Final Paper Quantitative

DON MARIANO MARCOS MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
MID LA UNION CAMPUS

COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES
Psychology Department
PSYC 107 – Field Methods in Psychology
A.Y. 2022-2023, 1st Semester
Assessing the Relationship Between Sexual Orientation and the High-Risk of Social
Anxiety Disorder Among College Students
Submitted by:
Lacanaria, Sandra G.
Laranang, Ana Marie M.
Mislang, Mary Joyce S.
Submitted to:
Mrs. Arvella Albay
Field Methods in Psychology Instructor
Date submitted: 17/ September / 2022

MID LA UNION CAMPUS
ABSTRACT
MID LA UNION CAMPUS
INTRODUCTION
Overview
This chapter present the introduction of the research study. It includes the
review of related literature, and the statement of the problem.
Situational Analysis
Growing up as a member in the LGBTQIA+ community, there were probably not
many models of relationships that were applicable to them. In the simplest words, it's
similar to being born left-handed and growing up in a right-handed society thus; it can
even entail open violence or hate crimes, to put it in more grave words. It also
develops the ability to assess each circumstance and decide if it is safe for them to be
themselves. This is a typical reaction to ongoing bias and discrimination, but it can
also cause guilt, fear and to extent can cause anxiety.
Gilmour (2019) mentioned that a research has evaluated sexual orientation in
terms of sexual behavior, sexual attraction, or self-identity; each of these three
categories has produced estimates of the prevalence of sexual orientation that are a
little bit different. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people as well as
many other orientations, such as queer, pansexual, and asexual people, are included
in the category of sexual minority individuals (Skelton, et.al., 2018). Mahon, et.al.
(2018), stated in their study that in the preliminary findings, gay and lesbian adults
who identify as sexual minorities had lower levels of social anxiety.

MID LA UNION CAMPUS
The fact that Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) typically manifests in adolescence
(Myar, 2018), when LGBTQIA+ people may be experiencing their first experiences with
hate and humiliation for who they are, is also significant. These outside signals may
eventually become internalized and affect the way they view themselves thus, if the
outside world constantly sends conflicting messages about who they are, then they
could come to believe that they are imperfect and unlovable at last, their mental
health may suffer significant, long-lasting harm as a result of this encounter (Cuncic,
2021).
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, Intersex and Asexual (LGBTQIA+)
individuals are not unfamiliar to anyone therefore this notion of uniqueness in sexual
orientation is more widely recognized in contemporary society than in the past. In a
global setting, lack of recognition, legal difficulties, refusal of medical care, and the
stigma associated with LGBTQIA+ individuals. Despite being widely acknowledged, the
lived experiences of LGBTQIA+ persons have drawn criticism leading into psychological
disorders like depression and anxiety.
The notion of social stress expands the theory of stress by proposing that
factors in the social environment, in addition to personal events, are causes of stress
that can result in mental and physical ill health. People who belong to stigmatized
social groups, such as those based on socioeconomic class, race/ethnicity, gender, or
sexual orientation, might therefore be predicted to experience a significant impact
from social stress. According to these formulations, prejudice and discrimination

