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22 fVIi.kh
jke/kkjh flag ^fnudj* dk uke rks vkius lquk gh gksxkA mudh dqN dfork,¡ Hkh
i<+h gksaxhA *gB dj cSBk pk¡n ,d fnu ekrk ls ;g cksyk] flyok ns ek¡ eq>s
Åu dk eksVk ,d f>axksyk^ dfork 'kk;n vkius i<+h gksA ;g bUgha dh fy[kh
dfork gSA lu~ 1962 esa tc phu us Hkkjr ij vkØe.k fd;k Fkk vkSj mlesa gekjs
ns'k dh ijkt; gqbZ Fkh] rks fnudj dk eu nq[k ls Hkj mBkA fnudj jk"Vªoknh dfo
gSaA bl ijkt; ds fy, mUgksaus ns'k ds jktuhfrd usr`Ro dks ft+Eesnkj ekuk vkSj
*ij'kqjke dh izrh{kk^ 'kh"kZd ls ,d yach dfork dh jpuk dhA bl ikB esa blh
dfork ds dqN pqus gq, va'k vki *ij'kqjke ds mins'k^ 'kh"kZd ls i<+saxsA
mn~ns';
bl ikB dks i<+us ds ckn vki
dfork esa fufgr n'kZu vkSj foPkkjksa dh ljkguk dj ldsaxs(
dfork esa fufgr meax] mRlkg] ohjrk] LokfHkeku] Lora=krk] laLÑfr ds izfr
izse tSls xq.kksa dks igpku dj mu ij fVIi.kh dj ldsaxs(
jk"Vªokn dk vFkZ Li"V dj ldsaxs(
dfork esa iz;qDr yk{kf.kd iz;ksxksa vkSj izrhdksa dks Li"V dj ldsaxs(
dfo dh vkstiw.kZ vkSj nk'kZfud Hkk"kk ij fVIi.kh dj ldsaxsA
fØ;kdyki
orZeku ;qx esa fouez] larks"kh vkSj oSjkxh cus jgdj vius ns'k rFkk Lok/khurk dh
lqj{kk ge ugha dj ldrsA gesa 'kfDr'kkyh vkSj fuMj gksdj rFkk tku gFksyh ij
j[kdj 'k=kq dk lkeuk djuk gksxkA lcy gkFkksa esa gh jk"Vª lqjf{kr jg ldrk gSA
*fnudj^ us vius ^dq#{ks=k* izca/k dkO; esa fy[kk gS&
fganh 1
https://telegram.me/UpscPdfDrive
https://telegram.me/UPSC_PDF
22.1 ewyikB
vc vki bl dfork dks rhu&pkj ckj vkstiw.kZ Loj esa i<+ tkb,&
ij'kqjke ds mins'k
(i)
2 fganh
https://telegram.me/UpscPdfDrive
https://telegram.me/UPSC_PDF
fganh 3
https://telegram.me/UpscPdfDrive
https://telegram.me/UPSC_PDF
https://telegram.me/UpscPdfDrive
https://telegram.me/UPSC_PDF
O;k[;k&2
vc vki dfork ds nwljs Nan dks vkstiw.kZ Loj esa i<+dj bldh O;k[;k ij /;ku
oSjkX; NksM+ ck¡gksa dh foHkk l¡Hkkyks]
nhft,&
pV~Vkuksa dh Nkrh ls nw/k fudkyksA
dfo dk fopkj gS fd vfgalk dk ekxZ gesa ;ksx vkSj oSjkX; dh vksj ys tkrk gSA
gS #dh tgk¡ Hkh /kkj] f'kyk,¡ rksM+ks]
blfy, og
ih;w"k panzekvksa dks idM+ fupksM+ksA
ns'kokfl;ksa ls
p<+ rqax 'kSy&f'k[kjksa ij lkse fi;ks
dgrk gS& rqe
js!
