08/02/2010

Planes
Crystalline structure

Lattice Planes

Why are planes in a lattice important?

•Determining crystal structure
CAPÍTULO 3, parte 3 •Diffraction methods directly measure the distance between
parallel planes of lattice points.
La estructura de los •This information is used to determine the lattice parameters
in a crystal.
sólidos cristalinos •Diffraction methods also measure the angles between lattice
planes.

Planes Planes
Crystalline structure Crystalline structure

•Plastic deformation
•Plastic (permanent) deformation in metals occurs by the slip
of atoms past each other in the crystal.
•This slip tends to occur preferentially along specific lattice
planes in the crystal.
•Which planes slip depends on the crystal structure of the
material.
•Transport Properties
•In certain materials, the atomic structure in certain planes
causes the transport of electrons and/or heat to be particularly
rapid in that plane, and relatively slow away from the plane.
•Example: Graphite
oConduction of heat is more rapid in the sp2 covalently
bonded lattice planes than in the direction
perpendicular to those planes.
•Example: YBa2Cu3O7 superconductors
oSome lattice planes contain only Cu and O
oThese planes conduct pairs of electrons (called
Cooper pairs) that are responsible for superconductivity.
oThese superconductors are electrically insulating in
directions perpendicular to the Cu-O lattice planes.

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Planes
Crystalline structure
Example:
• Plane intersects:
o a axis at r=2
o b axis at s=4/3
o c axis at t=1/2
• How do we symbolically
designate planes in a
lattice?
Planes
Crystalline structure
Example:
Possibility #2 (The accepted one)
•Take the reciprocals of r, s, and t.
•Find the least common multiple that converts all the
reciprocals to integers.
•Enclose the triple in parentheses.
•This is called the Miller Index notation
08/02/2010
Planes
Crystalline structure
Example:
Possibility #1
Enclose the values of r, s, and t in parentheses: (r s t)
•Advantages:
•r, s, and t uniquely specify the plane in the lattice, relative
to the origin.
•The parentheses designate planes, as opposed to
directions, which are enclosed in square brackets [...]
•Disadvantage:
•What happens if the plane is parallel to --- i.e. does not
intersect--- one of the axes?
•Then we would say that the plane intersects that axis at ∞!
•This designation is unwieldy and inconvenient
Planes
Crystalline structure
Example:
Miller index notation
•r = 2, s = 4/3, t = 1/2
•1/r = 1/2, 1/s = 3/4, 1/t = 2
•LCM is 4
•h = 4/r = 2
•k = 4/s = 3
•l = 4/t = 8
•Therefore, Miller index notation is (2 3 8)
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Planes Planes
Crystalline structure Crystalline structure
Lattice planes designation Lattice planes designation
The procedure employed in determination of the h, k, and l index
For the orientations of planes for a crystal structure the unit cell numbers is as follows:
is the basis, with the three-axis coordinate system as •The crystallographic plane either intersects or parallels
represented in Figure. each of the three axes; the length of the planar intercept
for each axis is determined in terms of the lattice
The crystal system, parameters a, b, and c.
crystallographic planes are •The reciprocals of these numbers are taken. A plane that
specified by three Miller parallels an axis may be considered to have an infinite
indices as (hkl). Any two intercept, and, therefore, a zero index.
planes parallel to each other •If necessary, these three numbers are changed to the set
are equivalent and have of smallest integers by multiplication or division by a
identical indices. common factor.
•Finally, the integer indices, not separated by commas, are
enclosed within parentheses, thus: (hkl).

Planes Planes
Crystalline structure Crystalline structure

Lattice planes designation Lattice Planes: Miller Indices

An intercept on the negative side of the origin is indicated by a In-Class Exercises:
bar or minus sign positioned over the appropriate index.

The planes and directions having the same indices are

perpendicular to one another. 1. What is the designation of
this lattice plane in Miller
Index notation?

2. What are the Miller

indices for the top face of
the unit cell?

