Geology 2014: Identify The Choice That Best Completes The Statement or Answers The Question

Name: ________________________ Class: ___________________ Date: __________ ID: A
Geology 2014
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____ 1. A mineral is inorganic, which means that it contains

a. compounds.
b. materials made by humans.
c. parts of living things.
d. no materials that were once part of living things.
____ 2. The color of a mineral’s powder is called its
a. streak.
b. luster.
c. density.
d. hardness.
____ 3. What is the hardest known mineral?
a. talc
b. quartz
c. diamond
d. gold
____ 4. Most minerals do NOT split apart evenly. Instead, they have a characteristic type of
a. cleavage.
b. fracture.
c. crystal.
d. luster.
____ 5. The softest mineral on the Mohs hardness scale is
a. quartz.
b. talc.
c. apatite.
d. gypsum.
____ 6. Geologists obtain indirect evidence about Earth’s interior by
a. measuring pressure differences at Earth’s surface.
b. estimating temperature inside earth.
c. directly looking under the many layers.
d. recording and studying seismic waves.
____ 7. What is the correct order (starting from the surface) of Earth’s layers?
a. crust, outer core, inner core, mantle
b. mantle, outer core, inner core, crust
c. crust, mantle, outer core, inner core
d. outer core, inner core, crust, mantle
____ 8. Earth’s inner core is
a. a dense ball of solid metal.
b. a layer of molten metal.
c. a layer of hot rock.
d. a layer of rock that forms Earth’s outer skin.
1
Name: ________________________ ID: A
____ 9. When you touch a hot pot or pan, energy moves from the pot to your hand. This is called
a. magnetic energy.
b. indirect evidence.
c. subduction.
d. heat transfer.
____ 10. The transfer of energy through empty space is called
a. conduction.
b. convection.
c. radiation.
d. subduction.
____ 11. Heat transfer within a fluid takes place by
a. convection currents.
b. radiation.
c. conduction.
d. density.
____ 12. According to Wegener’s hypothesis of continental drift,
a. Earth’s surface is made up of seven major landmasses.
b. the continents do not move.
c. Earth is slowly cooling and shrinking.
d. the continents were once joined together in a single landmass.
____ 13. What is Pangaea?
a. the name of a German scientist
b. the name of the supercontinent that existed millions of years ago
c. another name for continental drift
d. the name of an ancient fossil
____ 14. Which type of evidence was NOT used by Alfred Wegener to support his continental drift hypothesis?
a. evidence from landforms
b. evidence from fossils
c. evidence from human remains
d. evidence from climate
____ 15. Most geologists rejected Alfred Wegener’s idea of continental drift because
a. they were afraid of a new idea.
b. Wegener was interested in what Earth was like millions of years ago.
c. Wegener used several different types of evidence to support his hypothesis.
d. Wegener could not identify a force that could move the continents.
____ 16. What technology did scientists use in the mid-1900s to map the mid-ocean ridge?
a. satellites
b. deep-sea diving
c. submarines
d. sonar
____ 17. In sea-floor spreading, molten material rises from the mantle and erupts
a. along the edges of all the continents.
b. along mid-ocean ridges.
c. in deep-ocean trenches.
d. at the north and south poles.
2
Name: ________________________ ID: A
____ 18. The process by which the ocean floor sinks beneath a deep-ocean trench and back into the mantle is known as
a. convection.
b. continental drift.
c. subduction.
d. conduction.
____ 19. Most geologists think that the movement of Earth’s plates is caused by
a. conduction.
b. earthquakes.
c. convection currents in the mantle.
d. Earth’s magnetic field.
____ 20. The geological theory that states that pieces of Earth’s lithosphere are in constant, slow motion is the theory
of
a. subduction.
b. plate tectonics.
c. deep-ocean trenches.
d. sea-floor spreading.
____ 21. A place where two plates slip past each other, moving in opposite directions, is known as a
a. transform boundary.
b. divergent boundary.
c. convergent boundary.
d. rift valley.
____ 22. A rift valley forms at a
a. convergent plate boundary
b. divergent plate boundary.
c. transform boundary.
d. deep-ocean trench.
____ 23. Using data from seismic waves, geologists have learned that Earth’s interior is made up of several
a. continents.
b. layers.
c. ridges.
d. trenches.
____ 24. Earth’s mantle is
a. a layer of molten metal.
b. a layer of hot rock.
c. a dense ball of solid metal.
d. a layer of rock that forms Earth’s outer skin.
____ 25. A collision between two pieces of continental crust at a converging boundary produces a
a. mid-ocean ridge.
b. deep-ocean trench.
c. rift valley.
d. mountain range.
____ 26. Any trace of an ancient organism that has been preserved in rock is called a
a. landform.
b. continent.
c. fossil.
d. landmass.
3
Name: ________________________ ID: A
____ 27. Rock that forms from the cooling of magma below the surface or lava at the surface is called
a. sedimentary rock.
b. metamorphic rock.
c. igneous rock.
d. coarse-grained rock.
____ 28. The process by which sediment settles out of the water or wind carrying it is
a. compaction.
b. cementation.
c. deposition.
d. erosion.
____ 29. Heat and pressure deep beneath Earth’s surface can change any rock into
a. chemical rock.
b. gemstones.
c. metamorphic rock.
d. sedimentary rock.
____ 30. A series of processes on Earth’s surface and in the crust and mantle that slowly changes rocks from one kind
to another is called
a. erosion.
b. crystallization.
c. the rock cycle.
d. evaporation.
____ 31. Which of the following is NOT one of the possible stages in the rock cycle?
a. volcanic activity
b. erosion
