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    The Lydians and Their Ionian and Aiolian

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    SU CELIK

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    ‘Yaps Kredi Yagi ISBN 978.975-08-1746-5 -3055, LIDYALILAR ve DUNYALARI ‘THE LYDIANS AND THEIR WORLD ‘Sart Amerikan Haftiyac Heveei, Kazt Baskent Archaeological Exploration of Sardis Director: Prof. Dr. Nicholas D. Cahill ‘Src Amerikan Hafiiyae Heyeti, Onursal Kara Bagkans Archacolegical Exploration of Sardis, Director Emereus Prof. Dr. Crawford H. Greenewale, Je. Sergi Organizasyonu Exhibition Organization Seniae Senile Yayin Hazueli Publication By ‘Nihat Teledemie Redaksiyon Redzction Selahatein Ozpalabiyslar Grafik Tasacion Graphic Design Yesim Balaban Grafik Uygulama Graphic Application Hasan Frat, Banu Gimen Gevieiler Translations Girkan Ergin, Senem Orden (Katalog / Catalogue) Gozin Een ~ Fea Can 125-134, 135-142, 201-216, 217-224, 253-246 Divzelti Proofreading ‘Kenc Williams, Evren lak Bruce, Jaclyn Wakefield Biliz Okan Fowoifeaflar Photographs Sare Amerikan Hoafryst Heyeti Anjivi / Archacologicel Exploration of Srdis Archive; Crawiord H. Greenewale, Jr Cental Lydia Archacological Survey ‘Yapi Kredi Kile Sanse Yay Argivi ‘gin forogcaflayan Hakan Ezilmex Baskt Print Oifset Yapimevi ‘Yahya Kemal Mab, Suir Sk. No: 4 Kajithane /fstunbal 1. Bask Istanbul, Soba 2010 Ist Procng® Istanbul, Rebrary 2000 (© Yopu Kredi Kile Sanat Vayancilk Ticarec ve Sanayi A. 2010, Sertfika No Certificate No 12334 Yop Kredi Kuler Sanat Yayincik Ticare ve Sanayi AS, ‘Yap Kredi Kuler Meskess {stklal Caddesi No. 161 Beye 3433 fsanbul Telefon: (0-212) 252 47 0 (pb Faks: (0 212) 293 07 23 Inept jeyhulee comet posta: ykykuleur@ykykaleurcom.e cence sug adres: berpilsvecayapiked.com ee “Tesekkirler Acknowledgements ‘T.C, Kuler ve Turizm Bakanlift Kuleue Varlikler ve Muaeler Genet Madirlogt: Genel Mud: Olay Dagogls Genel Miidir Yardimeis: Nermin Begbas Mizeler ve Dis lligkliler Dsire Baskani: Zulkif Yilmaz ‘A.B. Kultiet Faaliyedter ve Di ligkiler ube Muda; Nilufer Bran Mize Usman: Makbule Burcu Bir ManiseAckeooji Mzesi Mods: Méyesse Tosuabap ‘Ankara Anadolu Medeniyederi Mies! MidUet: Melih Arslan His Arkeoloji Mest Midi: Cengi Polat Jamie Arkeoloji Mzesi Mika: Mehmet Tuna Incanbal Arkcooji Mizesi Madr: Zeynep Kizlan Mex Mozsi Mudie: Hesibe Aka slam cemig Mises Mii: Sevds Gin Vehi Kog Vali Sdberk Hanicn Mizesi Mid: Hiya Bila Gordion Askeloik Pojes / Gordon Archucological Proece “Teoman Yalenkaya/ Sardis Project Katalogda Ere Gegen / Assistance wih Catsog Howard Crane, Gareth Darbyshice, Gul Gurtekin Demi, ‘Susanne Ebbinghaus, Elizabeth Gorsbosi, Katherine Kiefer, Carlos A. Picén, Andrew Ramage, Marcus L, Raueman, Felipe Rois, 6G. Kenneth Sams, Martin Schwartz, Serdar Giikhan Senol ‘Sergi Eserlerinin Konservasyon Galigmast, 2009 ‘Conservation of Exhibition Objects, 2009 Briana Feston, Astrid van Giffen, Jennifer Kim, Julia Sybalsky, Tiffia Thompson Lidya Bserleri Hazirhigs Coordination of Lydian objects Emin Torun, Yesim Nehir Yur, TUlay Kogyific, Tete Gokeick, ‘Mustafa Metin Elif Erginer, Mustafa Kiremicgi, Gilbabar Baren Geik, Turan Gakyaldirim, Sedet Oxtopbas, Pervin Bayukkolancy, Ile Pancar, Feride Kat, Aygen Copkuncuna, ‘Sergi Tasanm Exhibition Design Sadik Keramostafa, Ayge Karamustafe Sergi Projesi Uygulama Application of Exhibition Project [chan Akgun Sergi Hserleri Naklivesi Transportation ‘Asya Nakliyat Incernational Movers “Aydinacona ve Teknik ler ighting and Technical Works ‘Serger, Marae Morir Bu katalog, Yap: Kredi Kile Sanat Yayincike A$. carafindan, 19 Subat - 15 Mayis 2010 tarihleri arasinda Yap1 Kredi Vedat Nedim ‘Tor Mazes'ade agilan "Lidyalar ve Danyalan” seri dolayasiyl Yap. ve