MID LA UNION CAMPUS
based on low socioeconomic status, racism, sexism, or homophobia can induce
changes that necessitate adaptation and are therefore conceptualized as stressful
(Allison, 1998; Barnett, Biener, & Baruch, 1987; Clark, Anderson, Clark, & Williams,
1999; Meyer, 1995; Mirowsky & Ross, 1989; Pearlin, 1999). According to the Anxiety
and Depression Association of America, between 30% and 60% of LGBTQIA+ people live
with anxiety and depression at some point in their lives, and they are 1.5 to 2.5 times
at higher risk for these disorders than heterosexual (Dr. Goldman, 2021).
Moreover, according to the minority stress theory (Meyer, 2003), the increased
prevalence of mental health issues among LGBTQI+ is a result of the increased level of
social stress, which includes stigma, discrimination, prejudice, and victimization.
Adolescence is a crucial period of neurodevelopment, characterized by heightened
effects of stress on mental health, significant memory system development, and
heightened sensitivity to drug use (Fuhrmann et al. 2018). Feeling discriminated
against by educational, medical, or religious institutions or internalizing feelings of
victimization due to homophobia, transphobia, or biphobia can result in significant
psychological challenges for sexual and gender minority youth during this crucial
developmental period (Russell and Fish 2017). Consistent evidence demonstrates that
issues such as marginalization, isolation, exclusion, and bullying contribute to the
social stress of sexual and gender minority (Grossman et al. 2017; Hafeez et al. 2019).
Inaccessibility to understanding adults, safe spaces, and changing facilities imposes an
additional psychological burden. However, as Bryan and Maycock (2017) note, this can
MID LA UNION CAMPUS
create a pathologizing phenomenon, which paradoxically may stigmatize well-
adjusted and content LGBTQI+ who manage their lives with psychological ease.
Furthermore, the minority stress theory (Wilkerson et al., 2019) suggests that the
mental health of LGBTQIA+ identifying individuals is affected by the degree to which
their social environment stigmatizes gender and/or sexual minorities and the degree
to which they must conceal their nonconformity and identity.
This theory is complementary to the social ties theory, which posits that
LGBTQIA+ mental health is also influenced by the strength of primary (close friends
and family) and secondary (peers) social relationships. If a sexual minority member in
an environment has fewer and/or weaker social ties, he/she/they will experience
greater minority stress, and vice versa.
Although studying a group that is mainly shrouded in secrecy makes it
exceedingly difficult to get a representative sample, it indicates that LGBTQIA+
teenagers and young adults have a disproportionately high prevalence of anxiety,
despair, and suicide attempts. Recent study shows that LGBTQIA+ community
experiencing lack of self-confidence and feeling nervous when communicating to
other people due to the mindset that they are being judged or scrutinized by those
people that surrounds them. The fear and phobia to socialize with other people seems
hard to the LGBTQIA+ members even when meeting other people, attending social
gatherings and talking to other people (Adlefy, 2019).

MID LA UNION CAMPUS
According to structuration theory, structures and systems generate particular
practices by way of their deeply embedded rules (Fredman, Schultz, & Hoffman,
2015). Systems in this context are defined as "observable patterns of relationships in
practices, including relations between operations and divisions," whereas structures
are defined as "rules and resources individuals draw on to participate in systems..."
(Fredman, Schultz, & Hoffman, 2015). These normative structures and systems are
reproduced by individuals who choose to follow their rules, thereby perpetuating an
oppressive cycle for "non-normative" community members. Since before the era of
racial segregation, the United States has had a history of exclusionary education
policy, which is continued in the expulsion of transgender people (and the LGBTQ
community as a whole) from a heteronormative society.
Furthermore, coming out has never been easy when you come from a family
that values tradition and culture. According to Stahl, Love, and Terepka's research
from 2021, the family environment is the most difficult to manage when coming out
as LGBTQIA+, but it's also the most important. This is due to the fact that the parent-
child connection is crucial to children's health and welfare, and the nature of this
contact affects the development of other healthy relationships in the future. A
healthy sense of self depends on parental approval, and respect instills self-worth in
people. Russel and Fish (2016) discovered that social support for sexuality from
parents, friends, and the community throughout adolescence specifically correlated

