Test-2 Sanskriti Ias PT 2024 Hindi

tc rd vkidks ;g ijh{k.
k iqfLrdk [kksyus dks u dgk tk, rc rd u [kksysa

SKT - GP - 2302 ijh{k.k iqfLrdk vuqozQe
B
ijh{k.k iqfLrdk
lkekU; vè;;u
iz'u-i=kµI
le; % nks ?k.Vs iw.kk±d % 200
vuqns'k
1- ijh{kk çkjaHk gksus ds rqjar ckn] vki bl ijh{k.k iqfLrdk dh iM+rky vo'; dj ysa fd blesa dksbZ fcuk Nik] iQVk ;k NwVk gqvk i`"B
vFkok ç'uka'k vkfn u gksA ;fn ,slk gS] rks bls lgh ijh{k.k iqfLrdk ls cny ysaA
2- Ñi;k è;ku j[ksa fd OMR mÙkj&i=kd esa] mfpr LFkku ij] jksy uacj dks] è;ku ls ,oa fcuk fdlh pwd ;k folaxfr ds Hkjus vkSj
dwVc¼ djus dh f”kEesnkjh mEehnokj dh gSA fdlh Hkh çdkj dh pwd@folaxfr dh fLFkfr esa mÙkj&i=kd fujLr dj fn;k tk,xkA
3- bl ijh{k.k iqfLrdk ij lkFk esa fn, x, dks"Bd esa vkidks viuk vuqØekad
fy[kuk gSA ijh{k.k iqfLrdk ij vkSj dqN u fy[ksaA
4- bl ijh{k.k iqfLrdk esa 100 ç'uka'k (ç'u) fn, x, gSaA çR;sd ç'uka'k fgUnh vkSj vaxzs”kh nksuksa esa Nik gSA çR;sd ç'uka'k esa pkj
çR;qÙkj (mÙkj) fn, x, gSaA buesa ls ,d çR;qÙkj dks pqu ysa] ftls vki mÙkj&i=kd ij vafdr djuk pkgrs gSaA ;fn vkidks ,slk yxs
fd ,d ls vfèkd çR;qÙkj lgh gSa] rks ml çR;qÙkj dks vafdr djsa tks vkidks lokZsÙke yxsA çR;sd ç'uka'k ds fy, dsoy ,d gh
çR;qÙkj pquuk gSA
5- vkidks vius lHkh çR;qÙkj vyx ls fn, x, mÙkj&i=kd ij gh vafdr djus gSaA mÙkj&i=kd esa fn, x, funZs'k ns[ksaA
6- lHkh ç'uka'kksa ds vad leku gSaA
7- vki vius lHkh çR;qÙkjksa dks mÙkj&i=kd esa Hkjus ds ckn rFkk ijh{kk ds lekiu ij dsoy mÙkj&i=kd vèkh{kd dks lkSai nsaA vkidks
vius lkFk ijh{k.k iqfLrdk ys tkus dh vuqefr gSA
8- xyr mÙkjksa ds fy, naM %
lHkh ç'uksa esa mEehnokj }kjk fn, x, xyr mÙkjksa ds fy, naM fn;k tk,xkA
(i) çR;sd ç'u ds fy, pkj oSdfYid mÙkj gSaA mEehnokj }kjk çR;sd ç'u ds fy, fn, x, ,d xyr mÙkj ds fy, ç'u gsrq fu;r
fd;s x, vadksa dk ,d&frgkbZ naM ds :i esa dkVk tk,xkA
(ii) ;fn dksbZ mEehnokj ,d ls vfèkd mÙkj nsrk gS] rks bls xyr mÙkj ekuk tk,xk] ;|fi fn, x, mÙkjksa esa ls ,d mÙkj lgh gksrk
gS] fiQj Hkh ml ç'u ds fy, mi;ZqDrkuqlkj gh] mlh rjg dk naM fn;k tk,xkA
(iii) ;fn mEehnokj }kjk dksbZ ç'u gy ughaa fd;k tkrk gS] vFkkZr~ mEehnokj }kjk mÙkj ughaa fn;k tkrk gS] rks ml ç'u ds fy, dksbZ
naM ugha fn;k tk,xkA
tc rd vkidks ;g ijh{k.k iqfLrdk [kksyus dks u dgk tk, rc rd u [kksysa

Note: English version of the instructions is printed on the back cover of this Booklet.
Join Telegram 2024 Test All Exam - https://telegram.me/PaidGroupadmin_bot

1- Hkwdaih; rjaxksa ds lanHkZ esa] fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft, % 4- fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft, %
1- vodsæa ls mQtkZ foeqfDr ds nkSjku èkjkryh; rjaxas mRiUu gksrh gSAa 1- cSFkksfyFk lcls cM+s varoZsèkh vkXus; pV~Vkuh fiaM gSaA
2- vuqçLFk rjaxksa ls èkkfRod ØksM dh rjy çÑfr dk irk pyrk 2- Hkw&iiZVh ds vk;ru dk lokZfèkd Hkkx volknh pV~Vkusa gSaA
gSA 3- vfèkdka'k volknh pV~Vkuksa dk fuekZ.k ty ds uhps gksrk gSA
3- çkFkfed rjaxsa dsoy Bksl ekè;e esa xeu djrh gSaA mi;ZqDr esa ls fdrus dFku lgh gSa\
mi;ZqDr esa ls fdrus dFku lgh gSa\ (a) dsoy ,d (b) dsoy nks
(a) dsoy ,d (b) dsoy nks (c) lHkh rhu (d) dksbZ Hkh ugha
(c) lHkh rhu (d) dksbZ Hkh ugha 5- fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu&lk ,d ves”ku csflu dk Hkkx gS\
2- fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft, % (a) fpyh (b) cksyhfo;k
dFku&I % i`Foh ds dsaæ ds fudV vR;fèkd rkieku ds ckotwn (c) iSjkXos (d) vts±Vhuk
pV~Vkusa Bksl voLFkk esa jgrh gSaA 6- fuEufyf•r ;qXeksa ij fopkj dhft, %
dFku&II % i`Foh ds vkarfjd Hkkx esa Åijh 'kSy laLrjksa ds Hkkj (varfj{k fiaM) (fo'ks"krk)
ds dkj.k xgjkbZ ds lkFk vR;fèkd ncko jgrk gSA 1- mYdkfiaM % iw.kZr% okf"ir gksus ls iwoZ i`Foh
mi;ZqDr dFkuksa ds ckjs esa] fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu&lk ,d lgh gS\ ij igq¡pus okys fiaM
(a) dFku&I vkSj dFku&II nksuksa lgh gSa rFkk dFku&II] dFku&I 2- èkwedsrq % R;ar ijoyh; d{kkvksa esa lw;Z
v
dh lgh O;k[;k gSA dh ifjØek djus okys fiaM
(b) dFku&I vkSj dFku&II nksuksa lgh gSa rFkk dFku&II] dFku&I 3- {kqæ xzg % e axy ,oa c`gLifr dh d{kkvksa
dh lgh O;k[;k ugha gSA ds chp VwVdj vyx gq, fiaM
(c) dFku&I lgh gS fdarq dFku&II xyr gSA mi;ZqDr esa ls fdrus ;qXe lgh lqesfyr gSa\
(d) dFku&I xyr gS fdarq dFku&II lgh gSA (a) dsoy ,d (b) dsoy nks
(c) lHkh rhu (d) dksbZ Hkh ugha
3- fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft, %
7- e`nk fuekZ.k ds lanHkZ esa] fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft, %
1- xzsukbV ,d cfgHkZsnh vkXus; 'kSy gSA
1- xzh"e ½rq dh rs”k xehZ vkSj de o"kkZ ls fufeZr dkyh e`nk
2- cyqvk iRFkj thok'ejfgr gksrs gSaA ij tud inkFkks± dk fo'ks"k çHkko ugha gksrk gSA
3- nDdu iBkj dk fuekZ.k æfor ykok ds rs”kh ls BaMk gksus ls 2- fupys v{kka'kksa dh isMyiQj fefV~V;k¡ vR;fèkd áwel dh
gqvk gSA mifLFkfr ds ckotwn 'kh?kz gh vuqitkÅ gks tkrh gSaA
mi;ZqDr esa ls fdrus dFku lgh gSa\ mi;ZqDr dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\
(a) dsoy ,d (a) dsoy 1
(b) dsoy nks (b) dsoy 2
(c) lHkh rhu (c) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa
(d) dksbZ Hkh ugha (d) u rks 1] u gh 2
gsM vkWfiQl iz;kxjkt dsanz

636] Hkw&ry] eq[kthZ uxj] 9555-124-124 rk'kdan ekxZ] if=kdk pkSjkgk] 2
fnYyh&09 iz;kxjkt] m-iz-
Copyright @ Sanskriti IAS

1. With reference to seismic waves, consider the following 4. Consider the following statements:
statements: 1. Batholiths are the largest intrusive igneous rock
1. Surface waves are generated during the release of bodies.
energy from the Hypocentre. 2. Most of the volume of the earth's crust is sedimentary
2. Transverse waves reveal the liquid nature of the rocks.
metallic core. 3. Most of the sedimentary rocks are formed under
3. Primary waves travel only in solid medium. water.
How many of the statements given above are correct? How many of the statements given above are correct?
(a) Only one (b) Only two (a) Only one (b) Only two
(c) All three (d) None (c) All three (d) None
2. Consider the following statements: 5. Which one of the following is a part of the Amazon basin?
Statement-I : Rocks remain in solid state despite extreme (a) Chile (b) Bolivia
temperature near the Earth's centre. (c) Paraguay (d) Argentina
Statement-II : There is excessive pressure with depth 6. Consider the following pairs:
due to the weight of the upper rock layers in the Earth's (Space Body) (Characteristic)
interior.
1. Meteorite : Body reaching on Earth before
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the completely evaporating
above statements?
2. Comet : Body revolving the Sun in highly
(a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct parabolic orbits
and Statement-II is the correct explanation for
Statement-I. 3. Asteroid : Broken bodies between the
orbits of Mars and Jupiter
(b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct
and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for How many of the pairs given above are correctly matched?
Statement-I. (a) Only one (b) Only two
(c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect. (c) All three (d) None
(d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct. 7. With reference to soil formation, consider the following
statements:
3. Consider the following statements:
1. The parent substances do not have special effect on
1. Granite is an extrusive igneous rock. the black soil formed due to intense heat and less
2. Sandstones are free of fossils. rainfall of summer season.
3. Deccan Plateau has been formed by the rapid cooling 2. Pedalfer soils of lower latitudes quickly become
of liquid lava. infertile despite the presence of abundant humus.
How many of the statements given above are correct? Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) Only one (a) 1 only
(b) Only two (b) 2 only
(c) All three (c) Both 1 and 2
(d) None (d) Neither 1 nor 2


8- fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft, % mi;ZqDr esa ls fdrus dFku lgh gSa\
1- ;s 'kq"d] v¼Z'kq"d vkSj mikæZ {ks=kksa esa ikbZ tkrh gSaA (a) dsoy ,d (b) dsoy nks
2- psjuks”ke esa áwel vkSj dSfY'k;e dh ek=kk vfèkd gksrh gSA (c) lHkh rhu (d) dksbZ Hkh ugha
3- buesa moZjd ,oa flapkbZ dh de ”k:jr iM+rh gSA
12- fuEufyf•r esa ls fdlds dkj.k la?kuu ds fy, lokZfèkd vuqdwy
mi;ZqDr esa ls fdruh isMksdy feV~Vh dh fo'ks"krk,¡ gSa\ ifjfLFkfr mRiUu gksrh gS\
(a) dsoy ,d (b) dsoy nks
(a) ok;q dk rkieku ?kVdj vkslkad rd igq¡pus ij Hkh bldk
(c) lHkh rhu (d) dksbZ Hkh ugha vk;ru fLFkj jgus ij
9- fuEufyf•r ij fopkj dhft, % (b) Å"ek dh ek=kk c<+k, fcuk ok;q ds vk;ru esa o`f¼ gksus ij
1- vR;fèkd fojy ok;q (c) rkieku esa fxjkoV gksus ij
2- jsfM;ks rjaxksa dk ijkorZu
(d) rkieku vkSj vk;ru ds ,d&lkFk ?kVus ls ok;q dh vkæZrk
3- Å¡pkbZ ds lkFk rkieku esa deh èkkj.k {kerk dk blesa fo|eku vkæZrk dh ek=kk ls de gksus
mi;ZqDr esa ls fdruh fo'ks"krk,¡ m"eeaMy ls lacafèkr gSa\ ij
1- y?kq fgeky; esa o"kkZ 'khrks".kdfVcaèkh; pØokr }kjk fgeikr
10- fuEufyf•r ij fopkj dhft, % ds :i esa gksrh gSA
1- foLr`r leqæh lrg 2- egkoV jch dh iQlyksa ds fy, egÙoiw.kZ gSA
2- 27°C ls vfèkd rkieku
mi;ZqDr dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\
3- dksfjvkWfyl cy
(a) dsoy 1 (b) dsoy 2
4- ÅèokZèkj iouksa dh xfr esa vfèkd varj
(c) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa (d) u rks 1] u gh 2
5- fuEu&Lrj dk pØokrh; ifjlapj.k
6- leqæh ry ij Åijh vilj.k 14- Hkweè; lkxjh; tyok;q ds lanHkZ esa] fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij fopkj
dhft, %
mi;ZqDr esa ls fdrus dkjd m".k dfVcaèkh; pØokr dh mRifÙk
gsrq f”kEesnkj gSa\ 1- blls tqM+s {ks=k 'khrdky esa fuEu ok;q nkc ds çHkko esa vk
(a) dsoy nks (b) dsoy rhu tkrs gSaA
(c) dsoy pkj (d) dsoy ik¡p 2- bl tyok;q esa lokZfèkd o"kkZ xzh"edky esa gksrh gSA
11- ok;qeaMyh; vkæZrk ds lanHkZ esa] fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij fopkj 3- bldk foLrkj U;w”khySaM ds mÙkjh }hi ij gSA
dhft, % mi;ZqDr esa ls fdrus dFku lgh gSa\
1- ok;q] tyok"i dh ek=kk esa o`f¼ fd, fcuk vkslkad ij larÌr (a) dsoy ,d
gksrh gSA
(b) dsoy nks
2- Hkkj ds vkèkkj ij ekih tkus okyh vkæZrk] rki ,oa nkc ls
çHkkfor ugha gksrh gSA (c) lHkh rhu
3- fof'k"V vkæZrk] ok"ihdj.k dh ek=kk ,oa nj dks fuèkkZfjr djrh gSA (d) dksbZ Hkh ugha


8. Consider the following statements: How many of the statements given above are correct?
1. These are found in dry, semi-arid and sub-humid (a) Only one (b) Only two
regions.
(c) All three (d) None
2. Chernozem has high amount of humus and calcium.
3. There is less requirement of fertilizer and irrigation 12. The most favourable conditions for condensation arise
in them. due to which of the following?
How many of the above are characteristics of Pedocal soil? (a) Even on reaching to the dew point by decreasing air
(a) Only one (b) Only two temperature, on being its volume constant
(c) All three (d) None (b) On being increase in volume of air without increasing
9. Consider the following: amount of heat
1. Extremely rarefied air (c) On being decrease in temperature
2. Reflection of radio waves (d) On being moisture holding capacity of air less than the
3. Decrease in temperature with altitude amount of moisture present in it from simultaneous
How many of the above characteristics are related to the decrease of temperature and volume
thermosphere?
(a) Only one (b) Only two
1. Precipitation is caused by temperate cyclones in the
form of snow in the lesser Himalayas.
10. Consider the following:
2. Mahawat is important for Rabi crops.
1. Vast sea surface
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
2. Temperature above 27°C
3. Coriolis force (a) 1 only (b) 2 only
4. Large difference in the speed of vertical winds (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
5. Low level cyclonic circulation 14. With reference to Mediterranean climate, consider the
6. Upper divergence on seafloor following statements:
How many of the factors given above are responsible for 1. The region associated with it come under the influence
the origin of tropical cyclone? of low air pressure in winter.
(a) Only two (b) Only three
2. Maximum rainfall occurs in summer in this climate.
(c) Only four (d) Only five
3. Its expansion is on the Northern Island of New
11. With reference to atmospheric humidity, consider the
Zealand.
following statements:
1. Air is saturated at dew point without increasing in How many of the statements given above are correct?
the amount of water vapour. (a) Only one
2. Humidity being measured on the basis of weight is (b) Only two
unaffected by temperature and pressure.
(c) All three
3. Specific humidity determines the amount and rate of
evaporation. (d) None


15- egk}hih; eXurV ds lanHkZ esa] fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij fopkj 18- fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft, %
dhft, % 1- ç?kkrh rjaxsa vfèkdsaæ ls lHkh fn'kkvksa esa pyrh gSaA
1- budh pkSM+kbZ vkSj <ky ds chp lkekU;r% O;qRØekuqikrh lacaèk 2- S-rjaxsa xq”kjus okys inkFkZ esa xrZ dk fuekZ.k djrh gSaA
gksrk gSA
3- P-rjaxksa dk Nk;k {ks=k S-rjaxksa ls vfèkd gksrk gSA
2- nf{k.k vesfjdk ds if'pe esa egk}hih; eXurV yxHkx
vuqifLFkr gSaA mi;ZqDr esa ls fdrus dFku lgh gSa\
3- bu {ks=kksa ls yxHkx lHkh leqæh •k| inkFkZ çkIr fd, tkrs gSAa (a) dsoy ,d (b) dsoy nks
mi;ZqDr esa ls fdrus dFku lgh gSa\ (c) lHkh rhu (d) dksbZ Hkh ugha
(a) dsoy ,d (b) dsoy nks 19- fuEufyf•r ij fopkj dhft, %
(c) lHkh rhu (d) dksbZ Hkh ugha 1- rkieku 2- ?kuRo
16- fuEufyf•r ij fopkj dhft, % 3- tyok"i 4- xq#Rokd"kZ.k
1- mÙkj esa iw.kZr% LFky ls f?kjk v¼Zegklkxj mi;ZqDr esa ls fdrus ok;qeaMyh; nkc ds ÅèokZèkj forj.k dks
2- nf{k.k&if'peh ekulwuh iou çHkkfor djrs gSa\
3- mÙkj&iwohZ O;kikfjd iou dh vuqifLFkfr (a) dsoy ,d (b) dsoy nks
4- fo#¼ fo"kqorh; èkkjk dh mifLFkfr (c) dsoy rhu (d) lHkh pkj
mi;ZqDr esa ls fdrus fgan egklkxj ds mÙkjh Hkkx esa xzh"e ½rq esa 20- fuEufyf•r ;qXeksa ij fopkj dhft, %
èkkjkvksa ds lkekU; çokg ra=k ls iw.kZ fHkUurk ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gSa\
('kCnkofy;k¡) (vFkZ)
1- yhFkkl % iRFkj
(c) dsoy rhu (d) lHkh pkj
2- ,Vekl % ty
17- fuEufyf•r ij fopkj dhft, %
3- áwMj % thou
1- ?kuRo
mi;ZqDr esa ls fdrus ;qXe lgh lqesfyr gSa\
2- rkieku
3- lw;kZri vo'kks"k.k
4- ok"ihdj.k
5- vkæZrk 21- fuEufyf•r ij fopkj dhft, %
6- lapj.k 1- uYykekyk 2- tkoknh
3- osyhdksaMk 4- ikydksaMk
mi;ZqDr esa ls fdrus dk fuèkkZj.k egklkxjh; yo.krk }kjk fd;k
tkrk gS\ mi;ZqDr esa ls fdruh vof'k"V igkfM+;ksa esa 'kkfey gSa\
(a) dsoy rhu (b) dsoy pkj (a) dsoy ,d (b) dsoy nks
(c) dsoy ik¡p (d) lHkh Ng (c) dsoy rhu (d) lHkh pkj


15. With reference to the continental shelf, consider the 18. Consider the following statements:
following statements: 1. Shock waves travel in all directions from the
1. There is generally an inverse relationship between epicentre.
their width and slope.
2. S-waves create troughs in the passing substances.
2. The continental shelves are almost absent in the west
3. The shadow zone of P-waves is greater than S-waves.
of South America.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
3. Almost all sea foods are obtained from these regions.
(c) All three (d) None 19. Consider the following:
16. Consider the following: 1. Temperature 2. Density
1. Completely semi-enclosed ocean from land in the 3. Water vapour 4. Gravitation

north How many of the above affect the vertical distribution of
2. South-West Monsoon Wind atmospheric pressure?
3. Absence of North-Eastern Trade Wind (a) Only one (b) Only two
4. Presence of equatorial counter current (c) Only three (d) All four
How many of the above are responsible for the complete 20. Consider the following pairs:
variation from the normal flow pattern of currents in
(Terminologies) (Meaning)
summer in the northern part of the Indian Ocean?
1. Lithos : Stone
2. Atmos : Water
(c) Only three (d) All four
3. Hudor : Life
How many of the pairs given above are correctly matched?
1. Density
2. Temperature
3. Insolation absorption
4. Evaporation 21. Consider the following:
5. Humidity 1. Nallamala 2. Javadi
6. Transmission 3. Velikonda 4. Palakonda

How many of the above are determined by ocean salinity? How many of the above are included in the residual hills?
(a) Only three (b) Only four (a) Only one (b) Only two
(c) Only five (d) All six (c) Only three (d) All four


22- cslkYV pV~Vkuksa ds lanHkZ esa] fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft, % 26- fuEufyf•r ij fopkj dhft, %
1- ;s pV~Vkusa vEyh; çÑfr dh gksrh gSaA 1- lkSj ÅtkZ ls ty dk xeZ gksuk
2- buds {kj.k ls jsxqj feV~Vh dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA 2- ok;q
3- lM+dksa ds fuekZ.k esa budk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA 3- xq#Rokd"kZ.k
mi;ZqDr esa ls fdrus dFku lgh gSa\ 4- dksfjvkWfyl cy
mi;ZqDr esa ls fdrus egklkxjh; èkkjkvksa dks çHkkfor djus okys
(c) lHkh rhu (d) dksbZ Hkh ugha çkFkfed cy gSa\
23- fuEufyf•r ij fopkj dhft, % (a) dsoy ,d (b) dsoy nks
1- mÙkj dpkj 2- iVdkbZ cwe (c) dsoy rhu (d) lHkh pkj
3- ukxk 4- fe”kks
5- ef.kiqj 27- fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft, %
mi;ZqDr esa ls fdruh igkfM+;k¡ iwok±py igkfM+;ksa ds varxZr lfEefyr 1- eè; v{kka'kksa esa xeZ egklkxjh; ty dh lcls Åijh ijr
gSa\ dsoy xzh"e ½rq esa fodflr gksrh gSA
(a) dsoy nks (b) dsoy rhu 2- xgjs egklkxj esa rki ço.krk ds uhps ds {ks=k dk rkieku
0°C rd igq¡p tkrk gSA
(c) dsoy pkj (d) lHkh ik¡p
24- fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu&ls oU; çkf.k;ksa dh la[;k de gksus ds
eq[; dkj.k gSa\ (a) dsoy 1
1- jtokM+ksa rFkk laHkzkar oxZ }kjk f'kdkj dks ØhM+k cukuk (b) dsoy 2
2- •srh] ekuoh; cLrh ,oa tyk'k;ksa dk fuekZ.k (c) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa
3- vkS|ksfxd vkSj rduhdh fodkl (d) u rks 1] u gh 2
4- ikyrw i'kqvksa ds fy, u, pjkxkgksa dh •kst 28- fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft, %
uhps fn, x, dwV dk ç;ksx dj lgh mÙkj pqfu,A 1- eè; vkSj mPp v{kka'kksa esa Å"ek ßkl] çkfIr ls vfèkd gksrk
(a) dsoy 1 vkSj 2 (b) dsoy 2 vkSj 3 gSA
(c) dsoy 1] 3 vkSj 4 (d) 1] 2] 3 vkSj 4 2- ok;qeaMy }kjk laiw.kZ ikfFkZo fofdj.k xqIr Å"ek ds :i esa
25- fuEufyf•r ij fopkj dhft, % vo'kksf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA
1- DokVZ~”kkbV 2- iQkbykbV mi;ZqDr dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\

3- uhl 4- f'kLV (a) dsoy 1
mi;ZqDr esa ls fdrus Li'kZ&:ikarj.k ds ifj.kke gSa\ (b) dsoy 2
(a) dsoy ,d (b) dsoy nks (c) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa
(c) dsoy rhu (d) lHkh pkj (d) u rks 1] u gh 2


22. With reference to basalt rocks, consider the following 26. Consider the following:
statements:
1. Heating of water from solar energy
1. These rocks are of acidic nature.
2. Air
2. Regur soil is formed from their erosion.
3. These are used in the construction of roads. 3. Gravitation
How many of the statements given above are correct? 4. Coriolis force
(a) Only one (b) Only two How many of the above are primary forces influencing
(c) All three (d) None ocean currents?
23. Consider the following: (a) Only one (b) Only two
1. North Cachar 2. Patkai Boom (c) Only three (d) All four
3. Naga 4. Mizo
5. Manipur
1. In mid-latitudes, the uppermost layer of warm ocean
How many of the hills given above are included under
the Purvanchal Hills? water develops only in summer.
(a) Only two (b) Only three 2. The temperature of the zone below the thermal
(c) Only four (d) All five gradient reaches 0°C in the deep ocean.
24. Which of the following are main reasons of decreasing
number of wildlives? (a) 1 only
1. Making hunting a sport by Kingdoms and elite class (b) 2 only
2. Farming, human settlement and construction of
(c) Both 1 and 2
reservoirs
3. Industrial and technological development (d) Neither 1 nor 2
4. Search of new pastures for domesticated animals 28. Consider the following statements:
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
1. Heat loss is more than gain in middle and high
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only latitudes.
(c) 1, 3 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
2. The entire terrestrial radiation is absorbed by the
25. Consider the following: atmosphere in the form of latent heat.
1. Quartzite 2. Phyllite Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
3. Gneiss 4. Schist
(a) 1 only
How many of the above are the results of contact (b) 2 only
metamorphism?
(c) Both 1 and 2
(c) Only three (d) All four (d) Neither 1 nor 2


29- tyks<+ e`nk ds lanHkZ esa] fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft, % 33- e`nk fuekZ.k ds lanHkZ esa] fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft, %
1- buesa cyqbZ nqeV ls fpduh feV~Vh dh çÑfr ikbZ tkrh gSA 1- e`nk ifjPNsfndk dk lcls fupyk laLrj tud pV~Vku gSA
2- buesa iksVk'k dh ek=kk vfèkd vkSj iQkWLiQksjl dh de gksrh gSA 2- ykbdsu iRFkj dh lrg dks pw.kZ esa ifjofrZr djus esa lgk;d gSAa
3- budk jax gYds èkwlj ls jk• èkwlj tSlk gksrk gSA 3- ySVjs kbV e`nk flfydk ,oa vY;wehfu;e ds fu{kkyu dk ifj.kke gSA
4- bu e`nkvksa ij xgu Ñf"k dh tkrh gSA mi;ZqDr esa ls fdrus dFku lgh gSa\
mi;ZqDr esa ls fdrus dFku lgh gSa\ (a) dsoy ,d (b) dsoy nks
(a) dsoy ,d (b) dsoy nks (c) lHkh rhu (d) dksbZ Hkh ugha
(c) dsoy rhu (d) lHkh pkj 34- okrkxz ds lanHkZ es]a fuEufyf•r dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&lk ,d lgh gS\
30- Å"ek ds ßkl vFkok vyx&vyx rkiekuksa ij ok;q ds feJ.k ls (a) m".k okrkxz] 'khr okrkxz dh vis{kk rhoz xfr ls pyrs gSaA
fuEufyf•r esa ls fdl çdkj ds ckny dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS\ (b) vfèkfo"V okrkxz esa ,d ok;qjkf'k èkjkry ds iw.kZr% Åij mB
tkrh gSA
(a) Lrjh es?k (b) diklh es?k
(c) okrkxz rkieku esa Øfed ifjorZu ykrs gSaA
(c) i{kkHk es?k (d) o"kkZ es?k
(d) m".k okrkxz ds le; diklh vkSj 'khr okrkxz ds le; Lrjh
31- fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft, % cknyksa dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA
1- vkstksu ,oa ,Øksyhu blds izeq[k ?kVd gSaA 35- fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft, %
2- blesa dqgkls dh vis{kk ueh vfèkd gksrh gSA 1- Åijh ok;qeaMy esa iousa nkc ço.krk ls fu;af=kr gksrh gSaA
3- ;g xeZ gok dh èkkjk ds BaMh gok ds laidZ esa vkus ij çcy 2- Hkw&fo{ksih iousa lenkc js•kvksa ds lekukarj çokfgr gksrh gSaA
gksrk gSA
mi;ZqDr esa ls fdruh fo'ks"krk,¡ dqgjs ds lanHkZ esa lgh gSa\
32- dksfjvkWfyl cy ds lanHkZ esa] fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft, % 1- Li"V okrkxz ç.kkyh
1- ;g dsoy iou dh fn'kk dks çHkkfor djrk gSA 2- foLr`r {ks=kh; çlkj
2- ok;q dh xfr c<+us ls blesa o`f¼ gksrh gSA 3- ty o LFky nksuksa ij mRifÙk
mi;ZqDr dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\ 4- m".kdfVcaèkh; pØokrksa ls rhoz iou osx
(a) dsoy 1
mi;ZqDr esa ls fdrus cfg:".k dfVcaèkh; pØokr dh fo'ks"krkvksa
(b) dsoy 2 ds lanHkZ esa lgh gSa\
(c) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa (a) dsoy ,d (b) dsoy nks
(d) u rks 1] u gh 2 (c) dsoy rhu (d) lHkh pkj


29. With reference to alluvial soil, consider the following 33. With reference to soil formation, consider the following
statements: statements:
1. Nature from sandy loam to clay is found in them. 1. The lowest layer of the soil profile is the parent rock.
2. They are rich in potash but poor in phosphorous. 2. Lichens are helpful in converting the stone surface
into powder.
3. Their color ranges from light gray to ash grey.
3. Laterite soil is the result of leaching of silica and
4. Intensive farming is carried out on these soils. aluminium.
How many of the statements given above are correct? How many of the statements given above are correct?
(c) Only three (d) All four (c) All three (d) None
30. Which of the following types of clouds is formed due to 34. With reference to front, which one of the following
heat loss or mixing of air at different temperatures? statements is correct?
(a) Warm fronts move faster than cold fronts.
(a) Stratus (b) Cumulus
(b) An air mass rises completely above the surface in a
(c) Cirrus (d) Nimbus occluded front.
31. Consider the following statements: (c) Fronts bring gradual changes in temperature.
1. Ozone and acrolein are its main components. (d) Cumulus clouds are formed during warm front and
2. It contains more moisture than Mist. stratus during cold front.
3. It is strengthened on coming of warm air’s stream in 35. Consider the following statements:
contact of cold air. 1. Winds in the upper atmosphere are controlled by
pressure gradient.
How many of the above characteristics are correct with
respect to fog? 2. Geostrophic winds flow parallel to the isobars.
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
32. With reference to Coriolis force, consider the following
statements: 36. Consider the following:
1. It affects only to the direction of wind. 1. Clear frontal system

2. Wide regional expansion
2. It also increases with increase in wind speed.
3. Origin on both water and land
4. Higher wind velocity than tropical cyclones
(a) 1 only
How many of the above are correct with respect to the
(b) 2 only characteristics of extra tropical cyclones?
(c) Both 1 and 2 (a) Only one (b) Only two
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 (c) Only three (d) All four


37- rfM+r>a>k ds lanHkZ esa] fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft, % 40- tyok"i ds lanHkZ esa] fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft, %
1- ;s iw.kZ fodflr diklh o"khZ es?k gksrs gSaA 1- ;g ok;q dks fLFkj ,oa vfLFkj gksus esa ;ksxnku nsrk gSA
2- VkWjusMks esa ok;q dk vojksg.k ,oa dsaæ esa mPp ok;q nkc gksrk 2- ;g xeZ ,oa vkæZ m".kdfVcaèk dh vis{kk èkzqoksa o jsfxLrkuh
gSA {ks=kksa esa gok ds vk;ru dk ,d&pkSFkkbZ gksrk gSA
3- tyLraHk dk fuekZ.k eè; v{kka'kksa esa gksrk gSA mi;ZqDr dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\
mi;ZqDr esa ls fdrus dFku lgh gSa\ (a) dsoy 1 (b) dsoy 2
(a) dsoy ,d (b) dsoy nks (c) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa (d) u rks 1] u gh 2
38- rkieku O;qRØe.k ds lanHkZ esa] fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij fopkj 1- ok;qeaMy ds yacor~ rkiu dk foLrkj lerkieaMy rd gSA
dhft, %
2- eè; v{kka'kh; nSfud ekSleh fHkUurk,¡ dsoy vfHkogu ds
1- ok;q viokg ls rkieku esa deh vkrh gSA dkj.k gksrh gSaA
2- ;g èkzqoh; {ks=kksa esa o"kZ Hkj gksrk gSA
3- nh?kZ rjaxsa ok;qeaMyh; ijrksa dks pkyu ds }kjk xeZ djrh gSaA
3- ;g lfnZ;ksa esa dqgjs ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gSA
4- LFkkuh; iou yw laogu dk ifj.kke gSA
4- ;g ikys ls ikSèkksa dh j{kk esa lgk;d gSA
mi;ZqDr esa ls fdrus dFku lgh gSa\
1- {kksHkeaMy esa vojDr fofdj.k lHkh fdj.kksa }kjk vo'kksf"kr
dFku&I % mÙkjh xksyk¼Z esa tuojh esa lerki js•k,¡ mÙkjh vVykafVd fd;k tkrk gSA
egklkxj esa mÙkj dh vksj vkSj lrg ds Åij ;wjksi esa nf{k.k dh
2- vilkSj dh fLFkfr esa i`Foh vfèkd lw;kZri çkIr djrh gSA
rjiQ eqM+ tkrh gSaA
3- ok;qeaMy lw;kZri ls izR;{k :i ls xeZ gksrk gSA
dFku&II % xYiQ LVªhe rFkk mÙkjh vVykafVd egklkxjh; fMªÝV
dh mifLFkfr ls mÙkjh vVykafVd egklkxj vfèkd xeZ vkSj lrg mi;ZqDr esa ls fdrus dFku lgh gSa\
ds Åij ;wjksi esa rkieku rs”kh ls de gks tkrk gSA (a) dsoy ,d (b) dsoy nks
mi;ZqDr dFkuksa ds ckjs esa] fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu&lk ,d lgh gS\ (c) lHkh rhu (d) dksbZ Hkh ugha
(a) dFku–I vkSj dFku–II nksuksa lgh gSa rFkk dFku–II] dFku–I
dh lgh O;k[;k gSA 43- iwoksÙZ kj Hkkjr ds lanHkZ es]a fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu&lk ,d lgh gS\
(a) fpanfou] cjkd dh lgk;d unh gSA
(b) dFku–I vkSj dFku–II nksuksa lgh gSa rFkk dFku–II] dFku–I
dh lgh O;k[;k ugha gSA (b) yksdrd >hy] eksysfll csflu dk Hkkx gSA
(c) dFku–I lgh gS fdarq dFku–II xyr gSA (c) ukxkySaM dh ”;knkrj ufn;k¡ czãiq=k dh lgk;d gSaA
(d) dFku–I xyr gS fdarq dFku–II lgh gSA (d) Iyk;k] yksfgr unh dh fo'ks"krk gSA


37. With reference to thunderstorm, consider the following 40. With reference to water vapour, consider the following
statements: statements:
1. These are fully developed cumulonimbus clouds. 1. It contributes in being stable and unstable to the air.
2. There is descent of air and high pressure in the centre 2. It is one-fourth of the volume of air in the poles and
in a tornado. desert regions compared to the hot and humid tropics.
3. The water spout is formed in the mid-latitudes. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
How many of the statements given above are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only
(a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
(c) All three (d) None 41. Consider the following statements:
38. With reference to temperature inversion, consider the 1. Expansion of vertical heating of the atmosphere is to
following statements: the stratosphere.
1. Temperature decreases due to air drainage. 2. Mid-latitude diurnal seasonal variations are caused
2. It occurs throughout the year in the polar regions. only by advection.
3. It is responsible for fog in winter. 3. Long waves heat the atmospheric layers by
4. It is helpful in the protection of plants from frost. conduction.
How many of the statements given above are correct? 4. Local wind loo is the result of convection.
(a) Only one (b) Only two How many of the statements given above are correct?
(c) Only three (d) All four (a) Only one (b) Only two
39. Consider the following statements: (c) Only three (d) All four
Statement- I : In the Northern Hemisphere, the isotherms 42. Consider the following statements:
bend towards north in the North Atlantic Ocean and south 1. Infrared radiation is absorbed by all rays in the
in Europe over the land in January. troposphere.
Statement-II : The presence of the Gulf Stream and the 2. The earth receives more insolation in the situation of
North Atlantic Ocean Drift makes the North Atlantic aphelion.
Ocean warmer and decreases the temperature rapidly in
Europe over the land. 3. The atmosphere is heated directly by insolation.
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the How many of the statements given above are correct?
above statements? (a) Only one (b) Only two
(a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct (c) All three (d) None
43. With reference to North-Eastern India, which one of the
Statement-I.
following is correct?
(b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct
and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for (a) Chindwin is a tributary of Barak.
Statement-I. (b) Loktak Lake is part of the Molassis basin.
(c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect. (c) Most rivers of Nagaland are tributaries of Brahmaputra.
(d) Statement -I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct. (d) Playa is a feature of Lohit River.


44- fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft, % 48- fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft, %
1- lriqMk+ ioZr dk fuekZ.k mfPN"V iBkj dh Jsf.k;ksa ls gqvk gSA
dFku-I % o`gn~ lapyu esa fdlh inkFkZ dk lapyu] xq#Rokd"kZ.k
2- MksMkcsVk iwohZ ?kkV dh lokZsPp pksVh gSA dh lgk;rk ls ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij gksrk jgrk agSA
3- psjkiwath esa LFkkbZ ouLifr vkoj.k ugha ik;k tkrk gSA
dFku-II % o`gn~ lapyu dh çfØ;k esa dksbZ Hkh Hkw&vkÑfrd
mi;ZqDr dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&ls lgh gSa\
dkjd çR;{k :i ls lfEefyr ugha gksrk gSA
(a) dsoy 1 vkSj 2 (b) dsoy 2 vkSj 3
mi;ZqDr dFkuksa ds ckjs esa] fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu&lk ,d lgh gS\
(c) dsoy 1 vkSj 3 (d) 1] 2 vkSj 3
(a) dFku–I vkSj dFku–II nksuksa lgh gSa rFkk dFku–II] dFku–I
dh lgh O;k[;k gSA
1- ySiht 2- dkLVZ
3- LVSysDVkbV 4- eksukMuksd (b) dFku–I vkSj dFku–II nksuksa lgh gSa rFkk dFku–II] dFku–I
dh lgh O;k[;k ugha gSA
mi;ZqDr esa ls fdrus vijnukRed ,oa fu{ksi.kkRed nksuksa çdkj ds
LFky:iksa ls lacafèkr gSa\ (c) dFku–I lgh gS fdarq dFku–II xyr gSA
(a) dsoy ,d (b) dsoy nks (d) dFku–I xyr gS fdarq dFku–II lgh gSA
49- vi{k; ds lanHkZ esa] fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft, %
46- mÙkjh Hkkjr ds eSnku ds lanHkZ esa] fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij fopkj
dhft, % 1- dkcZuhdj.k çfØ;k ls Hkwfexr xqiQkvksa dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA
1- bldk lcls fo'kkyre Hkkx Hkkcj ,oa •knj ls fufeZr gSA 2- yo.k fØLVyu lHkh yo.k fo?kVu çfØ;kvksa esa lokZfèkd
2- rjkbZ {ks=k esa fuf'pr okfgdkvksa dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA çHkkoh gSA
3- nqèkok jk"Vªh; m|ku rjkbZ {ks=k esa fLFkr gSA 3- ck;ksVkbV esa U;wuhdj.k fØ;k tyIykfor {ks=kksa esa gksrh gSA
mi;ZqDr esa ls fdrus dFku lgh gSa\ mi;ZqDr dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&ls lgh gSa\
47- fuEufyf•r ;qXeksa ij fopkj dhft, %
(iÙku) (fo'ks"krk) 50- fuEufyf•r ij fopkj dhft, %
1- flaxkiqj % ekxZ iÙku 1- ?kw.kZu
2- dksfPp % ukSlsuk iÙku 2- Tokjh; ?k"kZ.k
3- jkWVjMe % vka=kiks iÙku
3- jsfM;ksèkehZ fØ;k,¡
4- ekjkdScks % rsy iÙku
mi;ZqDr esa ls fdrus i`Foh ds vanj ls ÅtkZ mRiUu djrs gSa\
(c) dsoy rhu (d) lHkh pkj (c) lHkh rhu (d) dksbZ Hkh ugha


44. Consider the following statements: 48. Consider the following statements:
1. The Satpura range has been formed from the ranges Statement-I : The movement of a substance keeps on
of scarped plateaus. happening from one place to another with the help of
gravitation in mass movement.
2. Dodabetta is the highest peak of the Eastern Ghats.
Statement-II : No geomorphological factor is directly
3. Parmanent vegetation cover is absent in Cherrapunji. involved in the process of mass movement.
Which of the statements given above are correct? Which one of the following is correct in respect of the
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only above statements?
(c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct
45. Consider the following: Statement-I.
1. Lapies 2. Karst (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct
3. Stalactite 4. Monadnock and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for
Statement-I.
How many of the above are related to both erosional and
(c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect.
depositional landforms?
(d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct.
(c) Only three (d) All four 49. With reference to weathering, consider the following
statements:
46. With reference to the plains of Northern India, consider
1. Underground caves are formed by the carbonation
the following statements:
process.
1. Its largest part made up of Bhabar and Khadar.
2. Salt crystallization is most effective among all salt
2. Well-defined channels are formed in the Terai region. dissolution processes.
3. Dudhwa National Park is located in Terai region. 3. Reduction process in biotite takes place in waterlogged
How many of the statements given above are correct? areas.
(a) Only one (b) Only two Which of the statements given above are correct?
(c) All three (d) None (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
47. Consider the following pairs:
(Port) (Characteristic) 50. Consider the following:
1. Singapore : Port of Call 1. Rotation
2. Kochi : Naval Port 2. Tidal friction
3. Rotterdam : Entrepot Port 3. Radioactivity
4. Maracaibo : Oil Port How many of the above generate energy from inside the
How many of the pairs given above are correctly matched? earth?
(c) Only three (d) All four (c) All three (d) None


51- fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft, % mi;ZqDr esa ls fdrus dFku lgh gSa\
1- i`Foh dh iiZVh dk vkèkk Hkkx iQsYMLij ls fufeZr gSA (a) dsoy ,d (b) dsoy nks
2- ikbjkWDlhu mYdkfiaM esa vuqifLFkr gksrk gSA (c) lHkh rhu (d) dksbZ Hkh ugha
3- vkWfyohu çk;% cSlkfYVd 'kSyksa esa ik;k tkrk gSA 55- fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft, %
mi;ZqDr esa ls fdrus dFku lgh gSa\ 1- dikl ds fy, mPp rkieku ,oa gYdh o"kkZ dh vko';drk
(a) dsoy ,d (b) dsoy nks gksrh gSA
(c) lHkh rhu (d) dksbZ Hkh ugha 2- vjgj] ok;q ls ukbVªkstu ysdj Hkwfe dh moZjrk dks cuk,
j•rh gSA
52- Hkkjrh; IysV ds lapyu ds ckjs esa] fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij fopkj
dhft, % 3- Hkkjr esa vjsfcdk dk loZçFke mRiknu fpdexyw# fLFkr
igkfM+;ksa esa fd;k x;kA
1- fgeky;h çfo"Bu {ks=k ç'kkar egklkxj esa egklkxjh; dVd
ds :i esa fo|eku gSA mi;ZqDr dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\
2- fgeky;h çfo"Bu {ks=k dk foLrkj nf{k.k&iwohZ pkxksl }hi (a) dsoy 1 (b) dsoy 2
lewg ds lkFk&lkFk yky lkxj æks.kh esa Hkh gSA (c) dsoy 1 vkSj 3 (d) dsoy 2 vkSj 3
3- egklkxjh; dVd ls fuèkkZfjr Hkkjrh;&vkdZfVd IysV dh 56- fuEufyf•r ij fopkj dhft, %
lhek dk foLrkj U;w”khySaM ds nf{k.k esa gSA
1- vkæZ iouksa dk if'peh rV ds lekukarj çokg
2- m".kdfVcaèkh; pØokrksa dh la[;k esa o`f¼
3- ok;qeaMy ds fuEu Lrjksa ij rkih; foykserk
4- nf{k.k Hkkjr esa iwohZ tsV çokg dk fodkl
53- fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft, % mi;ZqDr esa ls fdrus ekulwu foPNsn ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gSa\
1- :ikarj lhek esa u rks ubZ iiZVh dk fuekZ.k vkSj u gh fouk'k (a) dsoy ,d (b) dsoy nks
gksrk gSA
2- :ikarj Hkza'k eè;&egklkxjh; dVdksa ds yacor~ ik, tkrs gSaA
3- bZLVj }hi ds lehi IysV çokg nj lokZfèkd gSA 57- Hkkjrh; ekulwu ds lanHkZ esa] fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft, %
mi;ZqDr esa ls fdrus dFku lgh gSa\ 1- nf{k.k&if'pe ekulwu if'pe caxky o ckaXykns'k esa
nf{k.k&if'pe fn'kk ls ços'k djrk gSA
2- ekulwu ds fuorZu dh ½rq esa dkfrZd ekl dh Å"ek dh
(c) lHkh rhu (d) dksbZ Hkh ugha n'kk fodflr gks tkrh gSA
54- 'khrks".k dfVcaèkh; ?kkl ds eSnku ds lanHkZ esa] fuEufyf•r dFkuksa 3- nf{k.k&iwohZ O;kikfjd iousa Hkkjrh; ok;q ifjlapj.k ij foijhr
ij fopkj dhft, % çHkko Mkyrh gSaA
1- ;s Hkwfe;k¡ ejs vkSj Mk²yx unh æksf.k;ksa esa iQSyh gSaA mi;ZqDr esa ls fdrus dFku lgh gSa\
2- çs;jh esa LVsih dh vis{kk ?kkl dh yackbZ vfèkd gksrh gSA (a) dsoy ,d (b) dsoy nks
3- buesa iks"kd rÙoksa dh çpqjrk ikbZ tkrh gSA (c) lHkh rhu (d) dksbZ Hkh ugha


