Test Bank For Earth Science 14th Edition by Tarbuck and Lutgens Test Bank

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4. D) none of the above—physical geology and historical geology are essentially the same.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Topic: 1.1 What Is Earth Science
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension
2) The study of Earth’s atmosphere is known as ________.
1. A) astronomy
2. B) oceanography
3. C) meteorology
4. D) cosmology
Answer: C
Diff: 1
3) Which science is not used within the Earth sciences?
1. A) Chemistry
2. B) Physics
3. C) Biology
4. D) Mathematics
5. E) None of the above; Earth Science makes use of all of these sciences.
Answer: E
Diff: 1
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application/Analysis
Distributing prohibited | Downloaded by Kavita Krishnamorthi (nanujayarajan@yahoo.com)

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4) Oceanography is the study of the oceans and geology is the study of the earth, so
what is meteorology?
1. A) the study of meteors

2. B) the study of the Sun’s impact on the upper atmosphere
3. C) the study of the atmosphere
4. D) the study of how to be a TV newscaster
Answer: C
Diff: 1
5) Sedimentary rocks with marine fossils are exposed at the top of Mt. Everest. Which
scientists would make most use of this observation in their study?
1. A) Meteorologists, because they could use the fossils as a guide to ancient climates
2. B) Geologists, because their elevation is related to physical geology and fossils are
related to Earth history
3. C) Oceanographers, because the fossils can tell us about periods when the earth was
covered with water to the height of Mt. Everest
4. D) Astronomers, because they can study how life came from outer space to Earth
Answer: B
Diff: 1
6) Hurricanes and tornados are natural disasters. What branch of the Earth sciences
studies the origin of these phenomena?
1. A) Meteorology
2. B) Geology
3. C) Oceanography
4. D) Astronomy
Answer: A

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Diff: 1
7) Hurricanes are natural disasters. Which branch of the Earth sciences studies the
impact of this phenomenon on coastal environments?
1. A) Meteorology
2. B) Geology
3. C) Oceanography
4. D) Astronomy
Answer: B
Diff: 1
8) Tsunamis and earthquakes have killed millions of people during human history. What
branch of the Earth sciences is the main group that studies these phenomena?
1. A) Meteorology
2. B) Geology
3. C) Oceanography
4. D) Astronomy
Answer: B
Diff: 1
9) If you want to buy a house in an area and you are worried there may be an
earthquake hazard, who would be the best person to ask for advice on this hazard?

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1. A) a civil engineer
2. B) a geologist
3. C) a physicist
4. D) an astrologer
Answer: B
Diff: 1
10) The earth is estimated to be approximately 4.6 billion years old. Life appeared early
in the history of Earth, but metazoans (multicelled organisms) did not appear until about
600 million years ago. If the history of Earth were compressed into a single year, when
would metazoans appear?
1. A) late September
2. B) late November
3. C) mid-December
4. D) late January
Answer: B
Diff: 1
11) Which of the following would not typically be considered an Earth Science study?
1. A) studies of volcanic eruptions

2. B) studies of impact craters on the moon
3. C) studies of acid mine waters and the bacteria that live in those waters
4. D) chemical refining of petroleum
Answer: D
Diff: 2

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Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension; Application/Analysis
12) Climate change is a well-known human problem and remains controversial despite
widespread scientific agreement on the issue. Although most scientists are familiar with
the issues, if you were a congressman and wanted an informed analysis of the problem,
which of the following would be most likely to give you the most complete analysis?
1. A) an astronomer
2. B) a meteorologist with knowledge of oceanography
3. C) a geologist with knowledge of astronomy
4. D) a physicist
Answer: B
Diff: 2
13) A ________ is a well-tested and widely accepted view that best explains certain
scientific observations.
1. A) hypothesis
2. B) generalization
3. C) law
4. D) theory
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Topic: 1.2 The Nature of Scientific Inquiry
14) The primary goal of Earth Science is ________.
1. A) to develop things that will benefit mankind

2. B) to identify the patterns in nature and use that information to predict the future
3. C) to locate resources

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4. D) to protect the environment
Answer: B
Diff: 1
15) All of the following are possible steps of scientific investigation except for ________.
1. A) the collection of scientific facts through observation and measurement

2. B) assumption of conclusions without prior experimentation or observation
3. C) the development of one or more working hypotheses or models to explain facts
4. D) development of observations and experiments to test the hypotheses
Answer: B
Diff: 1
16) Which of the following is not necessary for a hypothesis to be accepted by the
scientific community?
1. A) It must be testable.
2. B) It must predict something other than the observations it was based on.
3. C) There must be alternative hypotheses proposed.
4. D) It must be based on observations or facts.
Answer: C
Diff: 1

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17) The ________ explains how our solar system probably formed from a giant cloud of
gases and dispersed solid particles.
1. A) protogalactic theory
2. B) nebular theory
3. C) extrastellar solar hypothesis
4. D) planetary compression theory
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Topic: 1.3 Early Evolution of Earth
18) Which of the following is not a planet?
1. A) Europa
2. B) Venus
3. C) Saturn
4. D) Neptune
Answer: A
Diff: 1
19) In the television series “Cosmos” the astronomer Carl Sagan used to say, “We are
all made of star stuff.” What did he mean by that?
1. A) All of the chemical elements were formed during the big bang when the universe
began, so we are like the stars.
2. B) We all have to potential to be stars.
3. C) All of the chemical elements in our solar system were forged in an ancient star that
went supernova.
4. D) The earth has incorporated large amounts of chemical material from the solar wind,
so our bodies carry this material.
Answer: C

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Diff: 2
20) In the proto-solar system nebula, gravity pulled matter together to form larger
bodies. As they collided, what happened to these bodies?
1. A) Oblique collisions caused individual bodies to spin.

2. B) The objects broke apart to form asteroids, much like a neutron colliding with a heavy
atom produces fission.
3. C) The objects temporarily broke apart and then reformed into large objects, cooling
rapidly during the breakup period.
4. D) Immense heat was released within the colliding bodies as gravitational potential
energy was converted to heat.
Answer: D
Diff: 2
21) Light elements like hydrogen and helium form a large percentage of the outer
planets and Sun is made up primarily of hydrogen. Why are these elements nearly
absent from the inner planets?
1. A) The Sun captured all of the hydrogen during its formation.

2. B) These light elements are blown away from the inner planets by the solar wind.
3. C) It is a mystery that has never been solved by science.
4. D) Hydrogen and helium have all been bound up by chemical reactions on the inner
planets and are held in rock.
Answer: B
Diff: 2

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22) Comets are made up primarily of ________.
1. A) iron-nickel alloys
2. B) silicate minerals, like rocks on Earth
3. C) frozen hydrogen
4. D) frozen water, carbon dioxide, and methane
Answer: D
Diff: 2
23) The Oort cloud is ________.
1. A) an unusual type of cloud formed when meteorites strike the earth

2. B) another name for the inner solar system, just before the Sun became hot enough for
nuclear fusion
3. C) the outer solar system where planetesimals, rocky debris and comets orbit outside
beyond the outer planets but cross into the inner solar system at times
4. D) the asteroid belt
Answer: C
Diff: 2
24) The ________ refers to the sum total of all life on Earth.
1. A) hydrosphere
2. B) atmosphere
3. C) biosphere
4. D) geosphere

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Answer: C
Diff: 1
Topic: 1.4 Earth’s Spheres
25) The ________ refers to the water-dominated parts of the earth.
1. A) hydrosphere
2. B) atmosphere
3. C) biosphere
4. D) geosphere
Answer: A
Diff: 1
26) The largest of Earth’s spheres is the ________.
1. A) hydrosphere
2. B) atmosphere
3. C) geosphere
4. D) biosphere
Answer: C
Diff: 1
27) Soil belongs to the ________.
1. A) hydrosphere

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2. B) atmosphere
3. C) geosphere
4. D) biosphere
5. E) All of the above
Answer: E
Diff: 1
28) The exchange of energy between the surface of the earth, the atmosphere, and
space causes ________.
1. A) topography
2. B) temperature
3. C) weather
4. D) glaciers
Answer: C
Diff: 1
29) In correct order from the center outward, Earth includes which units?
1. A) core, inner mantle, outer mantle, crust

2. B) inner core, outer core, mantle, crust
3. C) inner core, crust, mantle, hydrosphere
4. D) core, crust, mantle, hydrosphere
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Topic: 1.5 A Closer Look at the Geosphere

