Fault Detection analysis in microgrids

DEAKIN UNIVERSTY
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
SEN 720
PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION AND EVALUATION

TITLE – FAULT DETECTION ANALYSIS IN MICROGRIDS

SUBMITTED BY – VARAPRASAD KANTIPUDI

STUDENT ID – 218024305

SUPERVISOR – Dr. AMEEN GARGOOM

DATE OF SUBMISSION – JUNE 2019

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Fault Detection analysis in microgrids

Abstract
DC microgrids are the electric power distribution system that focuses on the
advancement of renewable energy, mostly the ones of photovoltaic cells. The system work by
connecting the DC grid to the AC network by use of an AC/DC rectifier and generation get
connected to the DC line, by converters so that there shall be an experience of power system
reliability. Most faults are caused on power system, are through the overhead lines. Whenever
a fault is detected in a power system, it is prudent to have a quick detection, to locate it and
have a complete restoration of the power system. In the paper we need to configure the
microgrids and determine the control methods. we are going to analyse the different faults and
from different locations of the line to ground faults, on the load side, generation side, line to
line (otherwise known as L-L fault). Simulation on MATLAB/SIMULINK will be of help in the
identification of the different characteristics of these faults.

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Fault Detection analysis in microgrids

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This thesis wouldn't have been be possible with no support from
the many individuals in the research group of mines. Foremost and first, I'm
extremely thankful to my thesis advisor Dr. Ameen Gargoom for providing
me the chance to do research under the guidance of his and for the
exceptional support of his during the whole program of the venture. He's an
excellent motivator that aided me to push myself to finish the task as
quickly as you possibly can. He's an outstanding mentor. Without the
support of his from the start of the thesis of mine, I wouldn't have the ability
to finish the work of mine within this time span.
Next, I will show the gratitude of mine to my committee part Dr
Tim Hilditch for SEN 719 and Dr Sara Vahaji for SEN 720 for their support
during the time of mine in re-search plan. They helped me to conquer the
hurdles during this particular course of the project of mine.
I'm happy to accept support from my class mates Maniveer
Dhullipudi, Rangasai and vatsav who assisted me throughout the graduate
studies of mine in many aspects. I'm grateful to the parents of mine as well
as the family of mine for their constant love and support during the career
of mine.

Table of Contents
Introduction............................................................................................................................6
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Fault Detection analysis in microgrids

LITERATURE REVIEW...............................................................................................................7
DC Microgrids.........................................................................................................................7
strategies of Controlling the DC Microgrids........................................................................................9
Modelling of photovoltaic module.........................................................................................10
Role of IGBT’S in pv module.............................................................................................................12
MPPT controller...............................................................................................................................12
DC/AC Inverter control..........................................................................................................14
Faults in DC microgrids..........................................................................................................15
Line to Ground faults........................................................................................................................15
Line – Line fault................................................................................................................................15
Simulation of a DC Microgrid.................................................................................................16
Case 1- Faults on the Generation Side of the DC Grid - line to Ground Fault.....................................16
Case 2- Faults on 3 Phase Load Side of the DC Grid Single line to Ground Fault................................18
Case 3- Faults on DC Grid - Line to Line Fault....................................................................................19
Conclusion.............................................................................................................................21

Nomenclature
AC : Alternating Current..............................................................................................................................5
DC : Direct Current......................................................................................................................................5

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Fault Detection analysis in microgrids

DG : distributed generation.........................................................................................................................6
EENS : Expected Energy Not Supplied.........................................................................................................6
IGBT : Insulated Gate Based Transistor........................................................................................................8
MCCB : Moulded Case Circuit Breaker.......................................................................................................18
MOS : Metal Oxide Semiconductors..........................................................................................................11
MOSFET : metal oxide semiconductor effect transistors...........................................................................11
MPP : Maximum Power Point......................................................................................................................8
MPPT : Maximum Power Point Tracking...................................................................................................11
P&O : Perturb and Observe.......................................................................................................................12
PPL : Phase Locked Loop............................................................................................................................13
pv : Photovoltaic..........................................................................................................................................9
PWM : Pulse Width Modulator....................................................................................................................9

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1Configuration of a DC microgrid system.........................................................................................8

