. See
Proto-Iranian *paridaiźa-.
32 A Confirmation of the Rivers of Paradise
33 Source: The Paradisaical Language
Summary

An overview for Greek, Latin and Germanic pantheons

• The Mother of all virtues Prudence is related to the sky-gods Zeus / Jupiter / Teiws.
• The divine triad Metis / Minerva / Witan represents the virtue “wisdom”.
• The divine triad Themis / Iustitia / Tiwaz represents the virtue “justice”.
• The genders of the Greek virtues Metis & Themis are female. Zeus is masculine.
• The genders of the most prominent Germanic virtues Teiws / Witan / Tiwaz are masculine.
• The (masculine) words Mythos & Thymos represent the 4th & 5th virtues Piety & Passion.

Fig. 2 The five Cardinal Virtues

1. Prudence, 2. Wisdom, 3.Justice,
4. Mythos and 5. Thymos
•
A limited number of allowed letters for the important words may have lead to the inheritance of the
sacred names such as MINOS, DYAUS, DIÉU(S) and *DJOUS ....
Basically these words had to be composed from 5 selected letters, which had to represent all 5
independent Places of articulation. The pentagrams often are defined as virtues, which are defined
as cardinal virtues, such as the goddesses METIS and ΘEMIS. These words describe the most
important cardinal virtues (“wisdom”, respectively “justice”).
If all peoples had to name a handful of cardinal virtues the supply of all pentagrams would have
been exhausted after a few centuries. Therefore a sharing of the important names may have been
practiced by neighboring peoples.
Therefore the Germanic words WITAS and TIWAZ for the cardinal virtues “wisdom” and “justice”
are copied from the Greek words METIS, respectively ΘEMIS. In contrast to the Greek goddesses
METIS & ΘEMIS the gender of the Germanic gods WITAS & TIWAZ is masculine.
In the course of time the definitions and the number of cardinal virtues may have varied. The
maximum of the cardinal virtues seemed to be seven, which matches to the seven spouses (or
consorts) of the sky-god Zeus.
In this essay I describe some strange effects in the name-giving of the seven cardinal virtues and the
seven consorts of Zeus.
Contents
Abstract.................................................................................................................................................1
The seven spouses of the sky-god Zeus...............................................................................................2
The gender of the Greek cardinal virtues.............................................................................................5
The masculine and female virtues........................................................................................................6
Modifications of patterns in the history of important words................................................................7
Inherited pentagrams for the deities in the pantheons........................................................................10
Various Royal names and Creators as pentagrams.............................................................................12
Summary ............................................................................................................................................14