MID LA UNION CAMPUS
to improved wellbeing in early adulthood, with the parental support having the most
influence.
According to statistics from throughout the world, 20% of LGBTQIA+ teenagers
and young have mental health problems every year. Between 78% and 84% of them
reside in LMIC, and their needs are often ignored (Newman, Prabhu,
Akkakanjanasupar, & Tepjan, 2021).
In the Philippine settings, Manalastas & Torre (2018) looked at the ways in
which the Filipino LGBTQIA+ movement promoted human rights to achieve legal
empowerment and equal rights, which may result in social change and a decrease in
the possibility of inequities. The majority of these people's worries are related to
Philippine laws and regulations, including those pertaining to marriage equality, fair
and equal treatment, and freedom from discrimination.
However, LGBTQIA+ Filipinos frequently face societal pressures to conceal,
deny, or even try to modify their identities and expressions in order to be accepted by
society and to enjoy their rights. These encounters may result in considerable
psychological suffering, including immediate repercussions like dread, despair,
isolation, rage, and internalized shame, even though many LGBTQIA+ people are able
to deal with this societal stigma they still suffering from and worst lead to depression
and anxiety (Hatzenbuehler, 2018; Meyer, 2019). Certain moral condemnation-based
arguments that link these gender expressions and sexual orientations to
psychopathology or social maladjustment serve as the foundation for anti-LGBT

MID LA UNION CAMPUS
prejudice and discrimination, which is often driven by misinformation or erroneous
assumptions.
Inappropriate and deeply painful remarks like these contribute to the double
burden, and the minority stress experienced by Filipino LGBTQIA+. Advocates and
LGBTQIA+ activists from UP Babaylan report that “being hurt by the closest people [in
an LGBTQIA+] individual’s life can bring the most serious fear and trauma. That makes
LGBT people feel more scared to come out to the public and it is also the main cause
of mental illness” (Tang & Poudel, 2018).
According to Being LGBT in Asia: The Philippines Country Report, a review and
analysis conducted jointly by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and
the US Agency for International Development (USAID), LGBTQIA+ communities within
certain communities in Mindanao, “LGBT people are treated with less dignity because
they are perceived to promote ‘non-Islamic’ ways in society…There are also stories of
religiously inspired hate crimes with a pattern of the targeted killings of Muslim gay
men and [transwomen]” (UNDP & USAID, 2014, p. 28). Because of this LGBTQIA+
individuals scared to out with their true colors and will let society decide for them.
There are also few studies specializing in the experiences of Trans and intersex
Filipinos (ASEAN SOGIE Caucus, 2017, p. 3), a trend that is not uncommon in Southeast
Asia. According to the Asia Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions (2016),
“in [Southeast Asia] and globally, transgender organizations have attempted to

MID LA UNION CAMPUS
monitor the most extreme forms of violence, when transgender people have been
killed because of their gender identity.
These killings and instances of grievous violence often go unreported and
uninvestigated in the Philippines where members of the law enforcement and other
powerful institutions themselves perpetrate violence. There is also a lack of systemic
support for transwomen, men, and intersex LGBTQIA+ Filipinos, of whom “[transmen]
face high levels of violence and abuse within [their families]” (Asia Pacific Forum of
National Human Rights Institutions, 2016, p. 48). With the underlying factors, it is
hard for the LGBTQIA+ community to accept themselves and just choose to shut up, it
is hard to communicate because of the fear and embarrassment for being a LGBTQIA+
member that will lead to rejection and being offended.
According to the ASEAN SOGIE Caucus (2017), LGBTQIA+ Filipinos face a greater
risk of finding themselves in stressful circumstances including emotional abuse, verbal
harassment, neglect, battery, and sexual assault perpetrated by parents, siblings, and
their relatives. The spaces that LGBTQIA+ Filipinos occupy–their homes and schools–
may expose them to bullying, a form of violence with long-term impact (Asia Pacific
Forum of National Human Rights Institutions, 2016, p. 47) on young individuals.
The Psychological Association of the Philippines (PAP) supports international
campaigns to end the discrimination against LGBTQIA+ persons and to eradicate the
long-standing stigma associated with mental illness. In support to this the
municipality of City of San Fernando , La Union believed that minor stress like fear,
MID LA UNION CAMPUS
avoidance, embarrassment, rejection, teasing and humiliation that will lead to a
psychological disorder which is social anxiety among the LGBTQIA+ community must
end the suffrage and in order to accepted by the society an ordinance passes
conducted in the said municipality, whereas, ten out of 10 Sangguniang Panlalawigan
(SP) Members who were present during the session voted for the passage of Draft
Ordinance No. 184-2019 entitled “Prohibiting Acts and Conducts of Discrimination on
the Basis of Sex, Actual or Perceived Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity and
Expression, Disability, Age, Ethnic Origin, Civil/Marital Status, and Religious and
Political Affiliation or Beliefs” during the 34th Regular Session of the 22nd SP on
February 18, 2020 at the SP Session Hall, City of San Fernando, La Union. The
adoption of this ordinance intends to guarantee the protection and advancement of
everyone's human rights, irrespective of who they are and where they are from.
People who identified as being part of the LGBTQ community have experienced
discrimination in the form of cruel remarks including curse words, catcalls,
prejudgment, or online abuse, and all forms of bullying-verbal, emotional, and
physical that will lead into stress, anxiety and depression. The pain associated with
the social stigma of being LGBTQIA+, of living in a culture that, for the most part, is
homophobic and heterosexist, is traumatic (Sloane, 2021).