Figure 2:DC Micro-grid schematic...............................................................................................................9
Figure 3:Control structure showing the two stages (current and voltage loops).......................................10
Figure 4 power vs voltage and current of pv cell.......................................................................................11
Figure 5 electrical parameters of the pv module.......................................................................................11
Figure 6 SIMULATION MODEL OF PV MODULE.........................................................................................12
Figure 7:PV panel power characteristic curve...........................................................................................13
Figure 8:Control loop of current................................................................................................................14
Figure 9:An illustration and a circuit diagram of a Line-line fault..............................................................15
Figure 10: Line to Line fault illustration.....................................................................................................16
Figure 11 case-1 characteristic behaviour (a) without protection (b) with protection..............................18
Figure 12 case-2 characteristic behaviour (a) without protection (b) with protection..............................19
Figure 13 case-3 characteristic behaviour (a) without protection (b) with protection..............................21

Introduction
There is a power demand these days that have caused imbalance at the supply and demand
of power. The disparity of the supply and demand of power has become large and the generation of
power by the renewable sources. This has resulted in in what is called load shedding at various sections

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Fault Detection analysis in microgrids

and there are quite a number of people who are cut from power supply, also the areas powered are
affected by the constant loss of power. This demand needs to be bridged by enhancing the sources of
power, mostly using the renewable sources of power, like solar photovoltaic cells and wind. Using the
renewable sources in the future is predicted to be predominantly used, with the large campaign against
emission of the green house gasses. The generated power shall be distributed and transferred via AC or
DC grids. This power supplied to the isolated areas, there’s much requirements of the DC microgrid as
compared to the AC system [1]. The distributed generation stations have led to the microgrid concept in
the recent past. Single distribution kind of generation, lacks flexibility, and has less capacity than the
microgrids that have proven to have a higher system reliability due to flexibilities that comes from the
control. There are two operating modes of microgrids, that is the standalone and the grid connected
modes, also, they have two bus connection system, the AC and DC bus systems.

The limitations of the DC distribution system majorly come from protection issues, since
there’s no current zero crossing, on the other hand the AC distribution networks is widespread since the
protection techniques employed therein are simple and easy to control. Even as the AC distribution
system is widespread, DC microgrids still find favour with those who want to use DC sources such as
photovoltaic or Fuel cell systems. Besides, the loads supplied with DC sources experience less losses
during conversion as compared to the AC microgrid. Another advantage is that is easier to isolate it from
the power system with no fault experienced. This will force the systems that gives out DC power, such a
PV system, wind and other systems to require inverters. This experiment investigates how to control and
configure the DC microgrids systems of distributed generations. Furthermore, the experiment also
investigates the different fault types and their location in the grid, e.g. the source fault, load fault and
the DC transmission line fault, the simulations are going to be carried out using MATLAB/SIMULINK.

This paper is divided into four sections, section one shall give a general overview of
microgrids, giving examples of the microgrids and generally highlighting the important of the paper. In
the second section, we now narrow our scope on the DC microgrids and give it emphasis, in terms of
formation and other details about the microgrid, the third part of the paper, now gets into discussing
the methodology of achieving the results at the same time the control strategy of the DC microgrid. The
fourth and final section talks about the faults in the microgrids, and the simulation using MATLAB,
discussing the results of the simulation and finally concluding the paper.

LITERATURE REVIEW
Despite the gains counted for the microgrids, their designs remained at the lab level due to various
technical reasons. Among the foremost technical issues is the challenge of saving these networks [2].
The dynamic behaviour of microgrids where a distributed generation (DG) is connected or disconnected
from the network at any time and also the performance of the microgrids in both normal and the most
crucial problems in protecting these networks [3] is created by isolated modes. The dynamic behaviour
of microgrids results in diversity in magnitudes and also the current directions that encounters the fault
detection process with significant issues. This issue signifies the necessity of studies in the field of
determining the proper protection technique for the microgrids [three]. The authors in [4] [5] have
introduced the protection issues of microgrids. In [6] [7] [8] [4], authors categorized the different
methods for solving this issue. Voltage analysis, harmonic was included by these methods’ analysis,
wavelet analysis, S analysis and. In this respect, writers in [5] recommended checking output voltage of

