Topic : Structure and Functions of Major and Subcellular Organelles

MOTIVATE
INTRODUCTION

1. Recall the functions of the following cell parts:

• Nucleus
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• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
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• Rough Endoplasmic R.
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• Golgi Apparatus
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• Ribosomes
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• Lysosomes
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• Mitochondria
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• Chloroplast
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2. Read for an overview of the cell membrane, its structure, and functions.
3. Define what an ‘organelle’ is and differentiate membrane-bound organelles from
non-membrane bound organelles.
4. Make a recap of the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
5. Explain that in eukaryotic cells, the machinery of the cell is compartmentalized
into organelles. The compartmentalization of the cell into membrane-bound organelles:
• allows conflicting functions (i.e., synthesis vs. breakdown) and several
cellular activities to occur simultaneously without interference from each other
• separates the DNA material of the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplast
• increases the surface area-volume ratio of the cell
6..Encourage the learners to look at the cell as both a system and subsystem. They
should develop an understanding of how the parts of a cell interact with one another
and how these parts help to do the ‘work’ of the cell.

MOTIVATION
Briefly recall the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells by
answering this questions.
1. What cell parts can be found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? What
are the function/s of each part. Compare the cell to a big city.
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2. What are the requirements of the city would be in order for it to function. Relate
these requirements to the parts of the cell. Relate the parts to the functions of the
different parts of a cell.
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What generates power for the city? Relate this to the function of the mitochondria
and the chloroplast.
How does it minimize its waste? How does the city handle its garbage? Relate this
to the function of the lysosome.
Where are these raw materials processed? Relate this to the functions of the Golgi
Apparatus.

ORGANIZE
INSTRUCTION

A cell is the smallest living thing in the human organism, and all living structures
in the human body are made of cells. There are hundreds of different types of cells in
the human body, which vary in shape (e.g. round, flat, long and thin, short and thick)
and size (e.g. small granule cells of the cerebellum in the brain (4 micrometers), up to
the huge oocytes (eggs) produced in the female reproductive organs (100 micrometers)
and function. However, all cells have three main parts, the plasma membrane,
the cytoplasm and the nucleus. The plasma membrane (often called the cell membrane)
is a thin flexible barrier that separates the inside of the cell from the environment
outside the cell and regulates what can pass in and out of the cell. Internally, the cell is
divided into the cytoplasm and the nucleus. The cytoplasm (cyto- = cell; -plasm =
“something molded”) is where most functions of the cell are carried out. It looks a bit-
like mixed fruit jelly, where the watery jelly is called the cytosol; and the different fruits
in it are called organelles. The cytosol also contains many molecules and ions involved
in cell functions. Different organelles also perform different cell functions and many are
also separated from the cytosol by membranes. The largest organelle, the nucleus is
separated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear envelope (membrane). It contains the DNA
(genes) that code for proteins necessary for the cell to function.
Almost all human cells contain a nucleus where DNA, the genetic material that
ultimately controls all cell processes, is found. The nucleus is the largest cellular
organelle, and the only one visible using a light microscope. Much like the cytoplasm of
a cell is enclosed by a plasma membrane, the nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear
envelope that separates the contents of the nucleus from the contents of the
cytoplasm. Nuclear pores in the envelope are small holes that control which ions and
molecules (for example, proteins and RNA) can move in and out the nucleus. In addition
to DNA, the nucleus contains many nuclear proteins. Together DNA and these proteins
are called chromatin. A region inside the nucleus called the nucleolus is related to the
production of RNA molecules needed to transmit and express the information coded in
DNA.
An organelle is any structure inside a cell that carries out a metabolic function.
The cytoplasm contains many different organelles, each with a specialized function.
(The nucleus discussed above is the largest cellular organelle but is not considered part
of the cytoplasm). Many organelles are cellular compartments separated from the
cytosol by one or more membranes very similar in structure to the cell membrane, while
others such as centrioles and free ribosomes do not have a membrane .

( for online class) Open and listen to this link

before you answer the activity below: Cell Organelle : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZyWYID2cTK0
( Cell Organelles- Part 1)

1. Draw the cell membrane on one end of a long bond paper.

2. Draw the double membrane of the nucleus (nuclear membrane) on the other end of a
long bond paper.
3. From the nuclear membrane, draw the reticulated structure of the endoplasmic
reticulum. State what are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum are and their
corresponding functions.
4. Draw the ribosomes as separate units.
5. Draw a DNA and an mRNA. Explain that the mRNA is a copy of the DNA that will
be sent to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis.
6.Explain that the mRNA leaves the nucleus and goes to where the ribosomes are
located (i.e., mRNA + functional ribosome)
7. Explain the possible ‘pathways’ for protein synthesis (e.g., within the cytosol or the
endoplasmic reticulum)
8. Draw the mRNA + functional ribosome on the endoplasmic reticulum. With a lot of
these, the endoplasmic reticulum becomes a rough endoplasmic reticulum.
9. Draw the formed polypeptide inside the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Discuss the
formation of a cisternae and pinching off as a vesicle.
10. Draw the Golgi Apparatus and then a vesicle from the rough endoplasmic reticulum
that travels to the Golgi Apparatus and attaches to the part which is nearest the rough
endoplasmic reticulum.
11. Explain what are the function of the Golgi Apparatus is. Compare the Golgi
Apparatus to a factory with an assembly manufacturing line.
12. Draw the polypeptide travelling along the Golgi Apparatus stack; pinching off as a
vesicle to travel to the next stack. Repeat the process while increasing the complexity of
the polypeptide drawing.
13. On the last stack, explain the ‘pathways’ that the vesicle may follow: become a
lysosome through fusion with an endosome (i.e., formed by endocytosis), or travel to the
cell membrane, fuse with it, and empty its contents.
14. Present the composition of the endomembrane system and discuss how these parts
are connected to each other by structure and by function.
15. Draw the mitochondria and label its parts. Explain the importance of the enfolding
(cristae) in increasing the surface area of the inner mitochondrial membrane. Explain
the structure and function of each cell part as you draw them. A more detailed
discussion of the structure and functions of the cell membrane, mitochondria, and
chloroplast will be given in succeeding lessons. Enfolding is a common structural
strategy to increase surface area. As an example, you may draw a cross-sectional
structure of the small intestine.
16. Draw the chloroplast and label its parts. Explain the function that each part
performs in the process of photosynthesis.
17. Discuss the similarities of the mitochondria and chloroplast (e.g., both are involved
in energy transformation, both have DNA, high surface area, and double membranes).
PRACTICE
(for online class)Open this link before you discuss :
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RKmaq7jPnYM Organelles of the Cell (updated)
A. Label the cells below.

B.

1. Discuss the function and structure of the mitochondria.

2. What is the importance of the enfolding of the mitochondria?

3. Draw the mitochondria and label its parts.

4. Draw the chloroplast and label its parts.

5. Explain and discuss the structure and functions of the Chloroplasts.