MID LA UNION CAMPUS
Statement of the Problem
This study aims to assess the high-risk of social anxiety disorders among college
students.
Specifically, it sought to answer the following sub-problems:
1. Demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:
a. Sexual Orientation
b. Age
c. College Course
2. What is the Sexual Orientation of the respondents in terms of:
a. Homosexual
b. Heterosexual
3. What is the level of Social Anxiety of the respondents in terms of fear and
avoidance along with:
a. Fear or anxiety specific to social settings
b. Social interaction
c. Social rejection
4. Is there a significant difference between the Sexual Orientation of the respondents
and being High-risk of Social Anxiety Disorder in terms of:
a. Fear or anxiety specific to social settings
b. Social interaction
c. Social rejection
MID LA UNION CAMPUS
5. Is there a significant relationship between the Sexual Orientation of the
respondents and being High-risk of Social Anxiety Disorder?
METHOD
Overview
This chapter present the methodology of the research study. It includes the research
design, the participants, materials, procedures and the data analysis.
Design
The main idea of this study is to assess the high-risk individual of Social Anxiety
Disorder among the LGBTQIA+ population. Thus, the use of quantitative method as a
research method is ideal. According to Williams (2021), the purpose of quantitative
research is to attain greater knowledge and understanding of the social world.
Furthermore, the researchers have a transformative worldview, thus quantitative
method can help the researchers end with conclusions and recommendations that
could help the participants and future readers of the study. Because quantitative
research method provides numerical data which result that can be analyzed
MID LA UNION CAMPUS
statistically, the researchers could assess the individuals with high-risk of Social
Anxiety Disorder among the LGBTQIA+ population (Tan, 2017)
Therefore, the use of the quantitative method leads the researchers to utilize the
correlational research design because it ultimately assesses the relationship between
Social Anxiety Disorder and the LGBTQIA+ population without interference from any
peripheral variable.
Participants
The researchers’ target population are a total of seventy-five participants of the
LGBTQIA+. The subjects are approach at non- probability sampling technique
particularly purposive sampling whereas it has a particular subset of people that will
be invited to participate within the said research. Whereas, they all came from Don
Mariano Marcos Memorial State University Mid-La Union Campus.
According to Etikan (2017), the purposive sampling, also known as judgment sampling
method, involves selecting participants consciously based on the qualities they
exhibit. It is a nonrandom technique that does not require underlying theories or a
predetermined number of participants. To put it simply, the researcher selects what
information is necessary to have and then searches for individuals who can and are
willing to give information based on their experience or experience.
Material
MID LA UNION CAMPUS
This section of the methodology encompasses all research-related tasks that must be
conducted in order to obtain the purpose of the study. The entire materials utilize are
presented in detail.
The researchers will be adapting a questionnaire which is the Liebowitz Social Anxiety
Scale (LSAS) developed by Dr. Michael R. Liebowitz, a psychiatrist and researcher.
This questionnaire was the first evaluation instrument developed to screen Social
Anxiety Disorder signs and symptoms and is currently still the most used worldwide
whereas, it is specially designed to assess the high-risk of social interaction, social
rejection and fear or anxiety to specific local settings among individuals and
especially to the target participants which are the LGBTQIA+ community.
Procedure
The collecting of basic data begins with the gathering of subjects to participate in the
research. To get the 75 LGBTQIA+ participants for the research, the researchers will
randomly select the participants as long as it is member of the LGBTQIA+ community
and a friend referral will also be employed in the sampling procedure which means
other participants can invite their LGBTQIA+ friends to participate in the said study.
The participants are formally ask to volunteer to be the subject of the research by
informing them about the nature, purpose, and method of the study, as well as
discussing the risks reduce by the research in order to maintain precautionary
measures and health protocols during the research proper. They will also inform that
they can withdraw or discontinue their involvement at any moment.