Kredi Banks AS. igin hairline ‘This catalogue has been prepared by Yapt Kredi Caleure, Ace and Pablishing for Yaps ve Kredi Banks A§-on che occasion ofthe exhibition “The Lydians and Theie World’, held between February 19 May 15,2010 at Yap Kredi Vadee Nedim Tor Museum. (ISTAKRB 16, Misz 2010 Lidyalilar ve Diinyalari The Lydians and Their World Hazirlayan / Edited by: Prof. Dr. Nicholas D. Cahill | ae pon 89 403 | KOLTUR veruatan BAKANLIG! one Varian ve Mazel Gee Mur isTANBUL Lidyalilarin Komsulart lyonyalilar ve Aiolia’lilar The Lydians and their lonian and Aiolian Neighbours Michael Kerschner Erken Demir Cagi: Baslangte ‘Yunan anakarasindan gic edenlerin Anadolirnun Ege kryisina yerlesmesineen tibaren Iyonyallar ve Ajoliablar MO 1, yiizyslin sonn, yani Erker Demir Gajginin baslarindan beri Lilalsaein batt komgt- lanydilar. Bu topluluklar Egenin baci kiytsinda ve adalarda bie dizi yerlesim kurrmugtu, Yeni gelenler zaten iskin edilmig balgelere gelmislerdir, ancak iggali durcurabilecekgiigli bir merkect yéinetim bulun- mamaktaydl. Bu durumun slirtismelere gebe olduigu agikear ve birgok Tyonya gehrinin kurulas efsancsi ‘Yunanliarla Anadolu halklartarasindaki catismalan anlatmakeacit. Yeni gelenler yerli coplumlaca go- ‘Bunlukla Karialilar ve Lelegler olmak iizere farklt etnikisimler vermislerdir; bunlarinarasinda Lidyablar ‘da vardir (Pausanias VII 2, 6). Bununla beraber sz konusu. déinemi anlaran antik kaynalclar muglak ve celigkiliiz. MO 12. yiizyslin baslarinda Hicie ve Miken uygarhikarsnin yikilmasindan sonra yaza Batt ‘Anadolu ve Ege'de kayboldujundan dolays higbir gajdag kayst bulunmamaktedie. Bu “Karanlik Gajlat” ile ilgili cari olaylar ve sartlar hakkandaki bilgilerimiz gok sonraki déinemlerde kaleme alinmus gelenek- sel eSanencerin zayifcemellerine ve arkeolojk verlere dayanmaktadir. Bunlar dogrudan tarihi kaynablar degildir, ama elestrel inceleme ve aciklamaya gerek duyatlar. MO 1. binyilin ilk tig yiizyilinda Lidya Heraklesogullart silalesinin yénetiminde kiigik bit beylikei. Sardeis'in kuzeyinde Hermos (Gediz) Nehrinin sulad:ii verimli ovaya odaklanasy bit ‘The beginnings in the Early Iron Age Tonians and Aiolians were the western neighbours ofthe Lydians since the beginning of the Eaely Iron ‘Ageat the end of the LI" century BC, when immigrants from the Greek mainland had started to establish themselves on the Aeyean lictoral of Anatolia. ‘They founded a chain of settlements along the west coast and on the offshore islands. The newcomers arrived in already inhabited territory, although there was no strong central power char could prevent the seizare. This situation was obviously conflict laden, and the foundation legends of many Ionian cities narrate clashes between Greeks and Anatolians. The immigrants cksignated the indigenous people using different ethnonyms, mostly as Carians and Lelegians, but also as Lydian (Pausanias VI, 2, 6). Yer, che anciene sources for this early period are vague and contradictory. ‘There exise no contemporancous records, since liceracy had been lost in western Anatolia and the Aegean after the breakdown of the Hittite and the Mycenaean civilizations in the early 12 century BC. This is ‘why our notion of the historical events and conditions during these “Dark Ages” depends on the shaky foundations of traditional legends wrieten down in mach later periods on the one hand, the archaeological record on the other. These are not direct historical sources, but need critical analysis and interpretation, Daring the firse ehree centuries of ehe firse millennium BC, Lydia was a small principality un- det the reign of the Herakleid dynasty. It was an inland power focused on the fertile Hermus plain | Protogeometri: Liye | ev, P 6.107), Sehtor Ho, Tunak bike yk