Week 1

Activity:
1. Science is the pursuit and application of knowledge and understanding
of the natural and social world following a systematic methodology
based on evidence.
2.
Law – the system of rules which a particular country or community
recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it
may enforce by the imposition of penalties.
Theory – a supposition or a system of ideas intended to explain
something, especially one based on general principles independent
of the thing to be explained.
Hypothesis – a supposition or proposed explanation made on the
basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further
investigation.
3. Celestial bodies or heavenly groups are objects in space such as the
sun, planets, moon, and stars. They form a part of the massive universe
we live in and are typically very far from us.
4. Satellites. Comets. Asteroids. Meteor and Meteorites. Galaxies.

Abstraction:
The Big Bang Theory. The Steady State Universe Theory. Inflationary
Theory. Oscillating Universe Theory. The Creationism Theory.gr
4.543 billion years
"lithosphere" (land), "hydrosphere" (water), "biosphere" (living things),
and "atmosphere" (air).
The structure of the earth is divided into four major components:
the crust, the mantle, the outer core, and the inner core. Each layer
has a unique chemical composition, physical state, and can impact
life on Earth's surface.

Enrichment:
The universe will slowly cool to absolute zero: a heat death will occur.
Life will be unable to exist. The Universe will collapse in on itself: If the
mean density exceeds the critical density, then the expansion of the
universe will eventually cease, and the universe will begin to contract.

Assessment:
1. A
2. B
3. D
4. C
5. A
6. B
7. Hydrogen & Helium
8. A
9. C
10. C

Week 2
Activity:
Rocks – A rock is a naturally occurring solid. It is made of minerals
(which are crystalline), or other mineral-like substances.
Minerals – Minerals are substances that are formed naturally in the
Earth.
Water – It is one of the most plentiful and essential of compounds. A
tasteless and odorless liquid at room temperature, it has the
important ability to dissolve many other substances.
Clouds – A cloud is a mass of water drops or ice crystals suspended
in the atmosphere. Clouds form when water condenses in the sky.
Huts – A small, simple, single-story house or shelter.
Bridge – A structure carrying a road, path, railroad, or canal across
a river, ravine, road, railroad, or other obstacle.

Abstraction:
 The rock-forming minerals are: feldspars, quartz, amphiboles, micas,
olivine, garnet, calcite, pyroxenes.
The different types of minerals are native elements, silicates,
oxides, sulfides, sulfates, halides, carbonates, phosphates, and
mineraloids.
There are three kinds of rock: igneous, sedimentary, and
metamorphic.

Assessment:
1. C
2. A
3. C
4. C
5. C
6. B
7. C
8. A
9. A
10. B
11. B
12. A
13. A
14. B
15. A

Week 3
Activity:
In my own perspective, the picture shows the Earth being divided into
four, each having the purpose of conveying different processes the
planet Earth goes through. The said processes are generally called
Exogenic Processes. There are four of them shown in the picture:
Weathering, Erosion, Mass Wasting, and Sedimentation.

Abstraction:
Exogenic processes are processes that are driven by forces in the
surface of the Earth.
Weathering, mass wasting, erosion, and deposition are the main
exogenic processes.
The four processes - weathering, mass wasting, erosion, and
deposition work together to modify the Earth's surface.

Week 4
Activity:
Folds constitute the twists and bends in rocks.
Faults are planes of detachment resulting when rocks on either side
of the displacement slip past one another.

Abstraction:
Endogenic processes in geology are a function of a body's internal
geodynamic activity.
Volcanism, Folding, and Faulting.

Assessment (3, 4)
I.
1. False, Sedimentation is the process opposite of erosion.
2. True
3. False, Intrusive Igneous Rocks are rocks that are formed from molten
rocks below the ground.
4. False, Intrusive Igneous Rocks are rocks that are formed from magma
underground.
5. False, Flow also includes avalanches, mudflows, debris flows, earth
flows, lahars.
6. False, Chemical Weathering is the process of decomposing or decaying
of rocks.
7. True
8. False, Erosion moves the smaller fragments of rocks from one area to
another.
9. True
10. False, Landslide is also known as landslip.

II.
1. Streak
2. Minerals
3. Cleavage
4. Diamond
5. Tenacity
6. Talc
7. Translucency
8. Luster
9. Color
10. Minerals

Week 5
Activity:
EARTH

Abstraction:
When the solar system settled into its current layout about 4.5 billion
years ago, Earth formed when gravity pulled swirling gas and dust in
to become the third planet from the Sun. Like its fellow terrestrial
planets, Earth has a central core, a rocky mantle, and a solid crust.
 Continental drift was a theory that explained how continents shift
position on Earth's surface.
Stable convection cells formed in the mantle and started driving
plate movements and subduction, and plate tectonics began to
shape the Earth's surface, the researchers believe.
Assessment:
1. The fossil record is one form of evidence that strongly supported the
Theory of Continental Drift. Dr. Alfred Wegener discovered fossils of
ancient plants and animals from the same species in rocks from the same
age but on continents that are today separated by thousands of miles.
The continents could not have existed in their current locations,
according to Wegener, since the creatures wouldn’t have been able to
cross the oceans. For example, he found the remains of Mesosaurus, a
freshwater reptile that lived during the early Permian (250 million years
ago), which are found only in Southern Africa and Eastern South America.
It would’ve been impossible for it swim between continents due to its
physiological limitations. This suggests that South America and Africa
were once joined during the Early Permian.