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sent out generations and moving them from abc axis to dq axis and then deciding threshold worth in dq
axis for detecting fault in the microgrids. In [8]authors detected faults applying created spectrums in the
harmonic impedance as well as the comparison of theirs by the main server. Using wavelet transform S
and analysis was recommended in [9] [10]and deriving signal power was examined in [11]. studies
considered an all of these an all of these certain topologies of the microgrid so the efficacy of these
techniques may face challenge in some other topologies. In [5], the fault is recognized by checking the
voltage of distributed decades and its comparison and have a threshold value. In [12], authors used
harmonic evaluation for fault detection and also the proportion of zero sequence present to positive
sequence current within the 5th harmonic can be used and just single stage to ground faults might be
recognized by it. Lack of attention to the powerful topology of microgrids, difficulty in detecting various
faults (regular faults and high impedance) and inability to determine the transient states from the
chronic faults have been good examples of issues observed in the prior studies. Thus, in this paper a
brand-new method is recommended for fault detection in microgrids and is examined using Monte Carlo
Simulation. S-Transform, positive, destructive and zero sequences of existing and voltage waveforms are
utilized to identify faults. The presented method is able to reply to other powerful topologies of
microgrids. As it was talked about, the new strategy is evaluated utilizing Monte Carlo Simulation. To get
this done, the performance accuracy of this technique in detecting different faults is evaluated by ways
of Expected Energy Not Supplied reliability index (EENS) and percent of good performances. Validation
results of the suggested technique for the transient and persistent faults properly show that this
particular technique has acted perfectly with really high reliability in detecting different faults in various
topologies. In addition, this method can distinguish the distinction between the continual faults and
transient states of microgrids.

DC Microgrids
DC microgrid is an electric power system distribution that uses DC and the main power
source for distribution. There are three main components of this type of a power system, they are: the
sources of power to be distributed like photovoltaic, wind turbines, diesel engines, gas turbines and fuel
cells, the storage devices for the distributed power, like the batteries, or the ultracapacitors, and finally
the loads, which might be critical or non-critical loads. Figure 1 shows a DC microgrid configuration
structure. The grid voltage of the utility is converted into DC line by a use of a rectifier, the DC line also
connects various generations via the AC/DC inverter and DC/DC converter.

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Figure 1Configuration of a DC microgrid system

At the load section, the distributed power, which is DC, is converted into AC or DC which might be
needed by the load. The converters on the load side will not need a transformer, since the required DC
voltage distributed will be available. In some cases where a high-quality supply of power is required,
there will be the need of a DC distribution voltage. These are areas like hospitals, banks, and factories
where semiconductors are manufactured, since there’s rarity in downtime brought about by the power
outages or voltage sag. DC Microgrids have the following features, some of the features are
advantageous for the grid.

 DC microgrids have a higher quality power and are efficient.

 The losses coming from the conversion of the DC power supplies and loads are less, that’s why
they are efficient and are called high power quality distribution system
 Synchronising of the grid and the reactive power/utility grid is unnecessary
 In the times of long-time isolation, the power transmitted/produced is less than the power
consumed, the microgrid can discontinue supplying power to some loads and focus on the high-
quality loads.
 There’s no impact of harmonics on loads, swell, or voltage sag
 When the utility grid experiences power outage, or when there’s a voltage sag, the DC bus
voltage is not directly affected since there’s some stored energy in the voltage control of the
converter, AC/DC, and the DC capacitor. That means that the power generated for distribution
in the DC systems and cannot easily trip when disturbances occur.

strategies of Controlling the DC Microgrids

In a typical DC microgrid, there are three modules incorporated and connected together, they are:
Renewable energy module, AC supply module, and load module. The grid voltage of the utility grid, shall

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be converted to DC grid via the IGBT rectifier. It is standard for the system to have a three-wire
distribution system that consist of +200V, -200V, and neutral. In figure 2, we are going to look at the
control structure of a 3-phase

