Revolutio of Ira an

i ' effec o worl

politic speciall o
middl eas & it
a ermath
Presented By:

Uzair Ahmad Akram (2019-ag-6862)

Hassan Jalil (2019-ag-6858)
 Histor of Ira
Iran also known as Persia, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran is a country in western Asia. Iran is
home to one of the world’s oldest continuous major civilizations, with historical and urban settlements
back to 7000 BC. The Persian empire proper begins in the iron age. Iranian people gave rise to the
Medes, the Achaemenid, the Parthian, and Sasanian empire
 Histor of Ira
● History of Iran The Muslim conquest of Persia (633–654) ended the Sasanian Empire and is a
turning point in Iranian history.
● Islamization of Iran took place during the eighth to tenth centuries, leading to the eventual decline
of Zoroastrianism in Iran as well as many of its dependencies.
● Iran, with its long history of early cultures and empires, had suffered particularly hard during the
late Middle Ages and the early modern period.
● Many invasions of nomadic tribes, whose leaders became rulers in this country, affected it
negatively. [Baten,2016]
 Backgroun 1906-1977
Pahlav dynast
● The Pahlavi dynasty was the ruling house of the imperial state of Iran from 1925 until 1979 when
the 2,500 years of continuous Persian monarchy was overthrown and abolished as a result of the
Iranian Revolution.
 Pahlav dynast
…Con ’
● The dynasty was founded by Reza Shah Pahlavi in 1925. whose reign lasted until 1941 when he
was forced to abdicate by the Allies after the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran.
● He was succeeded by his son, Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, the last Shah of Iran
 R Sha
● The Pahlavi dynasty was known for its autocracy, its focus on modernization and Westernization,
and its disregard for religious and democratic measures in Iran's constitution.
● The founder of the dynasty, army general Reza Pahlavi, replaced Islamic laws with Western ones
 R Sha
…Con ’
▪ Reza Shah was determined to modernize and centralize the operations of Iran. Using the western
model of industrial development.
The new laws were-
Forbade traditional Islamic clothing.
separation of the sexes and veiling of women (hijab).
Women who resisted his ban on public hijab had their chadors forcibly removed and torn.
▪ In 1935 rebellion by pious Shi’a crushed his orders with dozen kills and hundreds injured,
rupturing the relationship between Shah and pious Shi'a.
 Las Sha Come t Power

Reza Shah was deposed in 1941 by an

invasion of allied British and Soviet
troops who believed him to be
sympathetic to the allies' enemy Nazi
Germany. His son, Mohammad Reza
Pahlavi was installed by the allies as
monarch.
 Las Sha Come t Power
…Con ’

Its purpose was to secure Iranian oil

fields and ensure Allied supply lines
for the USSR, fighting against Axis
forces on the Eastern Front. The UK
and USSR left Iran in 1946 and Iran
became independent in 1948. Prince
Pahlavi (later crowned shah) reigned
until the 1979 revolution with one
brief interruption
 Ris of Ayatolla
Khomein
Khomeini was an Iranian
religious and political leader,
who in 1979 made Iran the
world's first Islamic republic.
Ruhollah Khomeini was born
in Kohmeyn in central Iran. He
became a religious scholar
and in the early 1920s rose to
become an 'ayatollah', a term
for a leading Shia scholar.
 Ris of Ayatolla Khomein
…Cont’d

▪ He first came to political prominence in 1963 when he led

opposition to the Shah and his program of reforms known as the
"White Revolution“.
▪ This aimed to break up landholdings owned by some Shi’a
clergy, allow women to vote and religious minorities to hold
office, and grant women legal equality in marital issues.
▪ Khomeini declared that the Shah had "embarked on the
destruction of Islam in Iran“ and publicly denounced the Shah as a
"wretched miserable man."
 Ris of Ayatolla Khomein
…Cont’d
▪ Khomeini's arrest on June 5, 1963, three days of major riots
erupted throughout Iran.
▪ Khomeini was detained and kept under house arrest for 8 months.
After his release he continued his agitation against the Shah,
condemning the regime’s close cooperation with Israel and its
"capitulations“.
▪ In November 1964, Khomeini was re-arrested and sent into exile
where he remained for 14 years until the revolution.
 Prior t th Revolutio [1970-1977]

Several events in the 1970s set the stage for the 1979 revolution:
▪ By late 1974 the increase of inflation and waste and an "accelerating
gap" between the rich and poor, the city and the country. Shah spent
hundreds of millions of dollars on buying a military weapon from
America. [Graham,1980]
▪ In 1976, the Shah declared economic austerity measures to dampen
inflation and waste. The resulting unemployment disproportionately
affected the thousands of recent poor and unskilled migrants to the
cities.
 Prior t th Revolutio [1970-1977]
…Cont’d

▪ In 1977 the Iranian people saw the death of the very popular and
influential modernist Islamist leader Ali Shariati, allegedly at the
hands of SAVAK, removing a potential revolutionary rival to Khomeini.
▪ Finally, in October Khomeini's son, Mostafa died. Though the cause
appeared to be a heart attack, anti-Shah groups blamed SAVAK
poisoning and proclaimed him a 'martyr.’

