Metals Dr.

Aseel Hadi

6)Selective Leaching

Selective leaching is found in solid solution alloys and occurs when

one element or constituent is preferentially removed as a consequence of
corrosion processes. The most common example is the dezincification of
brass, in which zinc is selectively leached from a copper–zinc brass alloy.
The mechanical properties of the alloy are significantly impaired, since
only a porous mass of copper remains in the region that has been
dezincified. In addition, the material changes from yellow to a red or
copper color. Selective leaching may also occur with other alloy systems
in which aluminum, iron, cobalt, and chromium.

7)Erosion–Corrosion
Erosion–corrosion arises from the combined action of chemical
attack and mechanical abrasion or wear as a consequence of fluid motion.
Virtually all metal alloys, to one degree or another, are susceptible to
erosion–corrosion. It is especially harmful to alloys that passivate by
forming a protective surface film; the abrasive action may erode away the
film, leaving exposed a bare metal surface. If the coating is not capable of
continuously and rapidly reforming as a protective barrier, corrosion may
be severe.
Erosion–corrosion is commonly found in piping, especially at bends, and
abrupt changes in pipe diameter—positions where the fluid changes
direction or flow suddenly becomes turbulent(‫)مضطرب‬.
One of the best ways to reduce erosion–corrosion:

1) the design is change to eliminate fluid turbulence(‫ )اضطراب‬and

impingement(‫ )ارتطام‬effects.
 Metals Dr. Aseel Hadi

2) Other materials may also be utilized that inherently resist erosion.

3) removal of particulates and bubbles from the solution will lessen its
ability to erode.

8) Stress Corrosion

Stress corrosion, sometimes termed stress corrosion cracking,

results from the combined action of an applied tensile stress and a
corrosive environment; both influences are necessary. In fact, some
materials that are virtually inert in a particular corrosive medium become
susceptible to this form of corrosion when a stress is applied. Small
cracks form and then propagate in a direction perpendicular to the stress
with the result that failure may eventually occur.

The corrosion average (Nernst equation)

the Nernst equation is an equation that relates the reduction
potential of an electrochemical reaction (half-cell or full cell reaction) to
the standard electrode potential, temperature, and activities (often
approximated by concentrations) of the chemical species undergoing
reduction and oxidation.
The Nernst equation is derived from the standard changes in the Gibbs
free energy associated with an electrochemical transformation. For any
electrochemical reduction reaction of the form

Ox + z e− → Red

standard thermodynamics says that the actual free energy change ΔG is

related to the free energy change under standard state ΔGo by the
relationship
 Metals Dr. Aseel Hadi

………(1)

where Q is the reaction quotient.

…………(2) sub. in eq. (1)

The constant F (the Faraday constant) and Q is the fundamental electron

charge. (Q= a red/a ox)This immediately leads to the Nernst equation.

The Nernst equation for an electrochemical half-cell is

For a complete electrochemical reaction (full cell), the equation can

also be written as

where:

Ered is the half-cell reduction potential at the temperature of

interest,

Eored is the standard half-cell reduction potential,

Ecell is the cell potential (electromotive force) at the temperature of

interest, Eocell is the standard cell potential,

R is the universal gas constant: R = 8.314472( J K−1 mol−1)

 Metals Dr. Aseel Hadi

T is the temperature in kelvins,

z is the number of electrons transferred in the cell reaction or half-

reaction, Qr is the reaction quotient of the cell reaction.

a is the chemical activity for the relevant species, where aRed is the
activity of the reduced form and aOx is the activity of the oxidized form.

F is the Faraday constant, F = 9.64853399×104 C mol−1.