oSjkX; NksMk+ ]s viuh
;ksfx;ksa ugha] fot;h ds ln`'k ft;ks
js! Hkqtkvksa dh 'kfDr
dks igpkuks vFkkZr~
vfgalk dk ekxZ
Nks M + d j] viuh
'kfDr ds vuq:i
ryokj vkSj canwdsa fp=k 22.1
mBkvks vkSj dfBu
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh viuk ekxZ [kkstks] nqxZe lhekvksa dks ikj djks vkSj viuk y{;
izkIr djksA ,s ns'kokfl;ks!] ;ksxh ugha] oju~ fot;h ds leku thuk lh[kksA *fot;h
ds ln`'k ft;ks js!^ iafDr esa dfo ns'kokfl;ksa dks deZBrk dk izrhd cukuk pkgrk gS]
tks thou laxzke esa vius drZO; cy ij lnk fot;h cusaA bl iafDr esa miek
vyadkj dk lkSan;Z Hkh fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA
;ksxh] ;ksx&/;ku esa yhu lkalkfjd eksg ls nwj pqi cSBk gksrk gS] tcfd ohj fot;
dh ykylk esa drZO; iFk ij pyrk gqvk] fot; irkdk Qgjk dj gh ne ysrk gSA
dfo ;gk¡ dguk pkgrk gS fd ;ksfx;ksa ls ns'k esa fodkl ugha gksxk] tcfd ohjksa ls
ns'k fodkl dh vksj c<+sxkA nksuksa dh fo'ks"krk,¡ bl izdkj gSa&
;ksxh fot;h ¼deZohj½
;ksx] /;ku esa yhu n`<+ fu'p;h
fueksZgh fuHkhZd
vlkalkfjd ohj
6 fganh
https://telegram.me/UpscPdfDrive
https://telegram.me/UPSC_PDF
fganh 7
https://telegram.me/UpscPdfDrive
https://telegram.me/UPSC_PDF
O;k[;k & 4
vc vki pkSFks Nan dh vksj /;ku nsa&
izR;sd izk.kh Lora=k jguk pkgrk gSA bl
Lokra=; tkfr dh yxu] fp=k dh vksj /;ku nsa &
O;fDr dh /kqu gS]
ckgjh oLrq ;g ugha] tc i{kh Hkh Lora=k jguk pkgrk gS rks Hkyk
Hkhrjh xq.k gSA
ur gq, fcuk tks
ge ekuo Lora=k D;ksa ugha jguk pkgsaxs\
v'kfu&?kkr lgrh gS] blh Hkko dks dfo us bu iafDr;ksa esa O;Dr
Lok/khu txr esa djrs gq, dgk gS&lHkh ekuo Lora=k jguk
ogh tkfr jgrh gSA pkgrs gSaA ;g mudh lh[kh gqbZ vknr ugha
ohjRo NksM+ ij dk er
pj.k xgks js! cfYd ekSfyd izo`fÙk gSA lalkj esa ogh
tks iM+s vku] tkfr Lora=k jg ikrh gS] ftlesa LokfHkeku
[kqn gh lc vkx lgks js! gS] tks fcuk >qds eqlhcrksa dh pksV lg
fp=k 22.2 ysrh gSA
8 fganh
https://telegram.me/UpscPdfDrive
https://telegram.me/UPSC_PDF
https://telegram.me/UpscPdfDrive
https://telegram.me/UPSC_PDF
https://telegram.me/UpscPdfDrive
https://telegram.me/UPSC_PDF
12 fganh
https://telegram.me/UpscPdfDrive
https://telegram.me/UPSC_PDF
fganh 13
https://telegram.me/UpscPdfDrive
https://telegram.me/UPSC_PDF
14 fganh
https://telegram.me/UpscPdfDrive
https://telegram.me/UPSC_PDF
22.9 mÙkjekyk
cks/k iz'uksa ds mÙkj
1- gypy Hkjs thou
2- jk[k esa ncs] lw[ks] iqjkus
3- Lora=k jgus dh NViVkgV gh O;fDr dks LokfHkekuh cukrh gSA nklrk dks
Bqdjkrh gSA
4- ohj ds ekFks ij ryokj ds ?kko dk fryd gksA
ikBxr iz'uksa ds mÙkj
22-1 1- ¼d½ 2- ¼x½ 3- ¼x½
22-2 1- ¼x½ 2- ¼[k½ 3- ¼x½
22-3 1- ¼d½ 2- ¼[k½ 3- ¼[k½
22.4 1- ¼[k½ 2- ¼d½
22.5 1. ¼[k½ 2. ¼x½ 3- xkSjo'kkyh vrhr gksus ij
fganh 15
https://telegram.me/UpscPdfDrive