51. Consider the following statements: How many of the statements given above are correct?
1. Half of the earth's crust is made up of feldspar. (a) Only one (b) Only two
2. Pyroxene is absent in meteorite. (c) All three (d) None
3. Olivine is generally found in basaltic rocks.
1. Cotton requires high temperature and light rainfall.
2. Pigeon pea maintains fertility of land by taking
(c) All three (d) None nitrogen from air.
52. With reference to the movement of the Indian Plate, 3. Arabica was first produced in India in the hills located
consider the following statements: in Chikkamagaluru.
1. The Himalayan subduction zone exists in the form Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
of an oceanic ridge in the Pacific Ocean.
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only
2. The Himalayan subduction zone extends into the
south-eastern Chagos Archipelago as well as the Red (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 2 and 3 only
Sea rift. 56. Consider the following:
3. The Indian-Arctic Plate boundary determined by the
1. Flow of moist winds parallel to the western coast
oceanic ridge extends south of New Zealand.
2. Increase in the number of tropical cyclones
3. Thermal inversion at lower levels of the atmosphere
4. Development of easterly jet stream in South India
53. Consider the following statements: How many of the given above are responsible for
monsoon break?
1. Neither the formation of new crust nor destruction
takes place in the transform boundary. (a) Only one (b) Only two
2. Transform faults are found perpendicular to mid- (c) Only three (d) All four
oceanic ridges.
57. With reference to Indian monsoon, consider the following
3. Rate of plate movement is highest near Easter Island. statements:
How many of the statements given above are correct? 1. South-west monsoon enters into West Bengal and
(a) Only one (b) Only two Bangladesh from south-west direction.
(c) All three (d) None 2. The condition of October heat develops in the season
of retreting of monsoon.
54. With reference to temperate grassland, consider the
following statements: 3. South-easterly trade winds have an adverse effect on
1. These lands are spread in the Murray and Darling Indian air circulation.
river basins. How many of the statements given above are correct?
2. The grass in the prairie is longer than in the steppe. (a) Only one (b) Only two
3. An abundance of nutrients is found in them. (c) All three (d) None


58- fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft, % 62- fuEufyf•r ;qXeksa ij fopkj dhft, %
1- çlkjh LFkku ls IysVksa ds nwj gVus ij ubZ iiZVh dk fuekZ.k (njkZ) (ioZr Js.kh)
gksrk gSA 1- ”kksthyk % o`gn~ fgeky;
2- fyFkksLiQsfjd IysVsa eksgks vlkarR; ds uhps çokfgr gksrh gSaA 2- cfugky % ihj iatky
3- utdk IysV ds iwoZ esa Hkw&iiZVh dh eksVkbZ if'pe ls de gSA
3- iQksVqyk % ”kkLdj
4- •nq±xyk % yík•
59- fuEufyf•r ij fopkj dhft, % (c) dsoy rhu (d) lHkh pkj
1- iSaxkWUx lks 2- cM+kikuh
63- Hkkjrh; rVh; eSnku ds lanHkZ esa] fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij fopkj
3- lkseqjhjh 4- yksdrd dhft, %
mi;ZqDr esa ls fdruh yo.k ty >hyksa ds varxZr lfEefyr gSa\ 1- if'peh rVh; eSnku eè; esa ladh.kZ ysfdu mÙkj&nf{k.k esa
(a) dsoy ,d (b) dsoy nks pkSM+s gks tkrs gSaA
(c) dsoy rhu (d) lHkh pkj 2- egk}hih; 'ksYiQ dh pkSM+kbZ iÙkuksa ,oa iksrkJ;ksa ds fodkl
dks çHkkfor djrh gSA
1- Iyslj fu{ksi esa çk;% ty ?k"kZ.k&jfgr [kfut gksrs gSaA 3- iqUukenk d;ky dksad.k rVorhZ {ks=k esa fLFkr gSA
2- eSaxuh”k xzafFk;k¡ egklkxjh; ryh esa Hkh çpqjrk esa ikbZ tkrh mi;ZqDr dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&ls lgh gSa\
gSaA (a) dsoy 1 vkSj 2 (b) dsoy 2 vkSj 3
mi;ZqDr dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\ (c) dsoy 1 vkSj 3 (d) 1] 2 vkSj 3
(a) dsoy 1 (b) dsoy 2 64- fuEufyf•r ij fopkj dhft, %
(c) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa (d) u rks 1] u gh 2 1- ekekZxkvks
61- fuEufyf•r ij fopkj dhft, % 2- psUubZ
1- ikykj 2- czkã.kh 3- ts-,y-,u- Ugkok 'ksok
3- dkfyanh 4- 'kjkorh 4- eSaxykSj
mi;ZqDr esa ls fdruh ufn;k¡ if'pe fn'kk dh vksj çokfgr gksrh gSa\ mi;ZqDr esa ls fdrus çkÑfrd iÙku gSa\
(a) dsoy ,d (b) dsoy nks (a) dsoy ,d (b) dsoy nks
(c) dsoy rhu (d) lHkh pkj (c) dsoy rhu (d) lHkh pkj


58. Consider the following statements: 62. Consider the following pairs:
1. A new crust is formed plates moving away from (Pass) (Mountain Range)
spreading site.
1. Zoji La : Greater Himalayas
2. Lithospheric plates flow beneath the Moho
discontinuity. 2. Banihal : Pir Panjal
3. Thickness of crust in the east of Nazca Plate is less 3. Fotu La : Zaskar
than in the west.
4. Khardung La : Ladakh
(c) All three (d) None (a) Only one (b) Only two
1. Pangong Tso 2. Barapani 63. With reference to the Indian coastal plain, consider the
3. Tso Moriri 4. Loktak following statements:
How many of the above are included under salt water 1. The western coastal plains become narrow in the
lakes? middle but wide in north-south.
(a) Only one (b) Only two 2. The width of the continental shelf affects the
(c) Only three (d) All four development of ports and harbours.
60. Consider the following statements: 3. Punnamada Kayal is situated in the Konkan coastal
1. Placer deposits have generally water friction free region.
minerals. Which of the statements given above are correct?
2. Manganese nodules are also found in abundance at
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only
the ocean floor.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only 64. Consider the following:

(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 1. Marmagao
61. Consider the following: 2. Chennai
1. Palar 2. Brahmani 3. JLN Nhava Sheva
3. Kalinadi 4. Sharavati
4. Mangalore
How many of the rivers given above flow towards the
How many of the above are natural ports?
west?
(c) Only three (d) All four (c) Only three (d) All four


65- dksisu ds vuqlkj Hkkjrh; tyok;q çns'k ds ckjs esa] fuEufyf•r 68- fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft, %
;qXeksa ij fopkj dhft, % dFku-I % •k| Ük• a` yk,¡ i`Fkd~ u gksdj ,d&nwljs ls tqMh+ gksrh gSAa
(tyok;q) ({ks=k) dFku-II % vUu ij fuHkZj pwgk vusd f}rh;d miHkksDrkvksa dk
1- v¼Z'kq"d LVsih % iatkc Hkkstu gSA
2- m".kdfVcaèkh; lokuk çdkj % çk;}hih; iBkj mi;ZqDr dFkuksa ds ckjs esa] fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu&lk ,d lgh gS\
3- èkzqoh; çdkj % mÙkjk•aM (a) dFku–I vkSj dFku–II nksuksa lgh gSa rFkk dFku–II] dFku–I
dh lgh O;k[;k gSA
4- y?kq xzh"e rFkk BaMh vkæZ 'khr ½rq % v#.kkpy çns'k
(b) dFku–I vkSj dFku–II nksuksa lgh gSa rFkk dFku–II] dFku–I
dh lgh O;k[;k ugha gSA
(c) dFku–I lgh gS fdarq dFku–II xyr gSA
(d) dFku–I xyr gS fdarq dFku–II lgh gSA
69- •k| Ükà•yk dh fo'ks"krkvksa ds lanHkZ esa] fuEufyf•r dFkuksa esa
1- thoksa ,oa i;kZoj.k ds eè; varl±caèk ikfjra=k gSA ls dkSu&lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\
2- i;kZoj.k ds HkkSfrd o jklk;fud dkjdksa dk ;ksx vkokl 1- pkj.k •k| Ükà•yk] vijn •k| Ükà•yk ls çkIr e`r inkFkks±
dgykrk gSA ij fuHkZj gSA
mi;ZqDr dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\ 2- •k| Ükà•yk ds çR;sd Lrj ij ÅtkZ ds çokg esa 10» dh
(a) dsoy 1 o`f¼ gksrh gSA
(b) dsoy 2 3- vijn •k| Ükà•yk esa dkcZfud inkFkks± dk vi?kVu gksrk gSA
(c) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa uhps fn, x, dwV dk ç;ksx dj lgh mÙkj pqfu,A
(d) u rks 1] u gh 2 (a) dsoy 1 vkSj 2 (b) dsoy 2
(c) dsoy 1 vkSj 3 (d) dsoy 3
67- ikfjra=k ds lanHkZ esa] fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft, %
1- ;g çtkfr;ksa dh la[;k vkSj forj.k dks n'kkZrk gSA 70- e`nk laj{k.k ds lanHkZ esa] fuEufyf•r ;qXeksa ij fopkj dhft, %
2- fdlh ikfjra=k esa dsoy tSfod dkjd ik, tkrs gSaA (fofèk) (fo'ks"krk)
1- eYp cukuk % rhoz <kyksa ij pkSM+s o lery lksiku
3- vi?kVd mPp Lrj ds e`rdksa ij fuHkZj gksrs gSaA
cukuk
4- ikni o tarqvksa dk varl±caèk ^ck;kse* gSA
2- osfndk iQkeZ % tSo inkFkZ ls vukofjr Hkwfe dks <duk
3- j{kd es•yk,¡ % iou dh xfr de djus ds fy, o`{kksa
(a) dsoy 1 vkSj 2 dks drkj esa yxkuk
(b) dsoy 1 vkSj 3 mi;ZqDr esa ls fdrus ;qXe lgh lqesfyr gSa\
(c) dsoy 1] 3 vkSj 4 (a) dsoy ,d (b) dsoy nks
(d) dsoy 2] 3 vkSj 4 (c) lHkh rhu (d) dksbZ Hkh ugha


65. With reference to the Indian climatic regions according 68. Consider the following statements:
to Koppen, consider the following pairs: Statement-I: Food chains are interconnected, not
separate.
(Climate) (Region)
Statement-II: A rat depend on grain is the food of many
1. Semi-arid steppe : Punjab secondary consumers.
2. Tropical Savannah Type : Peninsular Plateau Which one of the following is correct in respect of the
above statements?
3. Polar Type : Uttarakhand
(a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct
4. Short summer and cold : Arunachal Pradesh and Statement-II is the correct explanation for
humid winter season Statement-I.
How many of the pairs given above are correctly matched? (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct
and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for
Statement-I.
(c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect.
66. Consider the following statements: (d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct.
1. The interaction between organisms and environment 69. With reference to the characteristics of a food chain, which
is called ecosystem. of the following statements is/are correct?
2. The combination of physical and chemical factors of 1. Grazing food chain is depend on the dead materials
the environment is called habitat. obtained from the detritus food chain.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 2. Energy flow increases by 10% at each level of the
(a) 1 only food chain.
3. Decomposition of organic matter takes place in the
(b) 2 only
detritus food chain.
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 only
67. With reference to ecosystem, consider the following (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 3 only
statements:
70. With reference to the soil conservation, consider the
1. It shows the number and distribution of species. following pairs:
2. Only biotic factors are found in an ecosystem. (Method) (Characteristics)
3. Decomposers depend on dead of higher level. 1. Mulching : Making broad and flat steps
on steep slopes
4. Interactions between plants and animals is called
'biome'. 2. Terrace farming : Covering bare ground with
organic matter
Which of the statements given above are correct?
3. Shelter belts : Planting trees in rows to
(a) 1 and 2 only check the wind speed
(b) 1 and 3 only How many of the pairs given above are correctly matched?
(c) 1, 3 and 4 only (a) Only one (b) Only two
(d) 2, 3 and 4 only (c) All three (d) None


71- tSo&Hkw jklk;fud pØ ds lanHkZ esa] fuEufyf•r dFkuksa esa ls mi;ZqDr esa ls fdrus ;qXe lgh lqesfyr gSa\
dkSu&lk lgh ugha gS\ (a) dsoy ,d (b) dsoy nks
(a) ;g tSoeaMy esa thoksa ,oa i;kZoj.k ds eè; jklk;fud rÙoksa
dk pØh; çokg gSA
(b) ;g dsoy volknh çdkj dk gksrk gSA 75- fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu tSo&fofoèkrk dh ikfjfLFkfrdh; Hkwfedk
ds varxZr lfEefyr gSa\
(c) xSlh; pØ esa inkFkZ ds çeq• lzksr ok;qeaMy vkSj egklkxj
gSaA 1- ty o iks"kd rÙo pØ cuk, j•uk
(d) dkcZu pØ dkcZu Mkb&vkWDlkbM dk ifjofrZr :i gSA 2- ok;qeaMyh; xSl fLFkjhdj.k
72- ukbVªkstu pØ ds lanHkZ esa] fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft, % 3- tyok;q dks fu;af=kr djuk
1- fctyh pedus o varfj{k fofdj.k }kjk ukbVªkstu dk 4- ikfjra=k dks vfèkd lqHks| cukuk
;kSfxdhdj.k gksrk gSA uhps fn, x, dwV dk ç;ksx dj lgh mÙkj pqfu,A
2- ukbVªsV dks iqu% ukbVªkstu esa cnyus dh çfØ;k Mh&ukbVªhdj.k (a) dsoy 1 vkSj 2 (b) dsoy 3 vkSj 4
dgykrh gSA
(c) dsoy 1] 2 vkSj 3 (d) 1] 2] 3 vkSj 4
3- vfèkdka'k tho ok;qeaMyh; ukbVªkstu çR;{k :i ls xzg.k djrs
gSaA 76- fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu ikfjfLFkfrd ra=k esa iks"k.k pØ dks lan£Hkr
mi;ZqDr esa ls fdrus dFku lgh gSa\ djrk gS\
(a) dsoy ,d (b) dsoy nks (a) Hkw&HkkSfrd pØ
(c) lHkh rhu (d) dksbZ Hkh ugha (b) Hkw&oSKkfud pØ
73- ikfjfLFkfrd larqyu ds lanHkZ esa] fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij fopkj (c) tSo&Hkwjklk;fud pØ
dhft, % (d) vi?kVu pØ
1- ;g leqnk; esa xfrd lkE;rk dh voLFkk gSA 77- fuEufyf•r ;qXeksa ij fopkj dhft, %
2- ;g çtkfr;ksa esa çfrLi¼kZ o lg;ksx ls gksrk gSA
(ouksa ds çdkj) (fo'ks"krk)
3- thfor jgus ds fy, la?k"kZ i;kZoj.k larqyu esa lgk;d gSA
1- jf{kr % laj{k.k dh n`f"V ls lokZfèkd ewY;oku
2- voxhZÑr % kSj vfèkd {kj.k ls cpkbZ tkus okyh
v
(a) dsoy 1 vkSj 2 (b) dsoy 3 ou Hkwfe
3- vkjf{kr % jdkj] O;fDr;ksa vkSj leqnk;ksa ds
l
74- fuEufyf•r ;qXeksa ij fopkj dhft, % LokfeRo esa vU; lHkh çdkj ds ou
(tSo&fofoèkrk) (fo'ks"krk) vkSj catj Hkwfe
1- vkuqoaf'kd % çtkfr;ksa dh vusd:irk mi;ZqDr esa ls fdrus ;qXe lgh lqesfyr gSa\
2- çtkrh; % çtkfr esa thu dh fofoèkrk (a) dsoy ,d (b) dsoy nks
3- ikfjra=kh; % vkokl LFkkuksa dh fHkUurk (c) lHkh rhu (d) dksbZ Hkh ugha


71. With reference to biogeochemical cycles, which of the How many of the pairs given above are correctly matched?
following statements is not correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two
(a) It is the cyclical flow of chemical elements between
organisms and the environment in the biosphere.
(b) It is only sedimentary type. 75. Which of the following are included under the ecological
(c) The main sources of matter in the gaseous cycle are roles of biodiversity?
the atmosphere and oceans. 1. Maintaining water and nutrient cycles
(d) Carbon cycle is the changed form of carbon dioxide. 2. Atmospheric gas stabilization
72. With reference to the nitrogen cycle, consider the 3. Regulating the climate
4. Making the ecosystem more vulnerable
1. Nitrogen is compounded by lightning and space
radiation.
2. The process of converting nitrate back into nitrogen (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 and 4 only
is called denitrification. (c) 1, 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
3. Most organisms absorb atmospheric nitrogen directly.
76. Which of the following refers to the nutrient cycling in
How many of the statements given above are correct? the ecosystem?
(a) Geophysical cycle
(b) Geological cycle
73. With reference to ecological balance, consider the (c) Biogeochemical cycles
(d) Decomposition cycle
1. It is the state of dynamic equilibrium in the
community. 77. Consider the following pairs:
2. It happens from competition and cooperation among (Types of forests) (Characteristic)
species.
1. Protected : Most valuable from conservation
3. The struggle for survival is helpful in environmental
point of view
balance.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 2. Unclassed : Forest land to be saved from
further degradation
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 only
3. Reserved : All other types of forests and
(c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
wastelands in the ownership of
74. Consider the following pairs: government, individuals and
(Biodiversity) (Characteristic) communities
1. Genetic : Variety of species How many of the pairs given above are correctly matched?
2. Species : Diversity of gene in species (a) Only one (b) Only two
3. Ecosystem : Diversity of habitats (c) All three (d) None


78- fuEufyf•r ij fopkj dhft, % 81- vi?kVu dh çfØ;k ds pj.kksa dks lgh Øe esa O;ofLFkr dhft, %
1- lkSj dyadksa dh xfrfofèk;k¡ 1- áwel Hkou 2- •aMu
2- i`Foh dk nksyu 3- fu{kkyu 4- •futh Hkou
3- i`Foh ds v{kh; >qdko esa ifjorZu 5- vip;u
4- taxy dh vkx uhps fn, x, dwV dk ç;ksx dj lgh mÙkj pqfu,A

(a) 1&2&3&5&4 (b) 1&2&3&4&5
mi;ZqDr esa ls dkSu&ls tyok;q ifjorZu ds dkj.kksa esa 'kkfey gSa\
(c) 1&2&4&3&5 (d) 2&3&5&1&4
(a) dsoy 1] 2 vkSj 3 (b) dsoy 2] 3 vkSj 4
82- fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu >hy esa f}rh; iks"k.k Lrj dks lanfHkZr djrk
(c) dsoy 1] 2 vkSj 4 (d) 1] 2] 3 vkSj 4
gS\
79- ^la;qDr ou çcaèku* ds lanHkZ esa] fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij fopkj (a) ikni Iyod (b) çk.kh Iyod
dhft, %
(c) furyd (d) eNfy;k¡
1- ;g jf{kr ouksa ds çcaèku vkSj iqufuZekZ.k esa LFkkuh; leqnk;
dh Hkwfedk dks mtkxj djrk gSA 83- fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft, %
2- xzkeh.k vkSj ou foHkkx la;qDr :i ls dk;Z djrs gSaA 1- ikni dsoy 2&10» çdk'k la'ys"k.kkRed lfØ; fofdj.k
dk çxzg.k djrs gSaA
3- leqnk;] eè;&Lrjh; ykHk esa Hkkxhnkj gksrs gSaA
2- vijn •k| Ükà•yk e`r dkcZfud lkexzh ls çkjaHk gksrh gSA
(a) dsoy ,d
(b) dsoy nks
(c) lHkh rhu
84- iks"k.k Lrj ds lanHkZ esa] fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft, %
(d) dksbZ Hkh ugha
1- çR;sd iks"k.k Lrj ds tho ÅtkZ ds fy, mPp iks"k.k Lrj ij
80- fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft, % fuHkZj gksrs gSaA
1- ikfjra=k dh ldy çkFkfed mRikndrk çdk'k la'ys"k.k ds 2- ,d çtkfr dh tSo ek=kk dks rk”ks ;k 'kq"d Hkkj ds :i esa
nkSjku dkcZfud rÙo dh mRiknu nj gksrh gSA O;Dr djrs gSaA
2- egklkxjksa dh mRikndrk i`Foh ds èkjkry ls vfèkd gksrh gSA 3- tyh; ikfjra=k esa fuEu ls mPp iks"k.k Lrj esa ÅtkZ çokg
mi;ZqDr dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\ 10» ls vfèkd gksrk gSA
(a) dsoy 1 4- mÙkjksÙkj iks"k.k Lrj ij ÅtkZ dh ek=kk c<+rh tkrh gSA
(b) dsoy 2 mi;ZqDr dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\
(c) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa (a) dsoy 1 (b) dsoy 2
(d) u rks 1] u gh 2 (c) dsoy 2 vkSj 4 (d) dsoy 3 vkSj 4


78. Consider the following: 81. Arrange the steps of decomposition process in the correct
1. Activities of sunspots order:
2. Earth's oscillation 1. Humification 2. Fragmentation
3. Change in Earth's axial tilt 3. Leaching 4. Mineralisation
4. Wildfire 5. Catabolism
Which of the given above are included in the causes of
(a) 1-2-3-5-4 (b) 1-2-3-4-5
climate change?
(c) 1-2-4-3-5 (d) 2-3-5-1-4
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 2, 3 and 4 only
(c) 1, 2 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 82. Which of the following refers to the second trophic level
in a lake?
79. With reference to ‘Joint Forest Management’, consider
(a) Phytoplankton (b) Zooplankton
the following statements:
(c) Benthos (d) Fishes
1. It highlights the role of local community in the
management and restoration of protected forests. 83. Consider the following statements:
2. Rural and forest departments work jointly. 1. Plants capture only 2-10% of photosynthetically
3. Communities have share in the middle level benefits. active radiation.
How many of the statements given above are correct? 2. Detritus food chain starts with dead organic material.
(a) Only one Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(b) Only two (a) 1 only (b) 2 only
(c) All three (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
(d) None 84. With reference to trophic level, consider the following
statements:
1. Organisms of each trophic level depend on the higher
1. The gross primary productivity of the ecosystem
trophic level for energy.
is the production rate of organic matter during
photosynthesis. 2. Biomass of a species is expressed in terms of fresh
or dry weight.
2. The productivity of the oceans is greater than that of
the earth's surface. 3. Energy flow from lower to higher trophic level is
more than 10% in the aquatic ecosystem.
4. The amount of energy increases at successive trophic
(a) 1 only levels.
(b) 2 only Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(c) Both 1 and 2 (a) 1 only (b) 2 only
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 (c) 2 and 4 only (d) 3 and 4 only


85- ikfjfLFkfrd fijkfeM ds lanHkZ esa] fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij fopkj 88- fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft, %
dhft, % 1- Hkweè; js•k ls èkzqoksa dh vksj tkus ij tSo&fofoèkrk c<+rh gSA
1- çR;sd fijkfeM ds vkèkkj dk çfrfufèkRo çkFkfed miHkksDrk 2- vfèkd tkfr;ksa okyk leqnk; de tkfr;ksa okys leqnk; ls
djrk gSA ”;knk fLFkj gksrk gSA
2- leqæ esa tSo ek=kk ds fijkfeM çk;% mYVs gksrs gSaA 3- tSo&fofoèkrk esa o`f¼ ls mRikndrk ?kVrh gSA
3- ÅtkZ fijkfeM lnSo •M+h voLFkk esa gksrk gSA
89- m".kdfVcaèkh; {ks=k esa vfèkd tSo&fofoèkrk ds dkjdksa ds lanHkZ
86- ikfjfLFkfrd vuqØe.k ds lanHkZ esa] fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij fopkj esa] fuEufyf•r ij fopkj dhft, %
dhft, %
1- fgeun dh vfèkdrk
1- {ks=k dh çtkfr lajpuk esa mfpr :i ls vkdfyr ifjorZu
2- de ekSleh ifjorZu
dks ikfjfLFkfrd vuqØe.k dgrs gSaA
3- lkSj ÅtkZ dh çpqjrk
2- ,d fuf'pr {ks=k esa liQyrkiwoZd ifjofrZr gksus okys leqnk;
ds laiw.kZ Øe dks Øed dgrs gSaA mi;ZqDr dkjdksa esa ls dkSu&ls lgh gSa\
3- çkFkfed vuqØe.k ds varxZr ykbdsu pV~Vkuksa dks fi?kykus (a) dsoy 1 vkSj 2
ds fy, vEy dk lzko djrs gSaA (b) dsoy 2 vkSj 3
4- çkFkfed vuqØe.k] f}rh;d vuqØe.k dh vis{kk rs”k gksrk (c) dsoy 1 vkSj 3
gSA
(d) 1] 2 vkSj 3
mi;ZqDr dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls lgh ugha gS@gSa\
90- fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu&ls tSo&fofoèkrk dh {kfr ds dkj.k gSa\
(a) dsoy 1 vkSj 2 (b) dsoy 4
1- vkokl {kfr rFkk fo•aMu
(c) dsoy 3 vkSj 4 (d) dsoy 1] 3 vkSj 4
2- vfrnksgu
87- ikfjra=k lsokvksa ds lanHkZ esa] fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft, %
3- fons'kh tkfr;ksa dk vkØe.k
1- ikfjra=k çfØ;k ds mRiknksa dks ikfjra=k lsokvksa ds :i esa tkuk
tkrk gSA 4- lgfoyqIrrk
2- dkcZu fLFkjhdj.k] iQlyksa ds ijkx.k vkSj iks"kdksa dks pfØr uhps fn, x, dwV dk ç;ksx dj lgh mÙkj pqfu,A
djuk lsokvksa esa 'kkfey gSA (a) dsoy 1] 2 vkSj 3
mi;ZqDr dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\ (b) dsoy 2] 3 vkSj 4
(a) dsoy 1 (b) dsoy 2 (c) dsoy 3 vkSj 4
(c) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa (d) u rks 1] u gh 2 (d) 1] 2] 3 vkSj 4


85. With reference to the ecological pyramid, consider the 88. Consider the following statements:
following statements: 1. Biodiversity increases from the equator towards the
1. The base of each pyramid is represented by the poles.
primary consumer.
2. A community with more species is more stable than
2. The pyramids of biomass in the ocean are usually a community with less species.
inverted.
3. Productivity decreases with increase in biodiversity.
3. The energy pyramid is always upright.
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
89. With reference to the factors of greater biodiversity in the
86. With reference to ecological succession, consider the
tropical region, consider the following:
1. Excess of glacier
1. Fairly predictable change in the species composition
of an area is called ecological succession. 2. Less seasonal change
2. The entire sequence of communities successfully 3. Abundance of solar energy
changing in a certain area are called seres. Which of the factors given above are correct?
3. Lichens secrete acid to melt rocks under primary
(a) 1 and 2 only
succession.
(b) 2 and 3 only
4. Primary succession is faster than secondary
succession. (c) 1 and 3 only
Which of the statements given above is/are not correct? (d) 1, 2 and 3
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 4 only 90. Which of the following are causes of loss of biodiversity?
(c) 3 and 4 only (d) 1, 3 and 4 only 1. Habitat loss and fragmentation
87. With reference to ecosystem services, consider the 2. Over-exploitation
following statements: 3. Alien species invasion
1. The products of ecosystem processes are known as
4. Co-extinction
ecosystem services.
2. Services include carbon fixation, pollination of crops
and cycling of nutrients. (a) 1, 2 and 3 only
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (b) 2, 3 and 4 only
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) 3 and 4 only
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4


91- fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft, % 94- fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft, %
1- tyk'k;ksa esa 'kSoky çLiQqVu ty dh xq.koÙkk esa o`f¼ djrk 1- e`nk dh moZjrk esa ßkl e`nk vijnu gSA
gSA 2- e`nk vod"kZ.k e`nk ds vkoj.k dk ßkl gSA
2- tSo vko¼Zu] Øfed iks"k.k Lrj ij vkfo"kkDr dh lkaærk esa 3- ijr vijnu lery Hkwfe;ksa ij ewlykèkkj o"kkZ ds ckn gksrk gSA
o`f¼ gSA
3- lqiks"k.k] >hy dk çkÑfrd dky&çHkkou n'kkZrk gSA
4- tydqaHkh dks caxky dk vkrad dgk tkrk gSA
95- ok;qeaMy ds la?kVu ds lanHkZ esa] fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij fopkj
(a) dsoy 1] 2 vkSj 3 (b) dsoy 1] 3 vkSj 4
dhft, %
(c) dsoy 3 vkSj 4 (d) dsoy 2] 3 vkSj 4
1- dqy æO;eku dk 99» i`Foh dh lrg ls 32 fdeh- dh Å¡pkbZ
92- fuEufyf•r ;qXeksa ij fopkj dhft, % rd gSA
(çnw"k.k fu;a=kd) (çnw"kd) 2- èkwyd.kksa dk lcls vfèkd teko miks".k vkSj 'khrks".k çns'k
1- mRçsjd ifjorZd % d.kdh; inkFkZ esa gksrk gSA
2- fLFkj oS|qr vo{ksfi=k % dkcZu eksuks vkWDlkbM 3- tyok"i dh ek=kk Å¡pkbZ ds lkFk c<+rh gSA
3- d.kZeiQ % mPp 'kksj Lrj 4- vks”kksu 50&80 fdeh- dh Å¡pkbZ rd ikbZ tkrh gSA
mi;ZqDr esa ls fdrus ;qXe lgh lqesfyr gSa\ mi;ZqDr dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&ls lgh gSa\
(a) dsoy ,d (a) dsoy 1 vkSj 2
(b) dsoy nks (b) dsoy 2 vkSj 3
(c) lHkh rhu (c) dsoy 1 vkSj 4
(d) dksbZ Hkh ugha (d) dsoy 3 vkSj 4
93- fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft, % 96- tho eaMy fup; ds çeq• mís';ksa ds lanHkZ esa] fuEufyf•r ij
fopkj dhft, %
1- o"kkZ ds }kjk iQkLiQksjl dk fuos'k dkcZu dh vis{kk cgqr
vfèkd gksrk gSA 1- tSo&fofoèkrk vkSj ikfjra=kksa dk laj{k.k
2- thoksa vkSj i;kZoj.k ds chp iQkLiQksjl dk xSlh; fofue; 2- i;kZoj.k vkSj fodkl esa larqyu
ux.; gSA 3- vuqlaèkku vkSj ns•&js• ds fy, varjkZ"Vªh; lg;ksx
mi;ZqDr dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\ mi;ZqDr esa ls fdrus lgh gSa\
(a) dsoy 1 (a) dsoy ,d
(b) dsoy 2 (b) dsoy nks
(c) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa (c) lHkh rhu
(d) u rks 1] u gh 2 (d) dksbZ Hkh ugha


91. Consider the following statements: 94. Consider the following statements:
1. Algal blooms in reservoirs increase water quality. 1. Decrease in soil fertility is soil erosion.
2. Biomagnification is increase in concentration of the 2. Soil degradation is the loss of soil cover.
toxicant at successive trophic levels. 3. Sheet erosion takes place on level lands after a heavy
3. Eutrophication reflects natural aging of lake. rainfall.
4. Water hyacinth is called the terror of Bengal. How many of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1, 3 and 4 only
(c) 3 and 4 only (d) 2, 3 and 4 only 95. With reference to the composition of the atmosphere,
consider the following statements:
92. Consider the following pairs:
1. 99% of the total mass is to the hight of 32 km from
(Pollution Regulator) (Pollutant) the earth's surface.
1. Catalytic converter : Particulate matter 2. Maximum concentration of dust particles occurs in
subtropical and temperate regions.
2. Electrostatic precipitator : Carbon monoxide
3. The amount of water vapour increases with altitude.
3. Earmuffs : High noise level
4. Ozone is found to the hight of 50-80 km.
(a) Only one
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) Only two
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) All three
(c) 1 and 4 only
(d) None
(d) 3 and 4 only
96. With reference to the main objectives of biosphere reserve,
1. Input of phosphorus through rainfall is much higher consider the following:
than carbon input. 1. Conservation of biodiversity and ecosystems
2. Gaseous exchange of phosphorus between organisms 2. Balance between environment and development
and the environment is negligible.
3. International cooperation for research and care
How many of the above are correct?
(a) 1 only (a) Only one
(b) 2 only (b) Only two
(c) Both 1 and 2 (c) All three
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 (d) None


97- fuEufyf•r ;qXeksa ij fopkj dhft, % 99- fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft, %
(tho eaMy fup;) (fo'ks"krk) 1- ;g Hkkjr dk igyk tho eaMy fup; gSA
1- uank nsoh % 'ksj iw¡N okys canj 2- blesa ckanhiqj vkSj ok;ukM oU; {ks=k 'kkfey gSaA
2- uhyfxfj % dLrwjh e`x 3- 'kq"d vkSj vkæZ i.kZikrh ou çeq• fo'ks"krk gSA
3- lqanj ou % leqæh xk; 4- ;g rgj dk fuokl LFky gSA
mi;ZqDr esa ls fdrus ;qXe lgh lqesfyr gSa\ mi;ZqDr fo'ks"krk,¡ fuEufyf•r esa ls fdl tho eaMy fup; ls
(a) dsoy ,d (b) dsoy nks lacafèkr gSa\
(c) lHkh rhu (d) dksbZ Hkh ugha (a) vxLR;eykbZ (b) uhyfxfj
98- fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu&lk@ls ;wusLdks ds tSoeaMy vkjf{kr {ks=k (c) xzsV fudksckj (d) eUukj dh •kM+h
ds fo'o usVodZ esa 'kkfey gS@gSa\
100- lkekftd okfudh ds lanHkZ esa] fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij fopkj
1- BaMk jsfxLrku dhft, %
2- fngkax&fnckax 1- bldk mís'; i;kZoj.kh;] lkekftd o xzkeh.k fodkl esa
3- 'ks"kkpye lgk;rk djuk gSA
4- fleyhiky 2- jk"Vªh; Ñf"k vk;ksx us bls 'kgjh] xzkeh.k vkSj iQkeZ okfudh
5- ekul esa foHkkftr fd;k gSA
uhps fn, x, dwV dk ç;ksx dj lgh mÙkj pqfu,A 3- xzkeh.k okfudh esa Ñf"k vkSj leqnk; okfudh dks c<+kok fn;k
(a) dsoy 1] 2 vkSj 3 tkrk gSA
(b) dsoy 4 mi;ZqDr esa ls fdrus dFku lgh gSa\

(c) dsoy 2] 3 vkSj 4 (a) dsoy ,d (b) dsoy nks
(d) dsoy 4 vkSj 5 (c) lHkh rhu (d) dksbZ Hkh ugha


97. Consider the following pairs: 99. Consider the following statements:
(Biosphere reserve) (Characteristic) 1. It is India's first biosphere reserve.
1. Nanda Devi : Lion tailed monkey 2. It includes Bandipur and Wayanad forest areas.
2. Nilgiri : Musk deer 3. Dry and moist deciduous forests are the main
characteristics.
3. Sunderbans : Sea Cow
4. It is the habitat of Tahr.
The features given above are related to which of the
following biosphere reserves?
(a) Agasthyamalai (b) Nilgiri
98. Which of the following is/are included in the UNESCO's (c) Great Nicobar (d) Gulf of Mannar
world network of biosphere reserves?
100. With reference to Social Forestry, consider the following
1. Cold desert
statements:
2. Dihang-Dibang
1. Its objective is to help in environmental, social and
3. Seshachalam
rural development.
4. Similipal
2. National Agriculture Commission has divided it into
5. Manas urban, rural and farm forestry.
Select the correct answer using the code given below. 3. Agriculture and community forestry are promoted in
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only rural forestry.
(b) 4 only How many of the statements given above are correct?
(c) 2, 3 and 4 only (a) Only one (b) Only two

(d) 4 and 5 only (c) All three (d) None


DO NOT OPEN THIS TEST BOOKLET UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO
SKT - GP - 2302 Test Booklet Series
B
TEST BOOKLET
GENERAL STUDIES
PAPER - I
Time Allowed: Two Hours Maximum Marks : 200
INSTRUCTIONS
1. IMMEDIATELYAFTER THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE EXAMINATION, YOU SHOULD CHECK THAT THIS TEST
BOOKLET DOES NOT HAVEANY UNPRINTED OR TORN OR MISSING PAGES OR ITEMS, ETC. IF SO, GET IT
REPLACED BYA COMPLETE TEST BOOKLET.
2. Please note that it is the candidate's responsibility to encode and fill in the Roll Number and without any omission or
discrepancy at the appropriate places in the OMR Answer Sheet. Any omission/discrepancy will render the Answer
Sheet liable for rejection.
3. You have to enter your Roll Number on the Test Booklet in the Box
provided alongside.
DO NOT write anything else on the Test Booklet.
4. This Test Booklet contains 100 items (questions). Each item is printed both in Hindi and English, Each item comprises four
responses (answers). You will select the response which you want to mark on the Answer Sheet. In case you feel that there
is more than one correct response, mark the response which you consider the best. In any case, choose ONLY ONE response
for each item.
5. You have to mark all your responses ONLY on the separate Answer Sheet provided. See directions in the Answer Sheet.
6. All items carry equal marks.
7. After you have completed filling in all your responses on the Answer Sheet and the examination has concluded, you should
hand over to the Invigilator only the Answer Sheet. You are permitted to take away with you the Test Booklet.
8. Penalty for wrong answers:
THERE WILL BE PENALTY FOR WRONG ANSWERS MARKED BY A CANDIDATE IN ALL THE QUESTIONS.
(i) There are four alternatives for the answer to every question. For each question for which a wrong answer has been given
by the candidate, one-third of the marks assigned to that question will be deducted as penalty.
(ii) If a candidate gives more than one answer, it will be treated as a wrong answer even if one of the given answers happens
to be correct and there will be same penalty as above to that question.
(iii) If a question is left blank, i.e., no answer is given by the candidate, there will be no penalty for that question.
DO NOT OPEN THIS TEST BOOKLET UNTIL YOUARE TOLD TO DO SO
è;ku nsa % vuqns'kksa dk fgUnh :ikUrj bl iqfLrdk ds eq[k i`"B ij Nik gSA

Telegram Paid Group only 99rs
For Test series 2024 -
More Details/contact me -
1) UPSC all Coaching Test series - https://telegram.me/PaidGroupadmin_bot

2) UP-PCS all Coaching Test series - https://telegram.me/ClubPCS_bot
3) Up Ro Aro Test series - https://rpy.club/g/FyivQw8VSU
4) Free News Paper Group - https://t.me/addlist/Ho0TZB0J5XsxZjc1
आप जिस भी Exam की Test सीरीि िॉइन करना चाहते हैं ! उसके सामने वाले जलिंक पर क्लिक कर आप हमसे
कािं टेक्ट कर सकते हैं ! वहािं आपको ग्रुप की सिंपूर्ण िानकारी जमल िाएगी!
(vision, Drishti, Insight ias, Dhyeya, sanskriti ias, pcs mantra, study for civil
service, GS world..... Etc Coaching Test series available)
===============================================
Join All in one Group 499rs/year - https://telegram.me/RGsir_bot

( All in one Group ग्रुप में आपको लगभग सभी UPSC, UPPSC, UP RO या ARO,
BPSC test series + all News Paper + Guidenes for ias + Doubts Clear ...
Etc य़ह सब जमलेगा! )
अब इं तजार किस बात िा! आज ही ज्वाइन िरें !

O;k[;k lfgr mÙkj
;wih,llh fçfyEl VsLV lhjhT+k & 2024
VsLV dksM µ SKT-GP-2302
VsLV dh frfFk µ 29/10/2023

636] Hkw&ry] eq[kthZ uxj] fnYyh&09 9555-124-124 rk'kdan ekxZ] if=kdk pkSjkgk] iz;kxjkt] m-iz-

1- mÙkj % (a) 2- mÙkj % (a)
O;k[;k % O;k[;k %
yy lHkh çkÑfrd Hkwdai LFkyeaMy esa gh vkrs gSaA Hkwdaiekih ;a=k i`Foh ds vkarfjd Hkkx esa rki vkSj nkc dh fLFkfr
flLeksxzkiQ lrg ij igq¡pus okyh Hkwdai rjaxksa dks vfHkysf•r djrk yy i`Foh esa rkieku esa o`f¼ dh vkSlr nj çR;sd 32 ehVj dh xgjkbZ
gSA cqfu;knh rkSj ij Hkwdaih; rjaxsa nks çdkj dh gksrh gSa& HkwxfHkZd o ij 1 fMxzh lsfYl;l gSA Hkwdaih; rjaxksa ds vkpj.k ls irk pyrk
èkjkryh;A HkwxfHkZd rjaxsa mn~xe dsaæ ls ÅtkZ ds eqDr gksus ds nkSjku gS fd xgjkbZ ds lkFk&lkFk rkieku esa o`f¼ dh nj Hkh ?kVrh tkrh
iSnk gksrh gSa vkSj i`Foh ds van:uh Hkkx ls gksdj lHkh fn'kkvksa esa gSA ;g çR;sd xgjkbZ ij ,d&lk ugha jgrkA èkjkry ls dsanz rd
vkxs c<+rh gSaA HkwxfHkZd rjaxksa ,oa èkjkryh; 'kSyksa ds eè; vU;ksU; rkieku fofHkUu njksa ls c<+rk gSA rkieku dh ;g o`f¼ nj èkjkry
fØ;k ds dkj.k ubZ rjaxsa mRiUu gksrh gSa ftUgsa èkjkryh; rjaxsa dgk ls yxHkx 100 fdeh- dh xgjkbZ rd 12°C çfr fdeh-] mlds uhps
tkrk gSA ;s rjaxsa èkjkry ds lkFk&lkFk pyrh gSaA vr% dFku 1 300 fdeh- rd 2°C çfr fdeh- vkSj mlds uhps 1°C çfr fdeh-
lgh ugha gSA gSA bl x.kuk ds vuqlkj èkkfRod ØksM dk rkieku 2,000°C gSA
yy rjaxksa dk osx vyx&vyx ?kuRo okys inkFkks± ls xq”kjus ij ifjofrZr yy i`Foh ds vanj dh xehZ vkSj mlds rkieku esa o`f¼ ds fy, vkarfjd
'kfDr;k¡] jklk;fud çfrfØ;k,¡] jsfM;ksèkehZ inkFkks± dk Lor% fo•aMu
gks tkrk gSA vfèkd ?kuRo okys inkFkks± esa rjaxksa dk osx vfèkd gksrk
bR;kfn dkj.k gSaA blls ;g ladsr feyrk gS fd vfèkd xgjkbZ ij
gSA inkFkks± ds ?kuRo esa fHkUurk,¡ gksus ds dkj.k ijkorZu ,oa vkorZu
pV~Vkuksa dks rjy ;k laHkor% xSlh; voLFkk esa gksuk pkfg,A fdarq]
gksrk gS ftlls bu rjaxksa dh fn'kk Hkh cnyrh gSA
i`Foh ds Hkhrjh Hkkxksa ij Åijh 'kSy laLrjksa ds HkkjLo:i vR;fèkd
yy Hkwdaih; rjaxksa dh xfr inkFkZ ds ekè;e ij fuHkZj djrh gSA ;s ncko iM+rk gS vkSj ;g ncko xgjkbZ ds vuqlkj c<+rk tkrk gSA vr%
rjaxsa îh*] ^,l* ,oa ^,y* rhu çdkj dh gksrh gSaA îh* rjaxksa i`Foh ds dsanz ds fudV vR;fèkd rkieku ds ckotwn èkkfRod ØksM
dks çkFkfed ;k vuqnSè;Z rjaxsa dgrs gSaA HkwxHkhZ; rjaxsa nks çdkj dh rjy pV~Vkusa vR;fèkd ncko ds dkj.k Bksl inkFkZ ds xq.k j•rh
dh gksrh gSa& îh* ,oa ^,l*A îh* rjaxsa rhoz xfr ls pyus okyh gSaA ;s pV~Vkusa laHkor% IykfLVd voLFkk esa gSa] blfy, yphykiu
rjaxsa gSa vkSj èkjkry ij lcls igys igq¡prh gSaA îh* rjaxsa èofu j•rh gSa vkSj vkarfjd ncko ds dkj.k 2]900 fdeh- dh xgjkbZ
rjaxksa tSlh gksrh gSaA ;s xSl] rjy o Bksl rhuksa çdkj ds inkFkks± ls rd Bksl çrhr gksrh gSaA tgk¡ dgha Hkh Åijh ncko esa deh vkrh
xqtj ldrh gSaA ^,l* rjaxsa èkjkry ij dqN le; varjky ds ckn gS mlds uhps ds Hkkx dh pV~Vkusa vfèkd rkieku ds dkj.k fi?ky
igq¡prh gSaA ;s ^f}rh;d rjaxsa* dgykrh gSaA ;s dsoy Bksl inkFkks± tkrh gSa vkSj cgqèkk ekxZ cukdj ckgj èkjkry ij fudy iM+rh gSaA
esa xeu djrh gSaA ^,l* rjaxksa dks xkS.k ;k vuqçLFk rjaxsa dgrs gSaA i`Foh ds vanj vfèkd xgjkbZ ij Bksl inkFkZ fi?ky tkrs gSa fdarq
^,y* rjaxksa dks èkjkryh; ;k yach rjaxsa dgrs gSaA îh* ,oa ^,l* rjy voLFkk esa gksus ij Hkh mi;qZDr dkj.kksa ds ifj.kkeLo:i Bksl
rjaxksa dh xfr xgjkbZ ds lkFk&lkFk c<+rh tkrh gS] fdarq ;g Øe inkFkZ ds xq.k j•rs gSaA vr% dFku&I vkSj dFku&II nksuksa lgh gSa
2]900 fdeh- dh xgjkbZ rd gh lhfer jgrk gSA mlds ckn ^,l* rFkk dFku&II] dFku&I dh lgh O;k[;k gSA
rjaxsa yqIr gks tkrh gSa vkSj îh* rjaxksa dh xfr de gks tkrh gSA yy bl çdkj] fodYi (a) lgh gSA
^,l* rjaxsa rjy voLFkk okys pV~Vkuh ekè;e ls ugha xq”kj ldrh 3- mÙkj % (a)
gSaA vr% i`Foh ds èkkfRod ØksM+ dk LoHkko rjy inkFkZ tSlk gS O;k[;k %
tcfd 2]900 fdeh- dh xgjkbZ rd i`Foh dh pV~Vkuksa dk vkpj.k yy i`Foh dh iiZVh cukus okys •fut inkFkZ ds fdlh Hkh çkÑfrd
Bksl inkFkZ ds leku gSA ^,y* rjaxsa rks èkjkry ij gh pyrh gSaA fiaM dks 'kSy dgrs gSaA vkXus; 'kSy dks çkFkfed 'kSy Hkh dgrs gSaA
èkjkryh; rjaxsa Hkwdaiys•h ij var esa vfHkysf•r gksrh gSaA ;s rjaxsa vkXus; 'kSy nks çdkj dh gksrh gSa& varHkZsnh ,oa cfgZHksnhA tc æfor
”;knk fouk'kdkjh gksrh gSaA vr% dFku 2 lgh ,oa 3 lgh ugha gSA ykok i`Foh dh lrg ij vkrk gS] ;g rs”kh ls BaMk gksdj Bksl cu
yy bl çdkj] fodYi (a) lgh gSA tkrk gSA iiZVh ij bl çdkj ls cuh 'kSy dks cfgZHksnh vkXus; 'kSy


