Poetry is the oldest form of literary genres that is intended

to be expressed orally. Unlike prose that is written in

ordinary and usual sentences and paragraph, poetry is
patterned form of verbal or written expression of ideas in
concentrated, imaginative and rhythmical terms that
contain the elements of senses, sounds and structure.
comes from the Greek root poiema, which means “work,” and is
derived from piein, to make

does not have to be written down; it can be chanted or sung

consists of rhyme, have regular, rhythmical patterns, but others do

not; depends on special devices of sound such as onomatopoeia
and alliteration, and uses special techniques of meaning such as
simile or metaphor; some are simply designs or word pictures
that a poem is to be read for its "message,

that this message is "hidden" in the poem, and you have to

decipher every single word to appreciate and enjoy the poem.

the message is to be found by treating the words as symbols which

naturally do not mean what they say but stand for something else,
To Applebee, et al. (108), poetry is the most compact form
of literature. In a poem of all kinds of ideas, feelings, and
sounds are packed into a few carefully chosen words. The
form, the sounds, the imagery, the language, the theme
(vision), and even the shape all work together to create a
total effect.
Poetry consists of 3 S

1. Sense

2. Structure

3. Sound
 SENSE
“A mixture of common
sense, which not all  Theme
have, with an uncommon  Tone
 Imagery
sense, which very few  Diction
have.”  Connotation
 Denotation
- John Masefield  Figures of Speech
Theme refers to the central topic in your work.
Two categories include thematic concept, or what your
readers think your work is about; and thematic
statement, which refers to what your work says about
the subject
Thematic Concept: Love. Death. Friendship. Betrayal
Thematic Statement: Love is blind. Love never dies.
Death is not forever. Honesty is the best policy.
Tone conveys the speaker’s implied attitude toward the
poem’s subject.
Imagery involves words and phrases that appeal to the
five senses. A poet may use imagery to create a picture
in the reader’s mind or to remind readers of familiar
sensations.
Diction refers to the choice and use of words and
phrases in speech or writing.
Denotation is a word’ or thing’s literal or main
definition. A word’s denotation is completely absent of
emotion, so it is defined as distinguished from its
connotation (its associated meaning). In other words,
denotation is a word’s “dictionary definition” rather
than its associated emotion or definition.
Connotation is a feeling or idea that a word has, in
addition to its literal or main meaning (the denotation).
Often, a series of words can have the same basic
definitions, but completely different connotations—
these are the emotions or meanings implied by a word,
phrase, or thing.
 HEART

Connotation Denotation
It could mean love, affection The muscle that pumps blood
and feelings received from veins into
arteries throughout the body

15
Figure of Speech is a phrase or word having different
meanings than its literal meanings. It conveys meaning
by identifying or comparing one thing to another, which
has connotation or meaning familiar to the audience. It
is helpful in creating vivid rhetorical effect.
 STRUCTURE

“The best words in the

best order.”
 Stanzas
 Form

– Samuel Taylor Coleridge

STANZAS: Stanzas are a series of lines grouped together and
separated by an empty line from other stanzas. They are the
equivalent of a paragraph in an essay. One way to identify a
stanza is to count the number of lines. Thus:
•couplet (2 lines)
•tercet (3 lines)
•quatrain (4 lines)
•cinquain (5 lines)
•sestet (6 lines) (sometimes it's called a sexain)
•septet (7 lines)
•octave (8 lines)
FORM: A poem may or may not have a specific number of
lines, rhyme scheme and/or metrical pattern, but it can still
be labeled according to its form or style. Here are the three
most common types of poems according to form:

1. Lyric Poem
2. Narrative Poem
3. Descriptive Poem
Types of poetry: A poem may or
may not have a specific number
of lines, rhyme scheme and/or
Lyric Poem
metrical pattern, but it can still
Narrative Poem
be labeled according to its form Descriptive Poem
or style. Here are the three most Dramatic Poem
common types of poems
according to form:
 Lyric Poem
It is any poem with one speaker
(not necessarily the poet) who
expresses strong thoughts and
feelings. Most poems, especially
modern ones, are lyric poems. It
highly musical that expresses the
emotions of the speaker.
There are many types
of lyric poems. Among
the most common
types are sonnet, ode,
free verse, elegiac lyric
and imagist poem
(Pilapil, et al., 2015).
Narrative Poem
It is a poem that tells a story; its [i.e. the introduction
structure resembles the plot line of conflict and
of a story characters, rising
action, climax and the
denouement].
Descriptive Poem
It is a poem that describes the While emotional, it is
world that surrounds the more "outward-
speaker. It uses elaborate focused" than lyric
imagery and adjectives. poetry, which is more
personal and
introspective.
Dramatic Poem
It is a verse that relies heavily on
dramatic elements such as
monologue (speech by a single
character) or dialogue
(conversation between two or
more characters). Often dramatic
poems are narratives as well. In
other words, they often tell
stories.
A dramatic monologue is a
poem that presents a
speech of a single character
in a dramatic situation.
Audre Lorde’s Hanging Fire
could be considered a
dramatic poem. (Pilapil, et
al., 2015)
 Subtypes of Poetry
Ode
is usually a lyric poem of
moderate length, with a
serious subject, an elevated
style, and an elaborate stanza
pattern.
Elegy
is a lyric poem that mourns
the dead. It has no set metric
or stanzaic pattern, but it
usually begins by reminiscing
about the dead person, then
laments the reason for the
death
 Subtypes of Poetry
Sonnet
is a lyric poem consisting of
14 lines and, in the English
version, is usually written in
iambic pentameter.
Ballad
is a narrative poem that has
a musical rhythm and can
be sung. It is usually
organized into quatrains or
cinquains, has a simple
rhythm structure, and tells
the tales of ordinary people.
 Subtypes of Poetry