MID LA UNION CAMPUS
Prior to the research proper, the researchers will give the participants a questionnaire
that will help in assessing if they are high risk of social anxiety. Then the participants
will give an ample time to answer the questions. After completing the questionnaires,
the researchers will thank the participants and inform them that the information and
responses they supply would keep in accordance with the Data Privacy Act of 2012.
Lastly, the researchers give the participants small amount of gratitude in
participating the research.
Data Analysis
This section explains the tools utilize for the research’s data analysis.
According to American Society for Quality (ASQ) (2022), data collection and
analysis tools are defined as a series of charts, maps, and diagrams designed to
collect, interpret, and present data for a wide range of applications and industries.
Various programs and methodologies have been developed for use in nearly any
industry, ranging from manufacturing and quality assurance to research groups and
data collection companies (American Society for Quality (ASQ), 2022).
Hence, this study will make use of record sheet to record the data obtain. A record
sheet, as stated by ASQ (2022), is a generic tool that can be adapted for a wide
variety of purposes, the record sheet is a structured, prepared form for collecting and
analyzing data.
MID LA UNION CAMPUS
Meanwhile, the statistical tests employ in this research are descriptive statistics,
t-test mainly the Independent Samples T-test, and lastly, the Pearson’s correlation
coefficient using the SPSS. Wherein, to know the level of social anxiety among the
participants, descriptive statistic will employ because short informative coefficients
that succinctly describe a particular data collection, which may be a sampling of a
population or a representation of the full population thus to compute the level of
social anxiety, the measurements of central tendency and measures of variability
make up descriptive statistics.
To test whether there is a statistically significant difference between social
anxiety disorders and LGBTQIA+ college students in terms of fear or avoidance in fear
or anxiety in specific to social settings, fear and avoidance in social rejection and fear
and avoidance in social interaction, the researcher will use of the t-test for
Independent sample means. Thus, the Independent Samples t-test compares the
means of two independent groups in order to determine whether there is statistical
evidence that the associated population means are significantly different (Kent State
University, 2021). On the other hand, to test whether there is relationship between
Social Anxiety Disorder and LGBTQIA+ college students, Pearson correlation will
employ.
MID LA UNION CAMPUS
RESULTS
RESULTS PER SOP
Table 1. Profile of the Subjects in Terms of Sexual Orientation
Sexual Orientation
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
Homosexual 30 27.3 50.0 50.0

Valid
Heterosexual 30 27.3 50.0 100.0
Total 60 54.5 100.0
Missing System 50 45.5
Total 110 100.0
The participant profile according to Sexual Orientation 1 is shown in