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30) The composition of the earth’s inner core is thought to be ________.
1. A) basalt
2. B) granite
3. C) peridotite
4. D) solid iron-nickel alloy
Answer: D
Diff: 1
31) The asthenosphere is actually a part of the ________ of the earth.
1. A) outer core
2. B) crust
3. C) inner core
4. D) mantle
Answer: D
Diff: 1
32) The ________ is thought to be a liquid, metallic region in the earth’s interior.
1. A) inner core
2. B) lithosphere
3. C) mantle
4. D) outer core
Answer: D
Diff: 1

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33) The ________ is the thinnest layer of the earth.
1. A) crust
2. B) outer core
3. C) mantle
4. D) inner core
Answer: A
Diff: 1
34) The ________ forms the relatively cool, brittle tectonic plates.
1. A) asthenosphere
2. B) lithosphere
3. C) astrosphere
4. D) eosphere
Answer: B
Diff: 1
35) Which of the following energy sources is thought to drive the lateral motions of
Earth’s lithospheric plates?
1. A) gravitational attractive forces of the Sun and Moon

2. B) electrical and magnetic fields localized in the inner core

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3. C) heat transfer between the earth’s interior and the surface of the earth
4. D) swirling movements of the molten iron particles in the outer core
Answer: C
Diff: 1
36) Convergent plate boundaries are ________.
1. A) sites where cold, downgoing convective cells, the plates, descent into the mantle
2. B) sites where heat from the earth’s interior is vented to the surface as volcanos
3. C) areas where two plates slide laterally past one another, generating earthquakes, like
the San Andrea fault
4. D) sites of supervolcanos like Yellowstone
Answer: A
Diff: 1
37) Oceanic crust is generated at ________.
1. A) hot spots on the sea floor, like Iceland

2. B) spreading ridges
3. C) convergent plate margins
4. D) transform plate margins
Answer: B
Diff: 1
38) Continental shields and platforms represent ________.

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1. A) sites where continents collide, analogous to warriors clashing shields

2. B) names given to Paleozoic mountain belts
3. C) sedimentary basins with inland seas shaped like a shield, like Hudson’s bay
4. D) areas in the interior of continents that have not experienced mountain building for
billions of years
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Topic: 1.5 A Closer Look at the Geosphere; Fig. 1.21
39) Which of the following layers in the earth has the highest density?
1. A) Lithosphere
2. B) Asthenosphere
3. C) Lower mantle
4. D) Outer Core
Answer: D
Diff: 1
40) The Andes Mountains in South America are formed by ________.
1. A) subduction
2. B) sea floor spreading
3. C) back-arc contraction
4. D) continental collision
Answer: A
Diff: 1

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41) The Himalayan Mountains and adjacent Tibet are a mountain system formed by
________.
1. A) subduction
2. B) sea floor spreading
3. C) back-arc contraction
4. D) continental collision
Answer: D
Diff: 1
42) Which of the following is a reasonable approximation of the rate that plates move?
1. A) the rate of growth of human hair or fingernails

2. B) the speed a turtle walks
3. C) the speed of a mountain glacier
4. D) the speed of deep ocean currents
Answer: A
Diff: 2
43) What two chemical elements are most abundant in the deep interior of the earth?
1. A) iron and magnesium

2. B) magnesium and oxygen
3. C) hydrogen and helium
4. D) silicon and oxygen
Answer: A

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Diff: 2
44) A major cause of the differences in elevation between ocean basins and continents
is ________.
1. A) viscosity
2. B) temperature
3. C) density
4. D) mass
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Topic: 1.6 The Face of Earth
45) Ocean floor averages about ________ km depth below sea level.
1. A) 2
2. B) 4
3. C) 6
4. D) 8
Answer: B
Diff: 1
46) Ocean crust is denser than continental crust because ocean crust is ________.
1. A) composed primarily of basalt

2. B) composed primarily of granite

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3. C) thicker than continental crust

4. D) thinner than continental crust
Answer: A
Diff: 1
47) Flat, stable areas of continental crust tend to be located ________.
1. A) along coastlines
2. B) near desert regions
3. C) in the interior of continents
4. D) in areas that receive large amounts of rainfall
Answer: C
Diff: 1
48) Major mountain belts on the earth are ________.
1. A) older than smaller mountain belts because they have had enough time to grow large
2. B) located around the Pacific Ocean
3. C) over 10 km high
4. D) made of granite because it is low density and allows for maximum growth
Answer: B
Diff: 1

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49) Shield areas in continental interiors are characterized by ________.
1. A) linear chains of mountains less than 100 million years old

2. B) flat areas that include rocks older than 1 billion years old
3. C) flat river valleys that cut through older mountain ranges
4. D) ancient coastal regions that have become abandoned and eroded
Answer: B
Diff: 1
50) Which of the following is not considered to be part of a typical ocean basin?
1. A) a linear chain of volcanoes

2. B) large expanses of flat plains
3. C) granitic intrusions
4. D) deep canyons
Answer: C
Diff: 1
51) Deep ocean trenches typically are not located adjacent to ________.
1. A) transform plate boundaries

2. B) volcanic island arc chains
3. C) young continental mountains
4. D) abyssal plains
Answer: A
Diff: 1

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52) Long oceanic mountain chains typically are characterized by ________.
1. A) highly deformed sedimentary rocks

2. B) granitic plutons and batholiths
3. C) layers of igneous rocks
4. D) rocks older than 1 billion years old
Answer: C
Diff: 1
53) Active mountain belts are most likely to be found ________.
1. A) along the margins of continents

2. B) in the interior regions of continents
3. C) scattered throughout continents
4. D) along only the eastern margins of continents
Answer: A
Diff: 1
54) The continental shelf is located ________.
1. A) between the continental slope and continental rise

2. B) between the continental rise and the abyssal plains
3. C) seaward of the continental slope
4. D) landward of the continental slope
Answer: D

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Diff: 1
55) The most prominent features on the ocean floor are the ________.
1. A) deep-ocean trenches
2. B) oceanic ridges
3. C) seamounts
4. D) lava plateaus
Answer: B
Diff: 1
56) A(n) ________ system is one in which energy moves freely in and out, but no matter
enters or leaves the system.
1. A) closed
2. B) open
3. C) feedback
4. D) equilibrated
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Topic: 1.7 Earth as a System
57) Mechanisms that enhance or drive change are known as ________.
1. A) negative feedback mechanisms

2. B) positive feedback mechanisms

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3. C) closed feedback mechanisms

4. D) open feedback mechanisms
Answer: B
Diff: 1
58) What is the source of the energy that powers the Earth system?
1. A) the Sun
2. B) heat from Earth’s interior
3. C) both A and B
4. D) none of the above
Answer: C
Diff: 1
59) Which of the following is not a system?
1. A) the biosphere
2. B) soil, plants, rock, soil organisms, and animals
3. C) the study of minerals
4. D) the Pacific Ocean and the west coast of North America
Answer: C
Diff: 2

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60) A mineralogist studies minerals and their origins. A mineralogist studying the Earth
system would ________.
1. A) do the same thing, studying minerals and their origins, as any other mineralogist
2. B) study how minerals form rocks
3. C) study how minerals influence organisms living on them, how they react with water to
produce soil forming minerals, or study how wind transports minerals as dust and
influences climate
4. D) Minerals can never be used to study the Earth system.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Word Analysis. Examine the words and/or phrases for each question below and
determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option
which does not fit the pattern.
61) hypothesis theory fact observation
Answer: fact
Diff: 1
62) protosun Oort cloud planetesimals meteorites
Answer: Oort cloud
Diff: 2

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63) hydrosphere biosphere atmosphere solid earth
Answer: biosphere
Diff: 1
64) crust mantle lithosphere core
Answer: lithosphere
Diff: 1
65) mountain belt shield continental interior stable platform
Answer: mountain belt
Diff: 1
66) abyssal plain seamount oceanic ridge continental crust
Answer: continental crust
Diff: 1

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67) The vast majority of Earth scientists are involved in either extraction of mineral
resources or energy.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
68) Earth Science is the only science that doesn’t use mathematics beyond simple
arithmetic.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
69) Environmental science always involves a large component of Earth Science.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
70) Science is based on the assumption that nature behaves in a consistent and
predictable manner.
Answer: TRUE

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Diff: 1
71) Scientists only use measurements that are known to be reliable and accurate.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
72) A scientific theory is a tentative or untested explanation that is proposed to explain

scientific observations.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
73) A scientific theory is the first step in developing an idea. It is not very well tested.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1

