“PILL CAM”

Seminar submitted to

Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University

in fulfillment of requirement for the award of degree of

Bachelor of Technology
Under the

Faculty of Engineering and Technology

In the discipline

Computer Engineering
By
Student Name
NITIN DAGADU PATIL
Guide

Prof. Poonam Patil

With designation

Department of Computer Engineering

Godavari Foundation’s

Godavari College of Engineering, Jalgaon

(An affiliated to Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University)

YEAR 2022-2023
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the S.Y.Computer Seminar “PILL CAM” submitted by NITIN DAGADU PATIL In
fulfillment of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in the Department of COMPUTER ENGINEERING,
Godavari College of engineering, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere is a bonafide
record of work carried out by him in the Department of Computer Engineering, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar
Technological University, Lonere under my guidance and supervision. In my opinion this work has attained
the standard fulfilling the requirements of the regulations of the University.

Date:
Place: Jalgaon

Prof. Poonam patil Prof. Nilesh Wani

With designation with designation

Dr. V.H. PATIL

PRINCIPAL
Godavari Foundation’s
GODAVARI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, JALGAON
 DECLARATION / UNDERTAKING

I hereby declare that the work presented in this Seminar “PILL CAM” was carried out by me under the
supervision of guide from September 2022 to January 2023. This work or any part of this work is based on
original research and has not been submitted by me to any University/Institution for the award of any degree.

Date:

Place: Jalgaon Nitin Dagadu Patil

Student Name and signature

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 TABLE CONTENTS

SR.NO NAME PAGES

6
1 ABSTRACT

7
2 INTRODUCTION

3 HITORY 9

4 EARLIER METHOD 10

11
5 CONVENTIONAL METHOD

13
6 COMPONENT USES

15
7 WORKING

17
8 IMPORTANCE FACTS

18
9 ADVANTAGES AND DRAWBACKS

10 APPLICATIONS

11 ENDOSCOPIC ANALYSIS

12 CONCLUSION

13 FUTURE SCOPE

14 REFRENCES
 ABSTRACT

The aim of technology is to produce products on a large scale for cheaper prices and increased quality.
The present technologies have obtained a part of it, but the manufacturing technology is at the macro
level. There is a device named as Diagnostic Imaging System that comes with the pill cam and consists
of the batteries, lights, camera, and a transmitter. The wireless camera in the device cam takes thousands
of high-quality images while passing through the full length of the small intestine. The normal pill camera
is sized around 26 X 11 mm.
This tiny capsule can pass through our body, without causing any harm it. It takes picture of our intestine
and transmits the same to the receiver of the computer analysis of our digestive system. This process
can help tracking any kind of disease related to digestive system.
One such product Manufactured is PILL CAMERA, which is used for the treatment of cancer, ulcer
and anemia.
It has made a revolution in field of medicine
 INTRODUCTION

Technology is like an expanding universe. As there is a great progress in manufacturing

products, humans are still thinking more complex about innovative ideas. With our present
technology we manufacture products by casting, milling, grinding, chipping and integrated
fabrication. With these technologies we have made more things at a lower cost and greater
precision than ever before. In the manufacture of these products, we have been arranging atoms
in great thundering statistical herds. All manufactured products are made from atoms. The next
step in manufacturing technology is to manufacture products at molecular level. The
technology used to achieve manufacturing at molecular level is “NANOTECHNOLOGY”.
Nanotechnology is the creation of useful materials, devices, and system through manipulation of
such miniscule matter (nanometer). Nanotechnology deals with objects measured in
Nanometers. Nanometer can be visualized as billionth of a meter or millionth of a millimeter or
it is 1/80000 width of human hair. These technologies we have made more things at a lower
cost and greater precision than before. Millions of assemblers needed to build products. In order
to create enough assemblers to build consumer goods, some Nano machines called explicators
will be developed using self-replication process. Self-replication is a process in which devices
whose diameters are of atomic scales, on the order of nanometer's, create copies of themselves.