dgrs gSaA budh lajpuk cgqr eghu nkuksa okyh gksrh gSA cslkYV bldk ckyw ds d.kksa ls fufeZr volknh pV~Vku dk mnkgj.k ^yks,l* gSA
mnkgj.k gSA nDdu iBkj cslkYV 'kSyksa ls gh cuk gSA æfor eSXek xksyk'e e`fÙkdk esa lHkh vkdkj ds volkn feys gksrs gSaA ;g fgekuh
dHkh&dHkh Hkw&iiZVh ds vanj xgjkbZ esa gh BaMk gks tkrk gSA bl }kjk fufeZr volknh pV~Vku gSA vr% dFku 3 lgh gSA
çdkj cuh Bksl 'kSyksa dks varHkZsnh vkXus; 'kSy dgrs gSaA èkhjs&èkhjs yy bl çdkj] fodYi (b) lgh gSA
BaMk gksus ds dkj.k ;s cM+s nkuksa dk :i ys ysrs gSaA xzsukbV ,sls gh
5-
mÙkj % (b)
'kSy dk ,d mnkgj.k gSA ysbZ@elkyksa rFkk nkuksa dk pw.kZ cukus ds
fy, ftu vi?k"kZ.k iRFkjksa dk mi;ksx gksrk gS os xzsukbV ds cus gksrs O;k[;k %
gSaA vr% dFku 3 lgh gS] ysfdu dFku 1 lgh ugha gSA ves”ku csflu
yy vkXus; ,oa volknh 'kSy mPp rki ,oa nkc ds dkj.k dk;karfjr yy m".kdfVcaèkh; çns'k ddZ js•k vkSj edj js•k ds eè; fLFkr gSaA
'kSyksa esa ifjofrZr gks ldrh gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] fpduh feV~Vh Hkweè; js•k ds 10° mÙkj ls 10° nf{k.k v{kka'k ds eè; ds Hkkx
LysV esa ,oa pwuk iRFkj laxejej esa ifjofrZr gks tkrk gSA 'kSyksa dks Hkweè; js•h; çns'k dgrs gSaA ves”ku unh blh çns'k ls gksdj
ds NksVs d.kksa dks volkn dgrs gSaA ;s ncdj ,oa dBksj gksdj cgrh gSA ;g if'pe esa ioZrksa ls fudydj iwoZ esa vaèkegklkxj
volknh 'kSy dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] cyqvk iRFkj] esa igq¡prh gSA ves”ku unh csflu czk”khy ds Hkkxksa] is: ds dqN
jsr ds nkuksa ls curk gSA bu 'kSyksa esa ikSèkksa] tkuojksa ,oa vU; lw{e Hkkxksa] cksyhfo;k] bDokMksj] dksyafc;k rFkk osustq,yk ds NksVs Hkkx
thok.kqvksa] tks dHkh bu 'kSyksa ij jgs gSa] ds thok'e Hkh gks ldrs ls viokfgr gksrh gSA
gSaA vr% dFku 2 lgh ugha gSA yy ves”ku csflu esa iwjs o"kZ xeZ ,oa ue tyok;q jgrh gSA ;gk¡ dk
yy bl çdkj] fodYi (a) lgh gSA ekSle fnu ,oa jkr nksuksa gh le; yxHkx leku :i ls xeZ ,oa
vkæZ gksrk gSA bl çns'k esa yxHkx çfrfnu o"kkZ gksrh gSA fnu dk
4- mÙkj % (b)
rkieku mPp ,oa vkæZrk vfr&mPp gksrh gSA jkr ds le; rkieku
O;k[;k % de gks tkrk gS] ysfdu vkæZrk oSlh gh cuh jgrh gSA ;gk¡ ds ou
yy lcls cM+s varoZsèkh vkXus; pV~Vkuh fiaMksa dks cSFkksfyFk dgrs gSaA ;s brus l?ku gksrs gSa fd lw;Z dk çdk'k èkjkry rd ugha igq¡p ikrk
lSdM+ksa fdeh- yacs rFkk 50 ls 80 fdeh- pkSM+s gksrs gSaA budh eksVkbZ gSA ijthoh ikSèkksa ds :i esa ;gk¡ vkWfdZM ,oa czksfeyk;M iSnk gksrs gSaA
bruh vfèkd gksrh gS fd buds vkèkkj rd igq¡p ikuk eqf'dy gSA yy bl çdkj] fodYi (b) lgh gSA
èkjkry ij vU; pV~Vkuh vkoj.kksa ds vijnu ds ckn gh muds
uhps Nqis cSFkksfyFk dks ge èkjkry ij ns[k ikrs gSaA budk Åijh ry 6- mÙkj % (c)
fo"ke rFkk xqacn ds vkdkj dk gksrk gSA ;s xzsukbV pV~Vku ds cus O;k[;k %
gksrs gSaA NksVs vkdkj ds cSFkksfyFk dks LVkWd dgrs gSaA budk Åijh yy jkf=k ds le; tc vkdk'k lkiQ gks rFkk paæek Hkh u fn•kbZ ns jgk
Hkkx xksykdkj xqacnuqek gksrk gS vkSj vU; fo'ks"krk,¡ cSFkksfyFk tSlh gks rks vki dHkh&dHkh vkdk'k esa çdk'k dh ,d pedhyh èkkjh&lh
gh gksrh gSaA vr% dFku 1 lgh gSA ns[k ldrs gSaA bls 'kwfVax LVkj&lk VwVrk rkjk dgrs gSa] ;|fi ;g
yy i`Foh ds LFkyeaMy dk yxHkx rhu&pkSFkkbZ Hkkx volknh pV~Vkuksa ls rkjk ugha gSA bUgsa mYdk dgrs gSaA mYdk lkekU;r% NksVs fiaM gksrs
<dk gS] fdarq budk vk;ru Hkw&iiZVh ds iwjs vk;ru dk yxHkx 5» gSa tks ;nk&dnk i`Foh ds ok;qeaMy esa ços'k dj tkrs gSaA ml le;
gh gSA volknh pV~Vkusa] i`Foh ds vanj vkXus; pV~Vkuksa dh rqyuk esa budh pky vfr&mPp gksrh gSA ok;qeaMyh; ?k"kZ.k ds dkj.k ;s rIr
cgqr de egÙo j•rh gSaA i`Foh ds èkjkry ij lHkh pV~Vkusa ½rq gksdj ty mBrs gSa vkSj ped ds lkFk 'kh?kz gh okf"ir gks tkrs
ifjorZu dk f'kdkj gksrh gSaA vr% dFku 2 lgh ugha gSA gSaA ;gh dkj.k gS fd çdk'k dh pedhyh èkkjh vfr&vYi le;
yy volknksa dk teko vfèkdrj leqæksa ds fNNys Hkkx] ufn;ksa ds 'kkar ds fy, gh n`f"Vxkspj gksrh gSA dqN mYdk vkdkj esa bruh cM+h
ty ;k >hyksa ds ry ij gksrk gSA ty volknh teko ds fy, gksrh gSa fd iw.kZr% okf"ir gksus ls iwoZ gh os i`Foh ij igq¡p tkrh
mi;qDr ifjfLFkfr çnku djrk gS] blfy, vfèkdka'k volknh pV~Vkusa gSaA og fiaM tks i`Foh ij igq¡prk gS mls mYdk fiaM dgrs gSaA vr%
ty ds uhps gh fufeZr gksrh gSaA iou }kjk nwj rd <ks, x, eghu ;qXe 1 lgh lqesfyr gSA


yy èkwedsrq vR;ar ijoyh; d{kkvksa esa lw;Z dh ifjØek djrs gSaA fdarq] mitkÅ cuh jgrh gSA Ms;jh m|ksx rFkk fefJr Ñf"k ds fy, bl
budk lw;Z dk ifjØe.k dky lkekU;r% dkiQh vfèkd gksrk gSA feV~Vh dk vPNk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gSA
lkekU;r% èkwedsrq pedhys flj rFkk yach iw¡N okys gksrs gSaA tSls&tSls yy fupys v{kka'kksa esa Å¡ps rkieku rFkk ekSleh vkæZ n'kk okys {ks=kksa esa
dksbZ èkwedsrq lw;Z ds lehi vkrk tkrk gS bldh iw¡N vkdkj esa yky vkSj ihys jax dh m".kdfVcaèkh; isMyiQj fefV~V;k¡ feyrh gSAa
c<+rh tkrh gSA fdlh èkwedsrq dh iw¡N lnSo gh lw;Z ls ijs gksrh gSA buds ?kqyu'khy •futksa dk uhps dh vksj fjlko gks tkrk gS] fdarq
vr% ;qXe 2 lgh lqesfyr gSA buesa mifLFkr yksgs ds dkj.k budk jax ,slk gksrk gSA tSfod inkFkZ dh
yy rkjksa] xzgksa ,oa mixzgksa ds vfrfjDr vla[; NksVs fiaM Hkh lw;Z ds vfèkdrk gksus ij Hkh dhVk.kqvksa dh rs”k fØ;k'khyrk vfèkd áwel
pkjksa vksj pDdj yxkrs gSaA bu fiaMksa dks {kqæ xzg dgrs gSaA ;s eaxy dk miHkksx dj ysrh gS ftlls blesa áwel dk va'k de gh cprk gSA
,oa c`gLifr dh d{kkvksa ds chp ik, tkrs gSaA oSKkfudksa ds vuqlkj buesa dSfY'k;e dh Hkh deh gksrh gSA ;s vEyh; gksrh gSa vkSj moZjdksa
{kqæ xzg] xzg ds gh Hkkx gksrs gSa tks fd cgqr o"kZ igys foLiQksV ds ds vHkko esa tYnh gh vuqitkÅ gks tkrh gSAa vr% dFku 2 lgh gSA
ckn xzgksa ls VwVdj vyx gks x,A vr% ;qXe 3 lgh lqesfyr gSA yy bl çdkj] fodYi (c) lgh gSA
yy bl çdkj] fodYi (c) lgh gSA 8- mÙkj % (c)
7- mÙkj % (c) O;k[;k %
O;k[;k % yy isMksdy fefV~V;k¡ % lalkj ds 'kq"d] v¼Z'kq"d rFkk mikæZ {ks=kksa esa
yy josnkj xzsukbV pV~Vkusa ekulwuh çns'k ds vkæZ Hkkxksa esa ySVsjkbV feV~Vh isMksdy Js.kh dh fefV~V;k¡ ikbZ tkrh gSaA bu fefV~V;ksa esa dSfY'k;e
dk vkSj 'kq"d fdukjksa ij ySVsjkbV ls fHkUu çdkj dh feV~Vh dk vkSj •fut&yo.kksa dh ek=kk vfèkd gksrh gSA vfèkd ok"ihdj.k
fuekZ.k djrh gSaA ekulwuh tyok;q dh xehZ rFkk vkæZ vkSj 'kq"d ds dkj.k ;s ?kqyu'khy •fut feV~Vh esa ty ds lkFk uhps ls Åij
ekSleksa dk varjky gh blds ewy dkj.k gSaA xzh"e ½rq dh rs”k vkrs gSaA le'khrks".k o m".k nksuksa gh dfVcaèkksa esa e#Hkwfe;ksa ds
xehZ vkSj de o"kkZ ls dkyh feV~Vh dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS ftl ij pkjksa vksj bu fefV~V;ksa ij LVsih vkSj çs;jh tSls ?kkl ds eSnkuksa dk
tud inkFkks± dk dksbZ •kl vlj ugha gksrk gSA bl rjg dh feV~Vh fodkl gqvk gSA vr% dFku 1 lgh gSA
rfeyukMq esa feyrh gSA Fkkj ds e#LFky esa xzsukbV vkSj ckyw&iRFkj yy psjuks”kse bl Js.kh dh lcls vPNh feV~Vh gSA blesa áwel vkSj
nksuksa ls gh 'kq"d tyok;q ds dkj.k cyqbZ feV~Vh dk fuekZ.k gksrk dSfY'k;e dh ek=kk vfèkd gksrh gSA ty ds lkFk •fut rÙoksa dk
gSA vr% dFku 1 lgh gSA uhps dh vksj fjlko de gksrk gSA budh lajpuk HkqjHkqjh gksrh gSA bl
yy isMyiQj fefV~V;k¡ % ;s mPp v{kka'kh; dks.kèkkjh ouksa ls ysdj {ks=k dh tyok;q esa 'khr ½rq 'kq"d rFkk xzh"e ½rq dk iwokZ¼Z vkæZ
eè; v{kka'kh; ir>M+ ouksa ls gksrh gqbZ fupys v{kka'kksa esa fLFkr gksrk gSA ;g feV~Vh mitkÅ gksrh gS vkSj o"kks± bLrseky ds ckn Hkh
m".kdfVcaèkh; ouksa vkSj ?kkl ds eSnkuksa okys vkæZ tyok;q çns'kksa blesa moZjd dh de ”k:jr iM+rh gSA blesa vfèkd vkæZrk èkkj.k
esa ikbZ tkrh gSaA mPp v{kka'kh; dks.kèkkjh ou iV~Vh esa èkwlj jax djus dh {kerk gksrh gS ftlls flapkbZ dh ”k:jr de iM+rh gSA
dh iksMlksy feV~Vh feyrh gSA bl feV~Vh esa yo.kksa dk fjlko rs”k vr% dFku 2 vkSj 3 lgh gSaA
gksrk gS] iryh uqdhyh ifÙk;k¡ ean xfr ls lM+rh gSa vkSj áwel dk yy 'kq"d LVsih tSls tyok;q çns'kksa dh isMksdy feV~Vh dh iV~Vh esa
fuekZ.k èkheh xfr ls gksrk gSA thok.kqvksa dh fØ;k'khyrk Hkh lhfer Ålj feV~Vh ds {ks=k cgqrk;r ls feyrs gSaA mÙkjh Hkkjr ds eSnkuksa esa]
gksrh gSA ;g feV~Vh vEyh;] vuqitkÅ vkSj Ñf"k ds fy, de •kldj mÙkj çns'k esa lHkh vEyh; vkSj {kkjh; feV~Vh dks la;qDr
mi;ksxh gksrh gSA fdarq] if'peh ;wjksi vkSj mÙkj&iwohZ la;qDr jkT; :i ls Ålj uke fn;k x;k gSA fupys eSnkuksa dh fpduh feV~Vh
vesfjdk ds eè; v{kka'kh; ir>M+ okys ouksa dh iV~Vh esa ikbZ tkus esa] tgk¡ ty dk cgko Bhd ugha gS] ^jsg* vfèkd ek=kk esa feyrh
okyh èkwlj cknkeh jax dh iksMlksy feV~Vh esa yo.kksa dk fjlko gSA jsg liQsn ;k èkwlj jax dk yo.k gS tks 'kq"d ½rq esa feV~Vh ds
vis{kkÑr de gksrk gS rFkk áwel dh ek=kk vfèkd gksrh gSA •kn èkjkry dks <d ysrh gSA
,oa moZjd ds ç;ksx rFkk iQlyksa ds 'kL;korZu ls feV~Vh dkiQh yy bl çdkj] fodYi (c) lgh gSA


9- mÙkj % (b) egklkxj esa ^gjhdsu*] if'pe ç'kkar vkSj nf{k.k phu lkxj esa ^VkbiQwu*
O;k[;k % rFkk if'peh vkWLVªfs y;k esa ^foyh&foyht* ds uke ls tkus tkrs gSAa
yy {kksHkeaMy % bldh vkSlr Å¡pkbZ 13 fdeh- gSA ekSle dh yxHkx yy m".kdfVcaèkh; pØokr] m".kdfVcaèkh; egklkxjksa esa mRiUu o
lHkh ?kVuk,¡] tSls& o"kkZ] dqgjk ,oa vksyko"kZ.k blh ijr esa gksrh gSaA fodflr gksrs gSaA budh mRifÙk o fodkl ds fy, vuqdwy fLFkfr;k¡
blesa rkieku esa fxjkoV dh nj 1 fMxzh lsfYl;l çfr 165 ehVj gSa& (i) o`gn~ leqæh lrg] tgk¡ rkieku 27°C ls vfèkd gks] (ii)
gSA bls lkekU; ßkl nj dgrs gSaA {kksHkeaMy vkSj lerkieaMy dks dksfjvkWfyl cy dk gksuk] (iii) ÅèokZèkj iouksa dh xfr esa varj
vyx djus okyh ijr {kksHklhek gSA de gksuk] (iv) de”kksj fuEu nkc {ks=k ;k fuEu&Lrj dk pØokrh;
yy lerkieaMy % {kksHkeaMy ds Åij dk Hkkx lerkieaMy 50 fdeh- ifjlapj.k dk gksuk rFkk (v) leqæh ry ra=k ij Åijh vilj.kA
dh Å¡pkbZ rd iQSyk gSA ;g ijr cknyksa ,oa ekSle lacaèkh ?kVukvksa yy pØokrksa dks vkSj vfèkd foèoald djus okyh ÅtkZ la?kuu çfØ;k
ls yxHkx eqDr gksrh gSA iQyLo:i] ;gk¡ dh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ gokbZ }kjk Å¡ps diklh Lrjh es?kksa ls çkIr gksrh gS tks bl rwiQku ds dsaæ
tgk”k mM+kus ds fy, vkn'kZ gksrh gSaA blesa ikbZ tkus okyh vks”kksu dks ?ksjs gksrh gSA os pØokr tks çk;% 20° mÙkjh v{kka'k ls xq”kjrs
xSl dh ijr lw;Z ls vkus okyh gkfudkjd xSlksa ls gekjh j{kk djrh gSa] mudh fn'kk vfuf'pr gksrh gS vkSj ;s vfèkd foèoald gksrs gSaA
gSA ;g ijr ijkcSaxuh fdj.kksa dks vo'kksf"kr dj ysrh gSA yy ,d fodflr m".kdfVcaèkh; pØokr dh fo'ks"krk blds dsaæ ds
yy eè;eaMy % ;g ok;qeaMy dh rhljh ijr gSA ;g lerkieaMy ds pkjksa rjiQ çcy lfiZy (Spiral) iouksa dk ifjlapj.k gS ftls bldh
Bhd Åij gksrh gSA ;g yxHkx 80 fdeh- dh Å¡pkbZ rd iQSyh vk¡[k dgk tkrk gSA og LFkku tgk¡ ls m".kdfVcaèkh; pØokr rV
gSA varfj{k ls ços'k djus okys mYdk fiaM bl ijr esa vkus ij dks ikj djds ”kehu ij igq¡prs gSa] pØokr dk ySaMiQkWy dgykrk
ty tkrs gSaA gSA os pØokr tks çk;% 20° mÙkjh v{kka'k ls xq”kjrs gSa] mudh fn'kk
yy Å"eeaMy % pkSFkk laLrj] ftls Å"eeaMy dgrs gSa] eè;eaMy ds vfuf'pr gksrh gS vkSj ;s vfèkd foèoald gksrs gSaA
Åij fLFkr gSA ;gk¡ dh gok fo|qr vkosf'kr gksrh gSA i`Foh ls çsf"kr yy ,d fodflr m".kdfVcaèkh; pØokr dh fo'ks"krk blds dsaæ ds
jsfM;ks rjaxs blh eaMy ls ijkofrZr gksdj iqu% i`Foh ij ykSV vkrh pkjksa rjiQ çcy lfiZy iouksa dk ifjlapj.k gS rFkk diklh o"kkZ
gSaA ;fn ;g ijr ugha gksrh rks nwj fLFkr ns'kksa ds jsfM;ks çlkj.k cknyksa dh iafDr;k¡ ckgjh {ks=k dh vksj foLFkkfir gks ldrh gSaA
ge vius jsfM;ks lsVksa ij ugha lqu ikrsA bl Hkkx esa rkieku fiQj yy bl çdkj] fodYi (d) lgh gSA
ls Å¡pkbZ ds lkFk c<+us yxrk gSA bl Hkkx dks vk;ueaMy dgrs 11- mÙkj % (b)
gSaA ;g eè;eaMy ds Åij 80 ls 400 fdeh- rd foLrkfjr gSA
Å"eeaMy ds Åijh Hkkx dks ckáeaMy dgk tkrk gSA bl eaMy O;k[;k %
dh gok vR;fèkd fojy gksrh gS vkSj èkhjs&èkhjs cká varfj{k esa yy lkekU;r% vkæZrk ls gok esa tyok"i dh ek=kk dk cksèk gksrk gSA
foyhu gks tkrh gSA gok ds çfr bdkbZ vk;ru esa fo|eku tyok"i dh ek=kk dks fujis{k
yy cfge±My % ok;qeaMy dh ;g lcls Åijh ijr ok;q dh iryh vkæZrk dgrs gSaA bls vfèkdrj xzke çfr ?ku ehVj esa O;Dr fd;k
ijr gksrh gSA gYdh xSlsa] tSls & ghfy;e ,oa gkbMªkstu ;gha ls tkrk gSA ok;qeaMy dh tyok"i èkkj.k djus dh {kerk iw.kZr% rkieku
varfj{k esa rSjrh jgrh gSaA ij fuHkZj gksrh gSA gok dh vkæZrk LFkku&LFkku ij vkSj le;≤
ij cnyrh jgrh gSA BaMh gok dh vis{kk xeZ gok vfèkd tyok"i
yy bl çdkj] fodYi (b) lgh gSA
èkkj.k dj ldrh gSA rkieku esa o`f¼ gok dh tyèkkj.k {kerk dks
10- mÙkj % (d) c<+krh gSA fiQj Hkh] ;g ,d fo'oluh; lwpdkad ugha gS D;ksafd
O;k[;k % rkieku vkSj ok;q nkc esa ifjorZu ds lkFk gh gok ds vk;ru esa Hkh
yy m".kdfVcaèkh; pØokr % ;s vkØked rwiQku gSa ftudh mRifÙk ifjorZu gksrk jgrk gS vkSj bl çdkj fujis{k vkæZrk Hkh cny tkrh gSA
m".kdfVcaèkh; {ks=kksa ds egklkxjksa ij gksrh gS vkSj ;s rVh; {ks=kksa dh yy vkæZrk dks O;Dr djus dk ,d nwljk vfèkd mi;ksxh rjhdk Hkh gSA
rjiQ xfreku gksrs gSAa fgan egklkxj esa ;s ^pØokr*] vVykafVd ;g gS& gok ds çfr bdkbZ Hkkj esa tyok"i dk HkkjA bls fof'k"V


vkæZrk dgrs gSaA pw¡fd bls Hkkj dh bdkb;ksa esa (xzke çfr fdxzk-) yy bl çdkj] la?kuu çfØ;k fuEufyf•r ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa gks ldrh
ekik tkrk gS] fof'k"V vkæZrk ij ok;q nkc vkSj rkieku esa ifjorZuksa gS& (i) tc gok dk rkieku ?kVdj vkslkad rd igq¡p tk, ijarq
dk dksbZ çHkko ugha iM+rkA vr% dFku 2 lgh gSA mldk vk;ru fLFkj jgs] (ii) tc gok dk vk;ru] Å"ek dh ek=kk
yy ,d vkSj egÙoiw.kZ eki lkis{k vkæZrk gSA bl eki esa fdlh Hkh c<+k, fcuk gh c<+ tk,] (iii) tc gok dh vkæZrk èkkj.k {kerk]
rkieku ij gok esa ekStwn tyok"i dks mlh rkieku ij gok dh rkieku vkSj vk;ru ds la;qDr :i ls ?kVus ds dkj.k] ?kVdj
tyok"i èkkj.k {kerk ds vuqikr (çfr'kr) ds :i esa O;Dr djrs gok esa fo|eku vkæZrk dh ek=kk ls de gks tk, vFkok (iv) tc
gSaA pw¡fd ;g lkis{k vkæZrk gok esa ekStwn tyok"i dh ek=kk vkSj ok"ihdj.k }kjk gok esa vkæZrk dh vfrfjDr ek=kk feyk nh tk,A
mlh rkieku ij gok dh tyok"i èkkj.k {kerk nksuksa ij fuHkZj yy la?kuu ds fy, lokZfèkd vuqdwy ifjfLFkfr rkieku esa fxjkoV ds
gS] blfy, blesa nks çdkj ls ifjorZu gks ldrs gSaA ;fn gok dk dkj.k mRiUu gksrh gSA
rkieku c<+rk gS rks mldh èkkj.k {kerk Hkh c<+rh gS vkSj lkis{k yy bl çdkj] fodYi (c) lgh gSA
vkæZrk de gks tkrh gSA Bhd blh çdkj] ;fn gok dk rkieku
?kVrk gS rks mldh èkkj.k {kerk Hkh ?kVrh gS vkSj lkis{k vkæZrk c<+ 13- mÙkj % (c)
tkrh gSA gok dh lkis{k vkæZrk ok"ihdj.k dh ek=kk vkSj nj dks O;k[;k %
fuèkkZfjr djrh gS] vr% tyok;q dk ;g ,d egÙoiw.kZ dkjd gSA yy 'khr ½rq % Hkkjr ds mÙkjh Hkkx esa fnlacj ,oa tuojh lcls BaMs
vr% dFku 3 lgh ugha gSA eghus gksrs gSaA rkieku nf{k.k ls mÙkj dh vksj c<+us ij ?kVrk tkrk
yy ;fn gok fdlh Hkh rkieku ij vius esa bruk tyok"i èkkj.k fd, gSA iwohZ rV ij psUubZ dk vkSlr rkieku 24°C ls 25°C ds chp
gq, gS ftruh mldh èkkj.k {kerk gS rks ml gok dks larÌr ok;q dgrs gksrk gS] tcfd mÙkjh eSnku esa ;g 10°C ls 15°C ds chp gksrk
gSaA bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd og gok ml n'kk esa vc vkSj vfèkd gSA mÙkj esa rq"kkjkikr lkekU; gS rFkk fgeky; dh Åijh <kyksa ij
tyok"i xzg.k djus esa vleFkZ gSA larÌr gok dh lkis{k vkæZrk fgeikr gksrk gSA bl ½rq esa] ns'k esa mÙkj&iwohZ O;kikfjd iousa
'kr&çfr'kr (100») gksrh gSA gok dk dksbZ Hkh uewuk tyok"i dh çokfgr gksrh gSaA ;s LFky ls leqæ dh vksj cgrh gSa vkSj blhfy,
ek=kk dks fcuk c<+k, gh larÌr gks ldrk gS ;fn mlds rkieku esa ns'k ds vfèkdrj Hkkx esa 'kq"d ekSle gksrk gSA bu iouksa ds dkj.k
vko';d ek=kk esa fxjkoV gks tk,A gok ftl rkieku ij larÌr gks dqN ek=kk esa o"kkZ rfeyukMq ds rV ij gksrh gS D;ksafd ogk¡ ;s iousa
tkrh gS ml rkieku dks vkslkad fcanq dgrs gSAa vr% dFku 1 lgh gSA leqæ ls LFky dh vksj cgrh gSaA
yy bl çdkj] fodYi (b) lgh gSA yy 'khr ½rq esa mÙkjh eSnkuksa esa if'pe ,oa mÙkj&if'pe ls pØokrh
12- mÙkj % (c) fo{kksHk dk varokZg fo'ks"k y{k.k gSA ;g de nkc okyh ç.kkyh
O;k[;k % Hkweè; lkxj ,oa if'peh ,f'k;k ds Åij mRiUu gksrh gS rFkk
if'peh iouksa ds lkFk Hkkjr esa ços'k djrh gSA mÙkj&if'peh Hkkjr
yy gok dk rkieku vkslkad ds uhps igq¡pus ij Hkh la?kuu çfØ;k gks
esa Hkweè; lkxj ls vkus okys ;s 'khrks".kdfVcaèkh; pØokr iatkc]
ldrh gSA fdlh Hkh ok;q lagfr dk vkslkad mldh lkis{k vkæZrk
ls ?kfu"B lacaèk j•rk gSA ;fn lkis{k vkæZrk cgqr vfèkd gS rks gfj;k.kk] fnYyh rFkk if'peh mÙkj çns'k esa dqN o"kkZ djrs gSaA
FkksM+h BaM gksus ij Hkh gok dk rkieku vkslkad ij igq¡p tk,xk ;|fi 'khrdky esa o"kkZ] ftls LFkkuh; rkSj ij êgkoV* dgk tkrk
vkSj la?kuu dh çfØ;k gksus yxsxhA blds Bhd foijhr] ;fn gok gS] de ek=kk esa gksrs gq, Hkh ;g 'khrdkyhu o"kkZ Hkkjr esa jch dh
'kq"d gS vkSj mldh lkis{k vkæZrk de gS rks gok dks vkslkad ij iQly ds fy, mi;ksxh gksrh gSA y?kq fgeky; esa o"kkZ fgeikr ds
igq¡pus ds fy, cgqr BaMk gksuk iM+sxkA blfy,] la?kuu dh çfØ;k :i esa gksrh gSA ;g ogh fge gS tks xfeZ;ksa ds eghuksa esa fgeky;
nks dkjdksa ij fuHkZj djrh gS& (i) rkieku esa deh vkSj (ii) gok ls fudyus okyh ufn;ksa esa ty ds çokg dks fujarj cuk, j•rh
dh lkis{k vkæZrkA la?kuu çfØ;k dbZ cnyrh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa gksrh gSA o"kkZ dh ek=kk eSnkuksa esa if'pe ls iwoZ dh vksj rFkk ioZrksa esa
gS tks dqN ifjorhZ ?kVdksa esa ls fdlh&u&fdlh ls fdlh&u&fdlh mÙkj ls nf{k.k dh vksj ?kVrh tkrh gSA fnYyh esa lfnZ;ksa dh vkSlr
çdkj tqM+h jgrh gSA ;s ifjorhZ ?kVd gSa& gok dk vk;ru] rkieku] o"kkZ 53 feeh- gksrh gSA iatkc vkSj fcgkj ds chp esa ;g o"kkZ 18
ok;q nkc] vkSj vkæZrkA ls 25 feeh- ds chp jgrh gSA çk;}hih; Hkkxksa esa 'khr ½rq Li"V


ugha gksrh gSA leqæh iouksa ds çHkko ds dkj.k 'khr ½rq esa Hkh ;gk¡ bldh pkSM+kbZ 120 fdeh- gSA Hkkjr ds iwohZ rV ij Hkh egk}hih;
rkieku ds çk:i esa u ds cjkcj ifjorZu gksrk gSA vr% dFku 1 eXurV dh pkSM+h iV~Vh gSA bldh vkSlr pkSM+kbZ 70 fdeh- gS vkSj
vkSj 2 nksuksa lgh gSaA vkSlr <ky ,d va'k gSA lkekU;r% tgk¡ eXurV dh pkSM+kbZ lcls
yy bl çdkj] fodYi (c) lgh gSA vfèkd gksrh gS] ogk¡ mldh <ky dk dks.k lcls de gksrk gSA
dqy feykdj] egklkxjksa ds dqy {ks=kiQy dk yxHkx 7-5% Hkkx
14- mÙkj % (b)
egk}hih; eXurV gSA vr% dFku 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa lgh gSaA
O;k[;k %
yy ;s egk}hih; eXurV euq"; ds fy, cM+s gh mi;ksxh gSaA bu {ks=kksa ls
yy Hkweè; lkxjh; tyok;q bl çdkj dh tyok;q 30° ls 45° v{kka'kksa gh yxHkx lHkh leqæh •k| inkFkZ izkIr gksrs gSaA ;s eRL; vk•sV
ds chp egk}hiksa ds if'peh leqæ rVh; çns'kksa esa ikbZ tkrh gSA ds çeq[k {ks=k gSaA vkfFkZd •futksa ds Hkh ;s laHkkoh mRiknd {ks=k
blls uhps ds v{kka'kksa esa e#LFkyh; tyok;q rFkk Åij ds v{kka'kksa gSaA lalkj ds dqy •fut rsy vkSj xSl mRiknu dk 20% egk}hih;
esa leqæh if'peh ;wjksih; tyok;q ikbZ tkrh gSA Hkweè; lkxj ds eXurV ls gh çkIr gksrk gSA ckyw vkSj ctjh ds Hkh ;s fo'kky HkaMkj
rVorhZ {ks=k] eè; dSfyiQksfuZ;k] eè; fpyh] nf{k.kh vÚhdk dk gSaA vr% dFku 3 lgh gSA
nf{k.kh Hkkx] vkWLVªsfy;k ds nf{k.k&iwohZ vkSj nf{k.k&if'peh Hkkx yy bl çdkj] fodYi (c) lgh gSA
rFkk U;w”khySaM dk mÙkjh }hi bl çdkj dh tyok;q dk vuqHko
djrs gSaA vr% dFku 3 lgh gSA 16- mÙkj % (c)
yy lw;Z ds vkHkklh okf"kZd lapj.k ds dkj.k ok;q nkc dfVcaèk ekSle O;k[;k %
ds vuqlkj dqN mÙkj vkSj nf{k.k dh vksj f•ldrs jgrs gSaA ;s {ks=k yy fgan egklkxj dh èkkjk,¡ % mÙkj esa iw.kZr% LFky ls f?kjk dsoy
xzh"edky esa miks".kdfVcaèkh; mPp ok;q nkc dfVcaèk ds varxZr rFkk v¼Zegklkxj gksus ds dkj.k fgan egklkxj esa èkkjkvksa ds lapj.k
'khrdky esa pØokrh fuEu ok;q nkc dfVcaèk ds çHkko esa vk tkrs dh fo'ks"krk,¡ vVykafVd rFkk ç'kkar egklkxjksa ls fHkUu gSaA fgan
gSaA blfy,] xzh"e ½rq m".k vkSj 'kq"d gksrh gSA bl le; rkieku egklkxj ds mÙkjh Hkkx dh èkkjk,¡ lkekU; çokg ra=k ls fcYdqy
20° ls 27°C ds chp jgrk gSA 'khr ½rq esa gYdh BaM iM+rh gSA fHkUu gSaA ekulwuh ekSleh O;oLFkk ds vuqlkj èkkjk,¡ Hkh ,d ekSle
bl le; rkieku 4° ls 10°C ds chp jgrk gSA okf"kZd rkikarj ls nwljs ekSle esa viuh fn'kk,¡ cnyrh jgrh gSaA fgan egklkxj esa
10° ls 17°C ds chp gksrk gSA o"kkZ lkèkkj.k gksrh gSA bldh ek=kk iou dk çHkko vfèkd Li"V gSA
40 ls 60 lseh- gksrh gSA o"kZ.k lky Hkj gksrk gS] ysfdu vfèkdka'k yy fgan egklkxj ds mÙkjh {ks=k esa 'khr ½rq vkSj xzh"e ½rq ds chp
o"kkZ 'khr ½rq esa gh gksrh gSA vr% dFku 1 lgh gS] ysfdu dFku èkkjkvksa dh fn'kk esa ifjorZu Li"V fn•rk gSA 'khr ½rq esa mÙkjh
2 lgh ugha gSA fo"kqorh; èkkjk rFkk nf{k.kh fo"kqorh; èkkjk iwoZ ls if'pe dh vksj
yy bl çdkj] fodYi (b) lgh gSA cgrh gSaA bu nksuksa fo"kqorh; èkkjkvksa ds chp ,d fo#¼ fo"kqorh;
èkkjk if'pe ls iwoZ dh vksj cgrh gSA mÙkj&iwohZ ekulwuh iou ty
15- mÙkj % (c)
dks] caxky dh •kM+h ds rV ds lkFk] ?kM+h dh lqb;ksa dh foijhr fn'kk
O;k[;k % esa çokg ds fy, çsfjr djrk gSA blh çdkj] vjc lkxj ds rVksa ij
yy egk}hih; eXurV % ;g leqæ rV ls leqæ dh vksj ean <ky okyk Hkh ?kM+h dh lqb;ksa dh foijhr fn'kk esa èkkjkvksa dk ifjHkze.k gksrk gSA
tyeXu èkjkry gSA bldk fuekZ.k lkekU;r% leqæ ry dh Å¡pkbZ yy xzh"e ½rq esa ,d rs”k èkkjk if'pe ls iwoZ dh vksj cgrh gS tks
c<+us ds dkj.k egk}hi ds rVh; Hkkxksa ds tyeXu gksus ls vFkok mÙkjh fo"kqorh; èkkjk dks bl ½rq esa iw.kZr% çHkkoghu cuk nsrh
ty ds uhps egklkxjh; fu{ksiksa ds dkj.k gksrk gSA egk}hih; eXurV gSA ;g ifjfLFkfr rs”k nf{k.k&if'peh ekulwuh iou ds çHkko rFkk
dk leqæ dh vksj dk fdukjk 150 ls 200 ehVj xgjk gksrk gSA mÙkj&iwohZ O;kikfjd iou dh vuqifLFkfr ds dkj.k mRiUu gksrh
eXurV dh pkSM+kbZ esa Hkh fofHkUurk gSA iwohZ ç'kkar egklkxj esa] fo'ks"k gSA bl ekSle esa fo#¼ fo"kqorh; èkkjk iw.kZr% lekIr gks tkrh gSA
:i ls nf{k.k vesfjdk esa ;g yxHkx vuqifLFkr gSA vU; rVksa ij vr% egklkxj ds mÙkjh Hkkx esa bl ½rq esa ty dk çokg ?kM+h
;g pkSM+k gS] mnkgj.kLo:i] la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk ds iwohZ rV ij dh lqb;ksa dh vuqdwy fn'kk esa gksrk gSA


yy fgan egklkxj ds nf{k.kh Hkkx esa ekSleh ifjorZuksa dk çHkko cgqr de leqæh ty dh cukoV o lapj.k] eNyh rFkk vU; thoksa vkSj Iyodksa
fn•rk gSA vU; nf{k.kh egklkxjksa dh rjg ;gk¡ Hkh ty lapj.k dk ds forj.k dks Hkh cgqr gn rd çHkkfor djrh gSA
lkekU; ra=k ljy vkSj ?kM+h dh lqb;ksa dh foijhr fn'kk esa jgrk gSA yy bl çdkj] fodYi (d) lgh gSA
yy nf{k.kh fo"kqorh; èkkjk viuh ç'kkar egklkxj dh vuq:ih; èkkjk dh 18- mÙkj % (a)
FkksM+h enn ysdj iwoZ ls if'pe dh vksj çokfgr gksrh gSA vÚhdk
O;k[;k %
ds eks”kkafcd rV ds lehi ;g èkkjk nf{k.k dh vksj eqM+ tkrh gSA
yy i`Foh ds vanj Hkwdai ds mRifÙk LFkku dks mn~xe dsaæ dgrs gSaA
eks”kkafcd ds eqgkus ls gksdj cgus okyh bl èkkjk dks xeZ eks”kkafcd
bl mn~xe dsanz ds Bhd Åij i`Foh ds èkjkry ij fLFkr fcanq dks
èkkjk dgrs gSaA nf{k.k dh vksj c<+us ij ;g nf{k.kh fo"kqorh; èkkjk
vfèkdsanz dgrs gSaA vfèkdka'k Hkwdai 50 ls 100 fdeh- dh xgjkbZ ij
dh ml 'kk•k ls fey tkrh gS tks esMkxkLdj ds rV ls yxdj mRiUu gksrs gSaA ç?kkrh rjaxsa mn~xe dsaæ ls lHkh fn'kkvksa esa pyrh
cgrh gSA bl laxe ds ckn bls vxqygkl èkkjk dgrs gSaA ;g èkkjk gSaA i`Foh ds èkjkry ij lcls vfèkd daiu vfèkdsaæ ij gksrk gSA
vHkh Hkh xeZ èkkjk jgrh gSA fiQj ;g iNqvk iou }kjk çsfjr çokg blhfy, vfèkdsaæ ds vklikl lcls vfèkd cckZnh gksrh gSA vfèkdsaæ
esa feydj nf{k.kh fgan èkkjk ds uke ls iwoZ dh vksj cgus yxrh gSA ls c<+rh nwjh ds lkFk&lkFk rjaxksa dh rhozrk Hkh de gksrh tkrh gSA
yy nf{k.kh fgan egklkxjh; èkkjk ,d BaMh tyèkkjk gSA vkWLVsfª y;k ds vr% dFku 1 lgh ugha gSA
nf{k.k&if'peh fdukjs ds lehi bldh ,d 'kk•k mÙkj dh vksj eqMd + j] yy 'P' rjaxksa ls daiu dh fn'kk rjaxksa dh fn'kk ds lekukarj gh gksrh gSA
vkWLVsfª y;k ds if'peh rV ls yxdj] mÙkj dh vksj cgus yxrh gSA ;g lapj.k xfr dh fn'kk esa gh inkFkZ ij ncko Mkyrh gSA 'S' rjaxsa
bls if'pe vkWLVsfª y;kbZ èkkjk dgrs gSAa ;g BaMh tyèkkjk gSA var esa ;g ÅèokZèkj ry esa] rjaxksa dh fn'kk ds ledks.k ij daiu iSnk djrh
nf{k.kh fo"kqorh; èkkjk ls feydj èkkjkvksa ds pØ dks iwjk djrh gSA gSaA vr% ;s ftl inkFkZ ls xq”kjrh gSa mlesa mHkkj o xrZ cukrh gSaA
yy bl çdkj] fodYi (c) lgh gSA vr% dFku 2 lgh gSA
yy ,d Hkwdai dk Nk;k {ks=k nwljs Hkwdai ds Nk;k {ks=k ls loZFkk fHkUu
17- mÙkj % (d)
gksrk gSA Hkwdaiys•h] Hkwdai vfèkdsaæ ls 105° ds Hkhrj fdlh Hkh
O;k[;k % nwjh ij 'P' o 'S' nksuksa gh rjaxksa dk vfHkys•u djrk gSA Hkwdaiys•h]
yy leqæh ty Lokn esa •kjk gksrk gSA ;g ty vusd çdkj ds yo.kksa vfèkdsaæ ls 145° ls ijs dsoy 'P' rjaxksa ds igq¡pus dks gh ntZ djrs
dk ?kksy gksrk gSA blh dkj.k ls ty esa yo.krk dk xq.k vkrk gSA gSa vkSj 'S' rjaxksa dks vfHkysf•r ugha djrsA Hkwdai vfèkdsaæ ls 105°
yo.krk dks çfr g”kkj esa O;Dr djrs gSa] ;kuh çfr 1]000 xzke vkSj 145° ds chp dk {ks=k (tgk¡ dksbZ Hkh Hkwdaih; rjax vfHkysf•r
leqæh ty esa fdrus xzke yo.k dh ek=kk gSA leqæh ty dh vkSlr ugha gksrh) nksuksa çdkj dh rjaxksa ds fy, Nk;k {ks=k gksrk gSA 105°
yo.krk yxHkx 35 çfr g”kkj gksrh gSA bldk vFkZ ;g gqvk fd 1 ds ijs iwjs {ks=k esa 'S' rjaxsa ugha igq¡prhaA 'S' rjaxksa dk Nk;k {ks=k 'P'
fdxzk- ty esa 35 xzke yo.k ?kksy ds :i esa gSA rjaxksa ds Nk;k {ks=k ls vfèkd foLr`r gSA Hkwdai vfèkdsaæ ds 105° ls
145° rd 'P' rjaxksa dk Nk;k {ks=k ,d iV~Vh ds :i esa i`Foh ds
yy LFkyh; èkjkry ij cgus okyh ufn;ksa ds ty }kjk ?kksy ds :i
pkjksa rjiQ çrhr gksrk gSA 'S' rjaxksa dk Nk;k {ks=k u dsoy foLrkj
esa yk, x, ued ds dkj.k yo.k dh ek=kk esa fujarj o`f¼ gksrh
esa cM+k gS] cfYd ;g i`Foh ds 40% Hkkx ls Hkh vfèkd gSA vr%
xbZA bl çdkj] leqæh ty esa ik;k tkus okyk yo.k ewyr% LFkyh;
dFku 3 lgh ugha gSA
èkjkry ls gh çkIr gqvk gSA leqæh rjaxsa rFkk ufn;k¡ LFkyh; pV~Vkuksa
yy bl çdkj] fodYi (a) lgh gSA
dk vijnu djrh gSa vkSj yo.k ln`'k muds ?kqyu'khy inkFkks± dks
?kksydj mUgsa leqæ ds ty esa Mky nsrh gSaA 19- mÙkj % (d)
yy yo.krk ty ds vU; y{k.kksa ds lkFk laihMurk (nck, tkus dh O;k[;k %

{kerk)] rkih; foLrkj] rkieku] ?kuRo] lw;kZri dk vo'kks"k.k] yy ok;q nkc dks ekius ds fy, ikjn ok;q nkcekih vFkok fuæZo cSjksehVj
ok"ihdj.k rFkk vkæZrk dks Hkh fuèkkZfjr djrh gSA yo.krk dh ek=kk dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ,d feyhckj ,d oxZ lseh- ij ,d xzke


Hkkj ds cy ds cjkcj gksrk gSA lenkc js•k leqæ ry ds cjkcj rFkk xaxk MsYVk rd tkrh gSA blds vfrfjDr] mÙkj&iwoZ esa dchZ
?kVk, gq, leku ok;q nkc okys LFkkuksa dks feykrh gSA ,saxykWx o es?kky; dk iBkj rFkk if'pe esa jktLFkku Hkh blh •aM
yy ÅèokZèkj forj.k % xSlksa dk feJ.k gksus ds dkj.k gok ncko ls ds foLrkj gSaA if'pe caxky esa ekynk Hkza'k mÙkj&iwohZ Hkkx esa fLFkr
ladqfpr gksus dh {kerk j•rh gSA blfy,] bldk ?kuRo fupyh es?kky; o dkchZ ,axykSax iBkj dks NksVk ukxiqj iBkj ls vyx
ijrksa esa lokZfèkd gksrk gS D;ksafd ;gk¡ ;g Åij dh gok ds Hkkj djrk gSA jktLFkku esa ;g çk;}hih; •aM e#LFky o e#LFky ln`'k
ls nch jgrh gSA blds ifj.kkeLo:i ok;qeaMy dh fupyh ijrksa LFkykÑfr;ksa ls <dk gqvk gSA
dh gok ds ?kuRo vkSj nkc nksuksa vfèkd gksrs gSaA blds foijhr] yy çk;}hi eq[;r% çkphu uhl o xzsukbV ls cuk gSA dSfEcz;u dYi
Åijh ijrksa dh gok de nch gqbZ gS] vr% mlds ?kuRo vkSj nkc ls ;g Hkw&•aM ,d dBksj •aM ds :i esa •M+k gSA vioknLo:i
nksuksa de gksrs gSaA Å¡pkbZ ds lkFk gok dk nkc ges'kk ?kVrk tkrk if'peh rV leqæ esa Mwck gksus vkSj dqN fgLls foorZfud fØ;kvksa ls
gS] ysfdu blds ?kVus dh nj ges'kk ,dleku ugha gksrh gSA ;g ifjofrZr gksus ds mijkar Hkh bl Hkw&•aM ds okLrfod vkèkkj ry ij
gok ds ?kuRo] rkieku] tyok"i dh ek=kk rFkk xq#Rokd"kZ.k 'kfDr çHkko ugha iM+rk gSA baMks&vkWLVªsfy;u IysV dk fgLlk gksus ds dkj.k
ij fuHkZj gSA pw¡fd ;s lHkh dkjd ifjorZu'khy gSa] blfy, Å¡pkbZ ;g ÅèokZèkj gypyksa o •aM Hkza'k ls çHkkfor gSA ueZnk] rkih vkSj
vkSj ok;q nkc ds chp dksbZ lhèkk vkuqikfrd lacaèk ugha gksrkA fiQj egkunh dh fjÝV ?kkfV;k¡ rFkk lriqM+k CykWd ioZr blds mnkgj.k
Hkh] lkekU; :i ls ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd {kksHkeaMy esa ok;q gSaA çk;}hi esa eq[;r% vof'k"V igkfM+;k¡ 'kkfey gSa] tSls& vjkoyh]
nkc ?kVus dh vkSlr nj çfr 300 ehVj dh Å¡pkbZ ij yxHkx uYykekyk] tkoknh] osyhdksMa k] ikydksMa k Js.kh vkSj egsæa fxfj igkfM+;k¡
34 feyhckj gSA ok;qeaMy ds fupys Hkkx esa ok;q nkc] Å¡pkbZ ds vkfnA ;gk¡ dh unh ?kkfV;k¡ mFkyh gSa vkSj mudh ço.krk de gksrh
lkFk rhozrk ls ?kVrk gSA ;g ßkl nj çR;sd 10 ehVj dh Å¡pkbZ gSA iwoZ dh vksj cgus okyh vfèkdka'k ufn;k¡ caxky dh •kM+h esa
ij 1 feyhckj gksrh gSA ÅèokZèkj nkc ço.krk] {kSfrt nkc ço.krk fxjus ls igys MsYVk fuekZ.k djrh gSaA egkunh] xksnkojh vkSj Ñ".kk
dh vis{kk vfèkd gksrh gSA fdarq] blds foijhr fn'kk esa dk;Zjr }kjk fufeZr MsYVk blds mnkgj.k gSaA
xq#Rokd"kZ.k cy ls ;g larqfyr gks tkrh gS] vr% ÅèokZèkj iousa
vfèkd 'kfDr'kkyh ugha gksrhaA yy bl çdkj] fodYi (d) lgh gSA
yy bl çdkj] fodYi (d) lgh gSA 22- mÙkj % (c)
20- mÙkj % (a) O;k[;k %