[Moin,2000]
 Irania Revolutio of 1979
❖ The Iranian Revolution is considered the 3rd greatest revolution in
history.

❖ With many other problems, there was much opposition against

Mohammad Reza Shah, and how he used the secret police SAVAK, to
control the country.
❖ Strong Shi’i opposition was led against the Shah, and the country came
close to a situation of civil war.
❖ The opposition was led by Ayatollah Khomeini, who lived in exile in Iraq
and later in France. His messages were duplicated and spread all
around the country from there.
 Irania Revolutio of 1979
[Blac Frida ]

❖ Black Friday the name given to 8 September 1978 because of the

shootings in Jaleh Square in Tehran.
❖ Between 84-88 people were killed in the incident and 205 were injured.
❖ The deaths were described as the pivotal event in the Iranian Revolution
that ended any “hope to compromise” between the protest movement
and the regime of Mohammad Reza Shah.
 Irania Revolutio of 1979

❖ In late 1978, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, became the symbol of religious

opposition to the Shah.
❖ strikes rocked the country, virtually shutting down both the public and
private sectors that autumn, including the crucial oil industry.
❖ The Shah acknowledged that he was unable to impose his will on the
country in early 1979, and makes Shahpur Bakhtiar the last PM of Iran.
 Irania Revolutio of 1979
…Cont’d

❖ Khomeini labels Shahpur Bakhtiar as the enemy.

❖ On January 16 the Shah left the country, after urging the military to
remain loyal to the new regime.
❖ The Shah said he was going on a ‘holiday’. He never returned and died in
1980.
❖ The first phase of the revolution was now complete.
 Irania Revolutio of 1979
…Cont’d

❖ Ayatollah Khomeini, made a triumphant return to Teheran on February 1,

after 14 years of exile.
❖ Khomeini called for the establishment of an Islamic Republic, but
Bakhtiar tried to hold onto the existing constitutional government.
❖ Soon Bakhtiar was forced out of office, into hiding, and ultimately into
exile.
 A ermat of th Revolutio
[Consolidatio of power b Khomein ]

❖ From early 1979 to either 1982 or 1983 Iran was in a "revolutionary crisis
mode.
❖ After the system of despotic monarchy had been overthrown, the
economy and the apparatus of government collapsed, and military and
security forces were in disarray.
❖ Yet, by 1982 Khomeini and his supporters had crushed the rival factions,
defeated local rebellions, and consolidated power.
 A ermat of th Revolutio
[H tag Crisi ] 

❖ The Iran hostage crisis was a diplomatic standoff between Iran and the
USA.
❖ 52 American diplomats and citizens were held hostage for 444 days from
4th November 1979 to January 20, 1981.
❖ It occulted after a group of Iranian college students belonging to the
Muslim Student Followers of the Imam’s Line, took over the USA embassy
in Tehran.
 A ermat of th Revolutio
[Invasio of Iraq]
❖ Saddam Hussein invaded Iran on 22 September 1980 and ended on 20
August 1988.
❖ Iraq wanted to replace Iran as a dominant Persian Gulf State and worried
that the 1979 revolution would lead Iraq’s Shi’ite majority to rebel against
the Ba’athist government.
❖ Iraq planned to annex the oil-rich Khuzestan Province and the east bank
of Shatt al-Arab.
 A ermat of th Revolutio
[Establishmen of Islami republi governmen ]

❖ On 30 and 31 March,1979 a referendum was held over whether to replace

the monarchy with an "Islamic Republic".
❖ In June 1979 the Freedom Movement released its draft constitution for
the Islamic Republic that it had been working on since Khomeini was in
exile.
❖ Khomeini now rejected the constitution – its correctness notwithstanding
– and Khomeini declared that the new government should be based "100%
on Islam.
 Impac of Revolutio
Effect on Women
Effect on Economy
Effects on Religious Freedom
Social Changes
Islamic Sharia law become the new court system
Impact on International Relationship
Conclusio
The Revolution in 1979 were
considered as of the most influential
revolution in modern era. It over
through 2500 years of Monarchy and
established new system of ruling the
revolution make Iran as Islamic
republic from monarchy and brings
many constitutional changes
according to Islamic Sharia law.
Thanks
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