Table 1. There were 60 participants in this study—30 homosexuals and 30
heterosexuals. The respondents' sexual orientations are evenly dispersed.
MID LA UNION CAMPUS
Table 1.2. Profile of the Subjects in Terms of Age
Age
Percent
18.00 3 2.7 5.0 5.0
19.00 21 19.1 35.0 40.0
20.00 13 11.8 21.7 61.7
21.00 11 10.0 18.3 80.0
Valid
22.00 9 8.2 15.0 95.0
23.00 2 1.8 3.3 98.3
24.00 1 .9 1.7 100.0
Total 60 54.5 100.0
Total 110 100.0
The age profile of the participants is presented in Table 1.2. N=60

participants participated in this experiment; 3 participants were 18 years old,
21 were 19 years old, 11 were 21 years old, 9 were 22 years old, 2 were 23
years old, and 1 was 24 years old. The age ranges were extensive and varied,
encompassing both adolescents and older adults.
MID LA UNION CAMPUS
Table 1.3. Profile of the Subjects in Terms of Course

Course
Percent
BSP 15 13.6 25.0 25.0
BAPS 15 13.6 25.0 50.0
Valid ABFIL 15 13.6 25.0 75.0
BAEL 15 13.6 25.0 100.0
Total 60 54.5 100.0
Total 110 100.0
Table 1.3 depicts the profile of respondents in terms of Course. Bachelor

of Science in Psychology, Bachelor of Arts in Political Science, Batsilyer ng
Sining sa Filipino, and Bachelor of Arts in English Language each have fifteen
respondents, for a total of N=60.
Table 1.4. A summary of the respondents' responses to Question 1 of the Sexual
Orientation Questionnaire.
Sexual Orientation 1
Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative
Percent Percent
Opposite sex 24 21.8 40.0 40.0
Valid Same sex 10 9.1 16.7 56.7

Both sex 26 23.6 43.3 100.0
Total 60 54.5 100.0
MID LA UNION CAMPUS

Total 110 100.0
On the basis of Table 1.4, it can be inferred that under Question number 1, 24
respondents answered opposite sex, 10 respondents answered same sex, and 26
respondents answered both sex for a total of N=60.
Percent Percent
Opposite sex 28 25.5 46.7 46.7
Same sex 16 14.5 26.7 73.3
Valid
Both sex 16 14.5 26.7 100.0
Total 60 54.5 100.0
Total 110 100.0

Percent Percent
Opposite sex 28 25.5 46.7 46.7
Same sex 18 16.4 30.0 76.7
Valid
Both sex 14 12.7 23.3 100.0
Total 60 54.5 100.0
MID LA UNION CAMPUS

Total 110 100.0

Percent Percent
Opposite sex 11 10.0 18.3 18.3
Valid Same sex 22 20.0 36.7 55.0

Both sex 27 24.5 45.0 100.0
Total 60 54.5 100.0
Total 110 100.0
Percent Percent
Opposite
7 6.4 11.7 11.7
sex
Valid Same sex 22 20.0 36.7 48.3
Both sex 31 28.2 51.7 100.0
Total 60 54.5 100.0
MID LA UNION CAMPUS

Total 110 100.0

Percent Percent
Opposite sex 11 10.0 18.3 18.3
Valid Same sex 24 21.8 40.0 58.3

Both sex 25 22.7 41.7 100.0
Total 60 54.5 100.0
Total 110 100.0
Percent Percent
Valid
Opposite sex 14 12.7 23.3 23.3
Same sex 27 24.5 45.0 68.3

Both sex 19 17.3 31.7 100.0
MID LA UNION CAMPUS
Total 60 54.5 100.0

Total 110 100.0
Table 2. Level of the Social Anxiety of the respondents in terms of fear and
avoidance along with fear or anxiety to specific social setting
Descriptive Statistics
N Minimum Maximum Mean Std.
Deviation
Dimension 1 60 12.00 49.00 29.8833 8.18865
Valid N
60
(listwise)
Table 2 displays the level of respondents' social anxiety in terms of fear,
avoidance, and fear or anxiety in specific social settings. Under Dimension
One's Descriptive Statistics, the mean score was 29.88 and the standard
deviation was 8.19.
Table 2.2. Level of the Social Anxiety of the respondents in terms of fear and
avoidance along with Social interaction
MID LA UNION CAMPUS
N Minimum Maximum Mean Std.