O;k[;k % yy rjy eSXek tc i`Foh ds èkjkry ij igq¡prk gS rks mldk xSlh;
yy xzhd Hkk"kk esa yhFkkl dk vFkZ gS iRFkj] ,Vekl dk vFkZ gS ok"i] va'k ok;qeaMy esa foyhu gks tkrk gSA bl xSljfgr eSXek dks ykok
áwMj dk vFkZ gS ty vkSj ck;ksl dk vFkZ gS thouA vr% ;qXe 1 dgrs gSaA ;g ykok tc Bksl :i èkkj.k dj ysrk gS rks bls cfgoZsèkh
lgh lqesfyr gS rFkk ;qXe 2 vkSj 3 lgh lqesfyr ugha gSaA vkXus; pV~Vku dgrs gSaA bls Tokykeq•h pV~Vku Hkh dgrs gSaA i`Foh
ds rIr xHkZ ls ckgj èkjkry ij ykok cM+h rs”kh ls BaMk gksrk gS
yy blh çdkj] vU; 'kCnksa dh mRifÙk gqbZ gS] tSls& bfXul % ySfVu
ftlds dkj.k cfgoZsèkh vkXus; pV~Vku esa cgqr NksVs vkdkj ds jos
'kCn bfXul ftldk vFkZ gS vfXu_ lsfMesaVªh % ySfVu 'kCn lsfMesaVe
ftldk vFkZ gS fLFkj_ esVkekW£iQd % xzhd 'kCn esVkeksjiQksl ftldk curs gSaA ;s pV~Vkusa] ns•us esa eghu d.kksa okyh yxrh gSaA tc buds
vFkZ gS :i ifjorZuA d.k brus NksVs gksa fd mUgsa igpkuk u tk lds rks ;s pV~Vkusa dk¡p
tSlh fn•rh gSaA cslkYV eghu d.kksa okyh cfgoZs/h vkXus; pV~Vku
dk mÙke mnkgj.k gSA bl pV~Vku ls çk;}hih; Hkkjr ds if'peksÙkj
21- mÙkj % (d) Hkkx esa yxHkx 5]00]000 oxZ fdeh- dk {ks=k <dk gqvk gSA bl {ks=k
O;k[;k % dks MsDdu VªSi dgrs gSaA bl {ks=k esa lery f'k•j okyh igkfM+;k¡
yy çk;}hih; •aM % bldh mÙkjh lhek dVh&iQVh gS tks dPN ls gSaA cslkYV dk mi;ksx lM+d cukus esa fd;k tkrk gSA bl pV~Vku
vkjaHk gksdj vjkoyh igkfM+;ksa ds if'pe ls xq”kjrh gqbZ fnYyh ds {kj.k ls mitkÅ dkyh feV~Vh dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS ftls bl {ks=k
rd vkSj fiQj ;equk o xaxk unh ds lekukarj jktegy dh igkfM+;ksa esa ^jsxqj* dgrs gSaA vr% dFku 2 vkSj 3 lgh gSaA


yy lHkh vkXus; pV~Vkusa eSXek ls gh curh gSa vkSj çR;sd varoZsèkh pV~Vku ls 4&5% fdLesa Hkkjr esa ikbZ tkrh gSaA gekjs ns'k esa brus cM+s iSekus
dk ,d cfgoZsèkh çfr:i gksrk gSA ;s pV~Vkusa LFkwy] ijr jfgr] ij tSo&fofoèkrk dk dkj.k ;gk¡ ij ik, tkus okys fofHkUu çdkj
dBksj] l?ku rFkk thok'ejfgr gksrh gSaA budk jax cslkYV tSlk xgjk ds ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k gSa] ftUgsa geus ;qxksa ls lajf{kr j•k gSA le;
vFkok xzsukbV tSlk gYdk gksrk gS tks muesa ik, tkus okys flfydk ds lkFk ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=kksa ds vkokl ekuo fØ;kvksa }kjk çHkkfor
dh ek=kk ij fuHkZj djrk gSA flfydk dh ek=kk de gksus ij jax gq, vkSj ifj.kkeLo:i tSo çtkfr;ksa dh la[;k dkiQh de gks xbZ
xgjk vkSj vfèkd gksus ij gYdk gksrk gSA ftu pV~Vkuksa esa flfydk gSA dqN tSo çtkfr;k¡ rks yqIr gksus ds dxkj ij gSaA oU; çkf.k;ksa
dh ek=kk vfèkd gksrh gS mUgsa vEyh; dgrs gSaA ftu pV~Vkuksa esa dh la[;k de gksus ds eq[; dkj.k gSa&
flfydk dh ek=kk de gksrh gS mUgsa {kkjh; dgrs gSaA {kkjh; pV~Vkuksa hhÑf"k vkS|ksfxdh vkSj rduhdh fodkl ds dkj.k ouksa ds nksgu
esa vkWDlkbM dh ek=kk vfèkd gksrh gS vkSj os vfèkd l?ku rFkk dh xfr rs”k gqbZA
ns•us esa vfèkd xgjs jax dh gksrh gSaA ;s pV~Vkusa jok&;qDr gksrh gSaA
hh•srh] ekuoh; cLrh] lM+dksa] •nkuksa] tyk'k;ksa bR;kfn ds fy,
rjy ls Bksl voLFkk esa cnyrs le; buesa joksa dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA
”kehu ls ouksa dks lkiQ fd;k x;kA
joksa dk vkdkj eSXek ds BaMk gksus dh vofèk ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
vr% dFku 1 lgh gSA hhLFkkuh; yksxksa us pkjs] b±èku vkSj bekjrh ydM+h ds fy, ouksa ls
yy bl çdkj] fodYi (c) lgh gSA isM+ dkVs vkSj ouksa ij ncko c<+k;kA
hhikyrw i'kqvksa ds fy, u, pjkxkgksa dh •kst esa ekuo us oU;
23- mÙkj % (c)
thoksa vkSj muds vkoklksa dks u"V fd;kA
O;k[;k %
hhjtokM+ksa rFkk lEHkzkar oxZ us f'kdkj dks euksjatu ds :i esa
yy czãiq=k unh fgeky; dh lcls iwohZ lhek cukrh gSA fngkax egk•M~M viuk;k vkSj ,d gh ckj esa lSdM+ksa oU; thoksa dk f'kdkj fd;kA
(xktZ) ds ckn fgeky; nf{k.k dh vksj ,d rh•k eksM+ cukrs gq, O;kikfjd egÙo ds fy, vHkh Hkh i'kqvksa dks ekjk tk jgk gSA
Hkkjr dh iwohZ lhek ds lkFk iQSy tkrk gSA bUgsa iwok±py ;k iwohZ
hhtaxyksa esa vkx yxus ls Hkh ou vkSj oU; çkf.k;ksa dh çtkfr;k¡
igkfM+;ksa rFkk ioZr Ükà•ykvksa ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA ;s igkfM+;k¡
mÙkj&iwohZ jkT;ksa ls gksdj xq”kjrh gSa rFkk e”kcwr cyqvk iRFkjksa] tks u"V gqb±A
volknh 'kSy gS] ls cuh gSaA ;s ?kus taxyksa ls <dh gSa rFkk vfèkdrj yy bl çdkj] fodYi (d) lgh gSA
lekukarj Ükà•ykvksa ,oa ?kkfV;ksa ds :i esa iQSyh gSaA fgeky; ioZr 25- mÙkj % (b)
ds bl Hkkx esa igkfM+;ksa dh fn'kk mÙkj ls nf{k.k gSA iwok±py esa
iVdkbZ] ukxk] fe”kks ;k yqlkbZ rFkk ef.kiqj igkfM+;k¡ 'kkfey gSaA O;k[;k %
yy nf{k.k dk iBkj ,d f=kHkqtkdkj HkwHkkx gS] tks ueZnk unh ds nf{k.k yy :ikarfjr pV~Vkusa% mi;qDr nkc vkSj rki ls] tc pV~Vkuksa ds ewy
esa fLFkr gSA mÙkj esa blds pkSM+s vkèkkj ij lriqM+k dh Ükà•yk gS] y{k.k esa vkaf'kd vFkok iw.kZ ifjorZu gksrk gS rks ge mUgsa :ikarfjr
tcfd egknso] dSewj dh igkM+h rFkk eSdky Ükà•yk blds iwohZ pV~Vkusa dgrs gSaA vfèkdka'kr% èkjkry ls 12 ls 16 fdeh- uhps
foLrkj gSaA bl iBkj dk ,d Hkkx mÙkj&iwoZ esa Hkh ns•k tkrk gS] tc pV~Vkusa Bksl vFkok IykfLVd voLFkk esa jgrh gSa rHkh buesa
ftls LFkkuh; :i ls ês?kky;*] ^dkchZ ,axykSax iBkj* rFkk ^mÙkj ifjorZu gksrk gSA vR;fèkd ncko ds dkj.k gksus okys ifjorZu dks
dpkj igkM+h* ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA ;g ,d Hkza'k ds }kjk NksVk xfrd :ikarj.k dgrs gSaA bl gkyr esa xzsukbV uhl esa rFkk feV~Vh
ukxiqj iBkj ls vyx gks x;k gSA vkSj 'ksy f'kLV esa :ikarfjr gks tkrs gSaA uhl vkSj f'kLV esa cM+h
yy bl çdkj] fodYi (c) lgh gSA gh Li"V èkkjhnkj cukoV gksrh gSA bu pV~Vkuksa ds •fut yxHkx
lekukarj ijrksa esa O;ofLFkr gks tkrs gSaA f'kLV dh èkkfj;k¡ uhl dh
24- mÙkj % (d)
èkkfj;ksa dh rqyuk esa iryh gksrh gSa] ;|fi mlesa lHkh ewy •fut
O;k[;k % ekStwn jgrs gSaA Hkkjr esa ;s nksuksa rjg dh pV~Vkusa ikbZ tkrh gSaA ;s
yy Hkkjr esa oU; çk.kh ,d egku çkÑfrd èkjksgj gSaA ;g vuqeku fgeky; ioZr ij Hkh feyrh gSaA ukbl vfèkdrj bekjrh iRFkj ds
yxk;k x;k gS fd fo'o ds Kkr ikSèkksa vkSj çkf.k;ksa dh fdLeksa esa :i esa bLrseky fd;k tkrk gSA

yy HkwiiZVh esa ekStwn vR;fèkd m"ek ds çHkko ls volknh rFkk vkXus; yy ikuh ds ?kuRo esa varj] egklkxjh; tyèkkjkvksa ds ÅèokZèkj xfr
pV~Vkuksa ds •futksa esa tc joksa dk iqufuZekZ.k vFkok :i ifjorZu dks çHkkfor djrk gSA vfèkd •kjk ty fuEu •kjs ty dh vis{kk
gksrk gS rks mls rkih; :ikarj.k vFkok Li'kZ :ikarj.k dgrs gSaA ”;knk l?ku gksrk gS rFkk blh çdkj BaMk ty] xeZ ty dh vis{kk
ioZr fuekZ.k okys {ks=kksa esa ;k Tokykeq•h {ks=kksa esa eSXek èkjkry ds vfèkd l?ku gksrk gSA l?ku ty uhps cSBrk gS] tcfd gYds ty
lehi okyh pV~Vkuksa esa ?kql tkrk gSA ,sls varoZsèku ds le; yxHkx dh ço`fÙk Åij mBus dh gksrh gSA BaMs ty okyh egklkxjh; èkkjk,¡
2 fdeh- rd ds lhfer {ks=k esa vfèkd rki okys eSXek ds Li'kZ ls rc mRiUu gksrh gSa] tc èkqzoksa ds ikl okys ty uhps cSBrs gSa ,oa
pV~Vkusa :ikarfjr gks tkrh gSaA bu ij çHkko Mkyus okyk rki 50 ls èkhjs&èkhjs fo"kqor o`Ùk dh vksj xfr djrs gSaA xeZ tyèkkjk,¡ fo"kqor
o`Ùk ls lrg ds lkFk gksrs gq, èkqzoksa dh vksj tkrh gSa vkSj BaMs ty
80 fMxzh lsfYl;l rd gksrk gSA ,ojsLV f'k•j ij :ikarfjr pwus
dk LFkku ysrh gSaA
ds iRFkj ds ik, tkus dk dkj.k dqN ,slk gh gSA bl çdkj ds
yy bl çdkj] fodYi (d) lgh gSA
:ikarj.k ls cyqvk iRFkj DokV~tkZbV esa vkSj feV~Vh rFkk 'ksy LysV esa
cny tkrs gSaA dks;yk ,aFkzklkbV rFkk xzsiQkbV esa cny tkrk gS ftlesa 27- mÙkj % (c)
dkcZu dh ek=kk 90» rd gks tkrh gSA pwus ds iRFkj dk gh ,d O;k[;k %
ifjofrZr :i laxejej gSA 150° ls 200°C rd ds rki ds çHkko yy eè; ,oa fuEu v{kka'kksa esa egklkxjksa ds rkieku dh lajpuk dks
ls LysV vkSj vfèkd ifjofrZr gksdj iQkbykbV esa cny tkrk gSA lrg ls ryh dh vksj rhu ijrksa okyh ç.kkyh ds :i esa le>k;k
yy bl çdkj] fodYi (b) lgh gSA tk ldrk gSA igyh ijr xeZ egklkxjh; ty dh lcls Åijh ijr
gksrh gS tks yxHkx 500 ehVj eksVh gksrh gS vkSj bldk rkieku
26- mÙkj % (d)
20°C ls 25°C ds chp gksrk gSA m".kdfVcaèkh; {ks=kksa esa] ;g ijr
O;k[;k % iwjs o"kZ mifLFkr gksrh gS] tcfd eè; v{kka'kksa esa ;g dsoy xzh"e
yy egklkxjh; èkkjk,¡ % ;s egklkxjksa esa fuf'pr ekxZ o fn'kk esa ty ½rq esa fodflr gksrh gSA nwljh ijr ftls rki ço.krk (FkekZsDykbu)
ds fu;fer çokg dks n'kkZrh gSaA egklkxjh; èkkjk,¡ nks çdkj ds ijr dgk tkrk gS] igyh ijr ds uhps fLFkr gksrh gSA blesa xgjkbZ
cyksa ds }kjk çHkkfor gksrh gSa] os gSa& (i) çkFkfed cy] tks ty ds c<+us ds lkFk rkieku esa rhoz fxjkoV vkrh gSA ;gk¡ FkekZsDykbu
dh xfr dks çkjaHk djrk gS] rFkk (ii) f}rh;d cy] tks èkkjkvksa ds dh eksVkbZ 500 ls 1]000 ehVj rd gksrh gSA vr% dFku 1 lgh gSA
çokg dks fu;af=kr djrk gSA çkFkfed cy] tks èkkjkvksa dks çHkkfor yy rhljh ijr cgqr vfèkd BaMh gksrh gS rFkk xaHkhj egklkxjh; ryh
djrs gSa] os gSa& (i) lkSj ÅtkZ ls ty dk xeZ gksuk] (ii) ok;q] (iii) rd foLr`r gksrh gSA vkdZfVd ,oa vaVkdZfVd o`Ùkksa esa] lrgh ty
xq#Rokd"kZ.k rFkk (iv) dksfj;ksfyl cyA lkSj ÅtkZ ls xeZ gksdj dk rkieku 0°C ds fudV gksrk gS vkSj blfy, xgjkbZ ds lkFk
rkieku esa cgqr de ifjorZu gksrk gSA ;gk¡ BaMs ikuh dh dsoy
ty iQSyrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd fo"kqor o`Ùk ds ikl egklkxjh;
,d gh ijr ikbZ tkrh gS tks lrg ls xaHkhj egklkxjh; ryh rd
ty dk Lrj eè; v{kka'kksa dh vis{kk 8 lseh- vfèkd Å¡pk gksrk
foLr`r gksrh gSA
gSA blds dkj.k cgqr de ço.krk mRiUu gksrh gS rFkk ty dk
yy og lhek {ks=k tgk¡ rkieku esa rhoz fxjkoV vkrh gS] rki ço.krk
cgko <ky ls uhps dh rjiQ gksrk gSA egklkxj ds lrg ij cgus
(FkekZsDykbu) dgk tkrk gSA ty ds dqy vk;ru dk yxHkx 90%
okyh ok;q ty dks xfreku djrh gSA bl Øe esa ok;q ,oa ikuh xgjs egklkxj esa rki ço.krk (FkekZsDykbu) ds uhps ik;k tkrk
dh lrg ds chp mRiUu gksus okyk ?k"kZ.k cy ty dh xfr dks gSA bl {ks=k esa rkieku 0°C igq¡p tkrk gSA vr% dFku 2 lgh gSA
çHkkfor djrk gSA xq#Rokd"kZ.k ds dkj.k ty uhps cSBrk gS vkSj yy bl çdkj] fodYi (c) lgh gSA
;g ,df=kr ty nkc ço.krk esa fHkUurk ykrk gSA dksfj;kfyl cy
ds dkj.k mÙkjh xksyk¼Z esa ty dh xfr dh fn'kk ds nkfguh rjiQ 28- mÙkj % (a)
vkSj nf{k.kh xksyk¼Z esa ckb± vksj çokfgr gksrk gS rFkk muds pkjksa O;k[;k %
vksj cgko dks oy; dgk tkrk gSA buds dkj.k lHkh egklkxjh; yy v{kka'kh; Å"ek larqyu % ÅtkZ dh dksbZ okLrfod çkfIr ;k gkfu
csfluksa esa o`gr~ o`Ùkkdkj èkkjk,¡ mRiUu gksrh gSaA ugha gksrh gS] ysfdu i`Foh vkSj ok;qeMa y ds eè; ÅtkZ dk LFkkukarj.k


gksrk jgrk gSA i`Foh dh xksy vkÑfr ds dkj.k v{kka'kh; dfVcaèkksa ^•knj* vkSj ^ckaxj* uke dh nks fHkUu e`nk,¡ fodflr gqbZ gSaA •knj
esa lw;kZri ds {kSfrt forj.k esa ifjorZu vk tkrk gSA 37.5° mÙkj çfro"kZ ck<+ksa ds }kjk fu{ksfir gksus okyk u;k tyks<+d gS tks eghu
rFkk 37.5° nf{k.k v{kka'kksa ds chp esa Å"ek dh çkfIr] mldh gkfu xkn gksus ds dkj.k e`nk dh moZjrk c<+k nsrk gSA ckaxj iqjkuk tyks<+d
ls dgha vfèkd gksrh gSA blds foijhr eè; vkSj mPp v{kka'kksa esa] gksrk gS ftldk teko ck<+Ñr eSnkuksa ls nwj gksrk gSA •knj vkSj
Å"ek vkrh de gS vkSj fudyrh ”;knk gSA ;g dsoy rHkh laHko ckaxj e`nkvksa esa dSfY'k;eh laxzFku] vFkkZr~ dadM+ ik, tkrs gSaA fuEu
gS] tcfd fuEu v{kka'kksa ls vfrfjDr ÅtkZ eè; vkSj mPp v{kka'kksa esa rFkk eè; xaxk ds eSnku vkSj czãiq=k ?kkVh esa ;s e`nk,¡ vfèkd nqeVh
LFkkukarfjr gks tk,A Å"ek dk ;g LFkkukarj.k iouksa vkSj egklkxjh; vkSj e`.e; gSaA vr% dFku 1 vkSj 2 lgh gSaA
èkkjkvksa ds }kjk gksrk gSA i`Foh vkSj ok;qeaMy ds vleku :i ls
yy tyks<+ e`nkvksa dk jax gYds èkwlj ls jk[k/wlj tSlk gksrk gSA bldk
xeZ gksus ds dkj.k ok;qeaMy rFkk egklkxjksa esa ifjlapj.k gksrk gSA
jax fu{ksi.k dh xgjkbZ] tyks<+ ds xBu vkSj fuekZ.k esa yxus okyh
ok;q vkSj ty ds ifjlapj.k ds }kjk gh i`Foh ij Å"ek dk larqyu
cuk gqvk gSA vr% dFku 1 lgh gSA le;kofèk ij fuHkZj djrk gSA tyks<+ e`nkvksa ij xgu Ñf"k dh tkrh
gSA vr% dFku 3 vkSj 4 lgh gSaA
yy i`Foh dk Å"ek ctV % i`Foh Å"ek dk u rks lap; djrh gS u
gh ßkl djrh gSA ;g vius rkieku dks fLFkj j•rh gSA ekuk fd yy bl çdkj] fodYi (d) lgh gSA
ok;qeaMy dh Åijh lrg ij çkIr lw;kZri 100% gSA ok;qeaMy ls 30- mÙkj % (a)
xq”kjrs gq, ÅtkZ dk dqN va'k ijkofrZr] çdhf.kZr ,oa vo'kksf"kr
O;k[;k %
gks tkrk gSA dsoy 'ks"k Hkkx gh i`Foh dh lrg rd igq¡prk gSA
100 bdkbZ esa ls 35 bdkb;k¡ i`Foh ds èkjkry ij igq¡pus ls igys
yy ckny] ikuh dh NksVh cw¡nksa ;k ciQZ ds NksVs joksa dh lagfr gksrk gS
gh varfj{k esa ijkofrZr gks tkrh gSaA çFke 35 bdkb;ksa dks NksM+dj tks i;kZIr Å¡pkbZ ij Lora=k gok esa tyok"i ds la?kuu ds dkj.k
ckdh 65 bdkb;k¡ vo'kksf"kr gksrh gSa& 14 ok;qeaMy esa rFkk 51 curs gSaA pw¡fd] ckny dk fuekZ.k i`Foh dh lrg ls dqN Å¡pkbZ
i`Foh ds èkjkry }kjkA i`Foh }kjk vo'kksf"kr ;s 51 bdkb;k¡ iqu% ij gksrk gS] blfy, ;s fofHkUu vkdkjksa ds gksrs gSaA budh Å¡pkbZ]
ikfFkZo fofdj.k ds :i esa ykSVk nh tkrh gSaA buesa ls 17 bdkb;k¡ foLrkj] ?kuRo rFkk ikjnf'kZrk ;k vikjnf'kZrk ds vkèkkj ij cknyksa
rks lhèks varfj{k esa pyh tkrh gSa vkSj 34 bdkb;k¡ ok;qeaMy }kjk dks pkj :iksa esa oxhZÑr fd;k tkrk gS& (i) i{kkHk es?k_ (ii) diklh
vo'kksf"kr gksrh gSa& 6 bdkb;k¡ Lo;a ok;qeaMy }kjk] 9 bdkb;k¡ es?k_ (iii) Lrjh es?k_ (iv) o"kkZ es?kA
laogu ds tfj, vkSj 19 bdkb;k¡ la?kuu dh xqIr Å"ek ds :i esaA yy i{kkHk es?k % budk fuekZ.k 8]000&12]000 ehVj dh Å¡pkbZ ij
vr% dFku 2 lgh ugha gSA gksrk gSA ;s irys rFkk fc•js gq, ckny gksrs gSa] tks iads leku çrhr
yy bl çdkj] fodYi (a) lgh gSA gksrs gSaA ;s ges'kk liQsn jax ds gksrs gSaA
29- mÙkj % (d) yy diklh es?k % ;s #bZ ds leku fn•rs gSaA ;s çk;% 4]000 ls 7]000
ehVj dh Å¡pkbZ ij curs gSaA ;s fNrjs rFkk bèkj&mèkj fc•js ns•s
O;k[;k %
tk ldrs gSaA ;s piVs vkèkkj okys gksrs gSaA
yy tyks<+ e`nk,¡ % ;s mÙkjh eSnku vkSj unh ?kkfV;ksa ds foLr`r Hkkxksa esa
ikbZ tkrh gSaA ;s e`nk,¡ ns'k ds dqy {ks=kiQy ds yxHkx 40% Hkkx yy Lrjh es?k % ;s ijrnkj ckny gksrs gSa tks vkdk'k ds cgqr cM+s
dks <ds gq, gSaA ;s fu{ksi.k e`nk,¡ gSa ftUgsa ufn;ksa vkSj lfjrkvksa us Hkkx ij iQSys jgrs gSaA ;s ckny lkekU;r% ;k rks Å"ek ds ßkl ;k
okfgr rFkk fu{ksfir fd;k gSA ;s jktLFkku ds ,d ladh.kZ xfy;kjs vyx&vyx rkiekuksa ij gok ds vkil esa fefJr gksus ls curs gSaA
ls ysdj xqtjkr ds eSnku rd iQSyh gSaA çk;}hih; çns'k esa ;s iwohZ yy o"kkZ es?k % ;s dkys ;k xgjs LysVh jax ds gksrs gSaA ;s eè; Lrjksa
rV dh ufn;ksa ds MsYVkvksa vkSj ufn;ksa dh ?kkfV;ksa esa ikbZ tkrh gSaA ;k i`Foh ds lrg ds dkiQh u”knhd curs gSaA ;s lw;Z dh fdj.kksa
yy tyks<+ e`nk,¡ xBu esa cyqbZ nqeV ls fpduh feV~Vh dh çÑfr dh ds fy, cgqr gh vikjn'khZ gksrs gSaA dHkh&dHkh ckny bruh de
ikbZ tkrh gSaA lkekU;r% buesa iksVk'k dh ek=kk vfèkd vkSj iQkLiQksjl Å¡pkbZ ij gksrs gSa fd ;s lrg dks Nwrs gq, çrhr gksrs gSaA o"kkZ es?k
dh ek=kk de ikbZ tkrh gSA xaxk ds Åijh vkSj eè;orhZ eSnku esa eksVs tyok"i dh vkÑfrfoghu lagfr gksrs gSaA


yy mi;ZqDr pkj ewy :iksa ds ckny feydj fuEufyf•r :iksa ds cknyksa 32- mÙkj % (c)
dk fuekZ.k djrs gSa& Å¡ps ckny& i{kkHk] i{kkHk Lrjh] i{kkHk diklh_ O;k[;k %
eè; Å¡pkbZ ds ckny& Lrjh eè; rFkk diklh eè;_ de Å¡pkbZ ds yy i`Foh ds ?kw.kZu ds dkj.k iou nkc ço.krk }kjk funZsf'kr fn'kk
ckny& Lrjh diklh] Lrjh o"kkZ es?k ,oa diklh o"kkZ es?kA esa lenkc js•kvksa ds ledks.k ij ugha cgrk] cfYd viuh ewy
yy bl çdkj] fodYi (a) lgh gSA fn'kk ls fo{ksfir gks tkrk gSA i`Foh ds ?kw.kZu ds dkj.k mRiUu bl
31- mÙkj % (b) vkHkklh fo{ksid cy dks dksfjvkWfyl cy dgrs gSaA lu~ 1844
esa Úk¡fllh oSKkfud us bldk fooj.k çLrqr fd;kA bl çHkko ds
O;k[;k %
dkj.k] mÙkjh xksyk¼Z ds iou viuh nkfguh vksj rFkk nf{k.kh xksyk¼Z
yy dksgjk ,oa dqgklk % tc cgqr vfèkd ek=kk esa tyok"i ls Hkjh ds iou viuh ckb± vksj fo{ksfir gks tkrs gSaA bl fo{ksi dks iQsjsy
gqbZ ok;q lagfr vpkud uhps dh vksj fxjrh gS rc NksVs&NksVs èkwy uked oSKkfud us fl¼ fd;k Fkk] vr% bls iQsjsy dk fu;e dgrs
ds d.kksa ds Åij gh la?kuu dh çfØ;k gksrh gSA blfy,] dksgjk gSaA dksfjvkWfyl cy v{kka'kksa ds dks.k ds lhèkk lekuqikr esa c<+rk
,d ckny gS ftldk vkèkkj lrg ij ;k lrg ds cgqr u”knhd gSA ;g èkqzoksa ij lokZfèkd vkSj fo"kqor o`Ùk ij vuqifLFkr gksrk gSA
gksrk gSA dksgjk rFkk dqgklk ds dkj.k n`';rk de ls 'kwU; rd gks yy dksfjvkWfyl cy nkc ço.krk ds ledks.k ij dk;Z djrk gSA nkc
tkrh gSA uxjh; ,oa vkS|ksfxd dsaæksa esa èkq,¡ dh vfèkdrk ds dkj.k ço.krk cy lenkc js•kvksa ds ledks.k ij gksrk gSA ftruh nkc
dsaædksa dh ek=kk dh Hkh vfèkdrk gksrh gS tks dksgjs vkSj dqgkls ço.krk vfèkd gksxh] iouksa dk osx mruk gh vfèkd gksxk vkSj
ds cuus esa enn nsrh gSA ,slh fLFkfr dks] ftlesa dksgjk rFkk èkqvk¡ iouksa dh fn'kk mruh gh vfèkd fo{ksfir gksxhA bu nks cyksa ds
lfEefyr :i ls curs gSa] ^èkwez dksgjk* dgrs gSaA dqgkls ,oa dksgjs ,d&nwljs ls ledks.k ij gksus ds dkj.k fuEu nkc {ks=kksa esa iousa blh
esa dsoy bruk varj gksrk gS fd dqgkls esa dksgjs dh vis{kk ueh ds bnZ&fxnZ cgrh gSaA fo"kqor o`Ùk ij dksfjvkWfyl cy 'kwU; gksrk gS
vfèkd gksrh gSA dqgklk igkM+ksa ij vfèkd ik;k tkrk gS D;ksafd vkSj iousa lenkc js•kvksa ds ledks.k ij cgrh gSaA vr% fuEu nkc
Åij mBrh gqbZ xeZ gok <ky ij BaMh lrg ds laidZ esa vkrh gSA {ks=k vkSj vfèkd xgu gksus dh ctk; iwfjr gks tkrk gSA ;gh dkj.k
dksgjs] dqgkls dh vis{kk vfèkd 'kq"d gksrs gSa rFkk tgk¡ xeZ gok gS fd fo"kqor o`Ùk ds fudV m".kdfVcaèkh; pØokr ugha cursA
dh èkkjk BaMh gok ds laidZ esa vkrh gS ogk¡ ;s çcy gksrs gSaA dksgjs yy dksfjvkWfyl cy iou dh fn'kk dks ifjofrZr djrk gS] u fd mldh
NksVs ckny gksrs gSa ftlesa èkwyd.k] èkq,¡ ds d.k rFkk ued ds d.k xfr dksA ;g fo{ksid cy rc rd viuk vfLrÙo fNik, jgrk gS
gksrs gSaA dsaædksa ds pkjksa vksj la?kuu dh fØ;k gksrh gSA vr% dFku tc rd fd ok;q esa xfr ugha vk tkrhA ok;q dh xfr esa o`f¼ ds
3 lgh] ysfdu dFku 2 lgh ugha gSA lkFk gh bl cy dh ek=kk esa Hkh o`f¼ gks tkrh gSA ?kw.kZu djrh
yy çdk'k jklk;fud èkwez dksgjs ds lkekU; ?kVd vks”kksu] ukbfVªd gqbZ i`Foh ij ?kw.kZu ds dsaæ dh fn'kk esa ok;q ds vanj dh vksj gksus
vkWDlkbM] ,Øksyhu] iQkeZsfYMgkbM ,oa ijkWDlh,slhfVy ukbVªsV okys Roj.k ds dkj.k] iou ds fy, LFkkuh; mPp ok;qnkc ;k fuEu
(PAN) gSaA çdk'k jklk;fud èkwez&dksgjs ds dkj.k Hkh xaHkhj LokLF; ok;q nkc ds pkjksa rjiQ] lenkc js•kvksa ds yxHkx lekukarj] ,d
leL;k,¡ gksrh gSaA vks”kksu ,oa ukbfVªd vkWDlkbM ukd ,oa xys esa oØiFk cuk, j•uk laHko gksrk gSA bls vfHkdsaæh; Roj.k dgrs gSaA
tyu iSnk djrs gSaA budh mPp lkaærk ls flj nnZ] Nkrh esa nnZ] vr% dFku 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa lgh gSaA
xys dk 'kq"d gksuk] •k¡lh ,oa 'okl vojksèk gks ldrk gSA çdk'k yy lery egklkxjh; ry ij ?k"kZ.k dh ek=kk de gksus ls iou lenkc
jklk;fud èkwez dksgjk jcj esa njkj mRiUu djrk gS ,oa ikSèkksa ij js•kvksa ds lkFk vis{kkÑr U;wu dks.k cukrs gq, rhoz xfr ls cg
gkfudkjd çHkko Mkyrk gSA ;g èkkrqvksa] iRFkjksa] Hkou fuekZ.k ds ldrh gSA LFky•aMksa ds #•M+ èkjkry ij ?k"kZ.k dh ek=kk vfèkd
inkFkks± ,oa jaxh gqbZ lrgksa (Painted Surfaces) dk {k; Hkh djrk gksrh gSA vr% iou lenkc js•kvksa ds lkFk vis{kkÑr cM+k dks.k
gSA vr% dFku 1 lgh gSA cukrh gS vkSj mldh xfr Hkh dkiQh èkheh gks tkrh gSA
yy bl çdkj] fodYi (b) lgh gSA yy bl çdkj] fodYi (c) lgh gSA


33- mÙkj % (a) dks okrkxz&tuu dgrs gSaA okrkxz pkj çdkj ds gksrs gSa& (i) 'khr
O;k[;k % okrkxz (ii) m".k okrkxz (iii) vpj okrkxz (iv) vfèkfo"V okrkxzA tc
yy i`Foh ds i`"B ij nkusnkj d.kksa ds vkoj.k dh iryh ijr e`nk okrkxz fLFkj gks tk, rks bls vpj okrkxz dgk tkrk gS (vFkkZr~ ,slk
dgykrh gSA ;g Hkwfe ls fudVrk ls tqM+h gqbZ gSA gesa e`nk dh rhu okrkxz tc dksbZ Hkh ok;q Åij ugha mBrh)A tc 'khry o Hkkjh ok;q
ijrsa fn•kbZ nsrh gSa ftUgsa laLrj dgk tkrk gSA lcls Åijh laLrj vkØked :i esa m".k ok;qjkf'k;ksa dks Åij èkdsyrh gSa] bl laidZ
esa ikSèkksa dh o`f¼ ds fy, vfuok;Z tSo inkFkks± dk •fut inkFkZ] {ks=k dks 'khr okrkxz dgrs gSaA ;fn xeZ ok;qjkf'k;k¡ vkØked :i
iks"kd rÙoksa rFkk ty ls la;ksx gksrk gSA laØe.k laLrj dks uhps esa BaMh ok;qjkf'k;ksa ds Åij p<+rh gSa rks bl laidZ {ks=k dks m".k
o Åij nksuksa ls inkFkZ çkIr gksrs gSaA blesa dqN tSo inkFkZ gksrs gSa] okrkxz dgrs gSaA ;fn ,d ok;qjkf'k iw.kZr% èkjkry ds Åij mB tk,
rFkkfi •fut inkFkZ dk vi{k; Li"V u”kj vkrk gSA fupys laLrj rks ,sls okrkxz dks vfèkfo"V okrkxz dgrs gSaA okrkxz eè; v{kka'kksa
dh jpuk <hyh tud lkexzh ls gksrh gSA ;g ijr e`nk fuekZ.k dh esa gh fufeZr gksrs gSa vkSj rhoz ok;q nkc o rkieku ço.krk budh
çfØ;k esa çFke voLFkk gksrh gS vkSj varr% Åij dh nks ijrsa blh fo'ks"krk gSA ;s rkieku esa vpkud cnyko ykrs gSa rFkk blh dkj.k
ls curh gSaA ijrksa dh bl O;oLFkk dks e`nk ifjPNsfndk dgk tkrk ok;q Åij mBrh gS] ckny curs gSa rFkk o"kkZ gksrh gSA
gSA bu rhu laLrjksa ds uhps ,d pV~Vku gksrh gS ftls tud pV~Vku yy m".kdfVcaèkh; pØokr % bu vkØked rwiQkuksa dh mRifÙk
vFkok vkèkkjh pV~Vku dgk tkrk gSA vr% dFku 1 lgh ugha gSA m".kdfVcaèkh; {ks=kksa ds egklkxjksa ij gksrh gSA fgan egklkxj esa ;s
yy ykbdsu iRFkjksa dh lrg ij Hkh mxrs gSaA bl Øe esa os ,d inkFkZ ^pØokr*] vVykafVd egklkxj esa ^gjhdsu* if'pe ç'kkar vkSj nf{k.k
NksM+rs gSa tks iRFkj dh lrg dks pw.kZ ds leku dj nsrk gS vkSj phu lkxj esa ^VkbiQwu* vkSj if'peh vkWLVsªfy;k esa ^foy&foyht*
e`nk dh ,d iryh ijr dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA vc bl lrg ij ds uke ls tkus tkrs gSaA pØokrksa dks vkSj vfèkd foèoald djus
ekWl tSls nwljs NksVs ikSèks mxus esa l{ke gksrs gSa vkSj ;s iRFkj dks okyh ÅtkZ la?kuu çfØ;k }kjk Å¡ps diklh Lrjh es?kksa ls çkIr gksrh
vkSj vfèkd rksM+rs gSaA cM+s isM+ksa dh ewysa dHkh&dHkh iRFkjksa esa cuhgS tks bl rwiQku ds dsaæ dks ?ksjs gksrh gSA
njkjksa esa pyh tkrh gSa vkSj os njkj dks pkSM+k dj nsrh gSaA ykbdsu yy cfg:".k dfVcaèkh; pØokr % dks".k ok;q vkØked :i esa BaMh
uked tho ok;q esa mifLFkr lYiQj MkbvkWDlkbM ds Lrj ds çfr ok;q ds Åij p<+rh gS vkSj m".k okrkxz ds igys Hkkx esa Lrjh es?k
vfèkd laosnh gksrs gSaA ;s çk;% isM+ksa dh Nkyksa ij irys gjs vkSj fn•kbZ nsrs gSa vkSj o"kkZ gksrh gSA ihNs ls vkrk 'khr okrkxz m".k
liQsn jax dh ijr ds :i esa ik, tkrs gSaA vr% dFku 2 lgh gSA ok;q dks Åij èkdsyrk gS] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i 'khr okrkxz ds
yy ySVsjkbV ,d ySfVu 'kCn ^ysVj* ls cuk gS ftldk 'kkfCnd vFkZ lkFk diklh es?k curs gSaA 'khr okrkxz] m".k okrkxz dh vis{kk rhoz
xfr ls pyrs gSa vkSj varr% m".k okrkxzksa dks iwjh rjg <d ysrs gSaA
b±V gksrk gSA ySVsjkbV e`nk,¡ mPp rkieku vkSj Hkkjh o"kkZ ds {ks=kksa esa
fodflr gksrh gSaA ;s e`nk,¡ m".kdfVcaèkh; o"kkZ ds dkj.k gq, rhoz yy bl çdkj] fodYi (b) lgh gSA
fu{kkyu dk ifj.kke gSaA o"kkZ ds lkFk pwuk vkSj flfydk fu{kkfyr 35- mÙkj % (c)
gks tkrs gSa rFkk yksgs ds vkWDlkbM vkSj ,Y;qfefu;e ds ;kSfxd ls
Hkjiwj e`nk,¡ 'ks"k jg tkrh gSaA mPp rkiekuksa esa vklkuh ls iuius O;k[;k %
okys thok.kq áwel dh ek=kk dks rs”kh ls u"V dj nsrs gSaA bu e`nkvksa yy ok;q nkc o iousa % iouksa dk osx o mudh fn'kk] iouksa dks
esa tSo inkFkZ] ukbVªkstu] iQkWLiQsV vkSj dSfY'k;e dh deh gksrh gSA mRiUu djus okys cyksa dk ifj.kke gSaA i`Foh dh lrg ls 2&3
vr% dFku 3 lgh ugha gSA fdeh- dh Å¡pkbZ ij Åijh ok;qeaMy esa iousa èkjkryh; ?k"kZ.k ds
yy bl çdkj] fodYi (a) lgh gSA çHkko ls eqDr gksrh gSa vkSj eq[;r% nkc ço.krk rFkk dksfjvkWfyl
cy ls fu;af=kr gksrh gSaA tc lenkc js•k,¡ lhèkh gksa vkSj ?k"kZ.k
34- mÙkj % (b) dk çHkko u gks] rks nkc ço.krk cy dksfjvkWfyl cy ls larqfyr
O;k[;k % gks tkrk gS vkSj iQyLo:i iousa lenkc js•kvksa ds lekukarj cgrh
yy okrkxz % tc nks fHkUu çdkj dh ok;qjkf'k;k¡ feyrh gSa rks muds gSaA ;s iousa Hkwfo{ksih iouksa ds uke ls tkuh tkrh gSaA vr% dFku
eè; lhek {ks=k dks okrkxz dgrs gSaA okrkxzksa ds cuus dh çfØ;k 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa lgh gSaA


yy fuEu nkc {ks=k ds pkjksa rjiQ iouksa dk ifjØe.k pØokrh ifjlapj.k yy èkjkry rFkk Å¡pkbZ ij ok;q ifjlapj.k dh çfØ;kvksa esa fudV
dgykrk gSA mPp ok;q nkc {ks=k ds pkjksa rjiQ ,slk gksuk çfrpØokrh dk varl±caèk gksrk gSA cfg:".k dfVcaèkh; pØokr m".kdfVcaèkh;
ifjlapj.k dgk tkrk gSA bu ç.kkfy;ksa esa iouksa dh fn'kk nksuksa xksyk¼ks± pØokrksa ls dbZ çdkj fHkUu gSA cfg:".k dfVcaèkh; pØokrksa esa
esa fHkUu gksrh gSA i`Foh dh lrg ij dbZ ckj fuEu o mPp nkc ds Li"V okrkxz ç.kkfy;k¡ gksrh gSa] tks m".kdfVcaèkh; pØokrksa esa ugha
pkjksa vksj iouksa dk ifjlapj.k Å¡pkbZ ij gksus okys ok;q ifjlapj.k gksrhA ;s foLr`r {ks=kiQy ij iQSys gksrs gSa rFkk budh mRifÙk ty
ls lacafèkr gh gksrk gSA çk;% fuEu nkc {ks=kksa ij ok;q vfHklfjr gksxh o LFky nksuksa ij gksrh gS] tcfd m".kdfVcaèkh; pØokr dsoy
vkSj Åij mBsxhA mPp nkc {ks=kksa esa ok;q dk voryu gksxk vkSj leqæksa esa mRiUu gksrs gSa vkSj LFkyh; Hkkxksa esa igq¡pus ij u"V gks
èkjkry ij vilfjr gksxhA vfHklj.k ds vfrfjDr ok;q] Hkzfey :i tkrs gSaA cfg:".k dfVcaèkh; pØokr m".kdfVcaèkh; pØokr dh
esa laogu èkkjkvksa esa ioZrksa ds lkFk&lkFk vkSj okrkxz ds lgkjs Åij vis{kk foLr`r {ks=k dks çHkkfor djrs gSaA m".kdfVcaèkh; pØokrksa esa
mBrh gS] tks ckny cuus o o"kZ.k ds fy, vko';d gSA iouksa dk osx vis{kkÑr rhoz gksrk gS vkSj ;s fouk'kdkjh gksrs gSaA
yy HkweaMyh; iouksa dk çk:i eq[;r] (i) ok;qeaMyh; rki esa v{kka'kh; m".kdfVcaèkh; pØokr iwoZ ls if'pe dks pyrs gSa] tcfd cfg:".k
fHkUurk] (ii) ok;q nkc ifV~V;ksa dh mifLFkfr] (iii) ok;q nkc ifV~V;ksa dfVcaèkh; pØokr if'pe ls iwoZ fn'kk esa pyrs gSaA
dk lkSj fdj.kksa ds lkFk foLFkkiu] (iv) egklkxjksa o egk}hiksa dk yy bl çdkj] fodYi (c) lgh mÙkj gSA
forj.k rFkk (v) i`Foh ds ?kw.kZu ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
37- mÙkj % (b)
yy bl çdkj] fodYi (c) lgh gSA
36- mÙkj % (c)
O;k[;k %
yy rfM+r>a>k o VksjusMks % rfM+r>a>k rFkk VksjusMks foèoald LFkkuh;
O;k[;k %
rwiQku gSaA ;s vYi le; ds fy, jgrs gSa] vis{kkÑr de {ks=kiQy
yy cfg:".k dfVcaèkh; pØokr % os pØokrh; ok;q ç.kkfy;k¡] tks
rd lhfer gksrs gSa] ijarq vkØked gksrs gSaA rfM+r>a>k m".k vkæZ
m".k dfVcaèk ls nwj eè; o mPp v{kka'kksa esa fodflr gksrh gSa] mUgsa
fnuksa esa çcy laogu ds dkj.k mRiUu gksrs gSaA rfM+r>a>k ,d iw.kZ
cfg:".k ;k 'khrks".k dfVcaèkh; pØokr dgrs gSaA ;s ekSle lacaèkh
fodflr diklh o"khZ es?k gS tks xjt o fctyh mRiUu djrs gSaA
voLFkkvksa esa vpkud rs”kh ls cnyko vkrs gSaA ;s èkqzoh; okrkxz ds
tc ;g ckny vfèkd Å¡pkbZ rd pys tkrs gSa] tgk¡ rkieku 'kwU; ls
lkFk&lkFk curs gSaA vkjaHk esa okrkxz vpj gksrk gSA mÙkjh xksyk¼Z
de jgrk gS] rks blls vksys curs gSa vkSj vksyko`f"V gksrh gSA vkæZrk
esa okrkxz ds nf{k.k esa dks".k o mÙkj fn'kk ls BaMh gok çokfgr
de gksus ij ;s rfM+r>a>k èkwy Hkjh vkafèk;k¡ ykrs gSaA rfM+r>a>k dh
gksrh gSA tc okrkxz ds lkFk ok;q nkc de gks tkrk gS] dks".k ok;q
mÙkj fn'kk dh vksj rFkk BaMh ok;q nf{k.k fn'kk esa ?kM+h dh lqb;ksa fo'ks"krk m".k ok;q dk çcy ÅèoZçokg gS] ftlds dkj.k cknyksa
ds foijhr pØokrh; ifjlapj.k djrh gSA bl pØokrh; çokg dk vkdkj c<+rk gS vkSj ;s vfèkd Å¡pkbZ rd igq¡prs gSaA blds
ls cfg:".k dfVcaèkh; pØokr fodflr gksrk gS ftlesa ,d m".k dkj.k o"kZ.k gksrk gSA rRi'pkr~ uhps dh rjiQ okr çokg i`Foh ij
okrkxz rFkk ,d 'khr okrkxz gksrk gSA bl pØokr esa dks".k ok;q BaMh ok;q o o"kkZ ykrs gSaA Hk;kud rfM+r>a>k ls dHkh&dHkh ok;q
{ks=k ;k dks".k •aM BaMs vxzHkkx o fiNys 'khr •aM ds chp ik;k vkØked :i esa gkFkh dh lwaM dh rjg lfiZy vojksg.k djrh gSA
tkrk gSA dks".k ok;q vkØked :i esa BaMh ok;q ds Åij p<+rh gS blesa dsaæ ij vR;ar de ok;q nkc gksrk gS vkSj ;g O;kid :i
vkSj m".k okrkxz ds igys Hkkx esa Lrjh es?k fn•kbZ nsrs gSa ,oa o"kkZ ls fouk'kdkjh gksrs gSaA bl ifj?kVuk dks ^VksjusMks* dgrs gSaA VksjusMks
gksrh gSA ihNs ls vkrk 'khr okrkxz m".k ok;q dks Åij èkdsyrk gS lkekU;r% eè; v{kka'kksa esa mRiUu gksrs gSaA leqæ ij VksjusMks dks
ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i 'khr okrkxz ds lkFk diklh es?k curs gSaA tyLraHk dgrs gSaA ;g vkØked rwiQku ok;qeaMyh; ÅtkZ forj.k
'khr okrkxz m".k okrkxz dh vis{kk rhoz xfr ls pyrs gSa vkSj varr% esa fHkUurk (;k vfLFkj ok;q) ds O;ofLFkr gksus dh vfHkO;fDr gSA
m".k okrkxzksa dks iwjh rjg <d ysrs gSaA dks".k ok;q Åij mBrh gS bu rwiQkuksa ls fLFkfrt o rki ÅtkZ] xfrt ÅtkZ esa ifjofrZr gks
vkSj bldk Hkw&ry ls dksbZ laidZ ugha jgrk rFkk vfèkfo"V okrkxz tkrh gS vkSj v'kkar ok;qeaMyh; n'kk,¡ iqu% fLFkj fLFkfr esa ykSV
curk gS ,oa pØokr èkhjs&èkhjs {kh.k gks tkrk gSA vkrh gSaA vr% dFku 1 vkSj 3 lgh] ysfdu dFku 2 lgh ugha gSA