1.1 OBJECTIVE:

1) Pill camera endoscopy is used to detect intestinal cancer, oesophageal diseases like crohn’s
disease.
2) Its major use is to capture live color footage of small intestinal track and detect any
digestive system disease at early stage.
All manufactured products are made from atoms and properties of those products depend on
how those atoms are arranged in great thundering statistical herds. If we rearrange atoms in
dirt, water, and air we get grass. The next step in manufacturing technology is to manufacture
products at molecular level. The technology used to achieve manufacturing at molecular level
is Nanotechnology.
And pill camera is one of its examples which takes pictures of our intestine
and transmits the same to the receiver of the computer for analysis of our digestive system.
This process can help in tracking any kind of disease related to digestive system. Also, some
drawbacks of PILL CAMERA are mentioned and how these drawbacks can be overcome using
Grain sized motor and bi -directional wireless telemetry capsule.
Pill camera can be defined as a device having the shape of a pill and consists of a tiny
camera. This device is used to record the photos of the digestive tract for the medical
purposes. The pill camera is used in the capsule endoscopy for the visualization of the
bowel wall and lumen. In this procedure, the patient swallows the pill camera that records
images while passing through the entire tract. The main purpose of the manufacturing of
pill camera is to examine those areas of the small intestine that remain unnoticed by the
other forms of endoscope
 HISTORY

The diagnostic pill was invented in the 1990s by Israeli inventor Gavriel Iddan. Gavriel
Iddan was an electrical engineer who previously worked at Israeli military manufacturer
Rafael Israel's Armament Development Authority, developing guided-missile
technology. Gavriel Iddan's first capsule endoscopy products was named M2A capsule and
was cleared by the FDA for small intestine visualization in August 2011.
In 2000, a group of doctors from England reported the production and use of a new
instrument for determining internal bleeding in the small intestine of the digestive system.
They used a device called a capsule endoscope, which was 1-1/8 inches long and 3/8 inches
wide. It was the size of a large pill and it had an 8-hr battery, light source, a camera, and a
small transmitter. After ingestion, the capsule takes 2 pictures per second for a total of
55,000 images. After 8 hours, the capsule sends the images to an external computer
monitor, where the pictures are stored and processed to be later analyzed, while the pill is
then disposed of.
Pill Cam has had tremendous success after its release in 2001 because of its improved safety
and accuracy. It is more healthy than X-rays and radioactive tracing of stomach tumors.
Currently, the Pill Cam video capsule has been used approximately 1.5 million times by
more than 5,000 medical facilities in more than 75 countries. The new wireless capsule
endoscopy has been established as the global standard for digestive diagnosis. Given
Imaging, the Pill Cam company, has sold 221,300 capsules and reached an annual revenue
of $157.8 million.
 EARLIER METHOD

Earlier methods used a fiber which was inserted and helped in transmitting the pictures of the digestive track.
The following figure shows a typical Endoscope

Fig 4.1 Typical endoscope

Endoscopes consist of three tubes; a light emitting fiber, a fiber which transmits the image to the physician
and tube which can be used for the administration of drugs as well as having the ability to hold a brush or
incisor instrument for the removal of damaged body tissue or for taking tissue samples.
In the earlier endoscopy methods, a half inch diameter tube is sent inside the body through throat. If there is
any difficulty with the patient in swallowing the tube, his/her throat is sprayed with a sedative which sedative,
which makes the job easier and less painful.
 CONVENTIONAL METHOD

The method of detecting abnormalities in the intestines is through endoscopic examination in

which doctors advance a scope down into the small intestine via the mouth. However, these
scopes are unable to reach through all of the 20-foot-long small intestine, and thus provide only
a partial view of that part of the bowel. With the help of capsule which contains conventional
camera as shown in not only can diagnoses, be made for certain conditions routinely missed by
other tests, but disorders can be detected at an earlier stage, enabling treatment before
complications develop. However, the amount left behind in the body is less than is absorbed by
the average person drinking tap water, according to researchers. Scientific advances in areas
such as nanotechnology and gene therapy promise to revolutionize the way we discover and
develop drugs, as well as how we diagnose and treat disease. The 'camera in a pill' is one recent
development that is generating considerable interest.

Fig 5.1 Conventional Camera

5.1 Diagnostic Imaging System
The device, called the given Diagnostic Imaging System, comes in capsule form, and contains a
camera, lights, transmitter, and batteries. The capsule has a clear end that allows the camera to
view the lining of the small intestine. As shown in fig Capsule endoscopy consists of a
disposable video camera encapsulated into a pill like form that is swallowed with water. The
wireless camera takes thousands of high-quality digital images within the body as it passes
through the entire length of the small intestine. The latest pill camera is sized at 26*11 mm and
is capable of transmitting 50,000 color images during its traversal through the digestive
system of patient. The tiny cameras are swallowed by patients who want less invasive
examinations of their digestive track. Until now U.S. DRAM maker Micron Technology Inc.
had been the biggest promoter of the camera-in-a-pill concept, with companies such as Israel's
Given Imaging charging as much as $450 for its Pill Cam. Magna Chip is highlighting the low-
light sensitivity of the camera, but provided no specification detail.