Figure 2:DC Micro-grid schematic

The grid gets sinusoidal current at the input via the DC/AC inverters. The work of the inverters is to
transform the DC power into AC so that it is injected into the grid. Controlling the grid, is the most vital
part of the grid when we have the PV system installed into the grid. These systems are controlled by two
types of controllers, MPP controllers, which majorly obtains the maximum power from the PV modules
and inverter controller, which controls DC-link voltage, reactive, and active power that goes into the
grid. It also deals with the synchronization of the grid, and the power injected. The control structure of
the grid is composed of two controllers which are cascaded in loops of two. The external voltage loop
which controls the voltage or the grid current. The DC-link voltage controller, acts to balance the power
flow of the system. Likewise, the controller acting on the externally is meant to optimally control and
make sure there’s stability in the system, which slows down the dynamics. The period of stability and
the time for stability should be over 20 times more than the one in the internals loop of the current.
These two types of loops work separately, hence the roe of transfer in the current loop is usually not
considered in the design [2] [3]. At some other times, the voltage loop is cascaded DC-link with an
internal power loop than that of a current loop. By doing this, the current fed into the system is
indirectly controlled. Figure 3 shows the single-phase control structure which also shows the two stage
inverters or the two loops, current loop and the voltage loop. This structure has DC/DC converter [4].

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Figure 3:Control structure showing the two stages (current and voltage loops)

It also shows a single-phase inverter system which has a current controlled H-bridge Pulse width
modulator (PWM) inverter which has a low pass filter at the output. This is a common system for a
control structure for DC/AC grid converter.

Modelling of photovoltaic module

A photovoltaic is a system which converts light into electrical energy with the help of pv cells which are
connected in series and parallel across the solar panel to give the rated output voltages and currents. In
series connection of the pv cells the sum of all individual voltages is equal to the resultant output
voltage. Likewise, in parallel connection the sum of all individual currents in the system is equal to the
resultant output current. In the pv module, the source is pv array which acts as dc voltage source that
gives the output as dc power. In this pv module output power the currents and voltages are mutually
dependent.

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Figure 4 power vs voltage and current of pv cell

In this model we have selected BP Solarex MSX-120 polycrystalline photovoltaic module due to its highly
accurate at maximum power point. And also, at MPP, the error is very negligible that is less than 0.005%.
This MSX-120 includes 36 cr-si type pv cells which are connected in series [5]. The more detailed
parameters are shown below:

Figure 5 electrical parameters of the pv module

The pv module is connected to the bypass diode in series for the continual power supply at low voltages
instead of not conducting power at all [6]. These bypass diodes have no effects on its output because

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they are connected in reverse bias mode across the positive terminal of the pv array and negative
output terminal.

Role of IGBT’S in pv module

The insulated gate bipolar transistor is connected in parallel with the pv module across the output
terminals of the pv array. The energy from the sunlight is directly converted into electrical energy
without any mechanical motion and this electrical energy is fed to households, charge the batteries and
connect to the grid, etc. In order to make use of this we need AC voltage, the required AC voltage is
available through solar panel via DC voltage. So, the most popular and energy efficient technique is to
use insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT’S) which shows the characteristics of metal oxide
semiconductors (MOS) and also bipolar output characteristics. These insulated gate bipolar transistor
(IGBT’S) have the capability of controlling the peak currents while compared to metal oxide
semiconductor effect transistors (MOSFET) [7].

Figure 6 SIMULATION MODEL OF PV MODULE

MPPT controller
Maximum power point tracker (MPPT) is needed for achievement of a maximum power in the grid.
When the operating current and voltage is controlled in the converter, it remains close to the MPP, at
any given time. When MPPT is used, the voltage and current in the structure in the PV array system get
sensed by the voltage and current sensors at a given cycle of sampling [8]. The values are fed into the
MPPT block which then calculates the MPP, which then gives the reference values for current and
voltage, which are then transformed to the values of power to match the values calculated. Should
difference occurs, the duty cycle of the inverter is then adjusted. But when there’s a match of the
values, then it can be inferred that the array is working well and producing maximum power. The

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converter is ideally placed on a standard topology that is non – isolated. The advantage of using the
MPPT is the ability to find the MPP and the efficiency faster. MPPT can employ some algorithms like, the
perturb and observe, incremental conductance, constant voltage, and parasitic capacitance [9]. The
simpler method is Perturb and Observe (P&O), no wonder it has attracted many people. This approach
involves the perturbation or disturbance of the system current; it also disturbs the system voltage. The
figure 4 shows the demonstration of how this system works, where on the left side from where the
power operates is supposed to increase the system voltage, and conversely, the one on the left needs to
reduce the voltage. Thus, by the increase of power the next duty cycle remains constant so that a
maximum power is obtained.