yy rfM+r>a>k Hkkjr] tSls& xeZ] vkæZ] m".kdfVcaèkh; {ks=kksa esa vDlj 39- mÙkj % (a)
fodflr gksrs jgrs gSaA rki esa o`f¼ gksus ds dkj.k Åij dh vksj O;k[;k %
mBrh gqbZ iou çcy gks tkrh gSA iousa ok;q esa igys ls fo|eku rkieku dk forj.k
ty cw¡nksa dks vius lkFk Åij dh vksj ys tkrh gSa] tgk¡ rki de
yy lerki js•k leku rkieku okys LFkkuksa dks tksM+rh gSA ;s js•k,¡ çk;%
gksus ds dkj.k os te tkrh gSa] vkSj iqu% uhps dh vksj fxjus yxrh
v{kka'k ds lekukarj gksrh gSaA bl lkekU; ço`fÙk esa fopyu] fo'ks"k
gSaA fxjrh gqbZ ty dh cw¡nsa vkSj rhoz osx ls Åij mBrh gqbZ ok;q dh :i ls mÙkjh xksyk¼Z esa tqykbZ dh vis{kk tuojh esa vfèkd Li"V
ijLij fØ;k ls fctyh (rfM+r) dM+drh gS] ftlls èofu mRiUu gksrk gSA nf{k.kh xksyk¼Z dh vis{kk mÙkjh xksyk¼Z esa LFkyh; Hkkx
gksrh gSA blh ?kVuk dks ge rfM+r >a>kokr dgrs gSaA vfèkd gSA blfy,] Hkwlagfr vkSj leqæh èkkjk dk çHkko ogk¡ Li"V
yy bl çdkj] fodYi (b) lgh gSA gksrk gSA tuojh esa lerki js•k,¡ egklkxj ds mÙkj vkSj egk}hiksa ij
38- mÙkj % (c) nf{k.k dh vksj fopfyr gks tkrh gSaA bls mÙkjh vVykafVd egklkxj
ij ns•k tk ldrk gSA dks".k egklkxjh; èkkjk,¡ xYiQ LVªhe rFkk
O;k[;k %
mÙkjh vVykafVd egklkxjh; fMªÝV dh mifLFkfr ls mÙkjh vVykafVd
yy rkieku O;qRØe.k % lkekU;r% rkieku Å¡pkbZ ds lkFk ?kVrk tkrk egklkxj vfèkd xeZ gksrk gS rFkk lerki js•k,¡ mÙkj dh rjiQ
gS] ftls lkekU; ßkl nj dgrs gSaA dbZ ckj fLFkfr cny tkrh gS eqM+ tkrh gSaA lrg ds Åij rkieku rs”kh ls de gks tkrk gS vkSj
vkSj lkekU; ßkl nj myV tkrh gSA bls rkieku dk O;qRØe.k lerki js•k,¡ ;wjksi esa nf{k.k dh vksj eqM+ tkrh gSaA tqykbZ esa lerki
dgrs gSaA vDlj O;qRØe.k cgqr FkksM+s le; ds fy, gksrk gS] ij ;g js•k,¡ çk;% v{kka'kksa ds lekukarj pyrh gSaA tuojh ,oa tqykbZ ds
dkiQh lkekU; ?kVuk gSA lfnZ;ksa dh es?kfoghu yach jkr rFkk 'kkar chp lokZfèkd rkikarj ;wjsf'k;k egk}hi ds mÙkjh iwohZ {ks=k esa ik;k
ok;q] O;qRØe.k ds fy, vkn'kZ n'kk,¡ gSaA fnu esa çkIr Å"ek jkr ds tkrk gS] tks yxHkx 60°C gSA bldk eq[; dkj.k êgk}hih;rk* gSA
le; fofdfjr dj nh tkrh gS vkSj lqcg rd Hkw&i`"B vius Åij lcls de 3°C dk rkikarj 20° nf{k.kh ,oa 15° mÙkjh v{kka'kksa ds
dh gok ls vfèkd BaMh gks tkrh gSA èkqzoh; {ks=kksa esa o"kZ Hkj rkieku chp ik;k tkrk gSA vr% dFku&I vkSj dFku&II nksuksa lgh gSa rFkk
O;qRØe.k gksuk lkekU; gSA vr% dFku 2 lgh gSA dFku&II] dFku&I dh lgh O;k[;k gSA
yy Hkw&i`"Bh; O;qRØe.k ok;qeaMy ds fupys Lrj esa fLFkjrk dks c<+kok yy nf{k.kh xksyk¼Z esa rkieku ij egklkxjksa dk Li"V çHkko ns•k tkrk
nsrk gSA èkqvk¡ rFkk èkwyd.k O;qRØe.k Lrj ls uhps ,d=k gksdj pkjksa gSA ;gk¡ lerki js•k,¡ yxHkx v{kka'kksa ds lekukarj pyrh gSa rFkk
vksj iQSy tkrs gSa] ftuls ok;qeaMy dk fuEu Lrj Hkj tkrk gSA blls mÙkjh xksyk¼Z dh vis{kk fHkUurk de rhoz gksrh gSA
lfnZ;ksa esa lqcg ds le; ?kus dksgjs dh jpuk lkekU; ?kVuk gSA ;g yy bl çdkj] fodYi (a) lgh gSA
O;qRØe.k dqN gh ?kaVksa rd jgrk gSA lw;Z ds Åij p<+us vkSj i`Foh 40- mÙkj % (c)
ds xeZ gksus ds lkFk ;g lekIr gks tkrk gSA vr% dFku 3 lgh gSA
O;k[;k %
yy igkM+h vkSj ioZrh; {ks=kksa esa ok;q viokg ds dkj.k O;qRØe.k dh
yy tyok"i % tyok"i ok;qeaMy esa mifLFkr ,slh ifjorZuh; xSl gS
mRifÙk gksrh gSA igkfM+;ksa rFkk ioZrksa ij jkr esa BaMh gqbZ gok tks Å¡pkbZ ds lkFk ?kVrh tkrh gSA ;g xeZ ,oa vknzZ m".k dfVca/
xq#Rokd"kZ.k cy ds çHkko esa Hkkjh vkSj ?kuh gksus ds dkj.k yxHkx dh vis{kk /zoks o jsfxLrkuh {ks=kksa esa gok ds vk;ru dk ,d pkSFkkbZ
ty dh rjg dk;Z djrh gS vkSj <ky ds lkFk Åij ls uhps mrjrh gksrk gSA fo"kqor o`Ùk ls èkqzo dh rjiQ tyok"i dh ek=kk de gksrh
gSA ;g ?kkVh dh ryh esa xeZ gok ds uhps ,d=k gks tkrh gSA bls tkrh gSA ;g lw;Z ls fudyus okys rki ds dqN Hkkx dks vo'kksf"kr
ok;q viokg dgrs gSaA ;g ikys ls ikSèkksa dh j{kk djrh gSA vr% djrh gS rFkk i`Foh ls fudyus okys rki dks lax`ghr djrh gSA bl
dFku 4 lgh] ysfdu 1 lgh ugha gSA çdkj ;g ,d dacy dh rjg dk;Z djrh gS rFkk i`Foh dks u rks
yy bl çdkj] fodYi (c) lgh gSA vfèkd xeZ rFkk u gh vfèkd BaMk gksus nsrh gSA tyok"i ok;q dks


fLFkj vkSj vfLFkj gksus esa Hkh ;ksxnku nsrh gSA vr% dFku 1 vkSj yy ok;q ds {kSfrt lapyu ls gksus okyk rki dk LFkkukarj.k vfHkogu
2 nksuksa lgh gSaA dgykrk gSA yacor~ lapyu dh vis{kk ok;q dk {kSfrt lapyu
yy tyok"i vius lkFk yo.kksa dk ogu ugha djrh gSA tSls&tSls ge lkisf{kd :i ls vfèkd egÙoiw.kZ gksrk gSA eè; v{kka'kksa esa nSfud
i`Foh ds i`"B ls Åij tkrs gSa] rki de gks tkrk gSA tSls&tSls ekSle esa vkus okyh fHkUurk,¡ dsoy vfHkogu ds dkj.k gksrh gSaA
ok;q Åij mBrh tkrh gS] BaMh gksrh tkrh gSA i;kZIr Å¡pkbZ ij ok;q m".kdfVcaèkh; çns'kksa esa] fo'ks"kr% mÙkjh Hkkx esa xfeZ;ksa esa pyus
bruh BaMh gks tkrh gS fd blesa mifLFkr tyok"i la?kfur gksdj okyh LFkkuh; iou ^yw* blh vfHkogu dk ifj.kke gSA vr% dFku
NksVh&NksVh ty dh cw¡nksa (tydf.kdk) esa ifjofrZr gks tkrk gSA ;s 2 lgh] ysfdu dFku 4 lgh ugha gSA
NksVh tydf.kdk,¡] tks ok;q esa rSjrh jgrh gSa] gesa cknyksa ds :i yy bl çdkj] fodYi (b) lgh gSA
esa fn•kbZ nsrh gSaA
42- mÙkj % (a)
yy ftl rkieku ij ty ok"ihÑr gksuk 'kq: djrk gS mls ok"ihdj.k
dh xqIr Å"ek dgk tkrk gSA gok dh xfr larÌr ijr dks vlarÌr O;k[;k %
ijr ds }kjk gVk nsrh gSA bl çdkj gok dh xfr ftruh rhoz gksxh yy i`Foh ds i`"B ij çkIr gksus okyh ÅtkZ dk vfèkdre va'k y?kq
ok"ihdj.k mruk gh rhoz gksxkA Å"ek dk ßkl gh la?kuu dk dkj.k rjaxnSè;Z ds :i esa vkrk gSA i`Foh dks çkIr gksus okyh ÅtkZ dks
gksrk gSA tc vkæZ gok BaMh gksrh gS] rc mlesa tyok"i èkkj.k dh ^vkxeh lkSj fofdj.k* ;k ^lw;kZri* dgrs gSaA lw;kZri dh rhozrk
{kerk lekIr gks tkrh gSA tc tyok"i lhèks Bksl :i esa ifjofrZr dh ek=kk esa çfrfnu] gj ekSle esa vkSj çfro"kZ ifjorZu gksrk jgrk
gksrs gSa rks bls ÅèoZikru dgrs gSaA gSA lw;kZri esa gksus okyh fofHkUurk ds dkjd gSa& (i) i`Foh dk
yy bl çdkj] fodYi (c) lgh gSA vius v{k ij ?kweuk (ii) lw;Z dh fdj.kksa dk ufr dks.k (iii) fnu
dh vofèk (iv) ok;qeaMy dh ikjnf'kZrk (v) LFky foU;klA fdarq]
41- mÙkj % (b)
vafre nks dkjdksa dk çHkko de iM+rk gSA
O;k[;k %
yy i`Foh dk v{k lw;Z ds pkjksa vksj ifjØe.k dh lery d{kk ls
yy i`Foh }kjk çkIr ços'kh lkSj fofdj.k y?kq rjaxksa ds :i esa gksrk
66½° dk dks.k cukrk gS tks fofHkUu v{kka'kksa ij çkIr gksus okys
gSA i`Foh blls Lo;a xeZ gksus ds ckn ok;qeaMy esa nh?kZ rjaxksa ds
lw;kZri dh ek=kk dks cgqr çHkkfor djrk gSA v{kka'k ftruk mPp
:i esa ÅtkZ dk fofdj.k djus yxrh gSA ;g ÅtkZ ok;qeaMy dks
gksxk] fdj.kksa dk ufr dks.k mruk gh de gksxkA vr,o lw;Z dh
uhps ls xeZ djrh gSA bl çfØ;k dks îkfFkZo fofdj.k* dgk tkrk
fdj.ksa frjNh iM+saxhA frjNh fdj.kksa dks ok;qeaMy dh vfèkd xgjkbZ
gSA bl çfØ;k dks pkyu Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ok;qeaMy dh fupyh
ls xqtjuk iM+rk gSA vr% vfèkd vo'kks"k.k] çdh.kZu ,oa folj.k
ijrksa dks xeZ djus esa pkyu egÙoiw.kZ gSA pkyu rHkh gksrk gS tc
vleku rki okys nks fiaM ,d&nwljs ds laidZ esa vkrs gSaA nh?kZ ds }kjk ÅtkZ dk vfèkd ßkl gksrk gSA y?kq rjaxnSè;Z okys lkSj
rjaxnSè;Z fofdj.k ok;qeaMyh; xSlksa] eq[;r% dkcZu Mkb&vkWDlkbM fofdj.k ds fy, ok;qeaMy vfèkdka'kr% ikjn'khZ gksrk gSA {kksHkeaMy
,oa vU; xzhugkÅl xSlksa }kjk vo'kksf"kr dj fy;k tkrk gSA bl esa ekStwn tyok"i] vks”kksu rFkk vU; fdj.ksa vojDr fofdj.k dks
çdkj ok;qeaMy ikfFkZo fofdj.k }kjk vçR;{k :i ls xeZ gksrk gS vo'kksf"kr dj ysrh gSaA vr% dFku 1 lgh gSA
u fd lhèks lw;kZri lsA ifj.kkeLo:i ok;qeaMy fodh.kZu }kjk rki yy lw;kZri dk i`Foh dh lrg ij LFkkfud forj.k % lcls vfèkd
dks varfj{k esa lapfjr dj nsrk gSA bl çdkj i`Foh dh lrg ,oa lw;kZri miks".kdfVcaèkh; e#LFkyksa ij çkIr gksrk gS D;ksafd ;gk¡
ok;qeaMy dk rkieku fLFkj jgrk gSA vr% dFku 3 lgh gSA es?kkPNknu cgqr de ik;k tkrk gSA m".kdfVcaèk dh vis{kk fo"kqor
yy i`Foh ds laidZ esa vkbZ ok;q xeZ gksdj èkkjkvksa ds :i esa yacor~ o`Ùk ij de ek=kk esa lw;kZri çkIr gksrk gSA lkekU;r% ,d gh
mBrh gS vkSj ok;qeaMy esa rki dk lapj.k djrh gSA ok;qeaMy ds v{kka'k ij fLFkr egk}hih; Hkkx ij vfèkd vkSj egklkxjh; Hkkx
yacor~ rkiu dh ;g çfØ;k laogu dgykrh gS] ÅtkZ ds LFkkukarj.k esa vis{kkÑr de ek=kk esa lw;kZri çkIr gksrk gSA 'khr ½rq esa eè;
dk ;g çdkj dsoy {kksHkeaMy rd lhfer jgrk gSA vr% dFku ,oa mPp v{kka'kksa ij xzh"e ½rq dh vis{kk de ek=kk esa fofdj.k
1 lgh ugha gSA çkIr gksrk gSA


yy ok;qeaMy dh Åijh lrg ij çkIr gksus okyh ÅtkZ esa çfro"kZ FkksM+k cjkd] ef.kiqj vkSj fe”kksje dh ,d eq[; unh gSA ef.kiqj ?kkVh ds
ifjorZu gksrk gSA ;g ifjorZu i`Foh ,oa lw;Z ds chp dh nwjh esa eè; ,d >hy fLFkr gS ftls ^yksdrd* >hy dgk tkrk gS vkSj
varj ds dkj.k gksrk gSA lw;Z ds pkjksa vksj ifjØe.k ds nkSjku i`Foh ;g pkjksa vksj ls igkfM+;ksa ls f?kjh gSA fe”kksje] ftls êksysfll
4 tqykbZ dks lw;Z ls lcls nwj] vFkkZr~ 15 djksM+ 20 yk• fdeh- csflu* Hkh dgk tkrk gS e`nqy vkSj vlaxfBr pV~Vkuksa ls cuk gSA
nwj gksrh gSA i`Foh dh bl fLFkfr dks ^vilkSj* dgk tkrk gSA 3 ukxkySaM esa cgus okyh ”;knkrj ufn;k¡ cãiq=k unh dh lgk;d gSaA
tuojh dks i`Foh] lw;Z ls lcls fudV] vFkkZr~ 14 djksM+ 70 yk• fe”kksje vkSj ef.kiqj dh nks ufn;k¡ cjkd unh dh lgk;d gSa] tks
fdeh- nwj gksrh gSA bl fLFkfr dks ^milkSj* dgk tkrk gSA blfy,] es?kuk unh dh ,d lgk;d unh gSA ef.kiqj ds iwohZ Hkkx esa cgus
i`Foh }kjk çkIr okf"kZd lw;kZri 3 tuojh dks 4 tqykbZ dh vis{kk okyh ufn;k¡ fpanfou unh dh lgk;d gSa tks fd E;k¡ekj esa cgus
vfèkd gksrk gS] fiQj Hkh lw;kZri dh fHkUurk dk ;g çHkko nwljs okyh bjkonh unh dh ,d lgk;d unh gSA
dkjdksa] tSls& LFky ,oa leqæ dk forj.k rFkk ok;qeaMy ifjlapj.k yy bl çdkj] fodYi (c) lgh gSA
ds }kjk de gks tkrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd lw;kZri dh ;g fHkUurk
44- mÙkj % (c)
i`Foh dh lrg ij gksus okys çfrfnu ds ekSle ifjorZu ij vfèkd
çHkko ugha Mky ikrh gSA vr% dFku 2 lgh ugha gSA O;k[;k %
yy nh?kZ rjaxnSè;Z fofdj.k ok;qeMa yh; xSlks]a eq[;r% dkcZu Mkb&vkWDlkbM yy eè; mPp HkwHkkx % if'pe esa vjkoyh ioZr bldh lhek cukrs
,oa vU; xzhugkÅl xSlksa }kjk vo'kksf"kr dj fy;k tkrk gSA bl gSaA blds nf{k.k esa lriqM+k ioZr mfPN"V iBkj dh Jsf.k;ksa ls cuk
çdkj] ok;qeaMy ikfFkZo fofdj.k }kjk vçR;{k :i ls xeZ gksrk gSA ;s nDdu iBkj dh mÙkjh lhek cukrs gSaA ;s vof'k"V ioZr gSaA
gS] u fd lhèks lw;kZri lsA rnqijkar ok;qeaMy fodh.kZu }kjk rki çk;}hih; iBkj ds bl Hkkx dk foLrkj tSlyesj rd gS tgk¡ ;g
dks varfj{k esa lapfjr dj nsrk gSA bl çdkj] i`Foh dh lrg ,oa vuqnSè;Z jsr ds fVCcksa vkSj pkikdkj (cj•ku) jsrhys fVCcksa ls <dk
ok;qeaMy dk rkieku fLFkj jgrk gSA vr% dFku 3 lgh ugha gSA gSA ;g {ks=k dk;karfjr çfØ;kvksa ls xq”kj pqdk gS vkSj dk;karfjr
yy bl çdkj] fodYi (a) lgh gSA pV~Vkuksa] tSls& laxejej] LysV vkSj uhl dh mifLFkfr bldk çek.k
gSA vr% dFku 1 lgh gSA
43- mÙkj % (c)
yy iwohZ ?kkV dh rqyuk esa if'peh ?kkV Å¡ps vkSj vfojr gSaA budh
O;k[;k % vkSlr Å¡pkbZ yxHkx 1,500 ehVj gS tks mÙkj ls nf{k.k dh rjiQ
yy <ky ds vkèkkj ij e#LFky dks nks Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk tk ldrk gS& flaèk c<+rh pyh tkrh gSA çk;}hih; iBkj dh lcls Å¡ph pksVh vukbZeqMh
dh vksj <ky okyk mÙkjh Hkkx vkSj dPN ds ju dh vksj <ky okyk (2,695 ehVj) gS tks if'peh ?kkV dh vukeykbZ igkfM+;ksa esa fLFkr
nf{k.kh HkkxA ;gk¡ dh vfèkdrj ufn;k¡ vYidkfyd gSaA e#LFky gSA nwljh lcls Å¡ph pksVh MksMkcsVk gS vkSj ;g uhyfxfj igkfM+;ksa
ds nf{k.kh Hkkx esa cgus okyh ywuh unh egÙoiw.kZ gSA vYi o`f"V esa gSA iwohZ vkSj if'peh ?kkV uhyfxfj igkfM+;ksa esa vkil esa feyrs
vkSj cgqr vfèkd ok"ihdj.k dh otg ls bl çns'k esa ges'kk ty gSaA vr% dFku 2 lgh ugha gSA
dh deh jgrh gSA dqN ufn;k¡ rks FkksM+h nwjh r; djus ds ckn gh yy mÙkj&iwoZ iBkj % ;g çk;}hih; iBkj dk gh ,d foLrkfjr Hkkx
e#LFky esa yqIr gks tkrh gSaA ;g var% LFkyh; viokg dk mnkgj.k gSA ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd fgeky; dh mRifÙk ds le; bafM;u IysV
gS tgk¡ ufn;k¡ >hy ;k Iyk;k esa fey tkrh gSaA bu Iyk;k >hyksa dk ds mÙkj&iwoZ fn'kk esa f•ldus ds dkj.k] jktegy igkfM+;ksa vkSj
ty •kjk gksrk gS ftlls ued cuk;k tkrk gSA es?kky; ds iBkj ds chp Hkza'k ?kkVh cuus ls ;g vyx gks x;k FkkA
yy fgeky; ioZr ds iwohZ igkfM+;ksa okys Hkkx dh fn'kk mÙkj ls nf{k.k ckn esa ;g unh }kjk tek fd, x, tyks<+ }kjk ikV fn;k x;kA bl
gSA ;s igkfM+;k¡ fofHkUu LFkkuh; ukeksa ls tkuh tkrh gSaA mÙkj esa ;s {ks=k esa vfèkdrj o"kkZ nf{k.k&if'peh ekulwu ls gksus ls es?kky;
iVdkbZ cwe] ukxk igkfM+;k¡] ef.kiqj igkfM+;k¡ vkSj nf{k.k esa fe”kks ;k dk iBkj ,d vfr vijfnr Hkw&ry gSA psjkiwath uXu pV~Vkuksa ls
yqlkbZ igkfM+;ksa ds uke ls tkuh tkrh gSaA ;g ,d uhph igkfM+;ksa <dk LFky gS vkSj ;gk¡ LFkk;h ouLifr vkoj.k ugha ik;k tkrk gSA
dk {ks=k gS tgk¡ vusd tutkfr;k¡ ^>we* ;k LFkkukarjh •srh djrh vr% dFku 3 lgh gSA
gSaA ;gk¡ ”;knkrj igkfM+;k¡] NksVs&cM+s unh&ukyksa }kjk vyx gksrh gSaA yy bl çdkj] fodYi (c) lgh gSA


45- mÙkj % (a) 46- mÙkj % (a)
O;k[;k % O;k[;k %
yy vijfnr LFky:i % pwuk&iRFkj pV~Vkuksa ds ry ij ?kqyu fØ;k yy mÙkjh eSnkuksa dks lkekU;r% blds mPpkopksa esa fcuk fdlh fofoèkrk
}kjk NksVs o eè;e vkdkj ds NksVs ?kksy xrks± dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS] okys lery LFky ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA ysfdu] bu foLr`r eSnkuksa
ftuds foy; ij bUgsa foy;u jaèkz dgrs gSaA èoLr ?kksy jaèkzksa dks dh HkkSxksfyd vkÑfr;ksa esa fofoèkrk gSA vkÑfr fHkUurk ds vkèkkj
Mksykbu Hkh dgk tkrk gSA lkekU;r% èkjkryh; çokfgr ty ?kksy ij mÙkjh eSnkuksa dks pkj Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
jaèkzksa o foy;u jaèkzksa ls xq”kjrk gqvk varHkkSfe unh ds :i esa foyhu ufn;k¡] ioZrksa ls uhps mrjrs le; f'kokfyd dh <ky ij 8 ls 16
gks tkrk gS vkSj fiQj dqN nwjh ds i'pkr~ fdlh danjk ls Hkwfexr fdeh- ds pkSM+h iV~Vh esa xqfVdk dk fu{ksi.k djrh gSaA bls ^Hkkcj*
unh ds :i esa fiQj fudy vkrk gSA tc ?kksy jaèkz o Mksykbu bu
ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA mlds ifj.kkeLo:i fgeky; ioZr Jsf.k;ksa
danjkvksa dh Nr ds fxjus ls ;k inkFkks± ds L•yu }kjk vkil esa
ls ckgj fudyrh ufn;k¡ ;gk¡ ij Hkkjh ty&Hkkj] tSls& cM+s 'kSy
fey tkrs gSa rks yach] rax rFkk foLr`r •kb;k¡ curh gSa ftUgsa ?kkVh
jaèkz ;k ;qokyk dgrs gSaA èkhjs&èkhjs pwuk;qDr pV~Vkuksa ds vfèkdrj Hkkx vkSj xksyk'e tek dj nsrh gSa vkSj dHkh&dHkh Lo;a blh esa yqIr gks
bu xrks± o •kb;ksa ds gokys gks tkrk gS vkSj iwjs {ks=k esa vR;fèkd tkrh gSaA lHkh lfjrk,¡ bl Hkkcj iV~Vh esa foyqIr gks tkrh gSaA bl
vfu;fer] irys o uqdhys dVd vkfn jg tkrs gSa] ftUgsa ysihl iV~Vh ds nf{k.k esa ;s lfjrk,¡ ,oa ufn;k¡ iqu% fudy vkrh gSa ,oa
dgrs gSaA bu dVdksa ;k ysiht dk fuekZ.k pV~Vkuksa dh lafèk;ksa esa ue rFkk nynyh {ks=k dk fuekZ.k djrh gSaA D;ksafd budh fuf'pr
fHkUu ?kqyu çfØ;kvksa }kjk gksrk gSA dHkh&dHkh ysiht ds ;s foLr`r okfgdk,¡ ugha gksrha] ;s {ks=k vuwi cu tkrk gS] ftls rjkbZ dgrs gSaA
{ks=k lery pwuk;qDr pcwrjksa esa ifjofrZr gks tkrs gSaA Hkkcj ds nf{k.k esa rjkbZ {ks=k gS ftldh pkSM+kbZ 10 ls 20 fdeh- gSA
yy fdlh Hkh pwukiRFkj pV~Vkuksa ds {ks=k esa HkkSe ty ds fu{ksi.k ls dkLVZ ;g oU; çkf.k;ksa ls Hkjk ?kus taxyksa dk {ks=k gSA nqèkok jk"Vªh; ikdZ
LFkykÑfr dk fodkl gksrk gSA tks vijnukRed ,oa fu{ksi.kkRed blh {ks=k esa fLFkfr gSA vr% dFku 3 lgh] ysfdu 2 lgh ugha gSA
nksuksa izdkj ds gksrs gSA yy mÙkjh eSnku dk lcls fo'kkyre Hkkx iqjkus tyks<+ dk cuk gSA os
yy fu{ksfir LFky:i % LVSysDVkbV fofHkUu eksVkb;ksa ds yVdrs gq, ufn;ksa ds ck<+ okys eSnku ds Åij fLFkr gSa rFkk osfndk tSlh vkÑfr
fgeLraHk tSls gksrs gSaA çk;% ;s vkèkkj ij ;k danjk dh Nr ds çnf'kZr djrs gSaA bl Hkkx dks ^ckaxj* ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA bl
ikl eksVs gksrs gSa vkSj var ds Nksj ij irys gksrs tkrs gSaA ;s vusd {ks=k dh e`nk esa pwusnkj fu{ksi ik, tkrs gSa] ftls LFkkuh; Hkk"kk esa
vkdkjksa esa fn•kbZ nsrs gSaA LVSysXekbV danjkvksa ds iQ'kZ ls Åij dh ^dadM+* dgk tkrk gSA ck<+ okys eSnkuksa ds u, rFkk ;qok fu{ksiksa
rjiQ c<+rs gSaA okLro esa LVSysXekbV danjkvksa dh Nr ls èkjkry dks ^•knj* dgk tkrk gSA budk yxHkx çR;sd o"kZ iqu£uekZ.k gksrk
ij Vidus okys pwukfefJr ty ls curs gSa ;k LVSysDVkbV ds Bhd gS] blfy, ;s mitkÅ gksrs gSa rFkk xgu •srh ds fy, vkn'kZ gksrs
uhps irys ikbi dh vkÑfr esa curs gSaA LVSysXekbV ,d LraHk ds
gSaA vr% dFku 1 lgh ugha gSA
,d piVh r'rjhuqek vkdkj esa ;k lery vFkok ØsVjuqek xîôs ds
vkdkj esa fodflr gks tkrs gSaA fofHkUu eksVkbZ ds LVSysXekbV rFkk yy bl çdkj] fodYi (a) lgh gSA
LVSysDVkbV ds feyus ls LraHk vkSj danjk LraHk curs gSaA 47- mÙkj % (d)
yy eè;koLFkk esa lfjrk,¡ unh ry esa èkhek dVko djrh gSa vkSj ?kkfV;ksa esa O;k[;k %
ik'oZ vijnu vfèkd gksrk gSA dkykarj esa ?kkfV;ksa ds fdukjksa dh <ky
ean gksrh tkrh gSA blh çdkj viokg csflu ds eè; foHkktd rc fof'k"VhÑr fØ;kdyki vkèkkfjr iÙku
rd fuEu gksrs tkrs gS]a tc rd ;s iw.kZr% lery ugha gks tkrs_ vkSj yy rsy iÙku % ;s iÙku rsy ds çØe.k vkSj ukS&ifjogu dk dk;Z
varr% ,d èkhes mPpkop dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS ftlesa ;=k&r=k vojksèkh djrs gSaA buesa ls dqN VSadj iÙku gSa rFkk dqN rsy 'kksèku iÙku gSaA
pV~Vkuksa ds vo'ks"k fn•kbZ nsrs gSa ftUgsa eksukMuksd dgrs gSAa unh osus”kq,yk esa ekjkdScks] VÔwuhf'k;k esa ,Ll•hjk] yscuku esa f=kiksyh
vijnu ds }kjk cus bl çdkj ds eSnku] leçk; eSnku ;k isuhIysu gSAa VSadj iÙku gSaA if'kZ;k dh •kM+h ij vcknku ,d rsy'kksèku iÙku
yy bl çdkj] fodYi (a) lgh gSA gSA vr% ;qXe 4 lgh lqesfyr gSA


yy ekxZ iÙku (foJke iÙku) % ;s ,sls iÙku gSa] tks ewy :i ls èkkjk,¡ c`gr~ lapyu dh çfØ;k esa lhèks :i ls lfEefyr ugha gksrsA
eq[; leqæh ekxks± ij foJke dsaæ ds :i esa fodflr gq,] tgk¡ ij bldk vFkZ gS fd c`gr~ lapyu vijnu ds vanj ugha vkrk gS]
tgk”k iqu% b±èku Hkjus] ty Hkjus rFkk •k| lkexzh ysus ds fy, ;|fi inkFkks± dk lapyu (xq#Rokd"kZ.k dh lgk;rk ls) ,d LFkku
yaxj Mkyk djrs FksA ckn esa] os okf.kfT;d iÙkuksa esa fodflr gks ls nwljs LFkku dks gksrk jgrk gSA <ky ij inkFkZ ckèkd cyksa ds çfr
x,A vnu] gksuksywyw rFkk flaxkiqj blds vPNs mnkgj.k gSaA vr% viuk çfrjksèk çLrqr djrs gSa ,oa rHkh vliQy gksrs gSa tc cy
;qXe 1 lgh lqesfyr gSA inkFkks± ds vi:i.k çfrjksèk ls egkurj gksrs gSaA vlac¼ de”kksj
yy iSdsV LVs'ku % bUgsa iQsjh&iÙku ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA ;s inkFkZ] fNNys laLrj okyh 'kSysa] Hkza'k] rhozrk ls >qds gq, laLrj]
fo'ks"k :i ls NksVh nwfj;ksa dks r; djrs gq, tyh; {ks=kksa ds vkjikj •M+s Hk`xq ;k rhoz <ky] i;kZIr o"kkZ] ewlykèkkj o"kkZ rFkk ouLifr
Mkd rFkk ;kf=k;ksa ds ifjogu (vkokxeu) ls tqM+s gksrs gSaA ;s dk vHkko c`gr~ lapyu esa lgk;d gksrs gSaA lapyu ds fuEu rhu
LVs'ku tksM+ksa esa bl çdkj vofLFkr gksrs gSa fd os tyh; {ks=k ds :i gksrs gSa& (i) vuqçLFk foLFkkiu (rq"kkj o`f¼ ;k vU; dkj.kksa
vkjikj ,d&nwljs ds lkeus gksrs gSaA mnkgj.kLo:i& bafXy'k pSuy ls e`nk dk vuqçLFk foLFkkiu)] (ii) çokg ,oa (iii) L•yuA vr%
ds vkjikj baXySaM esa Mksoj rFkk Úk¡l esa dSykblA dFku&I vkSj dFku&II nksuksa lgh gSa rFkk dFku&II] dFku&I dh
yy vka=kiks iÙku % ;s os ,d=k.k dsaæ gSa] tgk¡ fofHkUu ns'kksa ls fu;kZr lgh O;k[;k ugha gSA
gsrq oLrq,¡ ykbZ tkrh gSaA flaxkiqj ,f'k;k ds fy, ,d vka=kiks iÙku yy bl çdkj] fodYi (b) lgh gSA
gS] jkWVjMe ;wjksi ds fy, vkSj dksisugsxsu ckfYVd {ks=k ds fy, 49- mÙkj % (d)
vka=kiks iÙku gSaA vr% ;qXe 3 lgh lqesfyr gSA
O;k[;k %
yy ukS lsuk iÙku % ;s dsoy lkekftd egÙo ds iÙku gSaA ;s iÙku
yy vi{k; dh çfØ;k,¡ var% lacafèkr gSaA ty;kstu] dkckZsus'ku ,oa
;q¼d tgk”kksa dks lsok,¡ nsrs gSa rFkk muds fy, ejEer dk;Z'kkyk,¡
vkWDlhdj.k lkFk&lkFk pyrs jgrs gSa ,oa vi{k; çfØ;k dks Rofjr
pykrs gSaA dksfPp rFkk dkjokM+ Hkkjr esa ,sls iÙkuksa ds mnkgj.k gSaA
cuk nsrs gSaA
vr% ;qXe 2 lgh lqesfyr gSA
yy dkckZsus'ku % dkckZsusV ,oa ckbZ dkckZsusV dh •futksa ls çfrfØ;k
dk çfriQy dkckZsus'ku dgykrk gSA ;g iQsYlikj rFkk dkckZsusV
48- mÙkj % (b) •fut dks i`Fkd~ djus esa ,d vke lgk;d çfØ;k gSA ty }kjk
O;k[;k % ok;qeaMy ,oa e`nkok;q ls dkcZu Mkb&vkWDlkbM vo'kksf"kr dh tkrh
yy c`gr~ lapyu % blds varxZr os lHkh lapyu vkrs gSa] ftuesa 'kSyksa gSA blls dkckZsfud vEy dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS tks ,d de lfØ;
dk c`gr~ eyok xq#Rokd"kZ.k ds lhèks çHkko ds dkj.k <ky ds vEy ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA dSfY'k;e dkckZsusV ,oa eSXuhf'k;e
vuq:i LFkkukarfjr gksrk gSA bldk rkRi;Z gS fd ok;q] ty] fge gh dkckZsusV] dkcZfud ,flM esa ?kqy tkrs gSa rFkk dksbZ vo'ks"k ugha
vius lkFk ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku rd eyok ugha <ksrs] vfirq NksM+rsA blds ifj.kkeLo:i Hkwfexr xqiQkvksa dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA
eyok Hkh vius lkFk ok;q] ty ;k fge ys tkrs gSaA c`gr~ eycs vr% dFku 1 lgh gSA
dh lapyu xfr ean ls rhoz gks ldrh gS ftlds iQyLo:i inkFkks± yy yo.k vi{k; % 'kSyksa esa ued rkih; fØ;k] ty;kstu ,oa
ds fNNys ls xgjs LraHk çHkkfor gksrs gSa ftuds varxZr foliZ.k] fØLVyhdj.k ds dkj.k iQSyrk gSA dSfY'k;e] lksfM;e] eSXuhf'k;e]
cgko] L•yu ,oa iru lfEefyr gksrs gSaA xq#Rokd"kZ.k cy vkèkkj iksVfS 'k;e ,oa csfj;e tSls dbZ yo.kksa esa vk;rfud iQSyko dh ço`fÙk
'kSyksa ,oa vi{k; ls iSnk lHkh inkFkks± ij viuk çHkko Mkyrk gSA gksrh gSA jsfxLrkuksa esa 30°C ls 50°C rd dk lrg ij mPp rkiØe
;|fi] c`gr~ lapyu ds fy, vi{k; vfuok;Z ugha gS] ijarq ;g bls yo.k foLrkj.k esa lgk;d gksrk gSA lHkh yo.k fo?kVu çfØ;kvksa
c<+kok nsrk gSA c`gr~ lapyu vi{kf;r <kyksa ij vui{kf;r inkFkks± esa yo.k fØLVyu lokZfèkd çHkkodkjh gSA vkæZrk ,oa 'kq"du ds
dh vis{kk cgqr vfèkd lfØ; jgrk gSA ,dkarj okys {ks=kksa esa yo.k fØLVy dh o`f¼ ds fy, mi;qDr n'kk,¡
yy c`gr~ lapyu esa xq#Rokd"kZ.k 'kfDr lgk;d gksrh gSA dksbZ Hkh gksrh gSaA blesa fudVLFk d.k vyx gks tkrs gSaA e#LFkyh {ks=kksa esa
Hkw&vkÑfrd dkjd] tSls& çokfgr ty] fgekuh] ok;q] ygjsa ,oa lksfM;e DyksjkbM ,oa ftIle fØLVy vuqçLFk&foLFkkfir gks tkrs


gSa ftlds iQyLo:i iwjs vuqçLFk&foLFkkfir lrg ij njkjsa fodflr çfØ;k esa Hkw&iiZVh oy;u ds :i esa rh{.krk ls foÑr gks tkrh
gks tkrh gSaA vr% dFku 2 lgh gSA gSA egk}hi jpuk ds dkj.k lkèkkj.k foÑfr gks ldrh gSA ioZruh
yy vkWDlhdj.k ,oa U;wuhdj.k % vi{k; esa vkWDlhdj.k dk rkRi;Z ioZr fuekZ.k çfØ;k gS] tcfd egk}hi jpuk egk}hi fuekZ.k&çfØ;k
gksrk gS vkWDlkbM ;k gkbMªksvkWDlkbM ds fuekZ.k gsrq •fut ,oa gSA ioZruh] egk}hi jpuk] Hkwdai ,oa IysV foorZfud dh çfØ;kvksa
vkWDlhtu dk la;ksxA vkWDlhdj.k ogha gksrk gS tgk¡ ok;qeaMy ,oa ls Hkw&iiZVh esa Hkza'k rFkk foHkax gks ldrk gSA bu lHkh çfØ;kvksa
vkWDlhtu ;qDr ty feyrs gSaA bl çfØ;k esa ykSg] eSaxuh”k] xaèkd ds dkj.k ncko] vk;ru rFkk rkiØe esa ifjorZu gksrk gS ftlds
bR;kfn lokZfèkd 'kkfey gksrs gSAa vkWDlhdj.k dh çfØ;k esa vkWDlhtu iQyLo:i 'kSyksa dk dk;karj.k çsfjr gksrk gSA
ds ;ksx ds dkj.k iSnk gq, O;oèkku ls 'kSyksa dk VwVuk tkjh jgrk yy Tokykeq•h;rk % Tokykeq•h;rk ds varxZr fi?kyh gqbZ 'kSyksa ;k
gSA vkWDlhdj.k ,d egÙoiw.kZ çfØ;k gS tks ykSg èkkjd ck;ksVkbV] ykok dk Hkw&ry dh vksj lapyu ,oa vusd vkarfjd rFkk cká
vksyhokbu ,oa ikbjksDlhu tSls •futksa dks çHkkfor djrh gSA Tokykeq•h Lo:iksa dk fuekZ.k lfEefyr gksrk gSA
vkWDlhdj.k gksus ij ykSg dk yky jax] Hkwjs ;k ihys jax esa ifjofrZr yy bl çdkj] fodYi (c) lgh gSA
gks tkrk gSA tc vkWDlhÑr •fut ,sls okrkoj.k esa j•s tkrs gSa tgk¡ 51- mÙkj % (b)
vkWDlhtu dk vHkko gS rks ,d nwljh jklk;fud vi{k; çfØ;k
çkjaHk gks tkrh gS ftls U;wuhdj.k fØ;k dgrs gSaA ,slh n'kk,¡ çk;% O;k[;k %
HkkSe tyLrj ds uhps] :¼ ty ds {ks=k ;k tyIykfor {ks=kksa esa ikbZ yy çeq• •fut ,oa fo'ks"krk,¡ % i`Foh dh iiZVh 'kSyksa ls cuh gSA
tkrh gSaA U;wuhÑr gksus ij ykSg dk yky jax] gjs ;k vklekuh&èkwlj 'kSy dk fuekZ.k ,d ;k ,d ls vfèkd •futksa ls feydj gksrk
jax esa cny tkrk gSA vr% dFku 3 lgh gSA gSA 'kSy dBksj ;k uje rFkk fofHkUu jaxksa dh gks ldrh gSA tSls]
xzsukbV dBksj rFkk 'kSy•M+h uje gSA xSczks dkyk rFkk DokVZtkbV
nwfèk;k 'osr gks ldrk gSA 'kSyksa esa •fut ?kVdksa dk dksbZ fuf'pr
50- mÙkj % (c) la?kVu ugha gksrk gSA 'kSyksa esa lkekU;r% ik, tkus okys •fut inkFkZ
O;k[;k % iQsYMLij rFkk DokV~tZ gSaA
yy vartZfur çfØ;k,¡ % i`Foh ds vanj ls fudyus okyh ÅtkZ yy iQsYMLij % flfydu rFkk vkWDlhtu lHkh iQsYMLijksa esa mifLFkr
Hkw&vkÑfrd çfØ;kvksa ds fy, çeq[k cy lzksr gksrh gSA i`Foh ds gksrs gSa] tcfd lksfM;e] iksVSf'k;e] dSfY'k;e] ,Y;wehfu;e vkfn
vanj dh ÅtkZ vfèkdka'kr% jsfM;ksèkehZ fØ;kvksa] ?kw.kZu ,oa Tokjh; rÙo fHkUu&fHkUu iQsYMLij esa 'kkfey gSaA i`Foh dh iiZVh dk vkèkk
?k"kZ.k rFkk i`Foh dh mRifÙk ls tqM+h Å"ek }kjk mRiUu gksrh gSA Hkkx iQsYMLij ls cuk gSA bldk jax gYdk Øhe ls gYdk xqykch
Hkw&rkih; ço.krk ,oa vanj ls fudys Å"ek çokg ls çkIr ÅtkZ rd gksrk gSA phuh feV~Vh ds crZu rFkk dk¡p cukus esa bldk mi;ksx
iVy fo:i.k ,oa Tokykeq•h;rk dks çsfjr djrh gSA Hkw&rkih; gksrk gSA vr% dFku 1 lgh gSA
ço.krk ,oa vanj ds Å"ek çokg] Hkw&iiZVh dh eksVkbZ ,oa n`<+rk esa yy ikbjkWDlhu % dSfY'k;e] ,Y;wehfu;e] eSXuhf'k;e] vk;ju rFkk
varj ds dkj.k vartZfur cyksa ds dk;Z leku ugha gksrs gSaA vr% flfydk blesa 'kkfey gSAa i`Foh dh Hkwi"` B dk 10% fgLlk ikbjkWDlhu
foorZfud }kjk fu;af=kr ewy Hkw&iiZVh dh lrg vlery gksrh gSA ls cuk gSA lkekU;r% ;g mYdkfiaM esa ik;k tkrk gSA bldk jax gjk
yy iVy fo:i.k % lHkh çfØ;k,¡ tks Hkw&iiZVh dks lapfyr] mRFkkfir vFkok dkyk gksrk gSA vr% dFku 2 lgh ugha gSA
rFkk fufeZr djrh gSa] iVy fo:i.k ds varxZr vkrh gSaA buesa yy vkWfyohu % eSXuhf'k;e] ykSg rFkk flfydk vkWfyohu ds çeq[k rÙo gksrs
fuEufyf•r lfEefyr gS&a (i) rh{.k oy;u ds ekè;e ls ioZr fuekZ.k gSAa budk mi;ksx vkHkw"k.kksa esa gksrk gSA ;g lkekU;r% gjs jax ds fØLVy
rFkk Hkw&iiZVh dh yach ,oa ladh.kZ ifV~V;ksa dks çHkkfor djus okyh gksrs gSa tks çk;% cSlkfYVd 'kSyksa esa ik, tkrs gSAa vr% dFku 3 lgh gSA
ioZruh çfØ;k,¡] (ii) èkjkry ds cM+s Hkkx ds mRFkkiu ;k foÑfr esa yy DokV~tZ % ;s jsr ,oa xzsukbV dk çeq[k ?kVd gSA blesa flfydk gksrh
layXu egk}hi jpuk lacaèkh çfØ;k,¡] (iii) vis{kkÑr NksVs LFkkuh; gSA ;g ,d dBksj •fut gS rFkk ikuh esa loZFkk eq?kVd v?kqyu'khy
lapyu ds dkj.k mRiUu Hkwdai] (iv) iiZVh IysV ds {kSfrt lapyu gksrk gSA ;g 'osr ;k jaxghu gksrk gS rFkk bldk mi;ksx jsfM;ks ,oa
djus esa IysV foorZfudh dh HkwfedkA IysV foorZfud@ioZruh dh jMkj esa gksrk gSA xzsukbV dk ;g ,d egÙoiw.kZ ?kVd gSA