Fig 5.1.1 Disposable Video Camera

Video Chip
This chip consists of the IC CMOS image sensor which is used to take pictures of intestine .The
lamp is used for proper illumination in the intestine for taking photos. Micro actuator acts as
memory to store the software code that is the instructions. The antenna is used to transmit the
images to the receiver. For the detection of reliable and correct information, capsule should be
able to design, to transmit several biomedical signals, such as pH, temperature, and pressure.
 COMPONENTS USED

Capsules consist of eight components with their respective function as below:

Fig 6.1 Components used

Components of Capsule Camera
6.1 Optical Dome
This shape results in easy orientation of the capsule axis along the central axis of small
intestine and so helps propel the capsule forward easily.
The Optical Dome contains the Light Receiving Window.
6.2 Lens Holder
The Lens Holder is that part of the capsule which accommodates the lens.
The lens is tightly fixed to the holder so that it doesn’t get damage.
6.3 Lens
The Lens is an integral component of the capsule. It is arranged behind the Light Receiving
Window.
6.4 Illuminating LED’s
Around the Lens & CMOS Image Sensor, four LED s (Light Emitting Diodes) are ‟
present. These plural lighting devices are arranged in doughnut shape.
6.5 CMOS Image Sensor
CMOS Image Sensor is the most important part of the capsule. It is highly sensitive and
produces very high-quality images. It has 140º field of view and can detect objects as small as possible.
6.6 Battery
Battery used in the capsule is button shaped and two in number as shown in Batteries are
arranged together just behind the CMOS Image Sensor. Silver Oxide primary batteries are used
(Zinc/Alkaline Electrolyte/Silver Oxide). Such a battery has an even discharge voltage,
disposable and doesn't cause harm to the body. ‟
6.7 ASIC Transmitter
The ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) Transmitter is arranged behind the
Batteries as shown. Two Transmitting Electrodes are connected to the outlines of the ASIC
Transmitter. These electrodes are electrically isolated from each other.
6.8 Antenna
The Antenna is arranged at the end of the capsule. It is enclosed in a dome shaped chamber.
Once swallowed, the missile pill travels through the small intestine propelled by the
contractions of the gastrointestinal tract. The squeezing motion acts as a squeegee, wiping the
lens clean for clear pictures. Along the way it films digital images and transmits them to a
receiver worn by the patient. The recorder also tracks the capsule's location within the body.
The capsule itself is larger than an aspirin, about 11 mm x 26 mm in size and about 4 grams in
weight. Called the M2A, it is not a medication, but rather a single-use video color-imaging
capsule. Besides the miniature color video camera, the capsule contains a light source,
batteries, a transmitter, and an antenna. Once swallowed this capsule/camera travels easily
through the digestive tract and is naturally excreted. It is never absorbed in the body. The
patient wears a wireless Given Data Recorder on a belt around his or her. Standard CMOS APS
pixel today consists of a photo detector (a pinned photodiode), a floating diffusion, a transfer
gate, reset gate, selection gate and source-follower readout transistor the so-called 4T cell. The
pinned photodiode was originally used in interline.
 WORKING OF A PILL CAMERA

The size of a pill camera generally remains slightly larger than the size of a normal capsule.
The capsule is swallowed by the patient and it is propelled forward by the natural muscular
waves of the digestive tract into the small intestine via the large intestine. After that, the pill
camera comes out in the stool. It takes two photos in a second while passing through the
digestive tract. The images are transmitted by the capsule to a data recorder that is worn by the
patient on a belt around its waist. The patient can work as usual as the normal day after
swallowing the pill camera.
The stored data is transferred to the physician to its computer for further analysis. Normally, the
process takes around eight hours to complete. According to the study, the pill camera is safe to
use and don’t have any side effects.
7.1 Power Up The process doesn’t need a motor to move through your gut, but it does require
50 milli watts to run its camera, lights, and computer. Batteries would be too bulky, so the cam
draws its power through induction charging. A vest worn by the patient contains a coil that
continuously transmits power.
7.2 Offload Data Instead of storing each two-megapixel image internally, this continually
transmits shots wirelessly to an antenna in the vest, where they are saved to a standard SD
memory card.
7.3 Deliver Video Doctors pop the SD card into a PC, and software compiles thousands of
overlapping images into a flat map of the intestines that can be as large as 1,175 megapixels.
Doctors can replay the ride as video and magnify a problem area up to 75-fold to study details.
7.4 Leave the Body At around $100, the cam is disposable, so patients can simply flush it
away. Pill passes down in the oesophagus and through roughly 20 to 25 feet of intestines, were
it will capture up to 870,000 images. This is an exam of the small intestine of your digestive
system. This capsule takes 75,000 to 80,000 pictures as it passes through the digestive tract.
These pictures will transmit to sensor pads that are placed belly. The images are stored in a
small device that is held on a belt you will wear around the waist. Research shows that the pill
leaves behind a trace of silver when it passes through the body.
The capsule transmits the images to a data recorder, which is worn on a belt around the patient's waist
while going about his or her day as usual. The stored images are transferred to a computer PC
workstation where they are transformed into a digital movie which the doctor can later examine
on the computer monitor. Patients are not required to retrieve and return the video capsule to the physician.
Uses
Crohn’s Disease.
Malabsorption Disorders.
Tumors of the small intestine & Vascular Disorders.
Ulcerative Colitis
Medication Related to Small Bowel Injury
 IMPORTANT FACTS ABOUT THE PILL CAMERA