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74) Not all scientific hypotheses require real world observations. Some are tested
through computer modeling or some other non-direct observations.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
75) The “Big Bang” is an example of theory.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Topic: 1.2 and 1.3: Nature of Scientific Inquiry and Early Evolution of Earth
76) The formation of the solar system from a huge cloud of gases and dispersed
particles is known as the solar galactic hypothesis.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
77) According to the nebular theory, all of the bodies in the universe evolved from a
rotating cloud of gases and dust about five billion years ago.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1

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78) There are places on the deepest parts of the ocean where no light penetrates that
support colonies of life.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
79) Oceans cover slightly less than half of the earth’s surface.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
80) The lithosphere and asthenosphere are layers of Earth defined by their composition.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
81) We can tell a lot about the internal processes in the earth by looking at the exterior
of the earth.
Answer: TRUE

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Diff: 1
82) The earth is sometimes called “The Blue Planet” because the atmosphere appears
blue in sunlight.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
83) Internally, the earth consists of spherical shells with different compositions and
densities.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
84) The asthenosphere is the liquid layer in the upper mantle that the plates move on.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1

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85) Lithospheric plates are the tops of convection cells and subduction zones are the
downgoing part of the convection cell.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
86) The earth’s core is entirely molten iron and convection of this molten mass
generates the earth’s magnetic field.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
87) Subduction zones are downgoing convection cells in the earth but only carry
oceanic material into the mantle.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
88) During the history of the earth there have been periods when all the continents were
together in a supercontinent.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1

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89) Internally, the earth consists of spherical shells with different compositions and
densities.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
90) The asthenosphere is a relatively cool and rigid shell that overlies the lithosphere.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
91) Continents are, on average, about 2 km higher than sea level.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1

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92) The waterline where the ocean meets the land is the boundary between oceanic
crust and continental crust.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
93) Shields and stable platforms are typically found in the interior regions of a continent.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
94) Humans are not a part of the Earth System.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
95) In an open system both energy and matter flow into and out of the system.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1

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96) List the two broad, traditional subject areas of geologic study.
Answer: physical geology and historical geology
Diff: 1
97) When a hypothesis has survived extensive scrutiny and when competing ones have
been eliminated, a hypothesis may be elevated to the status of a(n) ________.
Answer: scientific theory
Diff: 1
98) The thin, outer layer of Earth, from 7 to 40 km in thickness, is called the ________.
Answer: crust
Diff: 1
99) The ________ is the relatively rigid zone above the asthenosphere that includes the
crust and upper mantle.
Answer: lithosphere
Diff: 1

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100) The ________ is the solid, rocky shell between the crust and outer core.
Answer: mantle
Diff: 1
101) The convective flow of liquid, metallic iron in the ________ is thought to generate
Earth’s magnetic field.
Answer: outer core
Diff: 1
102) Moving from the shoreline towards the deep-ocean basin, the continental margin
includes the ________.
Answer: continental shelf, continental slope, continental rise
Diff: 1
103) The ________ is the most prominent feature on the ocean floor.
Answer: oceanic or mid-ocean ridge

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Diff: 1
104) In natural systems, mechanisms that drive or enhance change are called
________.
Answer: positive feedback mechanisms
Diff: 1
Critical Thinking and Discussion. Use complete sentences, correct spelling, and the
information presented in Chapter 1 to answer the questions below.
105) Earth’s physical environment is traditionally divided in the hydrosphere,

atmosphere, and the solid Earth. Remembering the scientific method, why do you think
that scientists tend to categorize and classify various features, phenomena, and
characteristics of the natural world into groups or subdivisions? Also, are there potential
pitfalls or problems if we only consider the natural world as individual groups or
categories rather than as a whole?
Answer: Categorizing and classifying is a way of cataloging the differences and

similarities between things. We put items that are mostly similar into the same broad
groups and separate items that are mostly different. From this system, we can begin to
study why things are similar and what is the significance of the differences and that
helps us to get to the basic processes that are of scientific interest. The pitfalls or
problems are that we may not recognize similarities in objects that have been classified
as different and vice versa. Also, we are likely to miss the interactions between different
groups and the processes that cause those interactions when we focus on classifying
things.
Diff: 3

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Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application/Analysis; Synthesis/Evaluation
106) What is the relationship of the dense oceanic crust that is produced at a divergent
plate boundary to the convergence or collision of an oceanic plate and a continental
plate, such as the western margin of South America in the diagram below?
Answer: The dense oceanic crust sinks underneath the more buoyant continental crust
at this type of convergent plate boundary.
Diff: 1
Earth Science, 14e (Tarbuck/Lutgens)
Chapter 3 Rocks: Materials of the Solid Earth
1) Why does magma rise toward the Earth’s surface?
1. A) because it is hot
2. B) because it is a liquid
3. C) because it is less dense than the material around it
4. D) because it is immiscible and cannot combine with the material around it
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Topic: 3.1 Earth as a System: The Rock Cycle
2) What is required for an igneous rock to weather?
1. A) It must move downslope under the influence of gravity.

2. B) It must be exposed at the surface of the Earth.
3. C) It must be uplifted from where it was emplaced.

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4. D) It must be deposited by water or ice.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
3) What is the most common place for sediment to be deposited?
1. A) rivers
2. B) beaches
3. C) mountains
4. D) oceans
Answer: D
Diff: 1
4) What is the difference between “magma” and “lava”?
1. A) Magma is formed deep in the Earth and lava forms near the surface of the Earth.
2. B) It is just a name change, and lava is what magma is called if it reaches the surface of
the Earth.
3. C) Magma makes igneous rocks and lava forms volcanoes.
4. D) Magma is less dense than lava.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Topic: 3.2 Igneous Rocks: “Formed by Fire”

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5) Which of the following places is well known for its intrusive igneous rocks that were
exposed by erosion?
1. A) Mount St. Helens Volcano

2. B) Hawaii
3. C) Yosemite National Park
4. D) Yellowstone National Park
Answer: C
Diff: 1
6) Why do crystals in a magma stop growing during cooling?
1. A) They run out of space.

2. B) They run out of heat.
3. C) They become too dense to grow.
4. D) The pressure from rocks above becomes too great and the magma stops growing
crystals.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
7) If magma or lava cools quickly, the resulting igneous rock will have ________.
1. A) more silicate minerals

2. B) more variations in mineral types
3. C) very small crystals
4. D) very large crystals
Answer: C
Diff: 1

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8) Which of the following is not a dark silicate mineral?
1. A) biotite
2. B) amphibole
3. C) quartz
4. D) pyroxene
Answer: C
Diff: 1
9) Igneous rocks with an andesitic composition ________.
1. A) are denser than basaltic compositional rocks

2. B) make up most of the sea floor
3. C) are denser than granitic compositional rocks
4. D) are found primarily in continental interiors
Answer: C
Diff: 1
10) Which of the following is not true of peridotite?
1. A) It is rarely found at the Earth’s surface.

2. B) It is denser than basaltic rocks.
3. C) It is composed almost entirely of olivine and pyroxene.
4. D) It is the main constituent of the Earth’s crust.

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Answer: D
Diff: 1
11) Rocks that contain high amounts of silica typically also contain ________.
1. A) iron, magnesium, potassium

2. B) aluminum, magnesium, and potassium
3. C) aluminum, sodium, and potassium
4. D) calcium, magnesium, and potassium
Answer: C
Diff: 1
12) Intrusive igneous rocks are often characterized as coarse-grained because

________.
1. A) the pressures at depth cause them to have a rough texture

2. B) the slow cooling at depth allows large crystals to grow
3. C) the uplift process that exposes the rock fractures them and makes them rough
4. D) small holes from escaping gases leave them rough and course
Answer: B
Diff: 1

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13) A porphyritic texture where large crystals are embedded in a matrix of small crystal
may form when ________.
1. A) climate change causes crystals to cool at different rates

2. B) crystals of different compositions cool at different rates
3. C) crystals of different compositions grow to different sizes
4. D) a magma that has partially crystallized slowly moves to a different location where it
then cools rapidly.
Answer: D
Diff: 1
14) Obsidian exhibits a ________ texture.
1. A) fine-grained
2. B) glassy
3. C) coarse-grained
4. D) porphyritic
Answer: B
Diff: 1
15) Which igneous texture is characterized by two distinctively different crystal sizes?
1. A) fine-grained
2. B) glassy
3. C) coarse-grained
4. D) porphyritic
Answer: D
Diff: 1

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16) Granite and gabbro ________.
1. A) have a similar mineral composition

2. B) have a similar texture
3. C) are similar in both texture and mineral composition
4. D) are not similar in either texture or mineral composition
Answer: B
Diff: 1
17) Rhyolite is the fine-grained equivalent of this igneous rock.
1. A) basalt
2. B) andesite
3. C) granite
4. D) diorite
Answer: C
Diff: 1
18) Which one of the following is an igneous rock?
1. A) limestone
2. B) rhyolite
3. C) slate
4. D) shale

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Answer: B
Diff: 1
19) Select from the list below the coarse-grained rock which is composed mainly of
quartz and potassium feldspar.
1. A) basalt
2. B) andesite
3. C) granite
4. D) diorite
Answer: C
Diff: 1
20) The texture of an igneous rock ________.
1. A) is controlled by the composition of magma

2. B) determines the color of the rock
3. C) is caused by leaching
4. D) records the rock’s cooling history
Answer: D
Diff: 1
21) Igneous rock is formed ________.