c. smelting
d. melting
____ 32. Erosion on a mountain range that was pushed up as a result of two continental plates colliding will lead to the
formation of
a. igneous rock.
b. metamorphic rock.
c. magma.
d. sedimentary rock.
____ 33. Generally, a rock is made up of
a. large crystals.
b. a mixture of minerals and other materials.
c. small crystals.
d. a compound of several elements.
____ 34. Holes drilled several kilometers into Earth’s crust provide direct evidence about Earth’s interior in the form
of
a. seismic waves.
b. rock samples.
c. liquid iron.
d. volcanic eruption.
4
Name: ________________________ ID: A
____ 35. When the heat source is removed from a fluid, convection currents in the fluid will
a. speed up.
b. change direction.
c. eventually stop.
d. continue at the same rate forever.
____ 36. Scientists think that convection currents flow in Earth’s
a. continents.
b. mantle.
c. lithosphere.
d. inner core.
____ 37. Mid-ocean ridges are
a. found in all of Earth’s oceans.
b. found only in the Pacific Ocean.
c. located mostly along coastlines.
d. long deep-ocean trenches.
____ 38. The place where two plates come together is known as a
a. transform boundary.
b. divergent boundary.
c. convergent boundary.
d. rift valley.
____ 39. Where does most metamorphic rock form?
a. at the surface
b. just below the surface
c. in ocean waters
d. deep underground
____ 40. The heat that changes a rock into metamorphic rock comes from
a. the heat of the mantle.
b. the sun.
c. movements in the crust.
d. chemical rocks in the crust.
Modified True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement true.
____ 41. A mineral with a hardness of 6 will scratch a mineral with a hardness of more than 6.
_________________________
____ 42. Minerals come from organic materials. _________________________
____ 43. A mineral that does not split apart evenly has the property of fracture. _________________________
____ 44. To study Earth’s interior, geologists often rely on indirect methods, such as evidence from fossils.
_________________________
____ 45. Pressure increases from Earth’s surface toward the center of Earth. _________________________
____ 46. If subduction occurs faster than oceanic crust can be created, an ocean will expand.
_________________________
____ 47. Each major group of rocks follows only one pathway in the rock cycle. _________________________
5
Name: ________________________ ID: A
____ 48. High pressure can change an igneous rock into a(n) sedimentary rock. _________________________
____ 49. Plate movements drive the process of erosion by pushing rock back into the mantle, where it melts and
becomes magma again. _________________________
____ 50. The small particles of rock or the remains of living things that make up sedimentary rocks are called cement.
_________________________
Completion
Complete each statement.
51. A mineral is always a(n) ____________________ because it has a definite volume and shape.
52. The splitting of a mineral along flat surfaces is a property called ____________________.
53. A gemstone that is cut and polished is a(n) ____________________.
54. One way to identify a mineral is to rub it against a piece of unglazed tile to observe its
____________________.
55. Lava at Earth’s surface or ____________________ below Earth’s surface cools and hardens to form mineral
crystals.
56. ____________________ is a rock with a fine, dark texture that makes up the oceanic crust.
57. A continental plate collides with an oceanic plate at a(n) ____________________ boundary.
58. A series of processes known as the ____________________ slowly changes rocks from one kind to another
kind.
59. In the rock cycle, melted rock from the ____________________ moves upward when oceanic plates move
apart.
60. Dissolved minerals and particles of sediment stick together to form sedimentary rock in a process called
____________________.
61. The carrying away of rock fragments by water, wind, or ice is called ____________________, an important
process in the formation of sedimentary rocks.
6
Name: ________________________ ID: A
Short Answer
Use the diagram to answer each question.
Mohs Hardness Scale
Mineral Hardness
Talc 1
Gypsum 2
Calcite 3
Fluorite 4
Apatite 5
Feldspar 6
Quartz 7
Topaz 8
Corundum 9
Diamond 10
62. What would happen if you rubbed a piece of fluorite against a piece of feldspar?
63. Which minerals in the table will scratch quartz?
64. List the following minerals in order of decreasing hardness: apatite, calcite, corundum, feldspar, and talc.
7
Name: ________________________ ID: A
65. Pressure increases with depth toward the center of Earth. In which layer would you expect pressure to be the
greatest?
66. Which type of plate boundary occurs at X?
8
Name: ________________________ ID: A
67. Which type of plate boundary occurs at Y?
68. In the rock cycle, what forces could cause a metamorphic rock to become magma?
69. What step in the rock cycle creates the sediment from which sedimentary rock is formed?
70. In the rock cycle, what happens to magma and lava once they cool and harden?
71. Must sedimentary rock become metamorphic rock before it can become magma? Explain your answer.
72. Describe two pathways through the rock cycle in which igneous rock can become metamorphic rock.
73. Describe a pathway through the rock cycle in which magma becomes sedimentary rock.
Essay
74. What is an advantage and a disadvantage to using color to identify a mineral?
9
Name: ________________________ ID: A
75. List the five characteristics a substance must have to be a mineral. Explain why coal and a glass marble are
not minerals.
10
ID: A
Geology 2014
Answer Section
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. F-115