2. Plate movements cause mountains to rise where plates converge,

continents fracture, and oceans form where plates diverge. The
continents are entrenched in the plates and drift passively with them,
resulting in significant changes in Earth's geography over millions of
years.
Divergent Plate Movement: This is when two plates move apart or
pull away from each other. New crust is formed as molten rock from
the mantle erupts along the hole. The spreading centers, or
earthquakes that occur along these zones, are relatively weak.
Convergent Plate Movement: This is when two plates move towards
each other or collide.
Oceanic Plate and Continental Plate: When a thin, dense oceanic
palate collides with a relatively light, thick continental plate, the
oceanic plate is forced under the continental plate; this
phenomenon is called subduction.
Two Oceanic Plates: When two oceanic plates collide, one may be
pushed under the other. Magma rises from the mantle, forming
volcanoes in the vicinity.
 Two Continental Plates: When two continental plates collide,
mountain ranges are created as the colliding crust is compressed
and pushed upwards.
Lateral Slipping Plate Movement: When two plates move sideways
against each other, there is tremendous amount of friction which
makes the movement jerky. The plates slip, then stick as the friction
and pressure build up in high levels. When the pressure is released
suddenly, and the plates suddenly jerk apart, this is an earthquake.
3. The theory of continental drift suggests that all the land masses on
earth were once part of one supercontinent. Plate tectonics is the ability
to measure the movement of land masses. Plate movements is like a
supporting pole to the theory. Through the plates’ movements, the
continental drift theory is possible.

Week 6
Activity:
Time, for me, is something precious in our lives that most of us often
overlook. We spend our day constantly checking what time it is, yes,
but we always tend to forget how significant it is in our lives. Its
essence is not adequately checked enough because almost
frequently, we don’t notice that we spend it on the wrong things. As
they said, time is something that we cannot take back until it has
passed. That’s why it is a must for us to value our time.

Abstraction:
Fossils are the best form of evidence about the history of life on
Earth.
The geological history of Earth follows the major events in Earth's
past based on the geological time scale, a system of chronological
measurement based on the study of the planet's rock layers
(stratigraphy).
4600 mya (million years ago) – Planet Earth formed.
4500 mya – Earth's core and crust formed.
4400 mya – The Earth's first oceans formed.
3850 mya – The first life appeared on Earth.
 1500 mya – Oxygen began to accumulate in the Earth's atmosphere.
700 mya – The first animals evolved.
530 mya – The first vertebrates (fish) evolved.
400 mya – The first land plants evolved.
350 mya – The first land vertebrates evolved.
225 mya – The first dinosaurs evolved from lizards.
65 mya – The dinosaurs went extinct.
130,000 years ago (0.13 mya) – Modern humans evolved.

Enrichment:
– table of the significant events –
The Sculpting of Earth (4.6 – 4.0 billion years ago)
- earth coalescing
- water
- moon formation
- core accretion
- magnetic field
- late bombardment stage
Earth Cooling and Primitive Life (4.0 – 2.5 billion years ago)
- first oceans
- dna
- tectonic activity
- prokayorte bacteria
- banded iron formation
- great oxygenation event
An Oxygenated Atmosphere (2500 – 541 million years ago)
- oxygen crisis
- first eukaryotes
- snowball earth
- multicellular life
- ozone stabilization
The Cambrian Explosion and Fossil Records (541 – 245 million years ago)
- cambrian explosion
- age of intervertebrates
- age of fish
- fungi
- land plants
- age amphibians
- insects
- coal deposits
- Permian-Triassic extinction
The Age of Reptiles and Dinosaurs (245 – 66 million years ago)
- age of reptiles
- pangaea
- age of conifers
- age of dinosaurs
- birds
- small mammals
- flowering plants
The Age of Mammals and Homo Sapiens (66 million years ago – now)
- dinosaur extiction
- age of mammals
- primates
- grass
- modern earth
- apes
- stone age
- homo sapiens
- cities

Assessment:
1. Principle of Crosscutting Relationships stated that if a fault or
other body of rock cuts through another body of rock then it must
be younger in age than the rock through which it cuts and
displaces.
2. They use absolute dating methods to give rocks an actual date
range, in number of years. Techniques such as superposition and index
fossils can tell you the relative age of objects, which objects are older
and which are younger. Other types of evidence are needed to establish
the absolute age of objects in years. Geologists use a variety of
techniques to establish absolute age, including radiometric dating, tree
rings, ice cores, and annual sedimentary deposits called varves.
Radiometric dating is the most useful of these techniques—it is the only
technique that can establish the age of objects older than a few
thousand years. The concentrations of several radioactive isotopes
(carbon-14, potassium-40, uranium-235 and -238) and their daughter
products are used to determine the age of rocks and organic remains.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/earthscience/chapter/absolute-ages-
of-rocks/

Week 7
Activity:
Hazards – danger, risk, accident, threat, jeopardy, probability, imperil,
harm, pitfall, difficulty, caution, vulnerable, exposed, destructive.

Abstraction:
Natural hazards are naturally occurring physical phenomena. They
can be: geophysical, hydrological, climatological, meteorological,
biological.
Ruptured utility lines, hazardous spills, tsunamis, lahars, and fires.
Buildings can crumble or collapse, trapping people inside and
burying streets in rubble.
The hazards you can think of are tropical cyclones (typhoons and
hurricanes), thunderstorms, hailstorms, tornados, blizzards, heavy
snowfall, avalanches, coastal storm surges, floods including flash
floods, drought, heatwaves and cold spells.
Proactive mitigation plans reduce risk and create safer, more
disaster-resilient communities. Mitigation/Adaptation plans:
- Protect public safety and prevent loss of life and injury;
- Reduce harm to existing and future development;
- Prevent damage to a community’s unique economic, cultural and
environmental assets;
- Minimize operational downtime and accelerate recovery of
government and business after disasters;
- Reduce the costs of disaster response and recovery and the
exposure to risk for first responders;
- Help accomplish other community objectives, such as leveraging
capital improvements, infrastructure protection, open space
preservation and economic resiliency.