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1. A) by the weathering of preexisting rocks

2. B) by changes in mineral composition
3. C) at great depth within Earth
4. D) by crystallization of magma
Answer: D
Diff: 1
22) The first step in turning a rock into a sediment is ________.
1. A) gravity and erosional agents (wind, water, etc.) remove material from the parent rock
2. B) rock is broken into small pieces during the transportation phase
3. C) weathering alters the rock
4. D) compaction
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Topic: 3.3 Sedimentary Rocks: Compacted and Cemented Sediment
23) Most sediment is formed by ________.
1. A) settling out of a fluid

2. B) the downhill movement of material during mass wasting
3. C) the rapid distribution of material in a mountain stream
4. D) rocks that erode from the bottoms of glaciers
Answer: A
Diff: 1

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24) Which of the following is an economically important sedimentary rock?
1. A) marble
2. B) coal
3. C) pumice
4. D) calcite
Answer: B
Diff: 1
25) Which of the following pairs are likely products of weathering granite?
1. A) sandstone and calcite

2. B) feldspar and mica
3. C) clay and quartz
4. D) olivine and pyroxene
Answer: C
Diff: 1
26) Which of the following is not a product of the chemical weathering of potassium
feldspar?
1. A) silica
2. B) potassium ions
3. C) iron oxide
4. D) clay
Answer: C
Diff: 1

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27) Detrital sedimentary rocks are typically classified on the basis of their ________.
1. A) lithology
2. B) texture
3. C) provenance
4. D) particle size
Answer: D
Diff: 1
28) Breccia, a rock with angular particles, is likely to have traveled ________.
1. A) in a mountain stream
2. B) only a short distance
3. C) a long distance
4. D) in a glacier
Answer: B
Diff: 1
29) When sand lithifies, the resulting rock is commonly called ________.
1. A) sandstone
2. B) shale
3. C) conglomerate

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4. D) breccia
Answer: A
Diff: 1
30) The most common sedimentary rock is ________.
1. A) sandstone
2. B) shale
3. C) conglomerate
4. D) breccia
Answer: B
Diff: 1
31) Silts and clays are commonly deposited in lakes, lagoons, swamps and marine
environments because ________.
1. A) those settings are more acidic

2. B) those settings are more basic
3. C) those settings have relatively still water
4. D) those settings have highly varied activities and multiple inlets for water
Answer: C
Diff: 1
32) Chemical sedimentary rocks form from materials ________.

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1. A) carried in solution
2. B) too fine to see without a microscope
3. C) that form weak bonds with oxygen
4. D) all of the above
Answer: A
Diff: 1
33) Limestone is formed primarily through ________.
1. A) direct precipitation from seawater

2. B) chemical interactions between ocean bottom sediments and ions in sea water
3. C) biochemical sediments secreted by marine organisms
4. D) evaporation of calcite rich seawater
Answer: C
Diff: 1
34) Chalk forms from ________.
1. A) the hard parts of microscopic organisms that accumulate on the sea floor
2. B) magnesium rich fluids that chemically alter limestone bearing reefs
3. C) direct precipitation from seawater
4. D) evaporation of magnesium rich waters
Answer: A
Diff: 1

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35) Which one of the following is not related to chemical weathering?
1. A) decomposition
2. B) frost wedging
3. C) hydrolysis
4. D) oxidation
Answer: B
Diff: 1
36) Chemical weathering would be most effective ________.
1. A) in a warm, dry climate

2. B) in a cold, dry climate
3. C) in a warm, humid climate
4. D) equally in any kind of climate
Answer: C
Diff: 1
37) Travertine, a form of limestone commonly found in caves, forms ________.
1. A) when water in a cave is heated

2. B) when water in a cave is cooled
3. C) when carbon dioxide in the water escapes into the air
4. D) when carbon dioxide from the air contacts the moisture in the cave
Answer: C

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Diff: 1
38) Death Valley is a site where ________ sedimentary rocks are common.
1. A) detrital
2. B) evaporite
3. C) biochemical
4. D) clastic
Answer: B
Diff: 1
39) An important condition for the formation of coal is ________.
1. A) abundant plant and animal life in a region

2. B) decomposition of organic matter with abundant oxygen
3. C) incomplete decomposition of organic matter due to a lack of oxygen
4. D) acid rich waters that reduce the organic matter to pure carbon
Answer: C
Diff: 1
40) Sedimentary rocks comprise approximately ________ percent of Earth’s outermost

10 miles.
1. A) 5
2. B) 15
3. C) 30
4. D) 50

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Answer: A
Diff: 1
41) Which rock type is associated with a high-energy environment (such as a very
turbulent stream)?
1. A) conglomerate
2. B) shale
3. C) chert
4. D) none of these
Answer: A
Diff: 1
42) Detrital sediments would predominate in all of the following environments except
________.
1. A) swamp
2. B) salt flat
3. C) river floodplain
4. D) delta
Answer: B
Diff: 1

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43) Compaction would probably be most significant as a lithification process for

________.
1. A) shale
2. B) sandstone
3. C) conglomerate
4. D) breccia
Answer: A
Diff: 1
44) The most abundant chemical sedimentary rock is ________.
1. A) limestone
2. B) dolomite
3. C) chert
4. D) rock salt
Answer: A
Diff: 1
45) Which of the following best describes bedded gypsum and rock salt?
1. A) detrital sedimentary rocks

2. B) varieties of dolostone
3. C) varieties of coal and peat
4. D) evaporates; chemical, sedimentary rocks
Answer: D
Diff: 1

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46) Coal beds originate in ________.
1. A) shallow lakes in a dry, desert region

2. B) channels of fast-moving streams
3. C) deep, marine basins below wave action
4. D) freshwater coastal swamps and bogs
Answer: D
Diff: 1
47) The common source of pressure during compaction of sediments is ________.
1. A) the weight of the sediments deposited above the compacting sediments

2. B) the pressure of the sediments pushing the compacting sediments out of the way
during deposition
3. C) the weight of the compacting sediments causing internal pressure
4. D) the weight of water above the sediments after they are deposited
Answer: A
Diff: 1
48) For a geologist, the most important characteristic of a sedimentary rock is its
________.
1. A) texture
2. B) composition
3. C) layering
4. D) lithology

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Answer: C
Diff: 1
49) Metamorphism occurs when a rock ________.
1. A) experiences conditions that include high temperatures

2. B) experiences conditions that include high pressures
3. C) experiences conditions that are significantly different from those that formed the rock
4. D) experiences conditions that are similar to those that formed the rock
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Topic: 3.4 Metamorphic Rock: New Rock from Old
50) The low grade metamorphism of shale produces ________.
1. A) marble
2. B) schist
3. C) gneiss
4. D) slate
Answer: D
Diff: 1
51) Mountain building causes metamorphism because ________.
1. A) mountains are heavy and they compress the rocks under them.