Deviation
Dimension 2 60 10.00 50.00 29.7833 8.06350
Valid N
60
(listwise)
Table 2.2 displays the level of respondents' social anxiety in terms of
Social Interaction. Under Dimension Two's Descriptive Statistics, the mean
score was 29.78 and the standard deviation was 8.06.
Table 2.3. Level of the Social Anxiety of the respondents in terms of Social
Rejection
N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation
Dimension 3 60 15.00 59.00 31.2500 8.29258

Valid N
60
(listwise)
Table 2.3 displays the level of respondents' social anxiety in terms of
Social Rejection. Under Dimension Three's Descriptive Statistics, the mean
score was 31.25 and the standard deviation was 8.29.

MID LA UNION CAMPUS
Table 3. An Independent Samples T-test between Sexual Orientation and high-risk of Social
Anxiety in terms of Fear or anxiety specific to social setting
Independent Samples Test

Levene's Test t-test for Equality of Means
for Equality of
Variances
F Sig. t df Sig. Mean Std. 95% Confidence
(2- Differe Error Interval of the
tailed) nce Differe Difference
nce Lower Upper
Equal -
-.39 -.8333 2.1296 3.4296
variances .008 .929 58 .697 5.0962
1 3 4 0
Dimen assumed 7
sion 1 Equal -
-.39 57.9 -.8333 2.1296 3.4297
variances .697 5.0964
1 15 3 4 4
not assumed 0
Table 3.2. An Independent Samples T-test between Sexual Orientation and high-risk of
Social Anxiety in terms of Social Interaction

for Equality of
Variances
MID LA UNION CAMPUS

nce Lower Upper
Equal -
2.0998 4.2366
variances .336 .564 .016 58 .987 .03333 4.1699
5 5
Dimen assumed 8
sion 2 Equal -
57.3 2.0998 4.2376
variances .016 .987 .03333 4.1709
81 5 1
not assumed 5
Table 3. An Independent Samples T-test between Sexual Orientation and high-risk of Social
Anxiety in terms of Social Rejection

for Equality of
Variances
nce Lower Upper
Equal - - -
2.1000
variances .045 .832 1.82 58 .073 3.8333 8.0370 .37035
4
Dimen assumed 5 3 1
sion 3 Equal - - -
57.3 2.1000
variances 1.82 .073 3.8333 8.0380 .37136
53 4
not assumed 5 3 2
MID LA UNION CAMPUS
Table 4. Pearson correlation to show the relationship between Sexual Orientation
and being High-Risk of Social Anxiety Disorder
Correlations
Sexual Total of Fear
Orientation and
Avoidance
Pearson
1 .107
Correlation
Sexual Orientation
Sig. (2-tailed) .418
N 60 60
Pearson
.107 1
Total of Fear and Correlation
Avoidance Sig. (2-tailed) .418
N 60 60
Table 4 displays the point biserial correlation between Sexual Orientation and
High-Risk for Social Anxiety Disorder based on the SPSS analysis; thus, the Point-
Biserial Correlation Coefficient is computed in the same manner as Pearson's Bivariate
Correlation (statisticsolution.com, 2019). The correlation coefficient (r) is.107,
indicating a positive but extremely weak relationship between the variables (Sexual
Orientation and being High-risk of Social Anxiety Disorder). In addition, the obtained
p-value (Sig. 2-tailed) of 0.418 is greater than the level of significance (p = 0.418 >
MID LA UNION CAMPUS
0.05), demonstrating that the Pearson correlation of Sexual Orientation and High-risk
of Social Anxiety Disorder = 0.107 (1.07%) is weak.
SYNTHESIS
MID LA UNION CAMPUS
DISCUSSION
IMPLICATIONS/ SIGNIFICANCE
CONCLUSION
MID LA UNION CAMPUS
REFERENCES
MID LA UNION CAMPUS
APPENDICES

Final Paper Quantitative

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Final Paper Quantitative

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

DON MARIANO MARCOS MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY

MID LA UNION CAMPUS

Anxiety Disorder Among College Students

Laranang, Ana Marie M.