yy ,EiQhcksy % blds çeq[k rÙo ,Y;wehfu;e] dSfY'k;e] flfydk] IysVsa (mÙkj vesfjdh o nf{k.k vesfjdh IysVsa) rFkk ;wjsf'k;u o
ykSg] eSXuhf'k;e gSaA buls i`Foh ds Hkwi`"B dk 7% Hkkx fufeZr gSA vÚhdh IysVsa vyx gks jgh gSaA
;s gjs ,oa dkys jax dk gksrk gS rFkk bldk mi;ksx ,LcsLVl ds hhvfHklj.k lhek % tc ,d IysV nwljh IysV ds uhps èk¡lrh gS
m|ksx esa gksrk gSA gkWuZCysUM Hkh ,EiQhcksy dk ,d çdkj gSA vkSj tgk¡ HkwiiZVh u"V gksrh gS] og vfHklj.k lhek gSA og LFkku
yy ekbdk % blesa iksVSf'k;e] ,Y;wehfu;e] eSXuhf'k;e] ykSg] flfydk tgk¡ IysV èk¡lrh gS] bls çfo"Bu {ks=k (Subduction zone) Hkh
vkfn fufgr gksrs gSaA i`Foh dh iiZVh esa bldk 4% va'k gksrk gSA dgrs gSaA vfHklj.k rhu çdkj ls gks ldrk gS& (1) egklkxjh;
;s lkekU;r% vkXus; ,oa :ikarfjr 'kSyksa esa ik, tkrs gSaA fo|qr o egk}hih; IysV ds chp (2) nks egklkxjh; IysVksa ds chp
midj.kksa esa budk mi;ksx gksrk gSA (3) nks egk}hih; IysVksa ds chpA
yy bl çdkj] fodYi (b) lgh gSA hh:ikarj lhek % tgk¡ u rks ubZ iiZVh dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS vkSj u
52- mÙkj % (c) gh iiZVh dk fouk'k gksrk gS] mUgsa :ikarj lhek dgrs gSaA bldk
O;k[;k % dkj.k gS fd bl lhek ij IysVsa ,d&nwljs ds lkFk&lkFk {kSfrt
fn'kk esa ljd tkrh gSaA :ikarj Hkza'k nks IysV dks vyx djus
yy Hkkjrh; IysV dk lapyu % Hkkjrh; IysV esa çk;}hi Hkkjr vkSj
okys ry gSa tks lkekU;r% eè;&egklkxjh; dVdksa ls yacor
vkWLVsªfy;k egk}hih; Hkkx lfEefyr gSaA fgeky; ioZr Jsf.k;ksa ds
fLFkfr esa ik, tkrs gSaA D;ksafd dVdksa ds 'kh"kZ ij ,d gh le;
lkFk&lkFk ik;k tkus okyk çfo"Bu {ks=k (Subduction zone)] bldh
esa lHkh LFkkuksa ij Tokykeq•h mn~xkj ugha gksrk] ,sls esa i`Foh ds
mÙkjh lhek fuèkkZfjr djrk gS tks egk}hih;&egk}hih; vfHklj.k
(vFkkZr~ nks egk}hi IysVksa dh lhek) ds :i esa gSA ;g iwoZ fn'kk v{k ls nwj IysV ds fgLls fHkUu çdkj ls xfr djrs gSaA blds
esa E;k¡ekj ds jkfdU;ksek ioZr ls gksrs gq, ,d pki ds :i esa vfrfjDr] i`Foh ds ?kw.kZu dk Hkh IysV ds vyx •aMksa ij fHkUu
tkok •kbZ rd iQSyk gqvk gSA bldh iwohZ lhek ,d foLrkfjr ry çHkko iM+rk gSA vr% dFku 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa lgh gSaA
gS tks vkWLVsªfy;k ds iwoZ esa nf{k.kh&if'peh ç'kkar egklkxj esa yy IysV çokg njsa
egklkxjh; dVd ds :i esa gSA bldh if'peh lhek ikfdLrku hhlkekU; o mRØe.k pqc a dh; {ks=k dh ifV~V;k¡ tks eè;&egklkxjh;
dh fdjFkj Jsf.k;ksa dk vuqlj.k djrh gSA ;g vkxs edjku rV ds dVd ds lekukarj gSa] IysV çokg dh nj le>us esa oSKkfudksa
lkFk&lkFk gksrh gqbZ nf{k.k&iwohZ pkxksl }hilewg ds lkFk&lkFk yky ds fy, lgk;d fl¼ gqbZ gSaA çokg dh ;s njsa cgqr fHkUu gSaA
lkxj æks.kh (tks foLrkj.k ry gS) esa tk feyrh gSA Hkkjrh; rFkk vkdZfVd dVd dh çokg nj lcls de gS (2-5 lseh- çfr
vkdZfVd IysV dh lhek Hkh egklkxjh; dVd ls fuèkkZfjr gksrh gS] o"kZ ls Hkh de)A bZLVj }hi ds fudV iwohZ ç'kkar egklkxjh;
,d vilkjh lhek gSA ;g yxHkx iwoZ&if'pe fn'kk esa gksrh gqbZ mHkkj] tks fpyh ls 3]400 fdeh- if'pe dh vksj nf{k.k ç'kkar
U;w”khySaM ds nf{k.k esa foLrkfjr ry esa fey tkrh gSA vr% dFku egklkxj esa gS] bldh çokg nj lokZfèkd gS (tks 5 lseh- çfr
1] 2 vkSj 3 lgh gSaA o"kZ ls Hkh vfèkd gS)A vr% dFku 3 lgh gSA
yy bl çdkj] fodYi (c) lgh gSA yy bl çdkj] fodYi (c) lgh gSA
53- mÙkj % (c) 54- mÙkj % (c)
O;k[;k % O;k[;k %
yy IysV lapj.k ds iQyLo:i rhu çdkj dh IysV lhek,¡ curh gSa& yy eè; v{kka'kh; ?kkl Hkwfe;k¡ ('khrks".k dfVcaèkh; ?kkl ds
hhvilkjh lhek % tc nks IysV ,d&nwljs ls foijhr fn'kk esa eSnku) % ;s ?kkl Hkwfe;k¡ eè; v{kka'kksa esa egk}hiksa ds lkèkkj.k
vyx gVrh gSa vkSj ubZ iiZVh dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA mUgsa vilkjh o"kkZ okys Hkhrjh Hkkxksa esa iQSyh gSaA :l] la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk rFkk
IysV dgrs gSaA og LFkku tgk¡ ls IysV ,d&nwljs ls nwj gVrh dukMk ds Hkhrjh Hkkxksa] nf{k.k vÚhdh iBkj] nf{k.k vesfjdk esa
gSa] bUgsa çlkjh LFkku Hkh dgk tkrk gSA vilkjh lhek dk lcls vts±Vhuk rFkk m#Xos ds rVh; eSnkuksa ,oa vkWLVsªfy;k ds ejs&Mkfy±x
vPNk mnkgj.k eè;&vVykafVd dVd gSA ;gk¡ ls vesfjdh csflu esa bu ?kkl Hkwfe;ksa dk foLrkj gSA ;gk¡ ij ?kkl NksVh gksrh


gS vkSj isM+ ugha gksrs gSaA bu ?kkl Hkwfe;ksa dks ;wjsf'k;k esa LVsih] 55- mÙkj % (c)
mÙkjh vesfjdk esa çs;jht rFkk nf{k.k vesfjdk esa iEikl dgrs gSaA O;k[;k %
buesa iks"kd rÙoksa dh çpqjrk ikbZ tkrh gSA vr% dFku 3 lgh gSA yy Hkkjr dks dikl ds ikSèks dk ewy LFkku ekuk tkrk gSA nDdu iBkj
yy çs;jh % mÙkjh vesfjdk ds fo'kky 'khrks".k ?kklLFky dks çs;jh ds 'kq"drj Hkkxksa esa dkyh feV~Vh dikl mRiknu ds fy, mi;qDr
dgrs gSaA ;s if'pe esa jkWdh ioZr ,oa iwoZ esa xzsV ysd ls f?kjs gq, ekuh tkrh gSA bl iQly dks mxkus ds fy, mPp rkieku] gYdh
gSaA ;s lery] ean <yku ;k igkfM+;ksa okys çns'k gSa] tgk¡ isM+ de o"kkZ ;k flapkbZ] 210 ikykjfgr fnu vkSj f•yh èkwi dh vko';drk
rFkk ?kkl vfèkd gksrh gSA vfèkdka'k Hkkxksa esa çs;jh] o`{k jfgr gSa] gksrh gSA vr% dFku 1 lgh gSA
ijarq fupys eSnkuksa ds fudV unh ?kkfV;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk ;gk¡ ou Hkh
ik, tkrs gSaA nks ehVj rd Å¡ph ?kkl ;gk¡ ds Hkwn`'; dh çèkkurk yy 'kkdkgkjh •kus esa nkysa lcls vfèkd çksVhunk;d gksrh gSaA iQyhnkj
gSA çs;jh] la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk ,oa dukMk ds dqN Hkkxksa rd iQSys iQlysa gksus ds ukrs vjgj dks NksM+dj vU; lHkh nkysa ok;q ls
gq, gSaA buesa yach vkSj ikSf"Vd ?kkl mxrh gSA ukbVªkstu ysdj Hkwfe dh moZjrk dks cuk, j•rh gSaA vr% bu iQlyksa
hhegk}hi ds eè; fLFkr gksus ds dkj.k ;gk¡ pje rkieku okyh
dks vkerkSj ij vU; iQlyksa ds vkorZu (rotating) esa cks;k tkrk
egk}hih; tyok;q gksrh gSA xzh"e ½rq esa rkieku yxHkx 20°C gSA vr% dFku 2 lgh ugha gSA
gksrk gS] tcfd 'khr ½rq esa dukMk ds fouhisx esa rkieku fgekad yy dkWiQh % blds fy, xeZ ,oa vkæZ tyok;q vkSj lq&viokfgr nkseV
ls &20°C Hkh ntZ fd;k x;k gSA 'khr ½rq esa ;g çns'k ciQZ dh e`nk dh vko';drk gksrh gSA bl iQly dh o`f¼ ds fy, ioZrh;
,d eksVh ijr ls <d tkrk gSA ;gk¡ okf"kZd o"kkZ lkekU; gksrh gS] <ky vfèkd mi;qDr gksrh gSA czk”khy] dksyafc;k vkSj Hkkjr çeq[k
tks ?kkl ds fodkl ds fy, vuqdy w gSA mÙkj&nf{k.k vojksèk dh mRiknd gSaA gekjs ns'k esa vjsfcdk fdLe dh dkWiQh iSnk dh tkrh
vuqifLFkfr esa ;gk¡ ^fpuwd* uked ,d LFkkuh; iou cgrh gSA gS tks vkjaHk esa ;eu ls ykbZ xbZ FkhA bldh Ñf"k dh 'kq#vkr
yy LVsih % ;wjksi ds nf{k.k&iwohZ Hkkx esa foLr`r ?kkl Hkwfe;k¡ gSa bUgsa ckck cwnu igkfM+;ksa ls gqbZ vkSj vkt Hkh bldh •srh uhyfxfj dh
;gk¡ LVsih dgrs gSaA mÙkjh vesfjdk ds çs;jh dh rqyuk esa ;gk¡ dh igkfM+;ksa ds vklikl dukZVd] dsjy vkSj rfeyukMq esa dh tkrh
?kkl NksVh gksrh gSA ;g ?kkl Hkwfe :ekfu;k esa MsU;wc unh ?kkVh ls gSA ckck cwnu igkfM+;k¡ dukZVd ds fpdexyw# f”kys esa fLFkr gSaA
ysdj iwoZ esa ;wØsu rd iQSyh gSA gaxjh ds eSnku blh ?kkl Hkwfe dk vr% dFku 3 lgh gSA
foLrkj gSAa m".kdfVcaèkh; e#LFkyksa dh Hkk¡fr] vYi vkSj vfo'oluh; yy bl çdkj] fodYi (c) lgh gSA
o`f"V] bl tyok;q dh Hkh fo'ks"krk gSaA blesa vkSlr okf"kZd rkieku
56- mÙkj % (b)
21°C rFkk okf"kZd rkikarj 13°C gSA o"kkZ dh okf"kZd ek=kk 30
lsaVhehVj gksrh gSA blds mPp v{kka'kksa dh vksj okys fLFkr Hkkxksa esa O;k[;k %
'khrdky esa rFkk fuEu v{kka'kksa dh vksj okys Hkkxksa esa xzh"edky esa yy ekulwu dk vkjaHk % xehZ ds eghuksa esa LFky vkSj leqæ dk foHksnh
o`f"V gksrh gSA vr% 2 lgh gSA rkiu gh ekulwu iouksa ds miegk}hi dh vksj pyus ds fy, eap
hhvkWLVsªfy;k esa m".k ,oa 'khrks".k dfVcaèkh; nks çdkj dh ?kkl rS;kj djrk gSA vçSy vkSj ebZ ds eghuksa esa] tc lw;Z ddZ js•k
Hkwfe;k¡ gksrh gSaA m".kdfVcaèkh; ?kkl Hkwfe;ksa dk foLrkj mÙkj esa ij yacor~ pedrk gS] rks fgan egklkxj ds mÙkj esa fLFkr fo'kky
gS ftUgsa lokuk dgrs gSaA 'khrks".k dfVcaèkh; ?kkl Hkwfe;k¡ ejs Hkw•aM vR;fèkd xeZ gks tkrk gSA blds ifj.kkeLo:i miegk}hi
vkSj Mkfy±x ufn;ksa dh æksf.k;ksa esa iQSyh gSa] tgk¡ bUgsa MkmUl ds mÙkj&if'peh Hkkx ij ,d xgu U;wu nkc {ks=k fodflr gks
dgrs gSaA MkmUl esa de rkieku ds dkj.k o"kkZ gksrh gSA LVsih tkrk gSA D;ksafd Hkw•aM ds nf{k.k esa fgan egklkxj vis{kr;k
rqY; tyok;q çns'k iNqvk gokvksa okyh isVh esa fLFkr gSaA vkæZ èkhjs&èkhjs xeZ gksrk gS] fuEu ok;q nkc dsaæ fo"kqor js•k ds ml ikj
tkM+ksa ls ;qDr BaMh tyok;q leqæh if'pe rVh; tyok;q vkSj ls nf{k.k&iwohZ lUekxhZ iouksa dks vkdf"kZr dj ysrk gSA bu n'kkvksa
eè; v{kka'kh; LVsih tyok;q ls èkqzoksa dh vksj ikbZ tkrh gSA esa var% m".kdfVcaèkh; vfHklj.k {ks=k mÙkj dh vksj LFkkukarfjr gks
vr% dFku 1 lgh gSA tkrk gSA bl çdkj nf{k.k&if'peh ekulwuh iouksa dks nf{k.k&iwohZ
yy bl çdkj] fodYi (c) lgh gSA lUekxhZ iouksa ds foLrkj ds :i esa ns•k tk ldrk gS] tks Hkweè;

js•k dks ikj djds Hkkjrh; miegk}hi dh vksj fo{ksfir gks tkrh js•k dks 40° iwohZ rFkk 60° iwohZ ns'kkarj js•kvksa ds chp ikj djrh
gSaA ;s iousa Hkweè; js•k dks 40° iwohZ rFkk 60° iwohZ ns'kkarj js•kvksa gSaA vr% dFku 3 lgh ugha gSA
ds chp ikj djrh gSaA var% m".kdfVcaèkh; vfHklj.k {ks=k dh fLFkfr yy caxky dh •kM+h dh ekulwu iousa % caxky dh •kM+h dh ekulwu
esa ifjorZu dk lacaèk fgeky; ds nf{k.k esa mÙkjh eSnku ds Åij iouksa dh 'kk•k E;k¡ekj rV rFkk nf{k.k&iwohZ ckaXykns'k ds ,d
ls if'peh tsV çokg }kjk viuh fLFkfr ds çR;korZu ls Hkh gSA FkksM+s ls Hkkx ls Vdjkrh gSA fdarq] E;k¡ekj ds rV ij fLFkr vjkdku
D;ksafd if'peh tsV çokg ds bl {ks=k ls f•ldrs gh nf{k.kh Hkkjr igkfM+;k¡ bl 'kk•k ds ,d cM+s fgLls dks Hkkjrh; miegk}hi dh
esa 15° mÙkj v{kka'k ij iwohZ tsV çokg fodflr gks tkrk gSA blh vksj fo{ksfir dj nsrh gSA bl çdkj ekulwu if'pe caxky vkSj
iwohZ tsV çokg dks Hkkjr esa ekulwu ds çLiQksV (Burst) ds fy, ckaXykns'k esa nf{k.k&if'peh fn'kk dh vis{kk nf{k.kh o nf{k.k&iwohZ
f”kEesnkj ekuk tkrk gSA fn'kk ls ços'k djrk gSA ;gk¡ ls ;g 'kk•k fgeky; ioZr rFkk Hkkjr
yy ekulwu foPNsn % nf{k.k&if'pe ekulwu dky esa ,d ckj dqN ds mÙkj&if'pe esa fLFkr rkih; fuEunkc ds çHkkokèkhu nks Hkkxksa
fnuksa rd o"kkZ gksus ds ckn ;fn ,d&nks ;k dbZ lIrkg rd o"kkZ esa c¡V tkrh gS] bldh ,d 'kk•k xaxk ds eSnku ds lkFk&lkFk
u gks rks bls ekulwu foPNsn dgk tkrk gSA ;s foPNsn fofHkUu {ks=kksa if'pe dh vksj c<+rh gS vkSj iatkc ds eSnku rd igq¡prh gSA
esa fofHkUu dkj.kksa ls gksrs gSa tks fuEufyf•r gSa& bldh nwljh 'kk•k mÙkj o mÙkj&iwoZ esa czãiq=k ?kkVh esa c<+rh gSA
hhmÙkjh Hkkjr ds fo'kky eSnku esa ekulwu dk foPNsn m".kdfVcaèkh
;g 'kk•k ogk¡ foLr`r {ks=kksa esa o"kkZ djrh gSA bldh ,d mi'kk•k
pØokrksa dh la[;k de gks tkus ls vkSj var% m".kdfVcaèkh; es?kky; esa fLFkr xkjks vkSj •klh dh igkfM+;ksa ls Vdjkrh gSA •klh
vfHklj.k {ks=k dh fLFkfr esa cnyko vkus ls gksrk gSA igkfM+;ksa ds f'k•j ij fLFkr ekWflujke fo'o dh lokZfèkd vkSlr
okf"kZd o"kkZ çkIr djrk gSA rfeyukMq rV o"kkZ ½rq esa 'kq"d D;ksa
hhif'peh rV ij ekulwu foPNsn rc gksrk gS tc vkæZ iousa rV
jg tkrk gS\ blds fy, nks dkjd mÙkjnk;h gSa& (i) rfeyukMq rV
ds lekukarj cgus yxsaA caxky dh •kM+h dh ekulwu iouksa ds lekukarj iM+rk gS& (ii) ;g
hhjktLFkku esa ekulwu foPNsn rc gksrk gS] tc ok;qeaMy ds fuEu nf{k.k&if'peh ekulwu dh vjc lkxj 'kk•k ds o`f"V {ks=k esa fLFkr
Lrjksa ij rkieku dh foykserk o"kkZ djus okyh vkæZ iouksa dks gSA vr% dFku 1 lgh ugha gSA
Åij mBus ls jksd nsrh gSA yy ekulwu fuorZu % vDrwcj vkSj uoacj ds eghuksa dks ekulwu ds
yy bl çdkj] fodYi (b) lgh gSA fuorZu dh ½rq dgk tkrk gSA flracj ds var esa lw;Z ds nf{k.kk;u
57- mÙkj % (a)
gksus dh fLFkfr esa xaxk ds eSnku ij fLFkr fuEu ok;q nkc dh æks.kh
Hkh nf{k.k dh vksj f•lduk vkjaHk dj nsrh gSA blls nf{k.k&if'peh
O;k[;k % ekulwu de”kksj iM+us yxrk gSA ekulwu flracj ds igys lIrkg
yy ekulwu dk vkjaHk % tc lw;Z ddZ js•k ij yacor~ pedrk gS] esa if'peh jktLFkku ls ykSVrk gSA bl eghus ds var rd ekulwu
rks fgan egklkxj ds mÙkj esa fLFkr fo'kky Hkw•aM vR;fèkd xeZ gks jktLFkku] xqtjkr] if'peh xaxk eSnku rFkk eè;orhZ mPpHkwfe;ksa ls
tkrk gS] blds ifj.kkeLo:i miegk}hi ds mÙkj&if'peh Hkkx ij ykSV pqdk gksrk gSA vDrwcj ds vkjaHk esa caxky dh •kM+h ds mÙkjh
,d xgu U;wu nkc {ks=k fodflr gks tkrk gS D;ksafd Hkw•aM ds nf{k.k Hkkxksa esa fLFkr gks tkrk gS rFkk uoacj ds 'kq: esa ;g dukZVd vkSj
esa fgan egklkxj vis{kr;k èkhjs&èkhjs xeZ gksrk gS] fuEu ok;q nkc rfeyukMq dh vksj c<+ tkrk gSA fnlacj ds eè; rd fuEu ok;q
dsaæ fo"kqor js•k ds ml ikj ls nf{k.k&iwohZ lUekxhZ (O;kikfjd) nkc dk dsaæ çk;}hi ls iwjh rjg ls gV pqdk gksrk gSA ekulwu ds
iouksa dks vkdf"kZr dj ysrk gSA bu n'kkvksa esa var% m".kdfVcaèkh; fuorZu dh ½rq esa vkdk'k LoPN gks tkrk gS vkSj rkieku c<+us
vfHklj.k {ks=k mÙkj dh vksj LFkkukarfjr gks tkrk gSA bl çdkj yxrk gSA ”kehu esa vHkh Hkh ueh gksrh gSA mPp rkieku vkSj vkæZrk
nf{k.k&if'peh ekulwuh iouksa dks nf{k.k&iwohZ lUekxhZ iouksa ds dh n'kkvksa ls ekSle d"Vdkjh gks tkrk gSA vkerkSj ij bls ^dkfrZd
foLrkj ds :i esa ns•k tk ldrk gS] tks Hkweè; js•k dks ikj djds ekl dh Å"ek* dgk tkrk gSA vr% dFku 2 lgh gSA
Hkkjrh; miegk}hi dh vksj fo{ksfir gks tkrh gSaA ;s iousa Hkweè; yy bl çdkj] fodYi (a) lgh gSA


58- mÙkj % (c) yy ,d foliZ unh ck<+ okys {ks=kksa esa dVdj xks•qj >hy dk fuekZ.k
O;k[;k % djrh gSA fLiV rFkk ckj (jksfèkdk ) rVh; {ks=kksa esa ySxwu dk fuekZ.k
yy esaVy % HkwxHkZ esa iiZVh ds uhps dk Hkkx esaVy dgykrk gSA ;g eksgks djrs gSa] tSls& fpYdk >hy] iqyhdV >hy rFkk dksys: >hy
vlkarR; (Discontinuity) ls vkjaHk gksdj 2]900 fdeh- dh xgjkbZ varnZs'kh; Hkkxksa okyh >hysa dHkh&dHkh ekSleh gksrh gSa] mnkgj.k
rd ik;k tkrk gSA esaVy dk Åijh Hkkx nqcZyrkeaMy dgk tkrk gSA ds fy, jktLFkku dh lkaHkj >hy] tks ,d yo.k ty okyh >hy
bldk foLrkj 400 fdeh- rd vk¡dk x;k gSA Tokykeq•h mn~xkj ds gSA blds ty dk mi;ksx ued ds fuekZ.k ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
nkSjku tks ykok èkjkry ij igq¡prk gS] mldk eq[; lzksr ;gh gSA yy ehBs ikuh dh vfèkdka'k >hysa fgeky; {ks=k esa gSaA ;s eq[;r% fgekuh
HkwiiZVh ,oa esaVy dk Åijh Hkkx feydj LFkyeaMy (Lithosphere) }kjk cuh gSaA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] ;s rc cuha tc fgekfu;ksa us ;k dksbZ
dgykrs gSaA bldh eksVkbZ 10 ls 200 fdeh- ds chp ikbZ tkrh gSA æks.kh xgjh cukbZ] tks ckn esa fge fi?kyus ls Hkj xbZ] ;k fdlh {ks=k
fupys esaVy dk foLrkj nqcZyrkeaMy ds lekIr gks tkus ds ckn esa f'kykvksa vFkok feV~Vh ls fgekuh ekxZ c¡èk x,A blds foijhr]
rd gSA ;g Bksl voLFkk esa gSA vr% dFku 2 lgh gSA tEew ,oa d'ehj dh oqyj >hy HkwxHkhZ; fØ;kvksa ls cuh gSA ;g
yy vilkjh lhek % tc nks IysVsa ,d&nwljs ls foijhr fn'kk esa vyx Hkkjr dh lcls cM+h ehBs ikuh okyh çkÑfrd >hy gSA My >hy]
gVrh gSa vkSj ubZ iiZVh dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA mUgsa vilkjh IysV dgrs Hkherky] uSuhrky] yksdrd rFkk cM+kikuh dqN vU; egÙoiw.kZ ehBs
gSaA og LFkku tgk¡ ls IysVsa ,d&nwljs ls nwj gVrh gSa] bUgsa çlkjh ikuh dh >hysa gSaA blds vfrfjDr] ty&fo|qr mRiknu ds fy,
LFkku Hkh dgk tkrk gSA vilkjh lhek dk lcls vPNk mnkgj.k ufn;ksa ij ck¡èk cukus ls Hkh >hy dk fuekZ.k gks tkrk gS] tSls& xq#
eè;&vVykafVd dVd gSA ;gk¡ ls vesfjdh IysVsa (mÙkj vesfjdh xksfcan lkxj (Hkk•M+k ukaxy ifj;kstuk)A
o nf{k.k vesfjdh IysVsa) rFkk ;wjsf'k;u o vÚhdh IysVsa vyx gks yy bl çdkj] fodYi (b) lgh gSA
jgh gSaA vr% dFku 1 lgh gSA
60- mÙkj % (c)
yy HkwiiZVh Bksl i`Foh dk lcls ckgjh Hkkx gSA ;g cgqr Hkaxqj (Brittle)
Hkkx gS ftlesa tYnh VwV tkus dh ço`fÙk ikbZ tkrh gSA HkwiiZVh dh O;k[;k %
eksVkbZ egk}hiksa o egklkxjksa ds uhps vyx&vyx gSA egklkxjksa yy igkfM+;ksa ds vkèkkj rFkk ?kkVh ry dh jsr esa tyks<+ teko ds :i
esa HkwiiZVh dh eksVkbZ egk}hiksa dh rqyuk esa de gSA egklkxjksa ds esa Hkh dqN •fut ik, tkrs gSaA ;s fu{ksi Îyslj fu{ksi* ds uke
uhps bldh vkSlr eksVkbZ 5 fdeh- gS] tcfd egk}hiksa ds uhps ;g ls tkus tkrs gSaA buesa çk;% ,sls •fut gksrs gSa tks ty }kjk ?kf"kZr
30 fdeh- rd gSA u”kdk IysV (Nazca plate) nf{k.k&vesfjdk o ugha gksrsA bu •futksa esa lksuk] pk¡nh] fVu o IysfVue çeq• gSaA
ç'kkar egklkxjh; IysV ds chp fLFkr gSA vr% dFku 3 lgh gSA vr% dFku 1 lgh gSA
yy bl çdkj] fodYi (c) lgh gSA yy egklkxjh; ty esa Hkh fo'kky ek=kk esa •fut ik, tkrs gSa] ysfdu
59- mÙkj % (b) buesa ls vfèkdka'k ds O;kid :i ls folfjr gksus ds dkj.k budh
vkfFkZd lkFkZdrk de gSA fiQj Hkh lkekU; ued] eSXuhf'k;e rFkk
O;k[;k %
czksekbu ”;knkrj leqæh ty ls gh çxzfgr (derived) gksrs gSaA
yy d'ehj ;k mÙkjh&if'peh fgeky; % egÙoiw.kZ vyo.kty dh
egklkxjh; ryh Hkh eSaxuht xzafFkdkvksa (nodules) esa èkuh gSaA vr%
>hysa] tSls& My vkSj oqyj rFkk yo.kty >hysa] tSls& iSxkWUx lks
dFku 2 lgh gSA
vkSj lkseqjhjh Hkh blh {ks=k esa ikbZ tkrh gSaA flaèkq rFkk bldh lgk;d
ufn;k¡] >sye vkSj psukc bl {ks=k dks viokfgr djrh gSaA oS".kks nsoh] yy •futksa ds fuekZ.k dh ,d vU; fofèk èkjkryh; pV~Vkuksa dk vi?kVu
vejukFk xqiQk vkSj pjkj&,&'kjhiQ Hkh ;gha ij fLFkr gSaA tEew vkSj gSA pV~Vkuksa ds ?kqyu'khy rÙoksa ds vijnu ds i'pkr~ v;Ld okyh
d'ehj dh jktèkkuh Jhuxj >sye unh ds fdukjs fLFkr gSA Jhuxj vof'k"V pV~Vkusa jg tkrh gSAa ckWDlkbV dk fuekZ.k blh çdkj gksrk gSA
esa My >hy fLFkr gSA d'ehj ?kkVh esa >sye unh ;qok voLFkk esa yy volknh pV~Vkuksa esa nwljh Js.kh ds •futksa esa ftIle] iksVk'k] ued
cgrh gS] rFkkfi unh; LFky :i ds fodkl esa çkS<+koLFkk esa fufeZr o lksfM;e lfEefyr gSaA budk fuekZ.k fo'ks"kdj 'kq"d çns'kksa esa
gksus okyh fof'k"V vkÑfr&foliks± dk fuekZ.k djrh gSA ok"ihdj.k ds iQyLo:i gksrk gSA


yy vkXus; rFkk dk;karfjr pV~Vkuksa esa •fut njkjksa] tksM+ksa] Hkza'kksa o fonjksa djsok ds fy, Hkh çfl¼ gS] tgk¡ tkiQjku dh •srh dh tkrh gSA
esa feyrs gSaA NksVs teko f'kjkvksa ds :i esa vkSj c`gr~ teko ijr c`gr~ fgeky; esa tksthyk] ihj iatky esa cfugky] tkLdj Js.kh esa
ds :i esa ik, tkrs gSaA budk fuekZ.k Hkh vfèkdrj ml le; gksrk iQksVqyk vkSj yík[k Js.kh esa •nZqaxyk tSls egÙoiw.kZ njsZ fLFkr gSaA
gS tc ;s rjy vFkok xSlh; voLFkk esa njkjksa ds lgkjs Hkw&i`"B dh vr% ;qXe 1] 2] 3 vkSj 4 lgh lqesfyr gSaA
vksj èkdsys tkrs gSaA Åij vkrs gq, ;s BaMs gksdj te tkrs gSaA eq[; yy lryqt unh frCcr esa 4,555 ehVj dh Å¡pkbZ ij ekuljksoj ds
èkkfRod •fut] tSls& tLrk] rk¡ck] ftad vkSj lhlk vkfn blh rjg fudV jk{kl rky ls fudyrh gS] tgk¡ bls ykWxpsu •ackc ds uke
f'kjkvksa o tekoksa ds :i esa çkIr gksrs gSaA ls tkuk tkrk gSA Hkkjr esa ços'k djus ls igys ;g yxHkx 400
yy bl çdkj] fodYi (c) lgh gSA fdeh- rd flaèkq unh ds lekarj cgrh gS vkSj jksiM+ esa ,d egk•M~M
61- mÙkj % (b) ls fudyrh gSA ;g fgeky; ioZr Js.kh esa f'kidhyk ls cgrh gqbZ
iatkc ds eSnku esa ços'k djrh gSA ;g ,d iwoZorhZ unh gSA ;g
O;k[;k %
flaèkq unh dh ,d egÙoiw.kZ lgk;d unh gS rFkk ;g Hkk•M+k ukaxy
yy if'pe dh vksj cgus okyh ufn;k¡ % vjc lkxj dh vksj cgus ifj;kstuk ds ugj ra=k dk iks"k.k djrh gSA
okyh ufn;ksa dk tyekxZ NksVk gSA dkfyanh unh csyxk¡o f”kys ls
fudydj djokM+ dh •kM+h esa fxjrh gSA 'kjkorh if'pe dh vksj
cgus okyh dukZVd dh ,d vU; egÙoiw.kZ unh gSA 'kjkorh dukZVd 63- mÙkj % (a)
ds f'keksxk f”kys ls fudyrh gSA xksok esa nks egÙoiw.kZ ufn;k¡ ekaMoh O;k[;k %
vkSj tqvkjh gSaA dsjy dh rV js•k NksVh gSA dsjy dh lcls cM+h yy rVh; eSnku % fLFkfr vkSj lfØ; HkwvkÑfrd çfØ;kvksa ds vkèkkj
unh Hkjriw>k vUukeykbZ igkfM+;ksa ls fudyrh gSA bls iksaukuh ds ij rVh; eSnkuksa dks nks Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk tk ldrk gS& (i) if'peh
uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA ;g yxHkx 5,397 oxZ fdeh- {ks=k dks rVh; eSnku (ii) iwohZ rVh; eSnkuA
viokfgr djrh gSA isfj;kj dsjy dh nwljh lcls cM+h unh gSA
yy if'peh rVh; eSnku tyeXu rVh; eSnkuksa ds mnkgj.k gSaA tyeXu
bldk tyxzg.k {ks=k yxHkx 5,243 oxZ fdeh- esa iQSyk gqvk gSA
gksus ds dkj.k if'peh rVh; eSnku ,d ladh.kZ iV~Vh ek=k gS vkSj
dsjy dh vU; mYys•uh; unh ikack gS] tks mÙkjh dsjy esa ekxZ
iÙkuksa ,oa canjxkg fodkl ds fy, çkÑfrd ifjfLFkfr;k¡ çnku djrk
r; djrh gqbZ osackukn >hy esa tk fxjrh gSA ekgh] <k<j] dkfyanh]
gSA mÙkj esa xqtjkr rV ls] nf{k.k esa dsjy rV rd iQSys if'peh
'kjkorh] Hkjriw>k] isfj;kj if'pe dh vksj cgus okyh NksVh ufn;k¡ gSAa
rVh; eSnku dks xqtjkr dk dPN vkSj dkfB;kokM+ rV] egkjk"Vª dk
yy iwoZ dh vksj cgus okyh ufn;k¡ % çk;}hi esa cgqr cM+h la[;k esa
dksad.k rV vkSj xksok rV] dukZVd rFkk dsjy ds Øe'k% ekykckj
ufn;k¡ viuh lgk;d ufn;ksa ds lkFk iwoZ dh vksj çokfgr gksrh gqbZ
rVh; Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gSA if'peh rVh; eSnku
caxky dh •kM+h esa fxjrh gSaA Lo.kZjs•k] oSrj.kh] czkã.kh] oa'k/kjk]
eè; esa ladh.kZ gS] ijarq mÙkj vkSj nf{k.k esa pkSM+s gks tkrs gSaA bl
isUukj] ikykj vkSj oSxbZ iwoZ dh vksj cgus okyh ufn;k¡ gSaA
rVh; eSnku esa cgus okyh ufn;k¡ MsYVk ugha cukrh gSaA ekykckj rV
yy bl çdkj] fodYi (b) lgh gSA dh fo'ks"k LFkykÑfr ^d;ky* (Backwaters) ftls eNyh idM+us
62- mÙkj % (d) vkSj var% LFkyh; ukSdk;u ds fy, ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] i;ZVdksa
O;k[;k % ds fy, fo'ks"k vkd"kZ.k dk dsaæ gSA dsjy esa gj o"kZ çfl¼ ûsg:
yy d'ehj fgeky; esa vusd ioZr Jsf.k;k¡ gSa] tSls& djkdksje] yík•] VªkWiQh oykedkyh* (ukSdk nkSM+) dk vk;kstu îqUukenk d;ky* esa
tkLdj vkSj ihjiatky d'ehj fgeky; dk mÙkjh&iwohZ Hkkx] tks fd;k tkrk gSA vr% dFku 1 lgh] ysfdu 3 lgh ugha gSA
c`gr~ fgeky; vkSj djkdksje Jsf.k;ksa ds chp fLFkr gS] ,d BaMk yy if'peh rVh; eSnku dh rqyuk esa iwohZ rVh; eSnku pkSM+k gS vkSj
e#LFky gSA c`gr~ fgeky; vkSj ihjiatky ds chp fo'o çfl¼ mHkjs gq, rV dk mnkgj.k gSA iwoZ dh vksj cgus okyh vkSj caxky
d'ehj ?kkVh vkSj My >hy gSaA nf{k.k ,f'k;k dh egÙoiw.kZ fgekuh dh •kM+h esa fxjus okyh ufn;k¡ ;gk¡ yacs&pkSM+s MsYVk cukrh gSaA blesa
ufn;k¡ cyVksjks vkSj fl;kfpu blh çns'k esa gSaA d'ehj fgeky; egkunh] xksnkojh] Ñ".kk vkSj dkosjh dk MsYVk 'kkfey gSA mHkjk rV

gksus ds dkj.k ;gk¡ iÙku vkSj iksrkJ; de gSaA ;gk¡ ij egk}hih; 65- mÙkj % (d)
'ksYiQ dh pkSM+kbZ 500 fdeh- gS ftlds dkj.k ;gk¡ iÙkuksa vkSj O;k[;k %
iksrkJ;ksa dk fodkl eqf'dy gSA vr% dFku 2 lgh gSA
yy bl çdkj] fodYi (a) lgh gSA dksisu dh ;kstuk ds vuqlkj Hkkjr ds tyok;q çns'k
64- mÙkj % (c)

tyok;q ds çdkj {ks=k
Amw&y?kq 'kq"d ½rq xksok ds nf{k.k esa Hkkjr dk if'peh
O;k[;k %
okyk ekulwu çdkj rV
yy if'peh rVh; eSnku tyeXu gksus ds dkj.k iÙkuksa ,oa canjxkg
As&'kq"d xzh"e ½rq rfeyukMq dk dksjkseaMy rV
fodkl ds fy, çkÑfrd ifjfLFkfr;k¡ çnku djrk gSA ;gk¡ ij fLFkr
okyk ekulwu çdkj
çkÑfrd canjxkgksa esa dkaMyk] e>xk¡o] ts-,y-,u- Ugkok 'ksok]
Aw&m".kdfVcaèkh; ddZ o`Ùk ds nf{k.k esa çk;}hih;
ekekZxkvks] eSaxykSj] dksphu 'kkfey gSaA dPN dh •kM+h ds eqgkus
lokuk çdkj iBkj dk vfèkdrj HkkxA vr% ;qXe
ij vofLFkr dkaMyk iÙku dks ns'k ds if'peh ,oa mÙkj&if'peh
2 lgh lqesfyr gSA
Hkkx dh ”k:jrksa dks iwjk djus vkSj eqacbZ iÙku ij ncko dks ?kVkus
BShw&v¼Z 'kq"d LVsih mÙkj&if'peh xqtjkr] if'peh
ds fy, ,d çeq[k iÙku ds :i esa fodflr fd;k x;k gSA bl
tyok;q jktLFkku vkSj iatkc ds dqN HkkxA
iÙku dks fo'ks"k :i ls Hkkjh ek=kk esa isVªksfy;e] isVªksfy;e mRiknksa
vr% ;qXe 1 lgh lqesfyr gSA
,oa moZjdksa dks xzg.k djus ds fy, cuk;k x;k gSA okMhukj esa ,d
BWhw&xeZ e#LFky jktLFkku dk lcls if'peh Hkkx
virVh; VfeZuy fodflr fd;k x;k gS] rkfd dkaMyk iÙku ds
Cwg&'kq"d 'khr ½rq xaxk dk eSnku] iwohZ jktLFkku] mÙkjh
ncko dks ?kVk;k tk ldsA
okyk ekulwu çdkj eè; çns'k] mÙkj&iwohZ Hkkjr dk
hheqacbZ ,d çkÑfrd iÙku vkSj ns'k dk lcls cM+k iÙku gSA blesa
vfèkdrj çns'k
ns'k dk fo'kkyre VfeZuy gSA
Dfc&y?kq xzh"e rFkk BaMh v#.kkpy çns'k ½rq okyk tyok;q
hhtokgjyky usg: iÙku dks Ugkok 'ksok esa eqacbZ iÙku ds ncko vkæZ 'khr çns'kA vr% ;qXe 4 lgh lqesfyr gSA
dks de djus ds fy, ,d vuq"kaxh iÙku ds :i esa fodflr E&èkqzoh; çdkj tEew ,oa d'ehj] fgekpy çns'k vkSj
fd;k x;k FkkA ;g Hkkjr dk fo'kkyre daVsuj iÙku gSA mÙkjk•aMA vr% ;qXe 3 lgh lqefs yr gSA
hhtqvkjh uneq[k ds eqgkus ij vofLFkr ekekZxkvks iÙku xksok dk
,d çkÑfrd canjxkg gSA
66- mÙkj % (c)
hhU;w eaxykSj iÙku dukZVd esa fLFkr ykSg&v;Ld vkSj ykSg&lkaæ
ds fu;kZr dh ”k:jrksa dks iwjk djrk gSA O;k[;k %
hhiwohZ rV ij fLFkr psUubZ iÙku lcls iqjkus iÙkuksa esa ls ,d gSA
yy ikfjfLFkfrdh çeq[k :i ls thoèkkfj;ksa ds tUe] fodkl] forj.k]
;g ,d Ñf=ke iÙku gS ftls 1859 esa cuk;k x;k FkkA rV ds ço`fÙk o muds çfrdwy voLFkkvksa esa Hkh thfor jgus ls lacafèkr gSA
ikfjfLFkfrdh thoèkkfj;ksa vkSj muds vkil esa lacaèk dk gh vè;;u
fudV mFkys ty ds dkj.k ;g iÙku fo'kky iksrksa ds fy,
ugha gSA fdlh fo'ks"k {ks=k esa fdlh fo'ks"k lewg ds thoèkkfj;ksa dk
vuqdwy ugha gSA
Hkwfe] ty vFkok ok;q (vtSfod rÙoksa) ls ,slk varl±ca/ ftlesa
hhrfeyukMq esa u;k fodflr ,Uuksj iÙku] psUubZ ds mÙkj esa 25 fdeh- ÅtkZ çokg o iks"k.k Ükà•yk,¡ Li"V :i ls lek;ksftr gksa] mls
nwj] psUubZ iÙku ds ncko dks de djus ds fy, cuk;k x;k gSA ikfjra=k (Ecological system) dgk tkrk gSA
hhrwrhdksfju iÙku dk fodkl Hkh psUubZ iÙku ds ncko dks de yy ikfjfLFkfrdh ds lanHkZ esa vkokl (habitat), i;kZoj.k ds HkkSfrd o
djus ds fy, fd;k x;k FkkA jklk;fud dkjdksa dk ;ksx gSA fofHkUu çdkj ds i;kZoj.k o fofHkUu
yy bl çdkj] fodYi (c) lgh gSA ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa fHkUu çdkj ds ikfjra=k ik, tkrs gSa] tgk¡ vyx&vyx


çdkj ds ikSèks o tho&tarq fodkl Øe }kjk ml i;kZoj.k ds vH;Lr vi?kVd çR;sd Lrj ij (mPp Lrj lfgr) e`rdksa ij fuHkZj gksrs
gks tkrs gSaA bl çdj.k dks ikfjfLFkfrd vuqdwyu (Ecological gSaA vi?kVd bUgsa (e`rdksa dks) fofHkUu inkFkks±] tSls& dkcZfud o
adaptation) dgrs gSaA vr% dFku 1 vkSj 2 lgh gSaA vdkcZfud vo;oksa vkSj feV~Vh dh moZjrk ds fy, iks"kd rÙoksa esa
yy i`Foh ij fofHkUu ck;kse dh lhek dk fuèkkZj.k tyok;q o vi{k; ifjofrZr dj nsrs gSaA ck;kse] ikSèkksa o çkf.k;ksa dk ,d leqnk; gS tks
lacaèkh rÙo djrs gSaA vr% fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ikni o tarqvksa ds ,d cM+s HkkSxksfyd {ks=k esa ik;k tkrk gSA vr% fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr;ksa
varl±caèkksa ds dqy ;ksx dks ^ck;kse* dgrs gSaA blesa o"kkZ] rkieku] esa ikni o tarqvksa ds varl±caèkksa ds dqy ;ksx dks ^ck;kse* dgrs
vkæZrk o feV~Vh lacaèkh vo;o Hkh 'kkfey gSaA lalkj ds dqN çeq[k gSaA vr% dFku 3 vkSj dFku 4 lgh gSA
ikfjra=k& ou] ?kkl {ks=k] e#LFky vkSj VqaMªk (Tundra) ikfjra=k gSaA yy bl çdkj] fodYi (c) lgh gSA
tyh; ikfjra=k dks leqæh ikfjra=k o rk”ks ty ds ikfjra=k esa ck¡Vk 68- mÙkj % (a)
tkrk gSA leqæh ikfjra=k esa egklkxjh;] Tokjuneq•] çoky fHkfÙk
(Coral reef)] ikfjra=k lfEefyr gSaA rk”ks ty ds ikfjra=k esa >hysa] O;k[;k %
rkykc] lfjrk,¡] dPN o nyny (Marshes and bogs) 'kkfey gSaA yy •k| Ükà•yk ,d vkgkj inkuqØe gS ftlesa ,d ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k
yy bl çdkj] fodYi (c) lgh gSA esa thoksa dks iks"k.k Lrjksa esa lewghÑr fd;k tkrk gS vkSj •k| ÅtkZ
ds çokg vkSj muds chp Hkkstu lacaèkksa dks n'kkZus ds fy, Øfed
67- mÙkj % (c)
:i ls fn•k;k tkrk gSA
O;k[;k % yy çkFkfed miHkksDrk] mRiknd ij fuHkZj gSa] tcfd çkFkfed miHkksDrk]
yy ikfjra=k dh lajpuk esa ogk¡ miyCèk ikSèkksa o tarqvksa dh çtkfr;ksa dk f}rh;d miHkksDrkvksa ds Hkkstu curs gSaA f}rh;d miHkksDrk fiQj
o.kZu lfEefyr gSA ;g muds (çkf.k;ksa o ikSèkksa dh çtkfr;ksa ds) r`rh;d miHkksDrkvksa ds }kjk •k, tkrs gSaA vi?kVd çR;sd Lrj ij
bfrgkl] forj.k o mudh la[;k dks Hkh of.kZr djrk gSA lajpuk e`rdksa ij fuHkZj gksrs gSaA vi?kVd bUgsa (e`rdksa dks) fofHkUu inkFkks±]
dh n`f"V ls lHkh ikfjra=k esa tSfod o vtSfod dkjd gksrs gSaA tSls& dkcZfud o vdkcZfud vo;oksa vkSj feV~Vh dh moZjrk ds
vtSfod ;k HkkSfrd (Abiotic factors) dkjdksa esa rkieku] o"kkZ] fy, iks"kd rÙoksa esa ifjofrZr dj nsrs gSaA
lw;Z dk çdk'k] vkæZrk] e`nk dh fLFkfr o vtSfod ;k vdkcZfud
yy ikfjra=k ds tho ,d •k| Ükà•yk ls ijLij tqM+s gq, gksrs gSaA
rÙo (dkcZu Mkb&vkWDlkbM] ty] ukbVªkstu] dSfY'k;e] iQkLiQksjl]
mnkgj.k ds fy,& ikSèks ij thfor jgus okyk ,d dhM+k (Beetle)
iksVSf'k;e vkfn) lfEefyr gSaA tSfod dkjdksa (Biotic factors)
,d esa<d dk Hkkstu gS] esa<d lk¡i dk Hkkstu gS vkSj lk¡i ,d
esa mRiknd] miHkksDrk (çkFkfed] f}rh;d o r`rh;d) rFkk
ckt }kjk •k fy;k tkrk gSA ;g •k| Øe vkSj bl Øe ls ,d
vi?kVd 'kkfey gSaA mRikndksa esa lHkh gjs ikSèks lfEefyr gSa] tks
Lrj ls nwljs Lrj ij ÅtkZ çokg gh •k| Ükà•yk (Food chain)
çdk'k&la'ys"k.k çfØ;k }kjk viuk Hkkstu cukrs gSaA vr% dFku 1
lgh vkSj dFku 2 lgh ugha gSA dgykrh gSA •k| Ükà•yk dh çfØ;k esa ,d Lrj ls nwljs Lrj
ij ÅtkZ ds :ikarj.k dks ÅtkZ çokg (Flow of energy) dgrs gSaA
yy çFke Js.kh ds miHkksDrkvksa esa 'kkdkgkjh tarq] tSls& fgj.k] cdjh] pwgs
vkSj ikSèkksa ij fuHkZj tho 'kkfey gSaA f}rh;d Js.kh ds miHkksDrkvksa yy •k| Ükà•yk,¡ i`Fkd~ vuqØe u gksdj ,d&nwljs ls tqM+h gksrh gSaA
esa lHkh ek¡lkgkjh] tSls& lk¡i] ck?k] 'ksj vkfn 'kkfey gSaA dqN mnkgj.kkFkZ& ,d pwgk] tks vUu ij fuHkZj gS] og vusd f}rh;d
ek¡lkgkjh] tks nwljs ek¡lkgkjh thoksa ij fuHkZj gSa] mUgsa pje Lrj miHkksDrkvksa dk Hkkstu gS vkSj r`rh;d ek¡lkgkjh vusd f}rh;d
ds ek¡lkgkjh (Top carnivores) ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gS] tSls& thoksa ls vius Hkkstu dh iwfrZ djrs gSaA bl çdkj çR;sd ek¡lkgkjh
ckt vkSj usoyk vkfnA vi?kVd] os gSa tks e`r thoksa ij fuHkZj gSa tho ,d ls vfèkd çdkj ds f'kdkj ij fuHkZj gSA ifj.kkeLo:i
(tSls& dkSok vkSj fx¼) rFkk dqN vU; vi?kVd] tSls& cSDVhfj;k •k| Ükà•yk,¡ ,d&nwljs ls tqM+h gqbZ gSaA çtkfr;ksa ds bl çdkj tqM+s
vkSj vU; lw{e thok.kq e`rdksa dks vi?kfVr dj mUgsa ljy inkFkks± gksus (vFkkZr~ thoksa dh •k| Ükà•ykvksa ds fodYi miyCèk gksus
esa ifjofrZr djrs gSaA çkFkfed miHkksDrk] mRiknd ij fuHkZj gSa] ij) dks •k| tky (Food web) dgk tkrk gSA vr% dFku&I vkSj
tcfd çkFkfed miHkksDrk] f}rh;d miHkksDrkvksa ds Hkkstu curs gSaA dFku&II nksuksa lgh gSa rFkk dFku&II] dFku&I dh lgh O;k[;k gSA
f}rh;d miHkksDrk fiQj r`rh;d miHkksDrkvksa ds }kjk •k, tkrs gSaA yy bl çdkj] fodYi (a) lgh gSA