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Crystallographic Planes Crystallographic Planes

Crystalline structure Crystalline structure

Lattice Planes: Miller Indices In-Class Exercises z

example a b c
c
1. Intercepts 1 1 ∞
2. Reciprocals 1/1 1/1 1/∞
1 1 0
3. Reduction y
1 1 0
a b
4. Miller Indices (110)
x
z
example a b c
1. Intercepts 1/2 ∞ ∞ c
2. Reciprocals 1/½ 1/∞ 1/∞
2 0 0
3. Reduction 1 0 0 y
4. Miller Indices (100) a b
x

Crystallographic Planes Crystallographic Planes

Crystalline structure Crystalline structure
In-Class Exercises
z
Lattice Planes: Families of Lattice Planes
•Given any plane in a lattice, there is a whole (infinite) set of
example a b c parallel lattice planes that are equally spaced from each
c
1. Intercepts 1/2 1 3/4 • other. This set is called the family of planes of that type.
2. Reciprocals 1/½ 1/1 1/¾ •One of the planes in any family always passes through the
2 1 4/3 • y origin
•
3. Reduction 6 3 4 a b
•The Miller indices (hkl) usually refer to the plane that is nearest
x
4. Miller Indices (634) to the origin without passing through it.
•Sometimes (hkl) will be used to refer to any other plane in
the family, or to the family taken together. The usage
Family of Planes {hkl} depends on the context.

Ex: {100} = (100), (010), (001), (100), (010), (001)

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Crystallographic Planes Crystallographic Planes

Crystalline structure Crystalline structure
In-Class Exercises z z

c c• •

• y • y
•
a • b a b
x x
z
•
• In-Class Exercises

• y
a b
x

Crystallographic Planes Crystallographic Planes

Crystalline structure Crystalline structure

z (101) z (012) Linear and Planar Densities

c c
Directional equivalency is related to linear density in the sense
that, for a particular material, equivalent directions have
identical linear densities.
y y
a b a b
The corresponding parameter for crystallographic planes is
x x planar density, and planes having the same planar density
z (301) values are also equivalent.
c
Linear density (LD) is defined as the number of atoms per unit
length whose centers lie on the direction vector for a specific
crystallographic direction:
y
a b
In-Class Exercises
x

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Crystallographic Planes Linear density

Crystalline structure Crystalline structure
Linear and Planar Densities
Number of atoms
• Linear Density of Atoms ≡ LD = Unit length of direction vector
LD = number of atoms centered on direction vector
length of direction vector
[110]
ex: linear density of Al in [110]
Units of linear density are reciprocal length (nm-1,m-1) direction
a = 0.405 nm
Planar density (PD) is taken as the number of atoms per unit
area that are centered on a particular crystallographic plane,
or
PD = number of atoms centered on a plane # atoms
area of plane a 2
LD = = 3.5 nm −1
Units for planar density are reciprocal area (nm-2, m-2) length 2a

Crystallographic planes Planar density

Crystalline structure Crystalline structure
Planar Density of (100) Iron
Solution: At T < 912°C iron has the BCC structure.
• We want to examine the atomic packing of
2D repeat unit
crystallographic planes
(100) 4 3
• Iron foil can be used as a catalyst. The a= R
3
atomic packing of the exposed planes is
important.
a) Draw (100) and (111) crystallographic planes
for Fe. Radius of iron R = 0.1241 nm
atoms
b) Calculate the planar density for each of these 2D repeat unit 1
planes. 1 atoms atoms
Planar Density = = 2 = 12.1 = 1.2 x 1019
area a2 4 3 nm2 m2
R
2D repeat unit 3

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Planar density
Crystalline structure
Planar Density of (111) Iron
Solution (cont): (111) plane 1 atom in plane/ unit surface cell

2a atoms in plane
atoms above plane
atoms below plane

3
h= a
2
2
4 3  16 3 2
atoms area = 2 ah = 3 a 2 = 3  R÷÷= 3 R
2D repeat unit
 3 
1
Planar Density = = 7.0 atoms = 0.70 x 1019
atoms
area 16 3 2 nm2 m2
R
2D repeat unit 3