Figure 7:PV panel power characteristic curve

On the other hand, when power decreases, the duty cycle is reversed so that it obtains the MPP. The
cycles continue until the system reaches the MPP. Because of it simplicity, the P&O method is popularly
used in the solar power farms [7] [8]. This technique, has two demerits, one is that there’s a problem in
finding the convergence rate of the tracking MPP, and another is there’s a problem in finding the
oscillation amplitude. When small perturbation is considered, the rate of convergence is decreased, and
the oscillation at the MPP is also reduced. This causes an unsteady or reduced or declined oscillation
when MPP is about to be achieved. This is mitigated by modifying the version of P&O [9]. There are
other methods of MPPT proposed [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] and each of them have their advantages and the
disadvantages. With these in mind, the considerations are given to the techniques that are intelligent.
The space satellite uses the MPPT types that are reliable and show good performance and the tracking
of the MPP needs to be done in real-time.

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Fault Detection analysis in microgrids

DC/AC Inverter control

The output current is controlled, the control system needs to be the one that controls the duty cycle.
The DC/AC controllers made up of two loops that it uses to control. The internal current loop and the
external DC-bus voltage control. The sudden changes in AC current needs to be checked and brought
back to a sinusoidal form, and that is possible thanks to internal loop control. The reference signal called
phase locked loop (PPL) which is also sinusoidal gives a current ( I ref ), which helps in the synchronization
of the grid voltage with the current output [4] [14] [15]. PLL creates a signal that works to track another
so that the signal coming out in is synchronised with the one that is fed in, in terms of frequency and
phase. The current amplitude is regulated by the voltage in the external loop. This same voltage also
controls the bus voltage of the DC grid (V ¿¿ dc )¿ . The external loop voltage should have a limit, and its
regulation is necessary since also in itself controls the input power of the grid. Figure 5 shows the detail
of the current loop of the microgrid.

The PV system, is connected to the DC/DC boost converter. As described, the converter boost works
when aided by the MPPT. The basic synchronous generator is linked to the distribution line of the DC
microgrid via DC/DC converter. DC microgrids give out power in DC form and AC form which is
transmitted to the loads. These loads can be categorised into three forms in the utility distributed
systems. The classes are, the three phase loads, DC loads and single-phase loads. These loads are
interfaced by a use of power electronics components like the inverters, and buck converters. The
customer requirements, shall determine how the ratings of these converters shall be.

Figure 8:Control loop of current

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Faults in DC microgrids
The faults that occur in an overhead line of a power system are mostly are unsymmetrical faults which
mostly are single line to ground fault. The single line to fault is the centre of focus in the paper.

Line to Ground faults

This is most type of fault that occurs in power system. This fault decreases the reliability of a power
system and its continuity is reduced as well. Usually this fault is brought about by the striking of lighting
where one side of the conductor may fall to the ground, either positive or negative. This will disconnect
the line thereby paralysing operation of the line. When objects fall on the line, line to ground fault may
also occur and a new path is created for current on the ground [16]. This fault happens mostly in the
distribution systems of the industries. Figure 6 shows two diagrams, one of them is an illustration and
another is the circuit diagram of a line to ground fault. The phase a links to the ground, having been
mechanically damaged, at a point F, I a , I b ,∧I c are currents along the conductors and V a , V b ,∧V c are
the respective voltages. The impedance caused by the fault, shall be Z f . Since a is touching the ground,
the remaining phases acts like open circuit, with their currents amounting to zero. At the fault, the
voltage can be obtained by V a =I a Z f

Figure 9:An illustration and a circuit diagram of a Line-line fault

Line – Line fault

This is the most severe fault in a power system than the earth fault. This fault is rare in the system. This
is where one of the transmission line links with the other. This could be brought about by a tree falling
on a transmission line, or birds perching on the lines or any mechanical thing that shall lie on the
conductors and let them get in contact. The fault also occurs in underground cables, and this is brought
about by the insulation problems.