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2. B) mountains are heavy and they push shallow, cool rocks to depths where they get
heated
3. C) mountains form by the gradual buildup of material that comes from other areas and
this can produce an uneven pressure on rocks
Answer: D
Diff: 1
52) The most important agent(s) of metamorphism, according to your text, is (are)
________.
1. A) chemically active fluids

2. B) heat
3. C) differential stress
4. D) confining pressure
Answer: B
Diff: 1
53) The major role of thermal energy (heat) in metamorphism is ________.
1. A) reducing the strength of rocks so that stress can be an effective agent of change
2. B) increasing the processes of dissolution and flow of different minerals
3. C) driving chemical reactions that lead to recrystallization
4. D) providing energy for the physical changes that occur during metamorphism
Answer: C
Diff: 1

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54) In an area where the temperature increase with depth averages 20°C per kilometer,
the temperature at a depth of 5 kilometers would be ________.
1. A) 100°C
2. B) 200°C
3. C) 50°C
4. D) 20°C
Answer: A
Diff: 1
55) The quartz in granite begins to melt at 650°C, so if we find a migmatite where quartz
has melted in a granitic rock and we know the temperature in the region increased with
depth by about 25°C per kilometer, we could estimate the depth that the rock had been
at to be about ________.
12. A) 12.5 km
13. B) 18.0 km
14. C) 23.5 km
15. D) 26.0 km
Answer: D
Diff: 2
56) Confining pressure is where ________.
1. A) forces are applied equally in all directions

2. B) forces are applied from the top and the bottom equally
3. C) pressure is applied in a cubic region

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4. D) pressure is parallel to the bedding planes
Answer: A
Diff: 1
57) When rocks experience high temperatures and differential stresses deep in the
Earth, their grains tend to ________.
1. A) break in small fragments like a piece of fine crystal

2. B) fracture along planes of weakness
3. C) flatten and elongate
4. D) form new minerals
Answer: C
Diff: 1
58) Chemically active fluids are ________.
1. A) fluids that readily change to gases at surface conditions

2. B) fluids that contain large quantities of oxygen which reacts with most minerals to form
new minerals during metamorphism
3. C) more acidic than regular fluids
4. D) more basic than regular fluids
Answer: A
Diff: 1

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59) Recrystallization during metamorphism causes grains to grow longer in the

________.
1. A) direction of maximum differential stress

2. B) direction perpendicular to the compressional stress
3. C) direction parallel to the compressional stress
4. D) horizontal direction
Answer: B
Diff: 1
60) Slate is ________ than shale.
1. A) more planar
2. B) darker
3. C) denser
4. D) lighter
Answer: C
Diff: 1
61) Which of the following is not an example of a foliation in a metamorphic rock?
1. A) compositional banding
2. B) bedding planes and strata
3. C) parallel alignment of flattened pebbles
4. D) parallel alignment of platy or flat minerals
Answer: B
Diff: 1

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62) Which of the following changes may occur during metamorphism?
1. A) Certain minerals may recrystallize.

2. B) The rock becomes more compact.
3. C) Crystals may grow larger.
Answer: D
Diff: 1
63) The common rock produced by the metamorphism of limestone is ________.
1. A) marble
2. B) mica schist
3. C) phyllite
4. D) gneiss
Answer: A
Diff: 1
64) ________ is composed of alternating bands of light and dark silicate minerals.
1. A) Marble
2. B) Mica schist
3. C) Phyllite
4. D) Gneiss
Answer: D

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Diff: 1
65) The primary agent of contact metamorphism is ________.
1. A) folding
2. B) heat
3. C) stress
4. D) strain
Answer: B
Diff: 1
66) Which of the following lists the rocks in the order of increasing grain size and
increasing grade of metamorphism?
1. A) phyllite, slate, schist

2. B) schist, slate, phyllite
3. C) slate, phyllite, schist
4. D) slate, schist, phyllite
Answer: C
Diff: 1
67) Magma differentiation tends to produce deposits of ________ near the base of
intrusions.

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1. A) gold
2. B) silver
3. C) chromite
4. D) copper
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Topic: 3.5 Resources from Rocks and Minerals
68) The very large crystals of quartz, feldspar, and muscovite found in pegmatites form
from ________.
1. A) the early crystallizing parts of a magma

2. B) the final crystallizing parts of a magma
3. C) the middle crystallizing parts of a magma
Answer: B
Diff: 1
69) The minerals gold, silver and mercury are often found in ________.
1. A) hydrothermal veins
2. B) the lower parts of an intrusion
3. C) disseminated deposits
4. D) alteration of limestone
Answer: A
Diff: 1

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70) A major difference between coal and oil/gas is ________.
1. A) coal forms in deep marine environments and oil/gas form in shallow marine
environments
2. B) coal forms in shallow marine environments and oil/gas form in swamps
3. C) coal forms in swamps and oil/gas form in marine environments
4. D) coal forms on land from dinosaurs and oil/gas form from ancient fish
Answer: C
Diff: 1
71) In order to get oil and gas in sufficient quantities to make a profit, an oil trap must
exist with ________.
1. A) no fractures or structure
2. B) permeability and porosity
3. C) lateral continuity that allows fluids to migrate
4. D) shale with little or no sulfur.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
72) lava magma pahoehoe aa
Answer: magma

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Diff: 1
73) pyroxene plagioclase quartz olivine
Answer: quartz
Diff: 1
74) granite basalt diorite gabbro
Answer: basalt
Diff: 1
75) calcite iron oxide shale silica
Answer: shale
Diff: 1
76) lithification cementation weathering compaction
Answer: weathering

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Diff: 1
77) shale sandstone breccia conglomerate
Answer: shale
Diff: 2
78) confining pressure differential stress melting chemical fluids
Answer: melting
Diff: 1
79) Under the right circumstances, any rock can be transformed into another type of
rock in the rock cycle.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1

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80) The change from a sediment to a sedimentary rock typically involves burying the
sediment.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
81) Magma is currently forming beneath the Rockies.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
82) Lava always erupts violently, but magma often flows quietly.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
83) Crystal size is controlled by temperature.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1

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84) Igneous rocks are composed primarily of sulfate-type minerals.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
85) Basaltic rocks make up most of the sea floor.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
86) Bowen’s reaction series predicts the sizes of the different mineral grains that grow
from crystallizing magmas.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
87) Olivine and quartz are commonly found together in the same igneous rock.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1

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88) One magma can produce several different igneous rocks having different mineral
compositions.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
89) Basalt is the fine-grained equivalent of gabbro.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
90) Glassy igneous rocks form when magma cools too fast for mineral grains to grow.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
91) Quartz is quite resistant to weathering and is an important component of sands in

riverbeds and on beaches.
Answer: TRUE

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Diff: 1
92) Sedimentary rocks make up approximately 60 percent of the rocks in the Earth’s
crust.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
93) Sedimentary rocks are an important source of information about the Earth’s history.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
94) Lignite and bituminous coals are sedimentary rocks.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1

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95) The particles in breccia are primarily silt sized.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
96) The most abundant sedimentary rock is shale.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
97) Evaporites have a biochemical origin.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
98) Particle size is the primary basis for distinguishing among various detrital
sedimentary rocks.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1

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99) Most limestone has a biochemical origin.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
100) Compaction is most significant as a lithification process for sedimentary rocks

composed of sand-sized particles.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
101) Every metamorphic rock has a parent rock from which it formed.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
102) During metamorphism, the material undergoing deformation remains a solid.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1

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103) In general, recrystallization tends to produce larger crystals.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
104) Slate is associated with high-grade metamorphism.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
105) Metamorphism can affect only sedimentary rocks.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
106) Most of the energy and mineral resources we use are renewable.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1

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107) An igneous rock that cools deep inside the Earth is called a(n) ________ igneous
rock
Answer: intrusive
Diff: 1
108) Igneous rocks that contain mostly quartz and feldspar with small amounts of biotite
would be described as having a(n) ________ composition.
Answer: granitic
Diff: 1
109) Igneous rocks are classified on the basis of what two main characteristics?
Answer: texture and mineral composition
Diff: 1
110) Obsidian exhibits a(n) ________ texture.

