UNIT III CONTROL FLOW, FUNCTIONS

1. Boolean values: It returns True or False. Conditions are check with the help of = = comparison operator or relational operator
Eg: if(5==5): print(“Hello”) Output: Hello
2. Operators: An operator is a symbol that specifies an operation to be performed on the operands.
Eg: a+b (a and b are operands, + is the operator) – PEMDAS rule is followed for operator precedence
Types of operators – Arithmetic operator(+,-,*,/,%,**,//), Comparison or Relational operator (!=,==,<=,>=,<,>), Logical operator(and, or,
not), Assignment operator(=,+=,-=,*=,/=,%=,**=,//=), bitwise operator(&, |, ^,<<,>>,~), Membership operator(in, not in),
Identity operator(is,is not), Unary operator(-,+), Boolean operator(and,or,not) Eg: a=10; b=20; c=a+b; print(c)
3. Conditionals and Control statements/ Decision making statements: The sequence of instructions are controlled by condition
The if statement is a Syntax: Example:
decision making statement. if (condition is true): x=int(input())
It is used to control the flow True statement if( x > 0):
Conditional (if)
of execution to test logically print (x,” is positive number")
whether the condition is true
or false
It is two way decision Syntax: Example:
making statements. It if (condition is true): x=int(input())
executes some statements if True statement if (x%2 == 0):
Alternative (if-else) the condition is true and else: print(x, "is even number")
executes some other False statement else:
statements, when the print(x, "is odd number")
condition is false.
It is multi way decision Syntax: Example:
making statement. The elif if(condition1 is true): x=int(input()); y=int(input())
statement allows you to statement if (x < y):
check multiple expressions elif(condition2 is true): print (x, "is less than", y)
Chained conditional
for TRUE and execute a statement elif( x > y):
(if-elif-else)
block of code as soon as elif(condition3 is true): print( x, "is greater than", y)
one of the conditions statement else:
evaluates to TRUE else: print (x, "and", y, "are equal")
statement
One conditional can also be Syntax: Example:
nested within another. if(condition is true): If(x == y):
statement Print(x, "and", y, "are equal")
else: else:
Nested conditionals
if(condition): if(x < y):
statement print(x, "is less than", y)
else: else:
statement print(x, "is greater than", y)
4. Iteration / Looping statements
Iteration: Repeated execution of a set of statements using either a recursive function call or a loop.
loop: A statement or group of statements that execute repeatedly until a terminating condition is satisfied.
Looping states: 1.Initialization of condition variable 2.Test control statement 3.Execute the loop 4.Updating the condition variable
It is an Entry controlled loop. Syntax: Example:
It is a repetitive control while(condition): d1=int(input(“1st number”))
structure, used to execute body of the loop d2=int(input(“2nd number”))
remainder=d1%d2
while loop the statements within the ..
while(remainder!=0):
body, until the condition update condition d1,d2=d2,remainder
becomes false remainder=d1%d2
print(“GCD is :”,d2)
It is another repetitive Syntax: Example:
control structure, and is for iterating_var in sequence: from array import *
used to execute a set of statements a=array(‘i', [1,2,3,4,5])
for loop instructions repeatedly, until sum=0
for i in a:
the condition becomes false sum=sum+i
print(sum)
The loop within the loop is Syntax: Example:
nested loop. Two or more for iterating_var in sequence: a=[[1,2,3],[4,5,6]]
Nested loop while/for statements are for iterating_var in sequence: for i in range(0,3):
included in the body of the statements for j in range(0,3):
loop. print(a[i][j])
5. Loop control statements – It change execution from its normal sequence.
It is used to terminate the Syntax: Example:
loop statement immediately. while(condition): n=1
break is usually associated if(condition): while(n>0):
break with an if statement break print n
n=n+1
if(n==5):
break
It returns the control to the Syntax: n=10
beginning of the loop, It skip while(condition): while(n>0):
the remainder of its body of if(condition): print n
continue n=n-1
the loop continue
if(n==5):
continue
 It is a null operation, nothing Syntax: Example:
happens when it executes. It while(condition): n=10
is useful to check the code if(condition): while(n>0):
print n
pass syntactically pass
n=n-1
if(n==5):
pass
print(“pass block”)
6. Fruitful functions: Functions that return values is called fruitful functions.
Return values: Inside the function you may return single or multiple values
Function Parameters: The names given in the function definition are called parameters
Function argument: Whereas the values you supply in the function call are called arguments.
def add(a,b): def add(a,b): def fun(a,b): Output
c=a+b return a+b if(a>b): Answer 50
return 1
return c else:
Answer 50
return 0 Answer 0
result=add(10,40) result=add(10,40) result=add(10,40)
print(“Answer”, result) print(“Answer”, result) print(“Answer”, result)