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Fault Detection analysis in microgrids

Figure 10: Line to Line fault illustration

Simulation of a DC Microgrid
To confirm the control techniques of the DC microgrid, computer simulations have been performed by
using MATLAB/SIMULIMK. The primary details of this particular system show in Table one and the
simulation circuit is shown in Figure. In this particular research, grid connected method is used. At the
source side, photovoltaic source and synchronous generator are demonstrated and Ac lots (both
individual stage as well as 3 phase load DC and) load are connected at the ton aspect. In this particular
paper, (A) faults on supply side, (B) faults on load edge and (C) faults on DC transmission line are
considered. Faults are found single type to ground fault for development side and load side and line to
line fault for DC transmission edge.

Case 1- Faults on the Generation Side of the DC Grid - line to Ground Fault

The simulation results are revealed in Figure eight. The comparison of Figure 11 (a) and (b), voltage
fluctuation and ripples greatly result in on DC bus voltage and consumer side due to fault. This condition
can't ever get back to stable. Therefore, protection products should be fitted. In Figure 11 (b), voltage
across the load is falls down as well as 3 phase load, single stage load plus DC load are somewhat
changed when fault happens at 0.02 second. After which, these power as well as voltage are right away
restored and faulty part is isolated because other generation resources (Photovoltaic program as well as
Synchronous generator) and appropriate unit (circuit breaker) supports to DC microgrid. Thus, the
system gets to its stable condition after achieving the fault clearing time (0.12 ) that is second.

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Fault Detection analysis in microgrids

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Fault Detection analysis in microgrids

(b)

Figure 11 case-1 characteristic behaviour (a) without protection (b) with protection

Case 2- Faults on 3 Phase Load Side of the DC Grid Single line to Ground Fault
The simulation outcomes of single series to ground with as well as with no protection system are
revealed in Figure 12 (a) and also (b). DC bus voltage drops substantially when the compare of Figure
12(a) and also (b). In 3 phase load and DC , ripple effects are significantly witnessed throughout. When
the safety is used the voltage is regain quickly after the clearance of fault. It's found that fault is cleared
within 0.12 minute in Figure 12 (b). This provides the system stability and reliability.

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Fault Detection analysis in microgrids

Figure 12 case-2 characteristic behaviour (a) without protection (b) with protection

Case 3- Faults on DC Grid - Line to Line Fault

In this, the duration is assumed to be 100m, ranked voltage 600V and conductor size 250mm2 is
selected. Then, the resistance is 0.01Ω and additionally the inductance is placed to 0.03mH. The
simulation outcomes of bus voltage, Ac loads as well as DC load without with protection are revealed in
Figure ten for collection to line fault. Figure 13 (a) reveals that with no protection system. The DC bus
voltage is corrected 400V. When type to line fault is occurred on DC line, the bus voltage is reduced
approximately 371.16V. Nevertheless, the system is stable after 0.1second. Ac loads is also sound at
0.12second and DC ton has ripple effects. To fix these problems, suitable protection products must be
fitted. Although it's limitations, fuses also used for protection. Nevertheless, moulded case circuit
breaker (MCCB) is able to make use of in DC systems. Figure 13 (b) shows that the simulation outcomes
of DC microgrid with security system. When the defensive device is utilized in the DC microgrid, the
voltage is rapidly restored after fault clearing time. So, this increases the system stability, reliability and
continuity of supply.

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Fault Detection analysis in microgrids

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Fault Detection analysis in microgrids

Figure 13 case-3 characteristic behaviour (a) without protection (b) with protection

Conclusion
In order to satisfy higher quality and efficiency power cord, "Analysis on functionality of DC Microgrid
under Fault Condition" is suggested. This paper is carried out the idea of DC microgrid, management
strategies for distributed power resources, power converters and load edge in dc microgrid. Moreover,
faults are revealed single line to ground fault for generation side and load line and side to line fault for
DC transmission edge. It's analyzed for system stability and reliability. When fault happens on
development side, it wasn't affected on consumption side really due to gadgets and distributed
generation methods. When fault additionally causes in three phase ton of customer side, it might be
seen that other loads weren't affected by fault. Finally, stable conditions can be found in need side of DC
microgrid due to any no effects. This can maximize efficiency from all the options as well as better
balance in the DC power system. The demonstration of DC microgrid for high quality distribution process
is carried through with MATLAB/ SIMULINK Software.

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Fault Detection analysis in microgrids

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