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Answer: glassy
Diff: 1
111) If all of the olivine crystallized in a typical magma and then settled to the floor of the
magma chamber, would there still be enough elements present in the magma to form
quartz?
Answer: Yes, there is much more silicon and oxygen present in a typical magma than
iron and magnesium.
Diff: 2
112) Rock salt and rock gypsum are common examples of a group of chemical
sedimentary rocks called ________.
Answer: evaporites
Diff: 1
113) Probably the single most characteristic feature of sedimentary rocks is ________.
Answer: layering (strata or beds)
Diff: 1

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114) List three agents of metamorphism.
Answer: heat, pressure, chemically active fluids
Diff: 1
115) When a metamorphic rock exhibits a layered or banded appearance, it is said to

exhibit a(n) ________ texture.
Answer: foliated
Diff: 1
116) Why do most sediments end up being deposited in oceans instead of other parts of
the Earth?
Answer: There are a few explanations. First, 2/3 of the Earth’s surface is oceans so it
is most likely that anything on the Earth’s surface will be in an ocean. In addition, most
streams end in the oceans and the streams are one of the important mechanisms for
moving sediment. I would also add that gravity moves things downhill and the ocean
basins are generally lower than the continental surfaces.
Diff: 1

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117) Fill in the missing rock names on the chart below.
Answer: See Figure 3.7 in Earth Science, 14e.
Diff: 1
118) What does Bowen’s reaction series tell us about how rocks evolve?
Answer: Bowen’s reaction series gives the temperature and order in which minerals
crystallize from a magma (or alternatively melting temperature and order). For that
reason, we can look at the constituent minerals in an igneous rock and get an idea of
the temperature of the magma when it started to cool. Minerals with high cooling
temperatures will not usually be found with low cooling temperature minerals and this
may indicate that the magma moved after the highest temperature rocks had
crystallized.
Diff: 2
119) Explain why sedimentary rocks are particularly important in studying the past
history of the Earth.
Answer: Sedimentary rocks form at the surface of the Earth, and during that process,
they record information about conditions during their formation. For example, a poorly
sorted conglomerate will indicate the presence of a rapidly moving stream while a
breccia will indicate rock types nearby its depositional site and may also indicate
instabilities like earthquakes or landslides because of its rapid deposition. The cements
indicate the types of fluids traveling through the rocks, and fossils give information about
the environment of deposition.
Diff: 2

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120) What type of stress (pressure) is illustrated in the diagram below?
Answer: confining pressure
Diff: 1
121) What type of stress (pressure) is illustrated in the diagram below?
Answer: differential stress
Diff: 1
Earth Science, 14e (Tarbuck/Lutgens)
Chapter 13 The Ocean Floor
1) The oceans cover approximately ________ percent of Earth’s surface.
1. A) 40
2. B) 50
3. C) 60
4. D) 70
Answer: D

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Diff: 1
Topic: 13.1 The Vast Global Ocean
2) The ________ Ocean is largest.
1. A) Atlantic
2. B) Pacific
3. C) Indian
4. D) Arctic
Answer: B
Diff: 1
3) Which ocean has the greatest average depth?
1. A) Atlantic
2. B) Pacific
3. C) Indian
4. D) Arctic
Answer: B
Diff: 1
4) Concerning the distribution of land and water, which of the following statements is
true?
1. A) The percentage of land and water is about the same in both the Northern and
Southern Hemispheres.

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2. B) The Southern Hemisphere has much more water surface than the Northern
Hemisphere.
3. C) The Northern Hemisphere has much more water surface than the Southern
Hemisphere.
4. D) None of the above is true.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
5) Sailors in the 16th-18th century dreaded “rounding the horn” because of strong winds
and heavy seas. Cape Horn is about latitude 55°S at the tip of South America. These
sailors considered this a passage from the Atlantic to Pacific oceans, but this ocean is
now often called ________.
1. A) the Southern Ocean

2. B) the Antarctic Ocean
3. C) the Australian Ocean
4. D) the Indian Ocean
Answer: A
Diff: 1
6) An echo sounder operates by measuring the time required for a ________.
1. A) light beam to travel from a satellite at a known altitude to the sea bottom and back
2. B) radar beam to travel from a harbor patrol boat to a fuzz-buster on a speeding yacht
3. C) radar beam to travel from a ship to the seafloor and back
4. D) sound pulse travels from a ship to the seafloor and back
Answer: D
Diff: 1

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Topic: 13.2 An Emerging Picture of the Ocean Floor
7) The best modern technique for obtaining high resolution bathymetry of the seafloor is
________.
1. A) sidescan sonar
2. B) echo sounding
3. C) seismic reflection profiling
4. D) multibeam bathymetry
Answer: D
Diff: 1
8) Multibeam provides the best modern technique for obtaining seafloor bathymetry, so
why hasn’t it been used for the entire ocean?
1. A) It is too expensive, requiring many ships many years to survey the entire ocean.
2. B) It doesn’t work in deep water.
3. C) It doesn’t work where there is ice.
4. D) Oceanographers simply haven’t had time to process all the data.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
9) Ocean floor topography can be estimated from space using ________.
1. A) high resolution measurements of the earth’s magnetic field

2. B) laser beams that penetrate to the sea floor
3. C) radar pulses that bounce off the ocean surface

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4. D) powerful sound waves that echo to the satellite
Answer: C
Diff: 1
10) Which one of the following is not part of the continental margin?
1. A) continental shelf
2. B) continental slope
3. C) continental rise
4. D) continental trench
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Topic: 13.3 Continental Margins
11) It is thought that submarine canyons on the continental slope have been generated
by ________.
1. A) streams when sea level was much lower than it is today

2. B) streams when sea level was much higher than it is today
3. C) a submarine glaciations
4. D) turbidity currents
Answer: D
Diff: 1

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12) Which one of the following would most likely be covered with thick turbidite layers?
1. A) axial rift zone of an active mid-ocean spreading center

2. B) upper part of a steep, narrow, submarine canyon
3. C) deep-sea fan at the base of a continental slope
4. D) ocean floor around a conical-shaped seamount
Answer: C
Diff: 1
13) The best definition of the outer edge of the continental shelf is that point where
________.
1. A) the gradient becomes very gentle

2. B) the water depth reaches 100 fathoms
3. C) it meets an oceanic ridge
4. D) a rapid steepening of the gradient occurs
Answer: D
Diff: 1
14) Which of the following generally has the lowest surface slope?
1. A) continental slope
2. B) continental rise
3. C) continental shelf
4. D) beach shoreface
Answer: C
Diff: 1

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15) Submarine canyons found on the continental slope are believed to have been
created ________.
1. A) by rivers during the ice age

2. B) by faulting
3. C) because of a plate plunging into the mantle
4. D) none of these
Answer: D
Diff: 1
16) In the Mississippi River delta in south Louisiana shallow subsurface imaging of the
sediments reveal buried channels beneath delta sediments that are less than 10,000
years, and these channels extend offshore to the edge of the continental shelf. What is
a simple explanation for these buried channels?
1. A) They represent giant flood events before the delta was formed and before the river
formed.
2. B) They represent channels of the Mississippi river delta when sea level was lower,
during the ice age.
3. C) The river must have been bigger in the past, cutting a channel clear to the edge of the
shelf below sea level.
4. D) Turbidity currents cut a submarine canyon on the shelf before the delta buried them.
Answer: B
Diff: 1

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17) The gently sloping submerged surface extending from the shoreline toward the
deep ocean is termed the ________.
1. A) continental shelf
2. B) continental slope
3. C) continental rise
4. D) submarine canyon
Answer: B
Diff: 1
18) ________ develop where oceanic lithosphere bends downward and sinks into the
mantle.
1. A) Submarine canyons
2. B) Abyssal seamounts
3. C) Deep ocean trenches
4. D) Rift valleys on mid-ocean ridges
Answer: C
Diff: 1
19) The continental rise is located ________.
1. A) at the top of a mid-ocean ridge

2. B) at the top of the continental slope
3. C) between an abyssal plain and continental slope
4. D) at the seaward edge of a deep ocean trench
Answer: C
Diff: 1

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20) What is the difference between an active continental margin and a passive
continental margin?
1. A) A passive margin is the site of an ancient continental rift, left behind when seafloor
spreading moved offshore, whereas an active margin is an active plate boundary.
2. B) A passive margin is passively carried along by plate tectonics in a transform system,
like the San Andreas whereas an active margin is a trench.
3. C) An active margin receives large amounts of sediment whereas a passive margin is
sediment starved.
4. D) An active margin has earthquakes whereas a passive margin has quiet erupting (aka
passive) volcanos.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
21) Where are the deepest parts of the oceans?
1. A) along the base of the continental slope

2. B) in rift valleys at sea floor spreading center
3. C) in the abyssal plain
4. D) in trenches
Answer: D
Diff: 1
22) Subduction of oceanic lithosphere at the trenches can act like a bulldozer to
produce ________.

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1. A) subduction erosion
2. B) an accretionary wedge
3. C) a subduction slope
4. D) a strike slip fault like the San Andreas
Answer: B
Diff: 1
23) Which of the following is not true of deep ocean trenches?
1. A) They are long and narrow depressions.