Every second, there are two digital images of the intestinal lining clicked by the pill
camera.
The pill camera normally sizes same as a multi-vitamin tablet.
More than half of the pill capsule is filled with the batteries.
The computer software program is used by the hospitals to speed up the viewing of
the video.
There is a tiny Perspex dome installed over the lens to make sure that all the images
should be taken in focus.
The normal cost for this type of procedure is around £1,000 that includes the cost of
the pill-cam.
The pill camera was first developed by the Given Imaging Ltd., an Israeli
Company.
The futuristic ‘Pill camera’ is a tiny camera fitted with a flashing LED light.
It is designed to show up any abnormalities inside the human body.
The camera is swallowed like traditional tablets and takes the same route through
the body as food.
As it moves through the body, it takes 18 images every second.
This means medics can see inside the organ without the need for surgery.
It will also pick up problems that external scans traditionally wouldn’t find.

Fig 8.1 Pill Camera

NTAGES AND DRAWBACKS

ADVA Advantages of Pill Camera:

 Biggest Used to shrink the size of components.
impact on
Nano technology has the potential to have a positive effect on the
the
medical Environment.
industry.
Nanoro
bots can
perform Drawbacks of the pill camera:
delicate
surgeries. The pill camera can transmit images from inside to outside the body. Consequently, it
They becomes impossible to control the camera behavior, including the on/off power functions and
can also
effective illuminations inside the intestine.
change
the It is risky to try this procedure on the patients having gastrointestinal structures because
physical
appearan of the obstruction risk. Also, there is a chance that the pill camera may not be able to traverse
ce. inside the digestive system in a free manner.
They If there is a partial obstruction in the patient’s small intestine, then there is a risk of the
can slow
or reverse pill getting stuck there and the patient may have an intestinal obstruction and end up in the
the aging emergency room.
process.

WIRLESS PROCESS
 10.1 wireless endoscopy process

FUTURE SCOPE

This pill camera technology in future can be design to sense temperature, pressure, and various
diseases with its virus present in body. Also, it can be made in the form of programmable chip
so that it can work blood cell (WBC s and RBC s) reconstruction. This can prevent patients ‟ ‟
from surgical operation.
Technical progression has allowed considerable improvements to capsule endoscopes. Superior
quality multi-element lenses and adaptive illumination allow a wider angle of view and
enhanced picture clarity. Power management strategies have increased the duration and
performance of capsule endoscopes and are imperative to facilitate other capsule technological
advancements. The CapsoCam SV1 (Capso Vision Inc, Saratoga, United States) has four side-
viewing (as opposed to end-viewing) lenses allowing a 360° panoramic view to improve
mucosal visualization. In the first study of this new capsule, 100% of small bowel examinations
were complete. The duodenal papilla, identified in only 18%-43% of conventional CE due to
its’ angular position, was visualized in 70% of examinations using CapsoCam SV1.
 CONCLUSION

Scientists predict that this is not all nanotechnology is capable to produce such products. They
even foresee that in the coming decades, with the help of nanotechnology one can make hearts,
lungs, livers, and kidneys, just by providing coal, water and some impurities and even prevent
the aging effect. Nanotechnology has the power to revolutionize the world of production, but it
is sure to increase unemployment in next generation. This pill camera technology has glorified
biomedical science and helped doctors to diagnose such a complicated intestinal bowel in easy
way. Use of Pill camera on large scale will reduce unwanted death rate in upcoming decades.
But in rare case the capsule which is swallowed if does not passthrough body further then, it
may need to be removed endoscopic ally or surgically. So this proposed capsule endoscopic
model has to be further modified after knowing its disadvantage which occurs while the
transmission of video image.
REFERENCES

1. https://studymafia.org/pill-camera-seminar-report-ppt-and-pdf/
2. http://www.ijetajournal.org/volume-3/issue-1/IJETA-V3I1P1.pdf
3. https://www.popsci.com/how-it-works/article/2008-03/how-it-works-endoscope-camera-pill