OBJ: F.4.1.1 Define a mineral. BLM: knowledge
2. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. F-117
OBJ: F.4.1.2 Explain how minerals are identified. STA: GR7.S6.C1.PO.1.b
BLM: knowledge
3. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. F-119
OBJ: F.4.1.2 Explain how minerals are identified. STA: GR7.S6.C1.PO.1.d
BLM: comprehension
4. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. F-121
OBJ: F.4.1.2 Explain how minerals are identified. STA: GR7.S6.C1.PO.1.a
BLM: knowledge
BLM: comprehension
OBJ: F.1.1.1 Explain how geologists learn about Earth’s inner structures.
STA: GR7.S6.C1.PO.3.c | GR7.S6.C2.PO.3 BLM: comprehension
OBJ: F.1.1.2 Identify the characteristics of Earth’s crust, mantle, and core.
STA: GR7.S6.C1.PO.3.c | GR7.S6.C1.PO.2.c BLM: knowledge
OBJ: F.1.2.1 Explain how heat is transferred.
STA: GR7.S6.C1.PO.3.c | GR6.S5.C3.PO.4.a BLM: application
OBJ: F.1.2.1 Explain how heat is transferred.
OBJ: F.1.2.2 Identify what causes convection currents.
STA: GR7.S6.C1.PO.3.c | GR6.S5.C3.PO.4.b BLM: knowledge
OBJ: F.1.3.1 Explain Alfred Wegener’s hypothesis about the continents.
STA: GR7.S6.C1.PO.3.c BLM: knowledge
OBJ: F.1.3.1 Explain Alfred Wegener’s hypothesis about the continents.
STA: GR7.S6.C1.PO.3.c BLM: comprehension
OBJ: F.1.3.2 List the evidence used by Wegener to support his hypothesis.
1
ID: A

OBJ: F.1.3.3 Explain why other scientists of Wegener’s day rejected his hypothesis.
OBJ: F.1.4.1 List the evidence for sea-floor spreading.
OBJ: F.1.4.1 List the evidence for sea-floor spreading.
OBJ: F.1.4.3 Describe the process of subduction.
NOT: knowledge
OBJ: F.1.5.1 Explain the theory of plate tectonics.
NOT: comprehension
OBJ: F.1.5.1 Explain the theory of plate tectonics. STA: GR7.S6.C1.PO.3.c
BLM: knowledge NOT: knowledge
OBJ: F.1.5.2 Describe the three types of plate boundaries. STA: GR7.S6.C1.PO.3.c
OBJ: F.1.5.2 Describe the three types of plate boundaries.
NOT: knowledge
STA: GR7.S6.C1.PO.3.c | GR7.S6.C2.PO.3 BLM: knowledge
NOT: knowledge
NOT: knowledge
OBJ: F.1.5.2 Describe the three types of plate boundaries.
STA: GR7.S6.C1.PO.3.c | GR7.S6.C2.PO.5.a BLM: comprehension
NOT: comprehension
OBJ: F.1.3.2 List the evidence used by Wegener to support his hypothesis.
NOT: knowledge
OBJ: F.5.1.2 Identify and describe the three major groups of rocks.
STA: GR7.S6.C1.PO.1 | GR7.S6.C2.PO.2 BLM: knowledge
2
ID: A