Mislang, Mary Joyce S.

Mrs. Arvella Albay

Field Methods in Psychology Instructor

Date submitted: 17/ September / 2022

review of related literature, and the statement of the problem.

Growing up as a member in the LGBTQIA+ community, there were probably not

also cause guilt, fear and to extent can cause anxiety.

Gilmour (2019) mentioned that a research has evaluated sexual orientation in

terms of sexual behavior, sexual attraction, or self-identity; each of these three

who identify as sexual minorities had lower levels of social anxiety.

Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, Intersex and Asexual (LGBTQIA+)

orientation is more widely recognized in contemporary society than in the past. In a

disorders like depression and anxiety.

social groups, such as those based on socioeconomic class, race/ethnicity, gender, or

sexual orientation, might therefore be predicted to experience a significant impact

from social stress. According to these formulations, prejudice and discrimination

based on low socioeconomic status, racism, sexism, or homophobia can induce

changes that necessitate adaptation and are therefore conceptualized as stressful

social stress, which includes stigma, discrimination, prejudice, and victimization.

Adolescence is a crucial period of neurodevelopment, characterized by heightened

effects of stress on mental health, significant memory system development, and

heightened sensitivity to drug use (Fuhrmann et al. 2018). Feeling discriminated

against by educational, medical, or religious institutions or internalizing feelings of

victimization due to homophobia, transphobia, or biphobia can result in significant

issues such as marginalization, isolation, exclusion, and bullying contribute to the

Inaccessibility to understanding adults, safe spaces, and changing facilities imposes an

create a pathologizing phenomenon, which paradoxically may stigmatize well-

mental health of LGBTQIA+ identifying individuals is affected by the degree to which

to which they must conceal their nonconformity and identity.

greater minority stress, and vice versa.

Although studying a group that is mainly shrouded in secrecy makes it

exceedingly difficult to get a representative sample, it indicates that LGBTQIA+

teenagers and young adults have a disproportionately high prevalence of anxiety,

experiencing lack of self-confidence and feeling nervous when communicating to

gatherings and talking to other people (Adlefy, 2019).

According to structuration theory, structures and systems generate particular

2015). Systems in this context are defined as "observable patterns of relationships in

practices, including relations between operations and divisions," whereas structures

are defined as "rules and resources individuals draw on to participate in systems..."

reproduced by individuals who choose to follow their rules, thereby perpetuating an

community as a whole) from a heteronormative society.

contact affects the development of other healthy relationships in the future. A

parents, friends, and the community throughout adolescence specifically correlated

According to statistics from throughout the world, 20% of LGBTQIA+ teenagers

Akkakanjanasupar, & Tepjan, 2021).

and equal treatment, and freedom from discrimination.

However, LGBTQIA+ Filipinos frequently face societal pressures to conceal,

psychological suffering, including immediate repercussions like dread, despair,

and anxiety (Hatzenbuehler, 2018; Meyer, 2019). Certain moral condemnation-based

arguments that link these gender expressions and sexual orientations to

psychopathology or social maladjustment serve as the foundation for anti-LGBT

prejudice and discrimination, which is often driven by misinformation or erroneous

of mental illness” (Tang & Poudel, 2018).

the US Agency for International Development (USAID), LGBTQIA+ communities within

“in [Southeast Asia] and globally, transgender organizations have attempted to

killed because of their gender identity.

These killings and instances of grievous violence often go unreported and

powerful institutions themselves perpetrate violence. There is also a lack of systemic