Lydian Protopsometre cup 68.107), Secor Hous of es, Helgt wi handle 13:5 ena Koren kkarasal giigtii ve anlasilan ntifuzu daha kiyiya wlasmamusti. Ancak bu hedeften cok uzak dey di ve Belkahve ve Karabel gibi algak gecitler gibi Hermos Vadisi de ideal bir ticarer yoluydu. Dolayssiyla Sardeis'eki arkeolojik buluncularin da gésterdigi tizere, Lidyalilarin Yunan komgu- laniyla basindan beri ckonomik ve kiltirel iligkileri olmass gagurtic defildit, Daha MO 10. yiiz- yilda Sardeisteki gémlek ustalary Yanan Protogcomecrik tislubundan etkilenmislerdi (Res. 1). Ge¢ Geometsik Diineme dein —oftu boyehi ithal Yanan vazolari saytca cok azdir. Ardindan, Sacdeisee hem iyonya'dan hem de Korinthostan gelen kaliteli mallara bakilirsa MO 8. yéizyslin ikinci yarisinda Ege ile iligkiler artmistir. Fakat lyonyalilarin bunlar kargihginda ne aldiklact acik deildir. Simdiye kadar lyonys'daki (Proto\Geometrik kontekrslerde tanimlanabilen Lidya buluneusuna rastlanmamistsr, ama bilgede Demir Gag tabakelart nadiren ortaya ciktijindan bu north of Sardis, and its influence had, it seems, not yet reached the coast. ‘The distance was nor far, though, and the Hermus valley was an ideal erade route, as were che low passes of Belkahve and Karabel. Thus it is not surprising hac the Lydians had economic and cultural contacts with their Greek neighbours from the outset, as is indicated by archaeological finds from Sardis. Already in D. In terms of quantity, Greek imports ~ mostly painted pottery — are no more than a trickle uncil the Late Geometric period. Then, in the second hal Aegean intensified, judging by the increasing amount of imported fine ware reaching Sardis from Up to now there are no identifiable Lydian finds from (Proto)Geomettic contexts in Iyoaya, but this may be the 10* century BC, potters at Sardis were inspired by the Greek Protogeomettic style (F fof the eighth century BC, contacts with the och Iyonya and Corinth. It is not clear, however, what the Tonians gor in exchang a coincidence, as Early Tron Age deposits are still scarce in this region. Furthermore, painted pot- tery and metal objects, which are the main indicators of trade in the archaeological record, did not constitute the balk of commodicies. Most exports were perishable and therefore are invisible to archaeologists ~- for instance, perfumes, textiles, and furniture, three products for which Lydia was famous Lydia under the Mermnad dynasty (ca. 680-547/30 BC) and the East Greeks ‘The seventh and early sixth centuries BC saw the rapid rise of Lydia from a medium-scale region- al kingdom to the supreme power in western Anatolia. The advancement started soon after Gyges had seized the throne and founded the new dynasty of he Mermnads arounel 680 BC. The economic basis was che systematic exploitation and processing of the gold from the Paktolos. After King Aly- attes had driven the nomadic Kimmerians out of Asia Minor, the Lydian territory expanded quickly in all directions, including to che western littoral, where the Ionians and Aiolians lived (Fig, 2) Ljaann Komsuan orator ve ila sadece bir tesadiif olabilir. Ustelik, arkeolojik bulgular arasinda ticaretin ana gistergeleri olan bo- yal canak-cimlek ve metal nesneler ticati mallarin bittUintinii temsil etmemektedir. Gow ihrag malt dayaniksradie (organik) Genejgin Lidya'nin tinli mallart parfiimler, kumaslar ve mobilya) ve arkeologlar tarafindan tespir edilemeyebilirler. Mermnad Stlalesi Idaresinde Lidya (yak. MO 680-547/530) ve Dogu Yunanhilar MO 7 ve 6. yiizysllar Lidya’nin orca biiyiiklikee bélgesel bir krallikran gikip Bact Anadolu’ daki en biiyitk giig olmasina tamklik etmisti. Geligme Gyges'in taht: ele gecirip MO 680 civarinda yeni Mermand siilalesini baslatmasindan hemen sonra meydana