OBJ: F.5.3.1 Describe how sedimentary rocks form. STA: GR7.S6.C1.PO.3
BLM: knowledge
OBJ: F.5.5.1 Describe the conditions under which metamorphic rocks form.
STA: GR7.S6.C1.PO.3 BLM: knowledge
OBJ: F.5.6.1 Describe the rock cycle. STA: GR7.S6.C2.PO.1 | GR7.S6.C1.PO.2
BLM: knowledge
OBJ: F.5.6.1 Describe the rock cycle. STA: GR7.S6.C2.PO.1
BLM: comprehension
OBJ: F.5.6.2 Explain the role of plate tectonics in the rock cycle.
STA: GR7.S6.C1.PO.3 BLM: application
OBJ: F.5.1.1 List the characteristics used to identify rocks. STA: GR7.S6.C1.PO.1
BLM: knowledge
OBJ: F.1.2.2 Identify what causes convection currents.
STA: GR7.S6.C1.PO.3.c | GR6.S5.C3.PO.4.b BLM: comprehension
OBJ: F.1.2.3 Describe convection currents in Earth’s mantle.
STA: GR7.S6.C1.PO.3.c | GR6.S5.C3.PO.4.b BLM: comprehension
NOT: comprehension
OBJ: F.1.4.1 List the evidence for sea-floor spreading. STA: GR7.S6.C1.PO.3.c
BLM: comprehension NOT: comprehension
OBJ: F.5.1.2 Identify and describe the three major groups of rocks.
STA: GR7.S6.C2.PO.1 | GR7.S6.C1.PO.2 | GR7.S6.C2.PO.2 BLM: knowledge
STA: GR7.S6.C1.PO.2 | GR7.S6.C2.PO.2 BLM: comprehension
3
ID: A
MODIFIED TRUE/FALSE
41. ANS: F, less
PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. F-118 | p. F-119

BLM: application
42. ANS: F, inorganic
PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. F-115 OBJ: F.4.1.1 Define a mineral.

BLM: knowledge
43. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: L2
REF: p. F-121 OBJ: F.4.1.2 Explain how minerals are identified.
BLM: comprehension
44. ANS: F, seismic waves
PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. F-7

NOT: comprehension
45. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: L2
REF: p. F-9 OBJ: F.1.1.1 Explain how geologists learn about Earth’s inner structures.
NOT: comprehension
46. ANS: F, shrink

OBJ: F.1.4.3 Describe the process of subduction.
STA: GR7.S6.C1.PO.3.c | GR7.S6.C1.PO.2.a BLM: comprehension
NOT: comprehension
47. ANS: F, many pathways
PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. F-164 OBJ: F.5.6.1 Describe the rock cycle.
STA: GR7.S6.C2.PO.1 BLM: comprehension
48. ANS: F, metamorphic

STA: GR7.S6.C1.PO.1 | GR7.S6.C2.PO.2 BLM: knowledge
49. ANS: F, rock cycle

STA: GR7.S6.C2.PO.1 | GR7.S6.C2.PO.3 | GR7.S6.C2.PO.4 BLM: comprehension
4
ID: A
50. ANS: F, sediment

OBJ: F.5.3.1 Describe how sedimentary rocks form. STA: GR7.S6.C1.PO.1 | GR7.S6.C1.PO.4
BLM: comprehension
COMPLETION
51. ANS: solid

BLM: knowledge
52. ANS: cleavage

OBJ: F.4.1.2 Explain how minerals are identified. BLM: knowledge
53. ANS: gem

OBJ: F.4.3.1 Describe how minerals are used. BLM: knowledge
54. ANS: streak

OBJ: F.4.1.2 Explain how minerals are identified. BLM: knowledge
55. ANS: magma

OBJ: F.4.2.1 Explain how minerals form from magma and lava.
BLM: knowledge
56. ANS:
basalt
Basalt

STA: GR7.S6.C1.PO.3.c | GR7.S6.C1.PO.2.a BLM: knowledge
NOT: knowledge
57. ANS: convergent

BLM: comprehension NOT: comprehension
58. ANS: rock cycle
PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. F-164 OBJ: F.5.6.1 Describe the rock cycle.
STA: GR7.S6.C2.PO.1 BLM: knowledge
5
ID: A
59. ANS: mantle

STA: GR7.S6.C2.PO.1 | GR7.S6.C1.PO.3 BLM: comprehension
60. ANS: cementation

OBJ: F.5.3.1 Describe how sedimentary rocks form. STA: GR7.S6.C1.PO.1 | GR7.S6.C1.PO.4
BLM: comprehension
61. ANS: erosion