69- mÙkj % (d) ldrk gSA e`nk ds fuEuhdj.k esa lgk;d dkjd ouksUewyu] vfrpkj.k]
O;k[;k % jklk;fud moZjdksa vkSj dhVuk'kdksa dk vR;fèkd mi;ksx] o"kkZ nksgu]
yy lkekU;r% nks çdkj dh •k| Ükà•yk,¡ ikbZ tkrh gSa& pkj.k •k| HkwL•yu vkSj ck<+ gSaA e`nk laj{k.k dh dqN fofèk;k¡ fuEu gSa&
Ükà•yk (Grazing food-chain) vkSj vijn •k| Ükà•yk (Detritus hheYp cukuk % ikSèkksa ds chp vukofjr Hkwfe tSo inkFkZ tSls
food chain)A pkj.k •k| Ükà•yk] ikSèkksa (mRiknd) ls vkjaHk gksdj çoky ls <d nh tkrh gSA blls e`nk dh vkæZrk #dh jgrh gSA
ek¡lkgkjh (r`rh;d miHkksDrk) rd tkrh gS ftlesa 'kkdkgkjh eè;e hhosfndk iQkeZ % pkSM+s] lery lksiku vFkok osfndk rhoz <kyksa ij
Lrj ij gSaA gj Lrj ij ÅtkZ dk ßkl gksrk gS ftlesa 'olu] cuk, tkrs gSa] rkfd likV lrg iQly mxkus ds fy, miyCèk
mRltZu o fo?kVu çfØ;k,¡ lfEefyr gSaA •k| Ükà•yk esa rhu ls gks tk,A buls i`"Bh; çokg vkSj e`nk vijnu de gksrk gSA
ik¡p Lrj gksrs gSa vkSj gj Lrj ij ÅtkZ de gksrh tkrh gSA vijn hhleksPpjs•h; tqrkbZ % ,d igkM+h <ky ij leksPp js•kvksa ds
•k| Ükà•yk] pkj.k •k| Ükà•yk ls çkIr e`r inkFkks± ij fuHkZj gS leakrj tqrkbZ] <ky ls uhps cgrs ty ds fy, ,d çkÑfrd
vkSj blesa dkcZfud inkFkks± dk vi?kVu lfEefyr gSA vr% dFku vojksèk dk fuekZ.k djrh gSA
1 lgh ugha vkSj dFku 3 lgh gSA hhj{kd es•yk,¡ % rVh; çns'kksa vkSj 'kq"d çns'kksa esa iou dh
yy Å"ekxfrdh ds çFke fu;e ds vuqlkj] ÅtkZ dks ,d :i ls nwljs xfr de djus ds fy, o`{k drkjksa esa yxk, tkrs gSa] rkfd e`nk
:i esa cnyk tk ldrk gS] ysfdu bls cuk;k ;k u"V ugha fd;k tk vkoj.k dks cpk;k tk ldsA
ldrk gSA ÅtkZ og ewyHkwr dkjd gS tks lHkh p;kip; çfØ;kvksa hhleksPpjs•h; jksfèkdk,¡ % leksPp js•kvksa ij jksfèkdk,¡ cukus
dks lapkfyr djrh gSA ÅtkZ çokg i;kZoj.k esa mRiknd ls 'kh"kZ ds fy, iRFkjksa] ?kkl] e`nk dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA jksfèkdkvksa
miHkksDrkvksa rd ÅtkZ dk ,dfn'kkRed çokg gSA fdlh ikfjfLFkfrdh ds lkeus ty ,d=k djus ds fy, •kb;k¡ cukbZ tkrh gSaA
ra=k esa iks"kh Lrj dh var%fØ;k dk vè;;u ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k ds yy bl çdkj] fodYi (a) lgh gSA
ÅtkZ çokg esa varnZ`f"V çnku djrk gSA
71- mÙkj % (b)
yy •k| Ükà•yk esa ,d iks"k.k Lrj ls nwljs iks"k.k Lrj rd ges'kk
ÅtkZ dk LFkkukarj.k gksrk jgrk gSA çR;sd iks"k.k Lrj ij LFkkuakrj.k O;k[;k %
ds le; ÅtkZ dh gkfu gksrh gSA fyaMseku ds 10» ds fu;e ds yy tSoeaMy esa thoèkkjh o i;kZoj.k ds chp jklk;fud rÙoksa ds
vuqlkj] ,d iks"k.k Lrj ls nwljs iks"k.k Lrj esa ek=k 10» ÅtkZ gh pØh; çokg dks tSo Hkw&jklk;fud pØ dgrs gSaA blds egÙo
LFkkukarfjr gksrh gSA blh dkj.k ÅtkZ dk çokg ,dfn'kh; gksrk gSA dks fuEu çdkj ls le>k tk ldrk gS& blls ,d LFkku ls nwljs
vr% dFku 2 lgh ugha gSA LFkku ds chp v.kqvksa dk LFkkukarj.k laHko gksrk gSA ;g rÙoksa ds
yy bl çdkj] fodYi (d) lgh gSA laxzg.k esa lgk;rk djrk gSA rÙo vius çkÑfrd dks"k esa lax`ghr
gks tkrs gSa vkSj thoksa esa NksVh miHkksx ;ksX; ek=kkvksa esa igq¡prs gSaA
70- mÙkj % (a)
fdlh vlarqyu dh fLFkfr esa ;g ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k dks iwoZ larqfyr
O;k[;k % fLFkfr esa ykus esa enn djrk gSA blesa dqN fnuksa ls ysdj dqN o"kks±
yy i`Foh ds i`"B ij nkusnkj d.kksa ds vkoj.k dh iryh ijr e`nk rd dk le; yx ldrk gSA ;g ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k ds tSfod ,oa
dgykrh gSA ;g Hkwfe ls fudVrk ls tqM+h gqbZ gSA LFky:i e`nk ds vtSfod rÙoksa dks vkil esa tksM+rk gSA
çdkj dks fuèkkZfjr djrs gSaA e`nk dk fuekZ.k pV~Vkuksa ls çkIr •futksa yy tSo Hkw&jklk;fud pØ nks çdkj ds gksrs gSa&1- xSlh; pØ& xSlh;
vkSj tSo inkFkZ rFkk Hkwfe ij ik, tkus okys •futksa ls gksrk gSA ;g pØ esa inkFkZ dk eq[; HkaMkj ok;qeaMy o egklkxj gSaA 2- volknh
vi{k; dh çfØ;k ds ekè;e ls curh gSA •futksa vkSj tSo inkFkks± (ryNVh) pØ& volknh pØ ds çeq[k HkaMkj i`Foh dh HkwiiZVh
dk lgh feJ.k e`nk dks mitkÅ cukrk gSA ij ikbZ tkus okyh feV~Vh] ryNV o vU; pV~Vkusa gSaA
yy e`nk vijnu vkSj {kh.krk e`nk lalkèku ds fy, nks eq[; •rjs gSaA yy lHkh thoèkkfj;ksa esa dkcZu ik;k tkrk gSA ;g lHkh dkcZfud ;kSfxdksa
ekuoh; vkSj çkÑfrd nksuksa gh dkjdksa ls e`nkvksa dk fuEuhdj.k gks dk ewy rÙo gSA tSoeaMy esa vla[; dkcZu ;kSfxd ds :i esa


thoksa esa fo|eku gSaA dkcZu pØ dkcZu Mkb&vkWDlkbM dk ifjofrZr ukbVªsV dks iqu% Lora=k ukbVªkstu esa ifjofrZr djus esa l{ke gksrs gSa
:i gSA ;g ifjorZu ikSèkksa esa çdk'k&la'ys"k.k çfØ;k }kjk dkcZu vkSj bl çfØ;k dks Mh&ukbVªhdj.k (De-nitrification) dgk tkrk
Mkb&vkWDlkbM ds ;kSfxdhdj.k }kjk vkjaHk gksrk gSA bl çfØ;k ls gSA vr% dFku 2 lgh gSA
dkckZsgkbMªsV~l o Xywdksl curk gS tks dkcZfud ;kSfxd] tSls&LVkpZ] yy bl çdkj] fodYi (b) lgh gSA
lsY;wyksl] lØkst (Sucrose) ds :i esa ikSèkksa esa lafpr gks tkrk gSA
73- mÙkj % (d)
dkckZsgkbMªsV~l dk dqN Hkkx lhèks ikSèkksa dh tSfod fØ;kvksa esa ç;ksx
gks tkrk gSA bl çfØ;k ds nkSjku fo?kVu ls ikSèkksa ds iÙkksa o tM+ksa O;k[;k %
}kjk dkcZu Mkb&vkWDlkbM xSl eqDr gksrh gS] 'ks"k dkckZsgkbMªsV tks yy fdlh ikfjra=k ;k vkokl esa thoksa ds leqnk; esa ijLij xfrd
ikSèkksa dh tSfod fØ;kvksa esa ç;qDr ugha gksrs] os ikSèkksa ds Årdksa lkE;rk dh voLFkk gh ikfjfLFkfrd larqyu gSA ;g rHkh laHko gS]
esa lafpr gks tkrs gSaA tc thoèkkfj;ksa dh fofoèkrk vis{kkÑr LFkk;h jgsA Øe'k% ifjorZu
yy bl çdkj] fodYi (b) lgh gSA Hkh gks] ysfdu ,slk çkÑfrd vuqØe.k (Natural succession) ds
}kjk gh gksrk gSA bls ikfjra=k esa gj çtkfr dh la[;k ds ,d LFkk;h
72- mÙkj % (b) larqyu ds :i esa Hkh of.kZr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g larqyu fuf'pr
O;k[;k % çtkfr;ksa esa çfrLi¼kZ o vkilh lg;ksx ls gksrk gSA dqN çtkfr;ksa
yy ok;qeaMy dh lajpuk dk çeq[k ?kVd ukbVªkstu] ok;qeaMyh; xSlksa ds ftank jgus ds la?k"kZ ls Hkh i;kZoj.k larqyu çkIr fd;k tkrk gSA
dk 78» Hkkx gSA fofHkUu dkcZfud ;kSfxd] tSls& ,feuks ,flM] vr% dFku 1] 2 vkSj 3 lgh gSaA
U;wfDyd ,flM] foVkfeu o o.kZd (Pigment) vkfn esa ;g ,d yy ikSèkksa ds ikfjfLFkfrd larqyu esa cnyko ds dkj.k gSa] ouksa dh
egÙoiw.kZ ?kVd gSA (ok;q esa Lora=k :i ls ikbZ tkus okyh ukbVªkstu çkjafHkd çtkfr;ksa esa dksbZ O;oèkku] tSls& LFkkukarj.k Ñf"k esa ouksa
dks vfèkdka'k tho çR;{k :i ls xzg.k djus esa vleFkZ gSa) dsoy dks lkiQ djus ls çtkfr;ksa ds forj.k esa cnyko vkrk gSA ;g
dqN fof'k"V çdkj ds tho] tSls& dqN e`nk thok.kq o Cyw xzhu ifjorZu çfrLi¼kZ ds dkj.k gS] tgk¡ f}rh; ou&çtkfr;ksa] tSls&
,Yxh (Blue green algae) gh bls çR;{k xSlh; :i esa xzg.k djus ?kkl] ck¡l vkSj phM+ vkfn ds o`{k çkjafHkd çtkfr;ksa ds LFkku ij
esa l{ke gSaA vr% dFku 3 lgh ugha gSA mxrs gSa vkSj çkjafHkd (Original) ouksa dh lajpuk dks cny nsrs gSaA
yy lkekU;r% ukbVªkt s u] ;kSfxdhdj.k (Fixation) }kjk gh ç;ksx esa ykbZ ;gh vuqØe.k (Succession) dgykrk gSA
tkrh gSA ukbVªkt s u dk yxHkx 90» Hkkx tSfod (Biological) gS] yy bl çdkj] fodYi (d) lgh gSA
vFkkZr~ tho gh xzg.k dj ldrs gSAa Lora=k ukbVªkt s u dk çeq[k lzkrs 74- mÙkj % (a)
feV~Vh ds lw{e thok.kqvksa dh fØ;k o lacfa èkr ikSèkksa dh tM+as o jaèkz O;k[;k %
okyh e`nk gS]a tgk¡ ls ;g ok;qeMa y esa igqp¡ rh gSA ok;qeMa y esa fctyh
yy tSo&fofoèkrk dks i`Foh ij lHkh thfor thoksa ds leqnk; vkSj lHkh
pedus (Lightening) o varfj{k fofdj.k (Cosmic radiation) }kjk
ikfjfLFkfrd ra=kksa ls muds chp dh fofoèkrk ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr
ukbVªkt s u dk ;kSfxdhdj.k gksrk gSA vr% dFku 1 lgh gSA fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl çdkj tSo&fofoèkrk çtkfr;ksa ds chp]
yy egklkxjksa esa dqN leqæh tho Hkh bldk ;kSfxdhdj.k djrs gSaA çtkfr;ksa ds Hkhrj vkSj ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k ds chp ifjorZu'khyrk gSA
ok;qeaMyh; ukbVªkstu ds bl rjg ;kSfxd :i esa miyCèk gksus ij tSo&fofoèkrk 'kCn dk ç;ksx o"kZ 1986 esa okYVj th- jkslsu }kjk
gjs ikSèkksa esa bldk Lokaxhdj.k (Nitrogen assimilation) gksrk gSA fd;k x;k FkkA tSo&fofoèkrk ikfjfLFkfrd vkSj vkfFkZd egÙo j•rh
'kkdkgkjh tarqvksa }kjk bu ikSèkksa ds •kus ij bldk (ukbVªkstu) dqN gSA ;g gesa iks"k.k] vkokl] b±èku] diM+s vkSj dbZ vU; lalkèku
Hkkx muesa pyk tkrk gSA fiQj e`r ikSèkksa o tkuojksa ds ukbVªkstuh çnku djrh gSA ;g i;ZVu ds ekè;e ls vkfFkZd ykHk Hkh çnku
vif'k"V (Excretion of nitrogenous wastes) feV~Vh esa mifLFkr djrh gSA blfy,] LFkk;h vkthfodk ds fy, tSo&fofoèkrk dk
cSDVhfj;k }kjk ukbVªkbV esa ifjofrZr gks tkrs gSaA dqN thok.kq ukbVªkbV vPNk Kku gksuk cgqr ”k:jh gSA tSo&fofoèkrk dks rhu Lrjksa ij
dks ukbVªsV esa ifjofrZr djus esa l{ke gksrs gSa o iqu% gjs ikSèkksa }kjk le>k tk ldrk gS& vkuqoaf'kd (Genetic)] çtkrh; (Species)
ukbVªkstu ;kSfxdhdj.k gks tkrk gSA dqN vU; çdkj ds thok.kq bu rFkk ikfjra=kh; (Ecosystem)A

yy vkuqoaf'kd tSo&fofoèkrk % thou fuekZ.k ds fy, thu (Gene) yy tSo&fofoèkrk dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ Hkkx îQlyksa dh fofoèkrk*
,d ewyHkwr bdkbZ gSA fdlh çtkfr esa thu dh fofoèkrk gh (Crop diversity) gS] ftls Ñf"k tSo&fofoèkrk Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
vkuqoaf'kd fofoèkrk gSA leku HkkSfrd y{k.kksa okys thoksa ds lewg tSo&fofoèkrk dks lalkèkuksa ds mu HkaMkjksa ds :i esa Hkh le>k
dks çtkfr dgrs gSaA vr% ;qXe 1 lgh lqesfyr ugha gSA tk ldrk gS] ftudh mi;ksfxrk HkksT; inkFkZ] vkS"kfèk;k¡ vkSj lkSan;Z
yy çtkrh; fofoèkrk % ;g çtkfr;ksa dh vusd:irk dks crkrh gSA ;g çlkèku vkfn cukus esa gSA
fdlh fuèkkZfjr {ks=k esa çtkfr;ksa dh la[;k ls lacafèkr gSA çtkfr;ksa yy bl çdkj] fodYi (c) lgh gSA
dh fofoèkrk] mudh le`f¼] çdkj rFkk cgqyrk ls vk¡dh tk ldrh
76- mÙkj % (c)
gSA ftu {ks=kksa esa çtkrh; fofoèkrk vfèkd gksrh gS] mUgsa fofoèkrk ds
^gkWV&LikWV (Hotspots) dgrs gSaA vr% ;qXe 2 lgh lqesfyr ugha gSaA O;k[;k %
yy ikfjra=kh; fofoèkrk % fofHkUu ikfjfLFkfrd ra=kksa esa cM+h fofoèkrk yy tSo Hkw&jklk;fud pØ eq[; :i ls tSfod vkSj vtSfod dkjdksa
gS ftuesa fof'k"V çtkfr;k¡ gSaA ;g ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k muds fuokl ds chp iks"kd rÙoksa vkSj vU; rÙoksa dh xfr dks lanfHkZr djrk
LFkku vkSj mudh çtkfr;ksa esa varj ds vuqlkj ,d&nwljs ls fHkUu gSA tSo Hkw&jklk;fud pØksa dks ewyr% nks çdkjksa esa foHkkftr fd;k
gksrk gSA ;g ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k fofoèkrk fdlh fof'k"V HkkSxksfyd {ks=k x;k gS& xSlh; pØ& blesa dkcZu] vkWDlhtu] ukbVªkstu vkSj ty
;k fdlh ns'k ;k jkT; ds Hkhrj ikbZ tk ldrh gSA bl çdkj dh pØ 'kkfey gSaA ryNVh pØ& blesa lYiQj] iQkLiQksjl] pV~Vku
fofoèkrk esa taxy] ?kkl ds eSnku] jsfxLrku vkSj igkM+ Hkh 'kkfey pØ vkfn 'kkfey gSaA
gSaA vr% ;qXe 3 lgh lqesfyr gSA
yy ;s pØ ÅtkZ ds mi;ksx ds rjhds dks çnf'kZr djrs gSaA ikfjfLFkfrdh
ra=k ds ekè;e ls] ;s pØ thou dks cuk, j•us ds fy, vko';d
75- mÙkj % (c) rÙoksa dks LFkkukarfjr djrs gSaA ;s pØ egÙoiw.kZ gSa D;ksafd ;s rÙoksa
O;k[;k % dk iqupZØ.k djrs gSa vkSj mUgsa lax`ghr Hkh djrs gSa vkSj HkkSfrd
yy ikfjra=k esa fofHkUu çtkfr;k¡ dksbZ u dksbZ fØ;k djrh gSaA ikfjra=k igyqvksa ds ekè;e ls egÙoiw.kZ rÙoksa dks fu;af=kr djrs gSaA ;s pØ
esa dksbZ Hkh çtkfr fcuk dkj.k u rks fodflr gks ldrh gS vkSj u ikfjfLFkfrd ra=k esa thfor vkSj futhZo ph”kksa ds chp lacaèk dks
gh cuh jg ldrh gSA vFkkZr~] çR;sd tho viuh ”k:jr iwjk djus n'kkZrs gSa vkSj ikfjfLFkfrd ra=k ds fujarj vfLrÙo dks l{ke cukrs gSaA
ds lkFk&lkFk nwljs thoksa ds iuius esa Hkh lgk;d gksrk gSA tho o yy euq";ksa dh dqN xfrfofèk;k¡ bu çkÑfrd pØksa esa ls dqN dks ckfèkr
çtkfr;k¡ ÅtkZ xzg.k dj mldk laxzg.k djrh gSa] dkcZfud inkFkZ djrh gSa vkSj bl çdkj lacafèkr ikfjfLFkfrd ra=k dks çHkkfor djrh
mRiUu ,oa fo?kfVr djrh gSa vkSj ikfjra=k esa ty o iks"kd rÙoksa ds gSaA bu ra=kksa ij djhc ls u”kj Mkyus ls gesa muds •rjukd çHkko
pØ dks cuk, j•us esa lgk;d gksrh gSaA dks lhfer djus vkSj jksdus esa enn fey ldrh gSA
yy blds vfrfjDr] çtkfr;k¡ ok;qeaMyh; xSl dks fLFkj djrh gSa vkSj
yy Hkw&HkkSfrdh (Geophysics) i`Foh dh HkkSfrdh gSA blds varxZr i`Foh
tyok;q dks fu;af=kr djus esa lgk;d gksrh gSaA ;s ikfjra=kh fØ;k,¡
lacèa kh lkjh leL;kvksa dh Nkuchu gksrh gSA lkFk gh ;g ,d ç;qDr
ekuo thou ds fy, egÙoiw.kZ fØ;k,¡ gSaA ikfjra=k esa ftruh vfèkd
foKku Hkh gS D;ksfa d blesa Hkwfe leL;kvksa vkSj çkÑfrd :iksa esa miyCèk
fofoèkrk gksxh] çtkfr;ksa ds çfrdwy fLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh jgus dh laHkkouk
inkFkks± ds O;ogkj dh O;k[;k ewy foKkuksa dh lgk;rk ls dh tkrh gSA
vkSj mudh mRikndrk Hkh mruh gh vfèkd gksxhA
yy çtkfr;ksa dh {kfr ls ra=k ds cus jgus dh {kerk Hkh de gks yy HkwfoKkuksa ds varxZr] èkjrh ds ry ij rFkk HkwxHkZ esa fLFkr
tk,xhA vfèkd vkuqoaf'kd fofoèkrk okyh çtkfr;ksa dh rjg vfèkd jklk;fud rÙo ifjorZu dk tks ekxZ viukrs gSa mls Hkw&jklk;fud
tSo&fofoèkrk okys ikfjra=k esa i;kZoj.k ds cnykoksa dks lgu djus pØ (geochemical cycle) dgrs gSaA blesa lHkh HkwoSKkfud
dh vfèkd l{kerk gksrh gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] ftl ikfjra=k esa ftruh (ftvksyksftdy) rFkk jklk;fud dkjd lfEefyr fd, tkrs gSaA
çdkj dh çtkfr;k¡ gksaxh] og ikfjra=k mruk gh vfèkd LFkk;h gksxkA yy bl çdkj] fodYi (c) lgh gSA


77- mÙkj % (d) gSA ;s lHkh dkjd lw;Z ls çkIr gksus okys lw;kZri esa ifjorZu yk
O;k[;k % nsrs gSa ftldk çHkko tyok;q ij iM+rk gSA
yy Hkkjr esa vfèkdrj ou vkSj oU; thou ;k rks çR;{k :i esa ljdkj yy Tokykeq•h fØ;k tyok;q ifjorZu dk ,d vU; dkj.k gSA Tokykeq•h
ds vfèkdkj {ks=k esa gSa ;k ou foHkkx vFkok vU; foHkkxksa ds ”kfj, mn~Hksnu ok;qeaMy esa cM+h ek=kk esa ,jkslksy mRlftZr djrk gSA ;s
ljdkj ds çcaèku esa gSaA bUgsa fuEufyf•r oxks± esa ck¡Vk x;k gS& ,jkslksy yacs le; rd ok;qeaMy esa fo|eku jgrs gSa vkSj i`Foh dh
hhvkjf{kr ou % ns'k esa vkèks ls vfèkd ou {ks=k vkjf{kr ou
lrg ij igq¡pus okys lkSf;Zd fofdj.k dks de dj nsrs gSaA
?kksf"kr fd, x, gSaA tgk¡ rd ou vkSj oU; çkf.k;ksa ds laj{k.k yy taxy dh vkx tyok;q ifjorZu dk ,d y{k.k gSA taxy dh vkx
dh ckr gS] vkjf{kr ouksa dks lokZfèkd ewY;oku ekuk tkrk gSA ,oa tyok;q ifjorZu ds dkj.k pØkdkj gS D;ksafd vkx ok;qe.My
vr% ;qXe 3 lgh lqesfyr ugha gSA esa xzhu gkml xSlksa dh lkUnzrk esa ifjorZu djrh gS rFkk tyok;q
hhjf{kr ou % ou foHkkx ds vuqlkj ns'k ds dqy ou {ks=k dk
ifjorZu esa ;ksxnku nsrh gSA
,d&frgkbZ fgLlk jf{kr gSA bu ouksa dks vkSj vfèkd u"V gksus yy bl çdkj] fodYi (d) lgh gSA
ls cpkus ds fy, budh lqj{kk dh tkrh gSA vr% ;qXe 1 lgh 79- mÙkj % (c)
lqesfyr ugha gSA O;k[;k %
hhvoxhZÑr ou % vU; lHkh çdkj ds ou vkSj catj Hkwfe tks yy Hkkjr esa la;qDr ou çcaèku dk;ZØe {kfjr ouksa ds çcaèku vkSj
ljdkj] O;fDr;ksa vkSj leqnk;ksa ds LokfeRo esa gksrs gSa] voxhZÑr iqufuZekZ.k esa LFkkuh; leqnk;ksa dh Hkwfedk ds egÙo dks mtkxj djrs
ou dgs tkrs gSaA vr% ;qXe 2 lgh lqesfyr ugha gSA gSaA vkSipkfjd :i esa bu dk;ZØeksa dh 'kq#vkr o"kZ 1988 esa gqbZ
yy ou fLFkfr fjiksVZ&2021 ds vuqlkj] fiNys nks o"kks± esa 1,540 oxZ tc vksfM'kk jkT; us la;qDr ou çcaèku dk igyk çLrko ikl fd;kA
fdeh- ds vfrfjDr doj ds lkFk ns'k esa ou vkSj o`{kksa ds vkoj.k ou foHkkx ds varxZr ^la;qDr ou çcaèku* {kfjr ouksa ds cpko ds
esa o`f¼ tkjh gSA Hkkjr dk ou {ks=k vc 7,13,789 oxZ fdeh- gS] fy, dk;Z djrk gS vkSj blesa xk¡o ds Lrj ij laLFkk,¡ cukbZ tkrh
;g ns'k ds HkkSxksfyd {ks=k dk 21-71» gS tks o"kZ 2019 esa 21-67» gSa ftlesa xzkeh.k rFkk ou foHkkx ds vfèkdkjh la;qDr :i esa dk;Z
ls vfèkd gSA o`{kksa ds vkoj.k esa 721 oxZ fdeh- dh o`f¼ gqbZ gSA djrs gSaA blds cnys ;s leqnk; eè; Lrjh; ykHk] tSls& xSj&bekjrh
yy bl çdkj] fodYi (d) lgh gSA ou mRiknksa ds gdnkj gksrs gSa rFkk liQy laj{k.k ls çkIr bekjrh
ydM+h ds ykHk esa Hkh Hkkxhnkj gksrs gSaA
78- mÙkj % (d)
yy Hkkjr esa i;kZoj.k ds fouk'k vkSj iqufuZekZ.k dh fØ;k'khyrkvksa ls
O;k[;k %
lh[k feyrh gS fd LFkkuh; leqnk;ksa dks gj txg çkÑfrd lalkèku
yy tyok;q ifjorZu dk rkRi;Z rkieku vkSj ekSle ds iSVuZ esa çcaèku esa 'kkfey djuk pkfg,A fdarq] LFkkuh; leqnk;ksa dks iQSlys
nh?kZdkfyd cnyko ls gSA tyok;q ifjorZu ds vusd dkj.k gSaA ysus dh çfØ;k esa eq[; Hkwfedk esa vkus esa vHkh nsj gSA vr% os
bUgsa •xksyh; vkSj ikfFkZo dkj.kksa esa oxhZÑr fd;k tk ldrk gSA gh fodkl fØ;k,¡ ekU; gksuh pkfg, tks tuekul ij dsafær gksa]
•xksyh; dkj.kksa dk lacaèk lkSj dyadksa dh xfrfofèk;ksa ls mRiUu i;kZoj.k fgrS"kh gksa vkSj vkfFkZd :i ls çfriQfyr gksaA
lkSf;Zd fuxZr ÅtkZ esa ifjorZu ls gSA lkSj dyad lw;Z ij dkys
yy bl çdkj] fodYi (c) lgh gSA
èkCcs gksrs gSa tks ,d pØh; <ax ls ?kVrs&c<+rs jgrs gSaA dqN ekSle
oSKkfudksa ds vuqlkj] lkSj dyadksa dh la[;k c<+us ij ekSle BaMk 80- mÙkj % (a)
vkSj vkæZ gks tkrk gS rFkk rwiQkuksa dh la[;k c<+ tkrh gSA lkSj O;k[;k %
dyadksa dh la[;k ?kVus ls m".k ,oa 'kq"d n'kk,¡ mRiUu gksrh gSaA yy fdlh Hkh ikfjra=k dh fØ;k'khyrk ,oa mlds LFkk;h jgus ds fy,
yy ,d vU; •xksyh; fl¼kar ^feySadksfop nksyu* gS tks lw;Z ds pkjksa lkSj ÅtkZ ds fujarj fuos'k (buiqV) dh vkèkkjHkwr vko';drk gSA
vksj i`Foh ds d{kh; y{k.kksa esa cnyko ds pØks]a i`Foh dh MxexkgV çkFkfed mRiknu çdk'k la'ys"k.k ds nkSjku ikniksa }kjk ,d fuf'pr
rFkk i`Foh ds v{kh; >qdko esa ifjorZuksa ds ckjs esa vuqeku yxkrk le;kofèk esa çfr bdkbZ {ks=k }kjk mRiUu fd, x, tSo ek=kk ;k


dkcZfud lkexzh dh ek=kk gSA ,d ikfjfLFkfrd ra=k dh ldy lw{ethoksa }kjk •afMr gksrk gS vkSj tks •futhdj.k uked çfØ;k
çkFkfed mRikndrk çdk'k la'ys"k.k ds nkSjku dkcZfud rÙo dh }kjk vdkcZfud iks"kd mRiUu gksrs gSa mUgsa eqDr djrk gSA
mRiknu nj gksrh gSA ldy çkFkfed mRikndrk dh ,d egÙoiw.kZ yy bl çdkj] fodYi (d) lgh gSA
ek=kk ikniksa esa 'olu }kjk mi;ksx dh tkrh gSA vr% dFku 1 lgh gSA
82- mÙkj % (b)
yy çkFkfed mRikndrk ,d lqfuf'pr {ks=k esa ikni çtkfr;ksa ds fuokl
O;k[;k %
ij fuHkZj gSA ;g fofHkUu çdkj ds i;kZoj.kh; dkjdksa] iks"kdksa dh
miyCèkrk rFkk ikniksa dh la'ys"k.k {kerk ij Hkh fuHkZj djrh gSA yy ,d >hy ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k esa tSfod (thfor) ikSèks] tkuoj vkSj
blfy,] ;g fofHkUu çdkj ds ikfjra=kksa esa fHkUu&fHkUu gksrh gSA laiw.kZ lw{etho] lkFk gh vtSfod (futhZo) HkkSfrd ,oa jklk;fud
var%fØ;k,¡ 'kkfey gSAa >hy ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k] ysfa Vd ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k
thoeaMy dh okf"kZd dqy çkFkfed mRikndrk dk Hkkj dkcZfud
dk ,d çeq[k mnkgj.k gS (ysfa Vd fLFkj ;k vis{kkÑr 'kkar ehBs ikuh
rÙo ('kq"d Hkkj) ds :i esa yxHkx 170 fcfy;u Vu vk¡dk x;k
dks lanfHkZr djrk gS) ftlesa rkykc] >hysa vkSj vkæZHkwfe 'kkfey gSAa
gSA ;|fi i`Foh ds èkjkry dk yxHkx 70» Hkkx leqæksa }kjk <dk
gqvk gS] fiQj Hkh budh mRikndrk dsoy 55 fcfy;u Vu gSA 'ks"k pkSFkk iks"k.k Lrj y euq";] 'ksj
prqFkZ miHkksDrk
ek=kk Hkwfe ij mRiUu gksrh gSA vr% dFku 2 lgh ugha gSA (mPp ek¡lkgkjh)
rhljk iks"k.k Lrj i{kh] eNfy;k¡]
81- mÙkj % (d) f}rh;d miHkksDrk
(ek¡lkgkjh) HksfM+;k
O;k[;k %
yy vi?kVd] tfVy dkcZfud lkexzh dks vdkcZfud rÙoksa] tSls& dkcZu f}rh; iks"k.k Lrj y tarq Iyod] fVM~Ms]
çkFkfed miHkksDrk
Mkb&vkWDlkbM] ty ,oa iks"kdksa esa •afMr djus esa lgk;rk djrs gSa ('kkdkgkjh) xk;
vkSj bl çfØ;k dks vi?kVu dgrs gSaA ikniksa ds e`r vo'ks"k] tSls&
igyk iks"k.k Lrj ikni Iyod] ?kkl]
ifÙk;k¡] Nky] iQwy rFkk çkf.k;ksa (i'kqvksa) ds e`r vo'ks"k] eykfn çkFkfed mRiknd
lfgr vijn (MsVªkbVl) cukrs gSa] tks fd vi?kVu ds fy, dPps (ikni) o`{k
inkFkks± dk dke djrs gSaA ,d ikfjfLFkfrd ra=k esa iks"k.k Lrj dk vkjs[kh; fu:i.k
yy vi?kVu dh çfØ;k ds egÙoiw.kZ pj.k •aMu] fu{kkyu] vip;u] yy bl çdkj] fodYi (b) lgh gSA
áwelHkou (cuuk) vkSj •futh Hkou gSaA vijnkgkjh (tSls fd
dsapq,) vijn dks NksVs&NksVs d.kksa esa •afMr dj nsrs gSaA bl 83- mÙkj % (c)
çfØ;k dks •aMu dgrs gSaA fu{kkyu çfØ;k ds varxZr ty&foys; O;k[;k %
vdkcZfud iks"kd e`nk laLrj esa çfo"V dj tkrs gSa vkSj vuqiyCèk yy xgjs leqæ ds tyrkih; ikfjra=k dks NksM+dj i`Foh ij lHkh
yo.k ds :i esa vo{ksfir gks tkrs gSaA cSDVhfj;y (thok.kqoh;) ikfjfLFkfrd ra=kksa ds fy, ,dek=k ÅtkZ lzksr ^lw;Z* gSA vkifrr lkSj
,oa dodh; ,atkbEl vijnksa dks ljy vdkcZfud rÙoksa esa rksM+ fofdj.k dk 50» ls de Hkkx çdk'k la'ys"k.kkRed lfØ; fofdj.k
nsrs gSaA bl çfØ;k dks vip; dgrs gSaA esa ç;qDr gksrk gSA ikni dsoy 2&10» çdk'k la'ys"k.kkRed lfØ;
yy mi;ZqDr vi?kVu dh leLr çfØ;k,¡ vijn ij lekukarj :i ls fofdj.k dk çxzg.k djrs gSa vkSj ;gh vkaf'kd ek=kk dh ÅtkZ laiw.kZ
yxkrkj pyrh jgrh gSaA áwehfiQds'ku vkSj feujsykb”ks'ku dh çfØ;k fo'o dk laiks"k.k djrh gSA vr% dFku 1 lgh gSA
vi?kVu ds nkSjku e`nk esa laiUu gksrh gSA áwehfiQds'ku ds }kjk ,d yy lHkh tho viuh vkgkj vko';drk ds fy, (çR;{k ;k vçR;{k
xgjs jax ds fØLVyjfgr rÙo dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS ftls áwel dgrs :i ls) ikniksa ij fuHkZj djrs gSaA vr% bUgsa miHkksDrk ,oa ijiksf"kr
gSa tks fd lw{e tSfod fØ;k ds fy, mPp çfrjksèkh gksrk gS vkSj Hkh dgk tkrk gS vkSj ;fn os mRiknd] ikniksa ls vkgkjiwfrZ djrs
bldk vi?kVu cgqr gh èkheh xfr ls pyrk gSA áwel iqu% dqN gSa rc mUgsa çkFkfed miHkksDrk dgk tkrk gS rFkk vxj ,d i'kq


nwljs i'kq (og i'kq tks isM+ksa dks ;k mlds mRikn dks •krk gS) dks vkSj jseaM fyaMeSu us ÅtkZ ;k mRikndrk ds fijkfeM dk fopkj
•krk gS rks mls f}rh;d miHkksDrk dgk tkrk gSA Bhd blh çdkj fodflr fd;kA fijkfeM dk vkèkkj pkSM+k (foLr`r) ,oa f'k•kxz
ls vki r`rh;d miHkksDrk Hkh gks ldrs gSaA dh vksj l¡djk gksrk tkrk gSA
yy vijn •k| kÜ • a` yk e`r dkcZfud lkexzh ls çkjaHk gksrh gSA ;g yy fofHkUu iks"k.k jhfr;ksa ij thoksa ds chp •k| ;k ÅtkZ lacaèk tksM+as
vi?kVdksa ls cuk gksrk gS tks fd eq[;r% dod ,oa cSDVhfj;k ds :i rks ,d fijkfeM ds leku vkdkj feysxkA bl lacaèk dks la[;k]
esa ijiksf"kr tho gksrs gSAa ;s e`r dkcZfud lkexzh ;k vijnksa ds •aMu tSo ek=kk ;k ÅtkZ ds :i esa O;Dr fd;k tk ldrk gSA çR;sd
}kjk visf{kr ÅtkZ ,oa iks"k.k çkIr djrs gSAa bUgsa e`riks"kh ;k iwfrZthoh fijkfeM ds vkèkkj dk çfrfufèkRo mRiknd ;k igyk iks"k.k Lrj
(e`r% vi?kVu) ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA vr% dFku 2 lgh gSA djrk gS] tcfd f'k•j dk çfrfufèkRo r`rh;d iks"k.k Lrj ;k lokZPs p
yy bl çdkj] fodYi (c) lgh gSA miHkksDrk djrk gSA rhu ikfjfLFkfrd fijkfeM ftudk vkerkSj ij
vè;;u fd;k tkrk gS] os gSa& la[;k fijkfeM] tSo ek=kk fijkfeM
84- mÙkj % (b)
vkSj ÅtkZ fijkfeMA vr% dFku 1 lgh ugha gSA
O;k[;k % yy ÅtkZ fijkfeM lnSo •M+h voLFkk esa gksrk gS] dHkh mYVk ugha gks
yy vkgkjiwfrZ lacaèkksa ds vuqlkj lHkh thoksa dk çkÑfrd okrkoj.k ;k ldrk] D;ksafd tc ÅtkZ fdlh fo'ks"k iks"k.k Lrj ls vxz iks"k.k Lrj
,d leqnk; esa vU; thoksa ds lkFk ,d LFkku gksrk gSA lHkh tho esa igq¡prh gS rks gj Lrj ij Å"ek ds :i esa ÅtkZ dk ßkl gksrk
vius iks"k.k ;k vkgkj ds lzksr ds vkèkkj ij vkgkj Ükà•yk esa ,d gSA ÅtkZ fijkfeM dk çR;sd LraHk ml iks"k.k Lrj esa fdlh fo'ks"k
fo'ks"k LFkku xzg.k djrs gSa ftls iks"k.k Lrj ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA le; ij vFkok çfr bdkbZ {ks=k okf"kZd ÅtkZ dk |ksrd gSA ;|fi]
yy mÙkjksÙkj iks"k.k Lrjksa ij ÅtkZ dh ek=kk ?kVrh tkrh gSA tc dksbZ ikfjfLFkfrdh fijkfeM dh dqN lhek,¡ gSa] tSls fd fijkfeM esa ,slh
tho ejrk gS rks og vijn ;k e`r tSo ek=kk esa cny tkrk gS tks tkfr;ksa dk lekos'k Hkh gksrk gS tks fd nks ;k vfèkd Hkkstu Lrjksa
vi?kVdksa ds fy, ,d ÅtkZ lzksr ds :i esa dke djrk gSA çR;sd ls lacafèkr gks ldrk gSA vr% dFku 3 lgh gSA
iks"k.k Lrj ij tho viuh ÅtkZ dh vko';drk ds fy, fuEu yy tyh; ikfjfLFkfrd ra=k esa ck;ksekl dk fijkfeM mYVk gks ldrk
iks"k.k Lrj ij fuHkZj jgrk gSA vr% dFku 1 vkSj 4 lgh ugha gSaA gS D;ksafd tyh; ikfjra=k ds mRiknd lw{e ikni Iyod gksrs gSa
yy ,d fof'k"V le; ij çR;sd iks"k.k Lrj esa thfor inkFkZ dh dqN tks rhoz xfr ls o`f¼ djrs gq, tuu djrs gSaA blesa ck;ksekl ds
•kl ek=kk gksrh gS ftls fLFkr 'kL; ;k •M+h iQly dgk tkrk gSA fijkfeM dk vkèkkj NksVk gksrk gS vkSj fdlh Hkh le; miHkksDrk dk
fLFkr 'kL; dks tSfodksa dh ek=kk (tSo ek=kk) ;k bdkbZ {ks=k esa la[;k ck;ksekl çkFkfed mRiknd ds ck;ksekl ls vfèkd gksxkA ck;ksekl
ls ekik tkrk gSA ,d çtkfr dh tSo ek=kk dks rk”ks ;k 'kq"d Hkkj ds fijkfeM esa çR;sd iks"k.k Lrj ij thoksa dh la[;k dh ctk; muds
:i esa O;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA ,d tSo ek=kk dk ekiu 'kq"d Hkkj ds ldy Hkkj (total weight) dks ekik tkrk gSA vr% dFku 2 lgh gSA
'kCnksa esa fd;k tk, rks og vfèkd fo'kq¼ gksxkA vr% dFku 2 lgh gSA yy bl çdkj] fodYi (b) lgh gSA
yy çR;sd fuEu iks"k.k Lrj ls Åij ds iks"k.k Lrj ij dsoy 10» ÅtkZ 86- mÙkj % (b)
çokfgr gksrh gSA ,d •k| Ük• a` yk es]a ÅtkZ çokg 10» fu;e dk
O;k[;k %
ikyu djrk gSA bl fu;e ds vuqlkj] dsoy 10» ÅtkZ ,d iks"kh Lrj
ls nwljs iks"kh Lrj esa LFkkukarfjr gksrh gSA vr% dFku 3 lgh ugha gSA yy lHkh leqnk;ksa dk egÙoiw.kZ y{k.k i;kZoj.k ds cnyrs Lo:i ds
lkFk blds laxBu ,oa lajpuk esa fujarj ifjorZu gksrs jguk gSA ;g
yy bl çdkj] fodYi (b) lgh gSA
ifjorZu Øec¼ vkSj HkkSfrd i;kZoj.k ds ifjorZu ds lekarj gksrk
85- mÙkj % (b) gSA ,d lqfuf'pr {ks=k dh çtkfr lajpuk esa mfpr :i ls vkdfyr
O;k[;k % ifjorZu dks ikfjfLFkfrd vuqØe.k dgrs gSaA vr% dFku 1 lgh gSA
yy ikfjfLFkfrd fijkfeM fofHkUu iks"kh Lrjksa ij fofHkUu thfor thoksa ds yy leqnk; dk laiw.kZ Øe] tks fn, gq, {ks=k esa liQyrkiwoZd ifjofrZr
chp lacaèkksa dk ,d fp=ke; çfrfufèkRo gSA pkYlZ ,YVu us la[;kvksa gksrk gS] mls Øed dgrs gSaA fo'ks"k ifjorZu'khy leqnk;ksa dks Øedh
ds fijkfeM dh voèkkj.kk fodflr dhA ckn esa] th- ,foysu gfpalu pj.k ;k Øedh leqnk; dgk tkrk gSA vuqØfedh; Øedh pj.kksa