gelmistic. Kralligin ekonomisi Paktolos Gayindan gikarilan altimin sistematik bicimde iglenmesi ve igletilmesine dayansyordu. Kral Alyattes g6cebe Kimmerleri Kiigitk Asya'dan cikardiktan sonra Lidya topraklart Iyonyalslar ve Aiolialliarin yagadigi batt kiyrlart da dabil olmak iizete her yéine dojira hizla geniglemigtir (Res. 1) Kaynaklar Antik kaynaklar Lidya Krallytimin alcin caine Onceki dinemlerine gore gok daha fazla yer vermistit. Ikisi de MO 7. yilayslda yasamig Yanan saieler Paros'lu Arkhilokhos ve Kolophon’lu Mimnermosun siitlerinde Gygesten bahsedilir. Ancake Mermnad silalesi krallani ve onlarin Yur anlilatla iligkilesi hakkindaki temel kaynagumsz, eseri ‘otopiar'da (Tari) Lidya’ya wzun bit bé- iim aysemig ve Kroisos zamanina odaklanmis (1, 6-94) Herodotostur. Eldeki cim kaynaklar sadece Yunan bakig acisins yansitmaktadse. Dikkac cekici bir istisna, Herodotostun gagdast ve Yunanca yaaulois en eski rarih kitaplarindan biri olan AuStaxtinin (Lidya Tarihi) yacari Lidyalt Ksanthostur (MO 5. yiizytl). Ancak eseri birkac fragman disinda kayipest Sources ‘The heyday of the Lydian kingdom is mach better documented by ancient sources chan the pre~ ceding period. There already exist statements about Gyges by the Greek poers Archilochos of Paros and Mimnermos of Kolophon, both living in the seventh century BC. Our main source about the ‘Mermnad kings and their relations with the Greeks, however, is Herodotos, who dedicated a long chapter of his “lotopiat Histories’) (1, 6-94) to Lydia, focusing on the time of Kroisos. All extant texts are written by Greek authors mirroring the Greek perspective only. A remarkable exception is Xanthos of Lydia (Fifth century BC), a contemporary of Herodotos, whose Avdtaxeé ~ a history of Lydia — is one of the earliest history books written in Greek. It is, however, lost except fora few fragments Political relations between the Mermnad kingdom and the East Greek poleis, ‘The Greek authors relate a series of military assaults on Ionian cities (Fig. 2), starting with Gyges, who attacked Smyma, Kolophon, and Miletos. His son Ardys captured Priene and again attacked Miletos, as did Atdys’ son Sadyattes, who, in turn, passed on this conflict co his son and successor, Alyattes. After having defeated the Kimmerians decisively, Alyacces took Smyrna, be- sieyed Priene, and invaded Klazomena, although in vain, It was Alyactes’ son, Kroisos, che last of the Lydian kings, who finally conquered all of lyonya and Aiolis. At first he attacked Ephesos, “and subsequently each of the Ionian and Aiolian cities one by one, bringing different accusations against every township. (He brought) the Greeks in Asia inco triburary status toward him ..” (Herodotos 1, 26-27). Only the Ease Greek islands remained beyond Lydian control, since Kroisos was not in pos- session of a fleet to attack chem. The Mermnads tried, however, to exert influence even on the off- shore islands during civil strife by offeting financial support to political factions, such as the group The Lys and ter ain and Alon Neghbours Mormmnaa sae ind Lida iyonyave ak peisleme sec a Weber, W.Kescherin be na gh, Lian exansion yt nd Allis under the tae! Kerzner Lydian heartland Lydian kingdom under Alyattes and Kroisos ‘temporarily under Lydian dominance or influence Lydian attacks against lonian poleis from Gyges to Alyattes THE LYDIAN EXPANSION TO IONIA AND AIOLIS UNDER THE MERMNAD DYNASTY oO 100 km. Ses @ member cities of the lonian League draft: M. Kerschner drawn: |. Benda-Weber Lusjtann Kongai onal ve Alolislisr Mermnad Sulalesi ile Dogu Yunan Sehirleri Arasindaki Siyasi liskiler ‘Yanan kaynaklart Smyrna, Kolophon ve Miletosa saldiran Gygesten baslayarak lyonya gehirlerine

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