OBJ: F.5.3.1 Describe how sedimentary rocks form. STA: GR7.S6.C1.PO.3
BLM: comprehension
SHORT ANSWER
62. ANS:
The fluorite would be scratched but the feldspar would not be scratched.
PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. F-118 | p. F-119

BLM: application
63. ANS:
topaz, corundum, and diamond
PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. F-118 | p. F-119

BLM: analysis
64. ANS:
corundum, feldspar, apatite, calcite, talc
PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. F-118 | p. F-119

BLM: analysis
65. ANS:
the inner core

STA: GR7.S6.C1.PO.3.c | GR7.S6.C1.PO.2.c BLM: application
NOT: application
6
ID: A
66. ANS:
divergent

BLM: application NOT: application
67. ANS:
convergent

BLM: application NOT: application
68. ANS:
A metamorphic rock could become magma as a result of a collision involving an ocean plate. During
subduction, any rock carried on the plate would return to the mantle and melt, forming magma.

STA: GR7.S6.C2.PO.1 | GR7.S6.C2.PO.2 BLM: analysis
69. ANS:
Erosion of igneous and metamorphic (as well as other sedimentary rocks) provides some of the sediment
from which sedimentary rocks form.
PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. F-164 | p. F-165

BLM: analysis
70. ANS:
Magma and lava form igneous rock once they cool and harden.
PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. F-164 | p. F-165

BLM: analysis
71. ANS:
No. Sedimentary rock can be subducted and melt to become magma without ever becoming metamorphic
rock.

STA: GR7.S6.C2.PO.1 | GR7.S6.C2.PO.2 BLM: analysis
72. ANS:
Igneous rock can undergo high temperature and pressure and turn into metamorphic rock. Or, igneous rock
can undergo erosion to form sediments that get compacted and cemented to form sedimentary rock. Then the
sedimentary rock can undergo high temperature and pressure to become metamorphic rock.
PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. F-164 | p. F-165

BLM: application
7
ID: A
73. ANS:
Magma could cool and harden to become igneous rock, which could erode to become sediment. The
sediment, through compaction and cementation, could become sedimentary rock.
PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. F-164 | p. F-165

BLM: analysis
ESSAY
74. ANS:
The color of a mineral is an easily observed property. However, many minerals occur in a variety of colors,
so few minerals can be identified based only on their color.

OBJ: F.4.1.2 Explain how minerals are identified. STA: GR7.S6.C1.PO.1.b
BLM: synthesis
75. ANS:
A mineral must occur naturally, be inorganic, be a solid, have a crystal structure, and have a definite
chemical composition. Coal is formed from the remains of ancient plants and therefore is not inorganic. Glass
is a human-made material, so it does not occur naturally.

STA: GR7.S6.C1.PO.1.a | GR7.S6.C1.PO.1.b | GR7.S6.C1.PO.1.c | GR7.S6.C1.PO.1.d
BLM: analysis

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Geology 2014: Identify The Choice That Best Completes The Statement or Answers The Question

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Name: ________________________ Class: ___________________ Date: __________ ID: A

____ 1. A mineral is inorganic, which means that it contains

Use the diagram to answer each question.

Mohs Hardness Scale

Use the diagram to answer each question.

Use the diagram to answer each question.

66. Which type of plate boundary occurs at X?

67. Which type of plate boundary occurs at Y?

Use the diagram to answer each question.

74. What is an advantage and a disadvantage to using color to identify a mineral?

1. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. F-115

15. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. F-22

28. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. F-153

41. ANS: F, less

PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. F-118 | p. F-119

PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. F-115 OBJ: F.4.1.1 Define a mineral.

PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. F-7

PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. F-29

PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. F-160

PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. F-166

50. ANS: F, sediment

PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. F-152

51. ANS: solid

PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. F-115 OBJ: F.4.1.1 Define a mineral.

PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. F-120

PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. F-131

PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. F-117

PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. F-125

PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. F-10

PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. F-35

59. ANS: mantle

PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. F-166

PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. F-153

PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. F-153

PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. F-118 | p. F-119

PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. F-118 | p. F-119

PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. F-118 | p. F-119

PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. F-12

PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. F-34

PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. F-35

PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. F-166

PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. F-164 | p. F-165

PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. F-164 | p. F-165

PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. F-166

PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. F-164 | p. F-165

PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. F-164 | p. F-165

PTS: 1 DIF: L3 REF: p. F-116

PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. F-114 OBJ: F.4.1.1 Define a mineral.

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Name: ______________ Class: _ Date: __ ID: A