2. B) They are sites where plates plunge back into the mantle.
3. C) They are geologically very stable.
4. D) They may act as sediment traps.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Topic: 13.4 Features of Deep-Ocean Basins
24) Seamounts ________.
1. A) are a special type of oceanic trench

2. B) are volcanoes that form on the ocean floor
3. C) form only in the Pacific Ocean basin
4. D) are submarine canyons found near Australia
Answer: B
Diff: 1

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25) The ________ Ocean has more extensive abyssal plains than the Pacific Ocean
because it has fewer trenches to trap sediments moving down the continental slope.
1. A) Indian
2. B) Atlantic
3. C) Arctic
4. D) none of these
Answer: B
Diff: 1
26) Deep sea trenches are important features for plate tectonic studies because
________.
1. A) they are sites where oceanic lithosphere is formed

2. B) they are sites where two plate move past each other horizontally
3. C) they are sites where the oceanic lithosphere is consumed into the mantle
4. D) none of the above
Answer: C
Diff: 1
27) If Yellowstone were on the ocean floor, it would produce ________.
1. A) a chain of line islands, like Hawaii

2. B) an island arc
3. C) a trench
4. D) a mid-ocean ridge
Answer: A

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Diff: 1
28) Abyssal plains are very flat because ________.
1. A) basalt volcanos on the seafloor produce little terrain

2. B) sediments accumulate to cover the seafloor topography
3. C) they have flat faults, the form flat, planar topography
4. D) they are not really flat; it is just that there is no data so they are shown as flat
Answer: B
Diff: 1
29) Which of the following is associated with ocean ridges?
1. A) rift zones
2. B) mountainous topography
3. C) volcanic structures
4. D) all of these
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Topic: 13.5 The Oceanic Ridge
30) The crests of mid-oceanic ridges ________.
1. A) are heavily mantled with sediment

2. B) lie at depths exceeding 6 kilometers
3. C) contain active rift zones

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4. D) are geologically old features
Answer: C
Diff: 1
31) Which one of the following concerning mid-ocean ridges is false?
1. A) They are sites for submarine eruptions of basaltic lava.

2. B) They are where young lithosphere is added to the edges of spreading, oceanic plates.
3. C) Terrigenous sediment coverings are very thin or absent.
4. D) Sediments include thick siliceous ooze deposits and sandy turbidite beds.
Answer: D
Diff: 1
32) “Black smokers” are associated with ________.
1. A) oceanic ridges
2. B) mineral-rich waters
3. C) hot water
4. D) all of these
Answer: D
Diff: 1
33) Ocean ridges form because ________.

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1. A) rocks bulge up in ridges along transform faults associated with the ridge
2. B) they are a broad seafloor highland formed by sea floor spreading
3. C) they are submarine collisional mountain belts, forming submarine mountains that
haven’t yet risen from the sea floor
4. D) they are chains of volcanos, like the Hawaiian Islands, that form along hot spots
Answer: B
Diff: 1
34) The seafloor spreading process at ridges produces what kind of faults?
1. A) normal faults
2. B) thrust fault
3. C) strike-slip faults
4. D) oblique-slip faults
Answer: A
Diff: 1
35) Earlier we discussed the concept of isostasy, where lower density rocks rise higher
than higher density rocks. How is the variation of water depth at spreading centers
(ridges) controlled by isostasy?
1. A) Volcanic rocks are lighter than other rocks, and so the abundant volcanic rocks at the
ridges are lower density features that produce the seafloor topography.
2. B) It has nothing to do with isostasy; the areas are simply high because there are chains
of active volcanos along the ridge crest, producing the topography.
3. C) Oceanic ridges are sites where the lithosphere is carried into the mantle on one side
(aka subduction zones), and the volcanos along these margins produce the ridge by
buildup of lower density crust.
4. D) The lithosphere cools as it moves away from the ridge axis by sea floor spreading,
and cooler rocks are lower density, so the sea floor gets deeper as the lithosphere gets
more dense.

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Answer: D
Diff: 2
36) Convective cooling cools rocks much more rapidly than heat conduction.
Hydrothermal circulation represents convective cooling at ocean ridges and is well
known from things like black smokes, but only occurs close to the spreading ridge axis.
When geophysicists measure the geothermal gradient in areas along ridges where
there is no hydrothermal activity, the thermal gradient is far below what you would
predict theoretically, but near hydrothermal vents it is far more than you would predict.
Why would this be?
1. A) The measurements are incorrect because it is too hot to measure thermal gradient in
molten rock.
2. B) Most of the heat is carried away by convection as hydrothermal systems, so the
average geothermal gradient away from the hydrothermal circulation is depressed.
3. C) Organisms growing around hydrothermal vents disturb the thermal properties,
insulating the surface, to make an apparent high thermal gradient.
4. D) The thermal gradient in water represented by the hydrothermal system must be
different than the rock, so it is measurement artifact.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
37) Why are there virtually no sediments at ocean ridges, even when they are close to
land?
1. A) The sediments get buried by volcanic rocks, so are not visible.

2. B) The sediments get deflected from the topographic high of the ridge.
3. C) The crust is too young; there hasn’t been enough time for sediments to accumulate.
4. D) No one knows, it is one of the mysteries of geology.
Answer: C

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Diff: 2
38) How do calcareous oozes form?
1. A) The particles are precipitated in warm surface waters and sink to the bottom.
2. B) The particles are precipitated by bottom-dwelling organisms.
3. C) The particles are precipitated in the water column below the depth of sunlight
penetration and then sink to the bottom.
4. D) The particles settle out from calcite-rich turbidity currents at depths greater than
15,000 feet.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Topic: 13.6 Seafloor Sediment
39) Sediments derived primarily from the products of weathering on the continents are
called ________.
1. A) terrigenous sediment
2. B) biogenous sediment
3. C) hydrogenous sediment
4. D) both terrigenous and biogenous sediment
Answer: A
Diff: 1
40) Manganese nodules are an example of ________.

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Answer: C
Diff: 1
41) Minerals that crystallize directly from seawater are examples of ________.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
42) Radiolarian chert is a common sedimentary rock accreted along active margins in
the circum-pacific. It is produced in the deep sea by the accumulation of siliceous
radiolarian shells. What kind of sediment is radiolarian chert?
Answer: B
Diff: 1

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43) A geologist is studying sediments on land that were originally deep sea sediments.
She finds the minerals zircon and garnet in the sediments, which could only come from
a continental region. These sediments must be ________.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
44) Much of the Gulf of Mexico is underlain by large thicknesses of salt that formed in a
small ocean basin like the red sea, as the north Atlantic spreading began in Mesozoic
time. This salt is a good example of ________.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
45) Micro-organisms called foraminifera have tiny coiled shells with chambers, not
unlike the chambering nautilus but much smaller. In modern oceans the coiling
direction of foraminifera shells is correlated to temperature. Using coiling direction from
foraminifera fossils is an example of ________.

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1. A) using the fossil as a paleo-depth indicator because water temperature varies with
depth
2. B) using the fossil’s coiling direction is a proxy for climate because the surface water
temperature would be highly correlated to surface temperature
3. C) using isotopes to fingerprint temperature
4. D) geomagic; the whole idea is preposterous
Answer: B
Diff: 1
46) When organisms living in seawater grow shells, the ratio between the isotopes of
oxygen (18O/16O) trapped in their shell is dependent on the sea temperature. Why
might geologists collect these sea shells from deep-sea sediments that are Pleistocene
in age and measure their oxygen isotope ratios?
1. A) They might want to know how cold the water was at the seafloor in the past.
2. B) They want to know how metabolism of the organism affects the oxygen isotope ratios.
3. C) The organisms live in the photic zone, and so photosynthesis must be the main factor
in the oxygen content.
4. D) The organisms live near the surface, so their oxygen isotope ratios record surface
temperature during Earth’s great climate fluctuations of the ice age.
Answer: D
Diff: 2
47) African dust from the Sahara desert is observed across the Atlantic as far west as
the Caribbean region where it produces a hazy sky condition during the annual dry
season. You are a climate scientist and make a prediction that the Sahara was not a
desert during glacial periods in the northern hemisphere. How could you test this
hypothesis by looking at deep sea sediments from the Atlantic off west Africa?
1. A) You would look at fossils to see if there were organisms that preferred dusty
conditions vs. clear water conditions.