Epic
It is a long narrative poem in
elevated style recounting the
deeds of a legendary or
historical hero.
 Other Subtypes of Poetry
Haiku
has an unrhymed verse form
having three lines (a tercet)
and usually 5,7,5 syllables,
respectively. It's usually
considered a lyric poem.
Limerick
has a very structured poem,
usually humorous &
composed of five lines (a
cinquain), in an aabba
rhyming pattern; usually
anapestic (weak, weak,
strong syllables)
 Other Subtypes of Poetry

Diona
- is a Filipino tercet (three
lines) of heptasyllabic (seven
syllable) lines. Diona poems
are usually untitled
Ang marikit na tula
Kapag ‘yong binabasa’y
Abot-tanaw na tala.
– Noahlyn C. Maranan
 Other Subtypes of Poetry
Tanaga
- is a Filipino mono-rhyming
(identical rhyme) quatrain
(four lines) of heptasyllabic
(seven syllables) lines. Like
diona, tanaga are usually
untitled, but modern
practitioners sometimes add a
title.
Singko Sentimong Tula
Hinuli ko ang dila,
Hinabi ko ang tugma.
Singko sentimong tula:
Butas-butas ang gitna!
– Mark Angeles
 SOUND

“Musical thought”
 Word Sounds
 Rhyme
– Thomas Carlyle  Rhythm and Meter
Rhyme is the repetition of identical or similar concluding
syllables in different words, most often at the ends of lines.

I saw a fairy in the wood,

He was dressed all in green.
He drew his sword while I just stood,
And realized I'd been seen.
(The rhyme scheme of the poem is abab.)
Some types of rhyme:

End rhyme is a rhyme that occurs at the end of the lines.

Internal rhyme is the use of rhyming words within the lines.

Slant rhyme, half rhyme, near rhyme, or off rhyme is

the substitution of assonance of consonance for true
rhyme. The pairs world/boiled and bear/bore are
examples (Pilapil, et al., 2015)
Rhythm is the term used to refer to the recurrence of
stressed and unstressed sounds in poetry.

Poets rely heavily on rhythm to express meaning and

convey feeling.
Rhythm is the pattern of beats or stresses in a line of verse
or prose. A regular rhythmic pattern is called meter.

Meter is also called the systematic regularity in rhythm;

this systematic rhythm (or sound pattern) is usually
identified by examining the type of "foot" and
the number of feet. Therefore, it is the basic (rhythmic)
structure of poetry (Nery, 2017)
Poems that do not have a regular rhythm, sounding more
like conversations, are called free verse (Pilapil, et al., 2015).

Free verse is still verse; it is still poetry; and it still has meter
and rhyme; only that, the meter is inconsistent; and the
rhyme is inconsistently present or absent (Nery, 2017).
Line and Line Ending

Line break a.k.a line ending - the termination of a line of

poetry; signals a change of movement or highlight
certain internal features such as rhyme; marked by the
capitalization of the first letter, of the first word, of the
next line.
Line and Line Ending

Line breaks may occur mid-clause, and you call

them enjambments; or on natural rhythmic pauses,
a.k.a caesuras, and you call those end-stopped lines.
Caesura is a strong pause within a line of poetry that
contributes to the rhythm of the line.

When a line has a pause at its end, it is called an end-

stopped line. Such pauses reflect normal speech
patterns and are often marked by punctuation.
A line that ends without a pause and continues into the
next line for its meaning is called a run-on line or
enjambment.

A dropped line is a line broken into two parts, with the second part
indented to remain visually sequential like this one here.
Hello, can you hear me?
I’m in California dreaming about who we used to be
When we were younger and free
I’ve forgotten how it felt before the world fell at our
feet

(“Hello” by Adele)
“Faith” is a fine invention
For Gentlemen who see!
But Microscopes are prudent
In an Emergency!

(“‘Faith’ is fine invention” by Emily Dickinson)

 Sonorous Red
Red punctuates
And makes bold statements,
Says something, and means it
Like an exclamation point!
Red is a sonorous sound–
Loud, full, deep, and grand;
It is not shy to express
Thoughts, moods, feelings
Even confessions
Of love.
– Peter Solis Nery
Blank Verse is any poetry that does have a set metrical
pattern (usually iambic pentameter),
but does not have rhyme.

Shakespeare frequently used unrhymed iambic pentameter

in his plays; his works are an early example of blank verse.
Repetition is when a poet can choose to repeat sounds,
words, phrases, or whole lines in a poem. It helps the
poet emphasize an idea or create a particular feeling.
“My advice for aspiring poets and
writers? Read philosophy. Die for
an experience. Breathe art.”

Adonis Durado
 The earliest poetry was oral, people
chanted it, sang it, recited it. Poetry is
supposed to be a living thing; its sounds
and rhythm must be given voice. So, write
your poem with an audience in mind!
And it might be good idea to say the
words out loud when you are writing your
poems.
Peter Solis Nery
 Book Source/s:
Pilapil, Edwin A., Maga, Rhodora G., Sayaboc, Wilson M., & Camello, Lynnette Matea S. (2015).
World Literatures: New Texts, New Voices, New Perspectives. Malabon City: Mutya Publishing
House.

Internet Source/s:
www.literaryterms.net
https://learn.lexiconic.net/elementsofpoetry.htm