7. Scope of variable: Local variable is not related in any way of other variables with same name in outside function
Local scope: Variables that are defined inside a function a=5 # global variable Output
Global scope: Variables that are defined outside a function def fun(): 3
a=3 # local variable 5
print(a)
fun()
print(a)
8. Function composition:
A Function can call one function from within another. def fun2(): Output
print("programming") python
def fun1( ): programming
print("python")
fun2()
fun1( )

def factorial(n): Factorial Program Output

if(n==0): 120
9. Recursion: return 1
else:
It is the process of calling the same function itself
return(n*factorial(n-1))
again and again until some condition is satisfied. result=factorial(5)
print(result)

10. Strings: String is a collection of characters delimited by ‘single’ or “double quotes”. Eg: fruit="banana"; print(fruit)
String operators: + string concatenation, * repetition, [ : ] string slice, in and not in – membership, % Format string
Eg: str1="Hello"; str2="Python"; print(str1+str2) Output: HelloPython
Eg: str1="Hello"; print(str1*2); print(str1[0:3]) Output: HelloHello Hel
String slices: A segment of a string is called a slice [ : ] Selecting a slice is similar to selecting a character. Index value starts at 0 and -1
from the end. Eg: s="Peter, Paul, and Mary"; print s[0:5]; print s[7:11]; print s[17:21] Output: Peter Paul Mary
String Immutability: Strings are immutable, which means you can't change an existing string.
Eg: s="Hello, world!"; s[0]='J'; print(s) Output: 's' object does not support item assignment
The best you can do is create a new string that is a variation on the original:
Eg: s="Hello, world!"; n='J'+s[1:]; print(n) Output: Jello, world!
11. String functions and methods:
Functions/ Description Example Output
Methods
len( ) Returns the number of characters in a string fruit = "banana"; len(fruit) 6
== String comparison. It checks two strings are equal or not fruit="banana"; Yes equal
if(fruit=="banana"):
print("Yes equal")
find( ) Returns the index of character print(string.find("banana", "na") 2
split( ) It splits single multi-word string into a list of individual words, book="problem solving and python ['problem', 'solving', 'and',
removing all white spaces between them. programming"; book.split(); 'python', 'programming']
join( ) Concatenate two strings, add white space to string book="python"; print(" ".join(book)) python
replace( ) Original string is updated with some replacement b="python program"; java program
print(b.replace("python","java"))
upper( ) Original string converted in to Upper case b="python programming"; b.upper(); 'PYTHON
PROGRAMMING'
lower( ) Original string converted in to Lower case b="Python programming"; b.lower(); ‘python programming’

12. String module: The string module contains useful functions that manipulate strings. As usual, we have to import the module before we can
use it. Eg: import string; fruit="banana"; print(string.find("banana", "na")) Output: 2
from array import * Output
13. Lists as arrays:
a=array(‘i', [1,2,3,-4,5]) 1
An array is a collection of elements of same datatype along with list. print(“The array elements are:”) 2
‘i’-signed integer, ‘I’-unsigned integer, ‘u’-alphabet for i in a: 3
Advantages: To store & process a group of elements easily. print i -4
Syntax: arrayname=array(type code,[elements]) Eg: a=array(‘I’,[1,2,3,4,5]) 5