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2. B) You could look at the sediments to see if there were biogenic sediments interbedded
with sediments with terrigeneous input corresponding to the dry, interglacial intervals.
3. C) You could measure the isotopes in the sediment to estimate the sea surface
temperatures.
4. D) The hypothesis is untestable with deep sea sediment.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
48) Most of our table salt comes from ________.
1. A) salt taken from mines

2. B) salt obtained by evaporating seawater in dry climates
3. C) combining the metal sodium and the nonmetal chlorine gas in a chemical reaction
vessel to make pure NaCl
4. D) China
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Topic: 13.7 Resources from the Sea Floor
49) In the present day, what is the most valuable non-living commodity obtained from
sea floor?
1. A) sand and gravel

2. B) gold
3. C) oil and gas
4. D) gas hydrate
Answer: C
Diff: 1

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50) Why isn’t manganese mined on the seabed when there are abundant manganese
nodules in some parts of the ocean floor?
1. A) The manganese is too difficult to extract from the nodules; a new technology is
needed.
2. B) It is not economical to mine manganese nodules at present-day world prices for
manganese and associated metals in nodules.
3. C) The manganese market is held by a global cartel who prevent the material from being
mined.
4. D) It is impossible to extract the nodules from the seafloor with present-day technology.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
51) The 2010 deep water horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico was a tragedy brought on
in part by new technology allowing development of oil and gas reserves in deep water.
Given the scope of the spill, why would companies take a risk of such a disaster given
the scope of the litigation following the disaster?
1. A) They didn’t care about the risk, they just drove forward.
2. B) The oil and gas industry is poor at assessing risk, and didn’t understand the risk.
3. C) The potential profit is so large from a major oil find that the companies take the risk,
try to use all cautions to minimize risk, but sometimes fail.
4. D) They just assume their lawyers can win any lawsuit, regardless of the disaster.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
52) Why would a large concrete producing company be interested in the sea bed?

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1. A) as a source of lime from sea shells

2. B) as a source of mud to mix with limestone to make Portland cement
3. C) They can rape the sea bed without being prosecuted like they would in operating a
quarry or gravel pit improperly.
4. D) as a source of sand and gravel
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Matching: Give the term of ocean floor sediment for each phrase.
biogenous terrigenous hydrogenous
53) manganese nodule
Answer: hydrogenous
Diff: 1
54) calcareous ooze
Answer: biogenous
Diff: 1

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55) abyssal plain clay
Answer: terrigenous
Diff: 1
56) echo sounder Doppler radar sidescan sonar radar altimeters
Answer: Doppler radar
Diff: 2
57) continental shelf continental rise continental slope continental volcanic

arc
Answer: continental volcanic arc
Diff: 1
58) rift valley subduction volcanic island arc trench
Answer: rift valley
Diff: 1

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59) manganese nodules calcareous ooze metal sulfides evaporites
Answer: evaporites
Diff: 1
60) The deepest point in the ocean is in the Indonesian trench, off Sumatra, where the
2004 Earthquake occurred.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
61) Most of the world’s landmass is in the northern hemisphere.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1

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62) The west coast of South America and the east coast of North America have very
different continental margins.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
63) Submarine canyons form the deepest parts of the ocean basins.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
64) The continental rise lies at the bottom of the continental slope.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
65) Abyssal plains with sediments covering the seafloor igneous rocks are more
extensive in the central Pacific basin than in the North Atlantic.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1

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66) Submerged, flat-topped seamounts are known as guyots.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
67) Seafloor hot springs occur mainly in oceanic, abyssal plains.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
68) The Atlantic and Pacific basins have oceanic ridges; the Indian Ocean has no
oceanic ridge.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
69) Manganese nodules do not accumulate below 4500 meters depth because the
manganese minerals are highly soluble in seawater below that depth.
Answer: FALSE

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Diff: 1
70) Turbidites and siliceous oozes are both biogenous sediments.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
71) Sand, silt, and clays deposited on the ocean floor are described as terrigenous
sediments.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
72) The second most important economic mineral resource extracted from the seafloor
today is manganese from manganese nodules.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1

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73) Oil and gas resources are rare on the continental slope and continental rise.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
74) The lowest point on earth is in the ________ Ocean.
Answer: Pacific
Diff: 1
75) The principal technique for finding ocean depth today is ________.
Answer: sonar (or echo sounding, or multibeam sonar)
Diff: 1
76) ________ continental margins occur where oceanic lithosphere is being subducted
beneath the edge of a continent.
Answer: Active (or subduction)
Diff: 1

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77) The gently sloping submerged surface extending from the shoreline toward the
deep ocean is termed the ________.
Answer: continental shelf
Diff: 1
78) Valleys that lead from the continental shelf into deeper waters are known as
________.
Answer: submarine canyons
Diff: 1
79) ________ continental margins typically exhibit wide, extensive, continental shelves.
Answer: Passive
Diff: 1
80) Flat-topped volcanic structures located on the floor of the deep ocean basin are
termed ________.
Answer: guyots
Diff: 1

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81) A(n) ________ is a volcanic mountain, built up from the seafloor that never reached
the sea surface.
Answer: seamount
Diff: 1
82) A(n) ________ is the vast, relatively deep, flat, sediment-covered portion of the
deep-ocean basin.
Answer: abyssal plain
Diff: 1
83) A(n) ________ marks the site where old, oceanic lithosphere begins its descent into
a subduction zone.
Answer: trench
Diff: 1

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84) The most extensive mountain range on Earth extends for about 65,000 kilometers
on the ocean floor and is known as the ________.
Answer: mid-ocean ridge
Diff: 1
85) A prominent feature of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge is a very deep linear valley known as
a(n) ________ valley.
Answer: rift
Diff: 1
86) ________ sediment consists of shells and hard parts of marine organisms.
Answer: Biogenous
Diff: 1
87) Manganese nodules are an example of ________ sediment.
Answer: hydrogenous
Diff: 1

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88) The most important economic resource in the ocean today is ________.
Answer: oil and gas
Diff: 1
89) What energy resource is present in the oceans with far more energy reserves than
conventional oil and gas?
Answer: gas hydrates
Diff: 1
90) What type of continental margin is illustrated in the diagram below?
Answer: active continental margin
Diff: 1

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91) Examine Figure 13.B from Earth Science, 14e below. Briefly explain the main points
of Charles Darwin’s hypothesis on coral atoll formation. Have we tested his hypothesis
and is it still thought to be correct today? Can you think of another possible explanation
that would explain the origin of such coral atolls?
Answer: Corals colonize and ring a volcanic island once it’s been formed. Then,
erosion attacks the top of the volcano and the plat also sinks when its away from the
hotspot. The corals have to grow upwards as a result, because they need light.
Eventually their growth doesn’t keep pace with the sinking and the reef is submerged,
becoming a seamount.
Diff: 2
92) Discuss the distribution of seafloor sediments in the ocean basins. What are the
different types of sediments, and what are the factors that control their distribution
(geologic setting, climate, etc.)?
Answer: The sediments nearest the continents are a record of terrestrial occurrences
on Earth. The sediments on the abyssal plain are a record of happenings in the photic
zone of the ocean. The sediments are wedge-shaped, being thinnest at the divergent
boundary (mid-ocean ridge) and thickest next to the continents.
Diff: 2

Test Bank For Earth Science 14th Edition by Tarbuck and Lutgens Test Bank

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Topic: 1.1 What Is Earth Science

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

2) The study of Earth’s atmosphere is known as ________.

Topic: 1.1 What Is Earth Science

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

3) Which science is not used within the Earth sciences?

Topic: 1.1 What Is Earth Science

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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1. A) the study of meteors

Topic: 1.1 What Is Earth Science

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

Topic: 1.1 What Is Earth Science

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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Topic: 1.1 What Is Earth Science

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

Topic: 1.1 What Is Earth Science

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

Topic: 1.1 What Is Earth Science

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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Topic: 1.1 What Is Earth Science

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

Topic: 1.1 What Is Earth Science

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

1. A) studies of volcanic eruptions

Topic: 1.1 What Is Earth Science

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Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension; Application/Analysis

Topic: 1.1 What Is Earth Science

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

Topic: 1.2 The Nature of Scientific Inquiry

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

14) The primary goal of Earth Science is ________.

1. A) to develop things that will benefit mankind

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4. D) to protect the environment

Topic: 1.2 The Nature of Scientific Inquiry

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

1. A) the collection of scientific facts through observation and measurement

Topic: 1.2 The Nature of Scientific Inquiry

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

Topic: 1.2 The Nature of Scientific Inquiry

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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Topic: 1.3 Early Evolution of Earth

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

18) Which of the following is not a planet?

Topic: 1.3 Early Evolution of Earth

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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Topic: 1.3 Early Evolution of Earth

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

1. A) Oblique collisions caused individual bodies to spin.

Topic: 1.3 Early Evolution of Earth

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

1. A) The Sun captured all of the hydrogen during its formation.

Topic: 1.3 Early Evolution of Earth

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Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

22) Comets are made up primarily of ________.