esa] thoksa dh çtkfr;ksa dh fHkUurk] tho vkSj çtkfr;ksa dh tula[;k çkIr gSA ;g ewY; oSf'od ldy mRikn (th-,u-ih-) dh dher ls
o`f¼] lkFk gh laiw.kZ tSo ek=kk esa o`f¼ tSls ifjorZu gksrs gSaA lalkj yxHkx rhu xquk ”;knk gS tks fd 18 fVªfy;u vesfjdh MkWyj gSA
ds fuoZreku leqnk; èkjrh ij thoksRifÙk ds i'pkr~ yk•ksa o"kks± yy fofHkUu ikfjra=k lsokvksa dh dqy ykxr esa ls 50» dsoy e`nk
ds vuqØe.k ds iQyLo:i mRiUu gq, gSaA vr% dFku 2 lgh gSA lajpuk (Hkwfe xBu) ds fy, gSa] tcfd 'ks"k lsok,¡] tSls fd iks"kd
yy çkFkfed vuqØe.k ik, tkus okys {ks=kksa dk vuqØe gS& u;k BaMk pØ.k rFkk euksjatu vkfn çR;sd 10» ls de Hkkxhnkjh j•rh gSaA
ykok] uXu iRFkj] uofodflr rkykc ;k tyk'k;A u, thoh; oU;thou ds fy, tyok;q fu;eu rFkk okl dh ykxr yxHkx
leqnk; dh laLFkkiuk lkekU;r% èkheh gksrh gSA fofoèk thoksa ds çR;sd ds fy, 6» gSA
thoh; leqnk; dh laLFkkiuk ls iwoZ ogk¡ mitkÅ feV~Vh vo'; yy bl çdkj] fodYi (c) lgh gSA
gksuh pkfg,A tyok;q dh fuHkZjrk ds vkèkkj ij] çkÑfrd :i ls
88- mÙkj % (a)
mitkÅ feV~Vh ds mRiknu esa dbZ lkS ls dbZ g”kkj o"kZ yx tkrs gSaA
yy f}rh;d vuqØe.k ,sls {ks=k esa çkjaHk gksrk gS tgk¡ çkÑfrd thoh; O;k[;k %
leqnk; fujLr gks x, gSa] tSls fd iwjh rjg ls NksM+h xbZ Ñf"k ;ksX; yy tarq o ikniksa dh fofoèkrk laiw.kZ fo'o esa leku u gksdj vleku
Hkwfe] tys ;k dVs ou] ck<+ ls çHkkfor ”kehuA tcfd dqN feV~Vh forj.k n'kkZrh gSA cgqr&ls tarq o ikSèkksa ds lewg esa jkspd fofoèkrk
;k volkn buesa mifLFkr jgrs gSa] f}rh;d vuqØe.k dh fØ;k feyrh gS ftlesa eq[; :i ls v{kka'kksa ij fofoèkrk esa Øec¼
çkFkfed vuqØe.k dh vis{kk rs”k gksrh gSA vr% dFku 3 lgh gS] ço.krk (mrkj&p<+ko) gSA lkekU;r% Hkweè; js•k ls èkqzoksa dh vksj
ysfdu dFku 4 lgh ugha gSA tkus ij tkfr fofoèkrk ?kVrh tkrh gSA vr% dFku 1 lgh ugha gSA
yy bl çdkj] fodYi (b) lgh gSA yy tSo&fofoèkrk] ikfjra=k esa ty o iks"kd rÙoksa ds pØ dks cuk,
j•us esa lgk;d gksrh gSA blds vfrfjDr] çtkfr;k¡ ok;qeaMyh;
87- mÙkj % (c)
xSl dks fLFkj djrh gSa vkSj tyok;q dks fu;af=kr djus esa lgk;d
O;k[;k % gksrh gSaA ;s ikfjra=kh fØ;k,¡ ekuo thou ds fy, egÙoiw.kZ fØ;k,¡
yy ,d LoLFk ikfjra=k vkfFkZd] i;kZoj.kh; rFkk lkSan;kZRed oLrqvksa ,oa gSaA ikfjra=k esa ftruh vfèkd fofoèkrk gksxh] çtkfr;ksa ds çfrdwy
lsokvksa ds foLr`r ifjlj dk vkèkkj gSA ikfjra=k çfØ;k ds mRiknksa fLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh jgus dh laHkkouk vkSj mudh mRikndrk Hkh mruh
dks ikfjra=k lsok,¡ ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS_ mnkgj.k ds fy,] ,d gh vfèkd gksxhA çtkfr;ksa dh {kfr ls ra=k ds cus jgus dh {kerk
LoLFk ou ikfjra=k dh Hkwfedk ok;q o ty dks 'kq¼ cukuk] lw•k Hkh de gks tk,xhA vfèkd vkuqoaf'kd fofoèkrk okyh çtkfr;ksa dh
,oa ck<+ksa dh ckjackjrk ?kVkuk] iks"kdksa dks pfØr djuk] Hkwfe dks rjg vfèkd tSo&fofoèkrk okys ikfjra=k esa i;kZoj.k ds cnykoksa dks
moZj cukuk] taxyh thoksa dks vkokl miyCèk djkuk] tSo&fofoèkrk lgu djus dh vfèkd l{kerk gksrh gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] ftl ikfjra=k
dks cuk, j•uk] iQlyksa dk ijkx.k djus esa lgk;rk djuk] dkcZu esa ftruh çdkj dh çtkfr;k¡ gksaxh] og ikfjra=k mruk gh vfèkd
ds fy, HkaMkj.k LFky miyCèk djkuk vkSj lkFk gh lkSan;kZRed] LFkk;h gksxkA vr% dFku 2 lgh gS] ysfdu dFku 3 lgh ugha gSA
lkaLÑfrd ,oa vkè;kfRed ewY; çnku djuk vkfn gSA vr% dFku yy bl çdkj] fodYi (a) lgh gSA
1 vkSj dFku 2 nksuksa lgh gSA
89- mÙkj % (b)
yy ;|fi tSo&fofoèkrk dh bu lsokvksa dk ewY;kadu djuk ,d dfBu
dk;Z gS] ijarq ;g ekuuk mi;qDr gS fd tSo&fofoèkrk dks ,d Å¡ph O;k[;k %
dher dh iphZ çnku dh tkuh pkfg,A jkWcVZ dksalVSatk ,oa muds yy tSo&fofoèkrk] i`Foh ij thou dh çpqjrk vkSj bldh ifjorZu'khyrk
lkfFk;ksa us gky gh esa çÑfr dh thou leFkZd (vkèkkjh;) lsokvksa gSA vkerkSj ij tSo&fofoèkrk tho foKku] ikSèkksa vkSj vkoklksa ds
dh ,d dher fuèkkZfjr djus dk ç;kl fd;k gSA 'kksèkdrkZvksa us Lrj ij fHkUurk dk çfrfufèkRo djrh gSA Hkweè; js•k ds djhc]
bl ewyHkwr ikfjfLFkfrd ra=k dh lsokvksa dh ,d o"kZ dh dher tks xeZ okrkoj.k vkSj vis{kkÑr mPp mRikndrk dk ifj.kke gS]
vkSlru 33 fVªfy;u vesfjdh MkWyj r; dh gS ftls O;kid rkSj LFkyh; tSo&fofoèkrk vkerkSj ij vfèkd gksrh gSA tSo&fofoèkrk
ij vuqnÙk Hkko (ykijokgh) ls fy;k tkrk gS D;ksafd og eqÝr i`Foh ij leku :i ls iQSyh gqbZ ugha gS vkSj m".kdfVcaèkh; {ks=kksa


esa lcls vfèkd gSA fuEufyf•r O;k[;k,¡ gSa tks Li"V djrh gSa fd metals)]laosnu'khy vkSj de”kksj çtkfr;ksa dks u"V dj nsrs gSaA os
m".kdfVcaèkh; {ks=k esa tSo&fofoèkrk çpqj ek=kk esa D;ksa gS& çtkfr;k¡] tks LFkkuh; vkokl dh ewy tSo çtkfr ugha gSa] ysfdu
hhm".kdfVcaèkh; v{kka'k ij le'khrks".k {ks=kksa dh rqyuk esa vfèkd ml ra=k esa LFkkfir dh xbZ gSa] mUgsa ^fons'kt çtkfr;k¡* (Exotic
lkSj ÅtkZ miyCèk gS ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i mPp mRikndrk species) dgk tkrk gSA ,sls dbZ mnkgj.k gSa tc fons'kt çtkfr;ksa
vkSj mPp tSo&fofoèkrk gksrh gSA m".kdfVcaèkh; {ks=kksa esa ekSleh ds vkxeu ls ikfjra=k esa çkÑfrd ;k ewy tSo leqnk; dks O;kid
ifjorZu de gksrs gSa vkSj mudh tyok;q dekscs'k fLFkj gksrh uqdlku gqvkA fiNys dqN n'kdksa ls dqN tarqvksa] tSls& ck?k] phrk]
gSA ;g {ks=k dh fo'ks"kKrk dks çksRlkfgr djrk gS vkSj blfy, gkFkh] xSaMk] exjePN] fead vkSj if{k;ksa dk muds lhax] lw¡M+ o
tkuojksa dh mPp tkrh; fofoèkrk dks çksRlkfgr djrk gSA •kyksa ds fy, funZ;rkiwoZd voSèk f'kdkj fd;k tk jgk gSA blds
fge;qx ds nkSjku] le'khrks".k {ks=k fgeunu (Xysf'k,'ku) ds çfr iQyLo:i dqN çtkfr;k¡ yqIr gksus ds dxkj ij vk xbZ gSaA
laosnu'khy Fks] tcfd m".kdfVcaèkh; {ks=k vckfèkr jgs ftlls yy tc ,d tkfr foyqIr gksrh gS rc ml ij vkèkkfjr nwljh tarq o ikni
{ks=k esa çtkfr;ksa dh fofoèkrk esa o`f¼ gqbZA tkfr;k¡ Hkh foyqIr gksus yxrh gSAa tc ,d ijiks"kh eRL; tkfr foyqIr
yy vkbZ-;w-lh-,u- (baVjus'kuy ;wfu;u iQkWj da”kosZ'ku vkWiQ uspj ,aM gksrh gS rc mlds fof'k"V ijthfo;ksa dk Hkh ogh Hkfo"; gksrk gSA
uspqjy fjlkslZsl 2004) ds vuqlkj] vc rd n'kkZbZ xbZ tarq o yy bl çdkj] fodYi (d) lgh gSA
ikniksa dh dqy la[;k 1-5 fefy;u ls dqN vfèkd gSA fdarq] gesa 91- mÙkj % (d)
;g Kkr ugha gS fd vHkh vkSj fdruh tkfr;ksa dh •kst rFkk O;k[;k
'ks"k gSA vkdyu esa cgqr fofHkUurk,¡ gSa rFkk muesa ls dqN 'kSf{kd O;k[;k %
vuqeku ek=k gSa fd ofxZdh lewg dh tkfr;ksa dh •kst m".kdfVcaèkh; yy tyk'k;ksa esa dkiQh ek=kk esa iks"kdksa dh mifLFkfr ds dkj.k Iyodh;
(VªkWfidy) ns'kksa dh vis{kk 'khrks".k (VsaijsV) ns'kksa esa vfèkd iw.kZ (eqDr&Iykoh) 'kSoky dh vfr'k; o`f¼ gksrh gS bls] 'kSoky çLiQqVu
gSA vr% m".kdfVcaèk dh cgqr&lh tkfr;ksa dh •kst vHkh 'ks"k gSA (vYxy Cywe) dgk tkrk gSA blds dkj.k tyk'k;ksa dk jax fo'ks"k
yy bl çdkj] fodYi (b) lgh gSA çdkj dk gks tkrk gSA 'kSoky çLiQqVu ds dkj.k ty dh xq.koÙkk
?kV tkrh gS vkSj eNfy;k¡ ej tkrh gSaA dqN çLiQqVudkjh 'kSoky]
90- mÙkj % (d) euq"; vkSj tkuojksa ds fy, vfr'k; fo"kSys gksrs gSaA vr% dFku 1
O;k[;k % lgh ugha gSA
yy fiNys dqN n'kdksa ls tula[;k o`f¼ ds dkj.k çkÑfrd lalkèkuksa dk yy m|ksxksa ds vif'k"V ty esa çk;% fo|eku dqN fo"kSys inkFkks± esa
miHkksx vfèkd gksus yxk gSA blls lalkj ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa çtkfr;ksa tyh; •k| Ük• a` yk tSo vko¼Zu (ck;ksefS XufiQds'ku) dj ldrs gSAa
rFkk muds vkokl LFkkuksa esa rs”kh ls deh gqbZ gSA m".kdfVcaèkh; tSo vko¼Zu dk rkRi;Z gS& Øfed iks"k.k Lrj (VªkfW iQd yscy) ij
{ks=k] tks fo'o ds dqy {ks=k dk ek=k ,d&pkSFkkbZ Hkkx gS] esa lalkj vkfo"kkDr dh lkaærk esa o`f¼ dk gksukA bldk dkj.k gS tho }kjk
dh rhu&pkSFkkbZ tula[;k jgrh gSA bl fo'kky tula[;k dh ”k:jr laxg` hr vkfo"kkyq inkFkZ mikipf;r ;k mRlftZr ugha gks ldrk vkSj bl
dks iwjk djus ds fy, lalkèkuksa dk nksgu vkSj ouksUewyu vR;fèkd çdkj ;g vxys mPprj iks"k.k Lrj ij igqp ¡ tkrk gSA ;g ifj?kVuk
gqvk gSA m".kdfVcaèkh; o"kkZ okys ouksa esa i`Foh dh yxHkx 50» ikjk ,oa Mh-Mh-Vh- ds fy, lqfofnr gSA vr% dFku 2 lgh gSA
çtkfr;k¡ ikbZ tkrh gSa vkSj çkÑfrd vkoklksa dk fouk'k iwjs tSoeaMy yy lqiks"k.k (eutrophication) ,d ,slh çfØ;k gS ftlds }kjk ,d tyh;
ds fy, gkfudkjd fl¼ gqvk gSA fudk; ?kqfyr iks"kd rÙoksa (eq[; :i ls ukbVªsV~l vkSj iQkWLiQsV)
yy çkÑfrd vkink,¡] tSls& Hkwdai] ck<+] Tokykeq•h mn~xkj] nkokuy] ls le`¼ gks tkrk gSA bl çpqjrk ds dkj.k tyh; ikSèkksa ds thou
lw•k vkfn i`Foh ij ikbZ tkus okyh çkf.ktkr ,oa ouLifrtkr fodkl esa o`f¼ gksrh gS vkSj ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i vkWDlhtu dk
dks {kfr igq¡pkrh gSa vkSj ifj.kkeLo:i lacafèkr çHkkfor çns'kksa dh vo{k; gksus yxrk gSA lqiks"k.k >hy dk çkÑfrd dky&çHkkou
tSo&fofoèkrk esa cnyko vkrk gSA dhVuk'kd o vU; çnw"kd] tSls& (,ftax) n'kkZrk gS] ;kuh >hy vfèkd mez dh gks tkrh gSA ;g
gkbMªksdkcZu (Hydrocarbon) vkSj fo"kSyh Hkkjh èkkrq (Toxic heavy blds ty dh tSo le`f¼ ds dkj.k gksrk gSA vr% dFku 3 lgh gSA

yy ty gk;flaFk (vkbdksfuZ;k ds fliht) ikni gSa tks fo'o ds lcls 93- mÙkj % (b)
vfèkd leL;k mRiUu djus okys tyh; •jirokj (ohM) gSa vkSj O;k[;k %
ftUgsa caxky dk vkrad Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ;s ikni lqiks"kh tyk'k;ksa yy thoeaMy esa çkf.k;ksa rFkk okrkoj.k ds chp jklk;fud inkFkks± ds
esa dkiQh o`f¼ djrs gSa vkSj bldh ikfjra=k xfr dks larqfyr dj vknku&çnku dh pØh; xfr dks tSo Hkw&jklk;fud pØ dgrs gSaA
nsrs gSaA vr% dFku 4 lgh gSA i`Foh ds okrkoj.k esa lHkh rÙoksa dh ,d fuf'pr ek=kk gksrh gS]
yy bl çdkj] fodYi (d) lgh gSA ftldh vko';drk thoèkkfj;ksa dks ges'kk jgrh gSA bu rÙoksa dks
92- mÙkj % (a) tSfod ?kVd vkSj vtSfod ?kVd dgrs gSaA ;s Hkwfe ,oa ok;qeaMy
O;k[;k % esa fo|eku gksrs gSa vkSj ogk¡ ls iqu% thoèkkfj;ksa ds chp pØh; xfr
ls igq¡prs gSaA ;g fØ;k yxkrkj pyrh jgrh gSA tSo Hkw&jklk;fud
yy mRçsjd ifjorZd (dSVsfyfVd duoVZj) ,d okgu mRltZu fu;a=k.k
pØ nks çdkj ds gksrs gSa& xSlh; pØ& blesa dkcZu Mkb&vkWDlkbM]
midj.k gS tks jsMkWDl çfrfØ;k (vkWDlhdj.k ;k deh) dks
ukbVªkstu vkSj vkWDlhtu pØ vkrs gSa_ volknh pØ& bl pØ esa
mRçsfjr djds fudkl xSl esa fo"kkDr çnw"kdksa dks de fo"kkDr
iQkWLiQksjl] lYiQj vkfn vkrs gSaA
çnw"kdksa esa ifjofrZr djrk gSA dSVsfyfVd duoVZj esa dherh èkkrq]
IySfVue&iSysfM;e vkSj jksfM;e yxs gksrs gSa tks mRçsjd (dSVsfyLV) yy ok;qeaMy esa vkWDlhtu dh ek=kk 21» gksrh gSA vkWDlhtu tho esa
dk dk;Z djrs gSaA tSls gh fuokZr mRçsjd ifjorZd ls gksdj xq”kjrk 'olu ds }kjk xzg.k dh tkrh gSA ;g dkckZsgkbMªsV dk vkWDlhdj.k
gS vnXèk gkbMªks dkcZu Mkb&vkWDlkbM vkSj ty esa cny tkrk djds ikuh vkSj dkcZu Mkb&vkWDlkbM cukrh gSA vkWDlhtu tho
gS rFkk dkcZu eksuksvkWDlkbM o ukbfVªd vkWDlkbM Øe'k% dkcZu dh e`R;q ds ckn {k; gksdj iqu% okrkoj.k esa dkcZu Mkb&vkWDlkbM
Mkb&vkWDlkbM vkSj ukbVªkstu xSl esa ifjofrZr gks tkrk gSA mRçsjd rFkk ikuh ds :i esa pyh tkrh gSA gjs ikSèkksa esa ty dPps inkFkZ
ifjorZd;qDr eksVj okguksa esa lhlkjfgr (vuysMMs ) isVkª y
s dk mi;ksx ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gS vkSj çdk'k la'ys"k.k esa vkWDlhtu rFkk
djuk pkfg, D;ksafd lhlk;qDr isVªksy mRçsjd dks vfØ; djrk gSA gkbMªkstu esa VwV tkrk gSA Lora=k vkWDlhtu ok;qeaMy esa pyh tkrh
vr% ;qXe 1 lgh ugha gSA gSA bl çdkj] vkWDlhtu pØ pyrk jgrk gSA
yy rki fo|qr la;a=kksa ds èkwez LraHk (LeksdLVSdl)] df.kdh; èkwez vkSj yy ukbVªkstu dh rjg iQkWLiQksjl Hkh çksVhu la'ys"k.k gsrq vko';d
vU; m|ksxksa ls gkfudj xSlsa tc ukbVªkstu] vkWDlhtu vkfn ds lkFk gksrk gSA ;g ikSèkksa dks e`nk }kjk çkIr gksrk gS rFkk mRiknd vkSj
(ik£VdqysV) rFkk xSlh; ok;q çnw"kd Hkh fudyrs gSaA ok;qeaMy esa bu miHkksDrk rd •k| Ükà•yk }kjk igq¡prk gSA e`r thoksa ds forj.k
xSlksa dks NksM+us ls igys bu çnw"kdksa dks i`Fkd~ djds ;k fuL;kfnr ds mijkar ;g iqu% foeqDr gksdj e`nk esa igq¡p tkrk gSA çkf.k;ksa
(fiQYVMZ) dj ckgj fudkyuk vko';d gSA df.kdh; inkFkks± dks dh vfLFk;ksa vkSj nk¡rksa esa bldh mifLFkfr gksrh gSA ;g ty ds
fudyus ds dbZ rjhds gSa vkSj lcls vfèkd O;kid :i ls tks çokg }kjk egklkxjksa esa igq¡prk gS tgk¡ egklkxjh; tho bls çkIr
rjhdk viuk;k tkrk gS og gS fLFkj oS|qr vo{ksfi=k (bysDVªksLVSfVd djrs gSaA tc egklkxjh; thoksa dks LFkyh; tho Hkkstu ds :i esa
çsflisVsVj)] tks rki fo|qr la;a=k ds fuokZÙkd (bxtkWLV) esa ekStwn xzg.k djrs gSa rc Hkh iQkWLiQksjl dk LFkkukarj.k gksrk gSA leqæh Hkkx
99» df.kdh; inkFkks± dks gVk nsrk gSA vr% ;qXe 2 lgh ugha gSA esa yo.kksa ds VwVus ls Hkh iQkWLiQksjl eqDr gksrk gSA vU; pØksa dh
yy 'kksj ,d vokafNr mPp Lrj èofu gSA rs”k èofu ds dkj.k ekuo vis{kk ;g pØ vR;ar ean xfr ls dk;Z djrk gSA
esa euksoSKkfud vkSj dk;Zdh; ;k 'kjhj fØ;kRed fodkj iSnk gksrs yy dkcZu ,oa iQkWLiQksjl pØ ds chp nks O;kid varj ik;k tkrk gS&
gSaA mPp èofu Lrj] 150 Msflcy ;k blls vfèkd Lrj dh èofu igyk] o"kkZ ds }kjk ok;qeaMy esa iQkWLiQksjl dk fuos'k] dkcZu fuos'k
dks FkksM+s gh le; rd lquus ls d.kZ&iVy {kfrxzLr gks tkrk gSA dh vis{kk cgqr de gksrk gS_ nwljk] thoksa vkSj i;kZoj.k ds chp
d.kZeiQ (b;jeÝl) gesa vokafNr 'kksj ls cpk ldrk gSA vr% iQkWLiQksjl dk xSlh; fofue; fcydqy ux.; gksrk gSA vr% dFku
;qXe 3 lgh gSA 1 lgh ugha gS] ysfdu dFku 2 lgh gSA
yy bl çdkj] fodYi (a) lgh gSA yy bl çdkj] fodYi (b) lgh gSA


94- mÙkj % (a) yy ok;qeaMy esa NksVs&NksVs Bksl d.kksa dks Hkh j•us dh {kerk gksrh gSA
O;k[;k % ;s NksVs d.k fofHkUu lzksrksa] tSls& leqæh ued] eghu feV~Vh] èkq,¡
yy e`nk vod"kZ.k dks e`nk dh moZjrk ds ßkl ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr dh dkfyek] jk•] ijkx] èkwy rFkk mYdkvksa ds VwVs gq, d.k ls
fd;k tk ldrk gSA blesa e`nk dk iks"k.k Lrj fxj tkrk gS rFkk fudyrs gSaA èkwyd.k çk;% ok;qeaMy ds fupys Hkkx esa ekStwn gksrs
vijnu vkSj nq#i;ksx ds dkj.k e`nk dh xgjkbZ de gks tkrh gSA gSaA èkwyd.kksa dk lcls vfèkd teko miks".k ,oa 'khrks".k çns'kksa esa
Hkkjr esa e`nk lalkèkuksa ds {k; dk eq[; dkjd e`nk vod"kZ.k gSA lw•h gok ds dkj.k gksrk gS] tks fo"kqor vkSj èkqzoh; çns'kksa dh rqyuk
e`nk vod"kZ.k dh nj Hkw&vkÑfr] iouksa dh xfr rFkk o"kkZ dh esa ;gk¡ vfèkd ek=kk esa gksrs gSaA vr% dFku 2 lgh gSA
ek=kk ds vuqlkj ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij fHkUu gksrh gSA vr% yy tyok"i] ok;qeaMy esa mifLFkr ,slh ifjorZuh; xSl gS tks Å¡pkbZ
dFku 1 lgh ugha gSA ds lkFk ?kVrh tkrh gSA xeZ rFkk vkæZ m".kdfVcaèk esa ;g gok ds
yy e`nk ds vkoj.k dk fouk'k] e`nk vijnu dgykrk gSA cgrs ty vk;ru dk 4» gksrh gS] tcfd èkqzoksa tSls BaMs vkSj jsfxLrkuksa tSls
vkSj iouksa dh vijnukRed çfØ;k,¡ rFkk e`nk fuekZ.kdkjh çfØ;k,¡ 'kq"d çns'kksa esa ;g gok ds vk;ru ds 1» Hkkx ls Hkh de gksrh
lkFk&lkFk ?kfVr gks jgh gksrh gSaA dbZ ckj çkÑfrd vFkok ekuoh; gSA vr% dFku 3 lgh ugha gSA
dkjdksa ls ;g larqyu fcxM+ tkrk gS ftlls e`nk ds vijnu dh nj yy {kksHke.My ds Åij dk Hkkx lerki e.My dgykrk gSA ;g yxHkx
c<+ tkrh gSA e`nk vijnu ds fy, ekuoh; xfrfofèk;k¡ Hkh dkiQh 50 fdeh- dh Å¡pkbZ rd iSQyk gSA lerkieaMy dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ
gn rd mÙkjnk;h gSaA tula[;k c<+us ds lkFk Hkwfe dh ekax Hkh c<+us y{k.k ;g gS fd blesa vks”kksu ijr ikbZ tkrh gSA ;g ijr ijkcSaxuh
yxrh gSA ekuo cfLr;ksa] Ñf"k] i'kqpkj.k vkSj vU; vko';drkvksa fdj.kksa dks vo'kksf"kr dj i`Foh dks ÅtkZ ds rhoz rFkk gkfudkjd
dh iwfrZ ds fy, ou rFkk vU; çkÑfrd ouLifr;k¡ lkiQ dj nh çHkkoksa ls cpkrh gSA vr% dFku 4 lgh ugha gSA
tkrh gSaA vr% dFku 2 lgh ugha gSA yy bl çdkj] fodYi (a) lgh gSA
yy Hkkjh o"kkZ vkSj •M+h <kyksa okys çns'kksa esa cgrs ty }kjk fd;k x;k
96- mÙkj % (c)
vijnu egÙoiw.kZ gksrk gSA ty vijnu vis{kkÑr vfèkd xaHkhj gS
vkSj ;g Hkkjr ds foLr`r {ks=kksa esa gks jgk gSA ty vijnu nks :iksa O;k[;k %
esa gksrk gS& ijr vijnu vkSj voukfydk vijnuA ijr vijnu yy ck;ksLiQh;j fj”koZ 'kCn dk ç;ksx loZçFke ,MoMZ lq,l us fd;k
lery Hkwfe;ksa ij ewlykèkkj o"kkZ ds lkFk gksrk gS vkSj blesa e`nk dk FkkA tSoeaMy fup; (vkjf{kr {ks=k) fo'ks"k çdkj ds HkkSfed ,oa
gVuk vklkuh ls fn•kbZ Hkh ugha nsrk] fdarq ;g vfèkd fouk'kdkjh rVh; ;k blds la;kstu okys ikfjfLFkfrd ra=k gSa ftUgsa ;wusLdks ds
gS D;ksafd blls feV~Vh dh lw{e ,oa vfèkd moZj Åijh ijr gV ekuo vkSj tSoeaMy çksxzke (MAB) ds varxZr ekU;rk çkIr gSA ;s
tkrh gSA vr% dFku 3 lgh gSA tSoeaMy fup; çkÑfrd vkSj lkaLÑfrd ifjn`'; ds çfrfufèk Hkkx
yy bl çdkj] fodYi (a) lgh gSA gksrs gSa tks cM+s iSekus ij foLr`r gksrs gSaA
95- mÙkj % (a) tSoeaMy vkjf{kr {ks=k ds rhu Hkkx gksrs gSa&
O;k[;k % yy dksj {ks=k % ;g oU;thoksa ds laj{k.k ds fy, lcls lqjf{kr {ks=k
yy ok;qeaMy fofHkUu çdkj ds xSlksa dk feJ.k gS vkSj ;g i`Foh dks gksrk gSA bl {ks=k esa ljdkjh vfèkdkfj;ksa@deZpkfj;ksa dks NksM+ vU;
lHkh vksj ls <ds gq, gSA blesa euq";ksa ,oa tarqvksa ds thou ds lHkh dk ços'k oftZr gksrk gSA
fy, vko';d xSlsa] tSls& vkWDlhtu rFkk ikSèkksa ds thou ds fy, yy ciQj {ks=k % ;g dksj {ks=k ds pkjksa vksj dk {ks=k gSA bldk ç;ksx
dkcZu Mkb&vkWDlkbM ikbZ tkrh gSA ok;q] i`Foh ds æO;eku dk iw.kZr% fu;af=kr ,oa vfoèoald dk;ks± ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS ftlesa
vfHkUu Hkkx gS rFkk blds dqy æO;eku dk 99» i`Foh dh lrg vuqlaèkku@'kksèk] ijaijkxr mi;ksx vkSj iquokZl 'kkfey gSaA
ls 32 fdeh- dh Å¡pkbZ rd fLFkr gSA ok;q] jaxghu vkSj xaèkghu yy laØe.k {ks=k % ;g lcls ckgjh Hkkx gksrk gS tks •qyk gqvk ,oa
gksrh gS rFkk tc ;g iou dh rjg cgrh gS] rHkh ge bls eglwl foLr`r gksrk gSA bl {ks=k esa euksjatu ds lalkèkuksa] iQly {ks=k rFkk
dj ldrs gSaA vr% dFku 1 lgh gSA çcafèkr taxyksa dks 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA Hkkjr esa dqy 18 tSoeaMy


vkjf{kr {ks=k ?kksf"kr fd, x, gSa ftuesa ls 12 tSoeaMy vkjf{kr yy dLrwjh e`x (Muks Deer) ,f'k;k (fo'ks"kdj fgeky;) esa feyus
{ks=kksa dks ;wusLdks dh lwph esa 'kkfey dj fy;k x;k gSA blds çeq[k okys le&m¡xyh •qjnkj çkf.k;ksa dk ,d thooSKkfud oa'k gS ftlesa
mís'; fuEufyf•r gSa& lkr Kkr tkfr;k¡ gSaA dLrwjh e`x] ns•us esa fgj.k tSls fn•rs gSa vkSj
hhlaj{k.k % tSoeaMy fup; {ks=k ds varxZr n`';Hkwfe (Landscapes) yksd&ekU;rk esa bUgsa fgj.k gh le>k tkrk gS] ysfdu thooSKkfud
ikfjra=k] çtkrh; ,oa vkuqoaf'kd ifjorZu dks lajf{kr djus esa n`f"V ls ;s fgj.kksa ds oa'k dk Hkkx ugha gSaA dLrwjh e`xksa esa vlyh
lg;ksx djuk rFkk çkÑfrd :i ls ekuo xfrfofèk;ksa ds dkj.k fgj.kksa dh Hkk¡fr lhax ugha gksrs vkSj buesa dLrwjh xzafFk gksrh gS tks
gksus okys ifjorZu dh fuxjkuh djuk 'kkfey gSaA fgj.kksa esa ugha gksrhA dLrwjh e`xksa esa eq¡g ds nks nk¡r vkSj eq¡g ls
hhfodkl % LFkkfud Lrj ij lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd ,oa i;kZoj.k ckgj mHkjs gq, gksrs gSaA vkbZ-;w-lh-,u- esa bls ,d ^yqIrçk;* çtkfr
ds lrr~ fodkl ds fy, rhoz vkfFkZd fodkl vfuok;Z gSA ds :i esa lwphc¼ fd;k x;k gS vkSj oU;tho laj{k.k vfèkfu;e]
i;kZoj.k laj{k.k ,oa Hkwfe laj{k.k rFkk fodkl dk;ZØeksa ds eè; 1972 ds rgr vuqlwph-I esa j•k x;k gSA
bl rjg lacaèk ,oa rkyesy cSBkuk fd iks"k.kh; i;kZoj.k vkSj yy çfro"kZ 28 ebZ dks ^fo'o Mqxksax fnol* euk;k tkrk gSA Mqxksax_
iks"k.kh; fodkl ds y{; dks çkIr fd;k tk ldsA ck;ksLiQh;j ftls leqæh xk; ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gS] dks Hkkjrh; ty {ks=k esa
fj”koZ ds varxZr çkÑfrd lalkèkuksa ds ç;ksx ,oa çcaèku ds fy, laj{k.k ç;klksa dh deh ds dkj.k ladV dk lkeuk djuk iM+ jgk
ubZ uhfr;k¡ cukbZ tkrh gSaA gSA Mqxksax ,dek=k 'kkdkgkjh Lruèkkjh gS tks vius thou ds fy,
hhykWftfLVd % tSoeaMy fup; dk dk;Z 'kksèk vkSj vè;;u ds iwjh rjg leqæ ij fuHkZj jgrk gSA Hkkjr esa ;s dsoy eUukj dh
fy, varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij lqfuf'pr ,oa lqfuèkkZfjr 'kksèk {ks=kksa dh •kM+h] vaMeku ,oa fudksckj }hilewg rFkk dPN dh •kM+h {ks=k
LFkkiuk dj fofHkUu 'kksèk dsaæksa ds eè; lwpukvksa dk vknku&çnku esa ik, tkrs gSaA Mqxksax dks Hkkjr esa oU; thou laj{k.k vfèkfu;e]
djuk rFkk fofHkUu dk;ZØeksa dks ekWfuVj djuk ,oa laj{k.k ls 1972 dh vuqlwph-I ds rgr lajf{kr fd;k x;k gSA Mqxksax dksy
lacafèkr çf'k{k.k çnku djuk gSA tSoeaMy fup; vuqlaèkku }kjk vkbZ-;w-lh-,u- dh ladVxzLr çtkfr;ksa dh yky lwph esa ^laosnu'khy*
çkIr tkudkjh dks fo'o Lrj ij lk>k djrs gSa ftlls yksxksa dks ds :i esa lwphc¼ fd;k x;k gSA vr% dksbZ Hkh ;qXe lqefs yr ugha gSA
i;kZIr çf'k{k.k ,oa f'k{kk nh tk ldsA yy bl çdkj] fodYi (d) lgh gSA
yy bl çdkj] fodYi (c) lgh gSA 98- mÙkj % (b)
97- mÙkj % (d) O;k[;k %
O;k[;k % yy tSoeaMy fup; dk oSf'od usVodZ (WNBR), MAB (ekuo o
yy tSoeaMy fup; dh voèkkj.kk dk fodkl o"kZ 1975 esa ;wusLdks tSoeaMy dk;ZØe) dk ÝySxf'ki çksxzke gSA tSoeaMy fup; ftl
ds êkuo ,oa tSoeaMy dk;ZØe* ds varxZr gqvkA bldk mís'; ns'k esa fLFkr gksrk gS mlh ds laçHkq {ks=k ds varxZr dk;Z djrk
ikfjra=k ,oa blds vkuqoaf'kd inkFkks± dk laj{k.k djuk gSA tSoeaMy gSA vU; ns'kksa dk tSoeaMy usVodZ esa Hkkx ysuk LoSfPNd gksrk
fup; {ks=k çkÑfrd ,oa lkaLÑfrd Hkw&n`'; ds çfrfufèk {ks=k gSa tks gSA WNBR dk mís'; fo'o ds leLr 'kkfey ns'kksa ds lg;ksx
LFkyh; vkSj leqæh Hkkx ij iQSys gq, gSaA ds }kjk tSo&fofoèkrk ,oa çkÑfrd i;kZoj.k Hkw&Hkkx] tyh; Hkkx]
yy 'ksj&iw¡N canj dsoy fnu ds mtkys ds nkSjku lfØ; jgrk gSA leqæh ikfjra=k vkfn dk lrr~ fodkl ,oa laj{k.k djuk gSA blh
o"kkZou ds okrkoj.k dks ilan djrs gq, ;g ,d vPNk ioZrkjksgh fopkjèkkjk ij WNBR dh lajpuk dh xbZA blds varxZr fo'o ds
gS tks viuk vfèkdka'k le; m".kdfVcaèkh; o"kkZou dh Åijh Hkkxksa lHkh 'kkfey ns'kksa ds chp lacafèkr eqíksa ij okrkZyki fd;k tkrk gSA
esa fcrkrk gSA blds vkokl esa dukZVd] dsjy vkSj rfeyukMq ds laj{k.k ds fy, vko';d tkudkjh pkgs ikjaifjd gks ;k oSKkfud
o"kkZou {ks=k 'kkfey gSaA baVjus'kuy ;wfu;u iQkWj da”koZs'ku vkWiQ nksuksa dks ,d&nwljs ls lk>k fd;k tkrk gSA blds varxZr fo'o ds
uspj (vkbZ-;w-lh-,u-) ds yky lwph esa bls ^yqIrçk;* ds :i esa ns'kksa ls xjhch dks •Re dj ekuo thou esa xq.kkRed lqèkkj ykus
oxhZÑr fd;k x;k gSA dk y{; fuèkkZfjr fd;k tkrk gSA

yy Hkkjr esa 18 ck;ksLiQh;j fj”koZ gSa & BaMk jsfxLrku (fgekpy ladVkiUu çk.kh çtkfr;ksa uhyfxfj rkgj (Tahr) vkSj 'ksj tSlh iwN¡ okys
çns'k)] uanknsoh (mÙkjk•aM)] daputaxk (flfDde)] nsgkax&nsckax canj dh lcls vfèkd la[;k ikbZ tkrh gSA uhyfxfj fup; esa gkFkh]
(v#.kkpy çns'k)] ekul (vle)] fMCkzw lS•ksok (vle)] ck?k] xkSj] lkaHkj vkSj phry tkuojksa dh nf{k.k Hkkjr esa lcls ”;knk
uksdjsd (es?kky;)] iUuk (eè; çns'k)] iape<+h (eè; çns'k)] la[;k gS rFkk dqN ladVkiUu vkSj {ks=kh; fo'ks"k ikSèks Hkh ik, tkrs gSAa
vpkudekj&vejdaVd (eè; çns'k&NÙkhlx<+)] dPN (xq”kjkr)] yy bl {ks=k esa dqN ,slh tutkfr;ksa ds vkokl Hkh fLFkr gSa] tks i;kZoj.k
flfeyhiky (vksfM'kk)] lqanjcu (if'pe caxky)] 'ks"kkpye ds lkFk lkeatL; djds jgus ds fy, fo[;kr gSaA bl thoeaMy dh
(vkaèkz çns'k)] vxLR;ekyk (dukZVd&rfeyukMq&dsjy)] uhyfxfj LFkykÑfr ÅcM+&•kcM+ gS vkSj leqæ ry ls Å¡pkbZ 250 ehVj ls
(rfeyukMq&dsjy)] eUukj dh •kM+h (rfeyukMq) rFkk xzsV fudksckj 2]650 ehVj rd gSA if'pe ?kkV esa ik, tkus okys 80» iQwynkj
(vaMeku vkSj fudksckj }hi)A ikSèks blh fup; esa feyrs gSaA
yy flfeyhiky dk uke ^fleqy* (Simul& flYd dkWVu) ds isM+ ds yy bl çdkj] fodYi (b) lgh gSA
uke ij iM+k gSA Vkbxj fj”koZ ds fy, bldk p;u vkfèkdkfjd
:i ls o"kZ 1956 esa fd;k x;k Fkk] ftldks o"kZ 1973 esa çkstsDV 100- mÙkj % (c)
Vkbxj ds varxZr yk;k x;kA Hkkjr ljdkj us twu 1994 esa bls ,d O;k[;k %
tSoeaMy fj”koZ {ks=k ?kksf"kr fd;kA ;g ck;ksLiQh;j fj”koZ o"kZ 2009 yy lkekftd okfudh dk vFkZ gS& i;kZoj.kh;] lkekftd o xzkeh.k
ls ;wusLdks ds fo'o usVodZ vkWiQ ck;ksLiQh;j fj”koZ dk fgLlk gS] fodkl esa enn ds mís'; ls ouksa dk çcaèku vkSj lqj{kk rFkk Ålj
;g flfeyhiky&dqyMhgk&gnx<+ gkFkh fj”koZ dk fgLlk gS] ftls Hkwfe ij oujksi.kA jk"Vªh; Ñf"k vk;ksx (1976&79) us lkekftd
e;wjHkat ,yhiQsaV fj”koZ ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA okfudh dks rhu oxks± esa ck¡Vk gS& 'kgjh okfudh] xzkeh.k okfudh
yy bl çdkj] fodYi (b) lgh gSA vkSj iQkeZ okfudhA 'kgjksa vkSj muds bnZ&fxnZ futh o lkoZtfud
99- mÙkj % (b) Hkwfe] tSls& gfjr iV~Vh] ikdZ] lM+dksa ds lkFk vkS|ksfxd o O;kikfjd
LFkyksa ij o`{k yxkuk rFkk mudk çcaèku 'kgjh okfudh ds varxZr
O;k[;k %
vkrk gSA vr% dFku 1 vkSj 2 lgh gSaA
yy tSoeaMy fup; dh voèkkj.kk dk fodkl o"kZ 1975 esa ;wusLdks
ds êkuo ,oa tSoeaMy dk;ZØe* ds varxZr gqvkA bldk mís'; yy xzkeh.k okfudh esa Ñf"k okfudh vkSj leqnk; Ñf"k okfudh dks c<+kok
ikfjra=k ,oa blds vkuqoaf'kd inkFkks± dk laj{k.k djuk gSA tSoeaMy fn;k tkrk gSA Ñf"k okfudh dk vFkZ gS Ñf"k ;ksX; rFkk catj Hkwfe
fup; {ks=k çkÑfrd ,oa lkaLÑfrd Hkw&n`'; ds çfrfufèk {ks=k gSa ij isM+ vkSj iQlysa ,d&lkFk yxkukA bldk vfHkçk; gS okfudh vkSj
tks LFkyh; vkSj leqæh Hkkx ij iQSys gq, gSaA vkjf{kr tSoeaMy ds •srh ,d&lkFk djuk ftlls •k|kUu] pkjk] b±èku] bekjrh ydM+h
varxZr fdlh Hkh ikfjra=k ,oa çkÑfrd vkokl ds vtSfod la?kVdksa vkSj iQyksa dk mRiknu ,d&lkFk fd;k tk,A leqnk; okfudh esa
(Hkwfe] e`nk] ty ,oa ok;q) rFkk tSfod ?kVdksa dh tSo&fofoèkrk lkoZtfud Hkwfe] tSls& xk¡o&pjkxkg] eafnj&Hkwfe] lM+dksa ds nksuksa
dks lajf{kr djus dk ç;kl fd;k tkrk gSA vksj] ugj ds fdukjs] jsy iVjh ds lkFk iV~Vh vkSj fo|ky;ksa esa
yy uhyfxfj tho eaMy fup; % bldh LFkkiuk o"kZ 1986 esa gqbZ isM+ yxkuk 'kkfey gSA bldk mís'; iwjs leqnk; dks ykHk igq¡pkuk
Fkh vkSj ;g Hkkjr dk igyk tho eaMy fup; gSA bl fup; esa gSA bl ;kstuk dk ,d mís'; Hkwfefoghu yksxksa dks okfudhdj.k ls
ok;ukM oU; thou lqjf{kr {ks=k] uxjgksy] ckanhiqj vkSj eqnqeykbZ] tksM+uk rFkk blls mUgsa os ykHk igq¡pkuk gS tks dsoy Hkw&Lokfe;ksa
fuyacwj dk lkjk ou ls <dk <ky] Åijh uhyfxfj iBkj] lkbysaV dks gh çkIr gksrs gSaA vr% dFku 3 lgh gSA
oSyh vkSj fl:okuh igkfM+;k¡ 'kkfey gSaA bl thoeaMy fup; dk yy iQkeZ okfudh ds varxZr fdlku vius •srksa esa O;kikfjd egÙo
dqy {ks=k 5,520 oxZ fdeh- gSA okys ;k nwljs isM+ yxkrs gSaA ou foHkkx blds fy, NksVs vkSj eè;e
yy uhyfxfj thoeaMy fup; esa fofHkUu çdkj ds vkokl vkSj ekuo fdlkuksa dks fu%'kqYd ikSèks miyCèk djkrk gSA bl ;kstuk ds rgr
fØ;k }kjk de çHkkfor çkÑfrd ouLifr o lw•h >kfM+;k¡] tSl&s dbZ rjg dh Hkwfe] tSls& •srksa dh esM+sa] pjkxkg] ?kkl LFky] ?kj ds
'kq"d ,oa vkæZ i.kZikrh ou] v¼Z&lnkcgkj vkSj vkæZ lnkcgkj ou] ikl iM+h •kyh ”kehu vkSj i'kqvksa ds ckM+ksa esa Hkh isM+ yxk, tkrs gSaA
lnkcgkj 'kksykl] ?kkl ds eSnku rFkk nyny 'kkfey gSAa ;gk¡ ij nks yy bl çdkj] fodYi (c) lgh gSA


Test-2 Sanskriti Ias PT 2024 Hindi

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Test-2 Sanskriti Ias PT 2024 Hindi

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

tc rd vkidks ;g ijh{k.

k iqfLrdk [kksyus dks u dgk tk, rc rd u [kksysa

tc rd vkidks ;g ijh{k.k iqfLrdk [kksyus dks u dgk tk, rc rd u [kksysa

Join Telegram 2024 Test All Exam - https://telegram.me/PaidGroupadmin_bot

gsM vkWfiQl iz;kxjkt dsanz

Join Telegram 2024 Test All Exam - https://telegram.me/PaidGroupadmin_bot

gsM vkWfiQl iz;kxjkt dsanz

Join Telegram 2024 Test All Exam - https://telegram.me/PaidGroupadmin_bot

gsM vkWfiQl iz;kxjkt dsanz

Join Telegram 2024 Test All Exam - https://telegram.me/PaidGroupadmin_bot

gsM vkWfiQl iz;kxjkt dsanz

Join Telegram 2024 Test All Exam - https://telegram.me/PaidGroupadmin_bot

gsM vkWfiQl iz;kxjkt dsanz

Join Telegram 2024 Test All Exam - https://telegram.me/PaidGroupadmin_bot

16. Consider the following: 1. Temperature 2. Density

1. Completely semi-enclosed ocean from land in the 3. Water vapour 4. Gravitation

5. Humidity 1. Nallamala 2. Javadi

6. Transmission 3. Velikonda 4. Palakonda

gsM vkWfiQl iz;kxjkt dsanz

Join Telegram 2024 Test All Exam - https://telegram.me/PaidGroupadmin_bot

1- DokVZ~”kkbV 2- iQkbykbV mi;ZqDr dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\

gsM vkWfiQl iz;kxjkt dsanz

Join Telegram 2024 Test All Exam - https://telegram.me/PaidGroupadmin_bot

gsM vkWfiQl iz;kxjkt dsanz

Join Telegram 2024 Test All Exam - https://telegram.me/PaidGroupadmin_bot

gsM vkWfiQl iz;kxjkt dsanz

Join Telegram 2024 Test All Exam - https://telegram.me/PaidGroupadmin_bot

1. It affects only to the direction of wind. 1. Clear frontal system

gsM vkWfiQl iz;kxjkt dsanz

Join Telegram 2024 Test All Exam - https://telegram.me/PaidGroupadmin_bot

gsM vkWfiQl iz;kxjkt dsanz

Join Telegram 2024 Test All Exam - https://telegram.me/PaidGroupadmin_bot

gsM vkWfiQl iz;kxjkt dsanz

Join Telegram 2024 Test All Exam - https://telegram.me/PaidGroupadmin_bot

gsM vkWfiQl iz;kxjkt dsanz

Join Telegram 2024 Test All Exam - https://telegram.me/PaidGroupadmin_bot

gsM vkWfiQl iz;kxjkt dsanz

Join Telegram 2024 Test All Exam - https://telegram.me/PaidGroupadmin_bot

gsM vkWfiQl iz;kxjkt dsanz

Join Telegram 2024 Test All Exam - https://telegram.me/PaidGroupadmin_bot

gsM vkWfiQl iz;kxjkt dsanz

Join Telegram 2024 Test All Exam - https://telegram.me/PaidGroupadmin_bot

gsM vkWfiQl iz;kxjkt dsanz

Join Telegram 2024 Test All Exam - https://telegram.me/PaidGroupadmin_bot

(a) 1 only (b) 2 only 64. Consider the following:

gsM vkWfiQl iz;kxjkt dsanz

Join Telegram 2024 Test All Exam - https://telegram.me/PaidGroupadmin_bot

gsM vkWfiQl iz;kxjkt dsanz

Join Telegram 2024 Test All Exam - https://telegram.me/PaidGroupadmin_bot

gsM vkWfiQl iz;kxjkt dsanz

Join Telegram 2024 Test All Exam - https://telegram.me/PaidGroupadmin_bot

gsM vkWfiQl iz;kxjkt dsanz

Join Telegram 2024 Test All Exam - https://telegram.me/PaidGroupadmin_bot

gsM vkWfiQl iz;kxjkt dsanz

Join Telegram 2024 Test All Exam - https://telegram.me/PaidGroupadmin_bot

4- taxy dh vkx uhps fn, x, dwV dk ç;ksx dj lgh mÙkj pqfu,A

gsM vkWfiQl iz;kxjkt dsanz

Join Telegram 2024 Test All Exam - https://telegram.me/PaidGroupadmin_bot

2. Earth's oscillation 1. Humification 2. Fragmentation

3. Change in Earth's axial tilt 3. Leaching 4. Mineralisation

(b) Only two (a) 1 only (b) 2 only

(c) All three (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2

gsM vkWfiQl iz;kxjkt dsanz