UNIVERSIDAD RICARDO PALMA FACULTAD DE MEDICINA HUMANA

INGLÉS II SEMESTRE 2020-1

Unit 10 Orthopedics and Rheumatology

UNIT 10 ORTHOPEDICS AND RHEUMATOLOGY

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
By the end of the unit, students will be able to

● Describe signs and symptoms of arthritis.

● Differentiate types of fractures.
● Give advice on how to have healthy bones.

VOCABULARY

Arthritis, joint, inflammation, swelling, stiffness, tissue, damage, tenderness, cartilage, bone,
synovial, leak, distress, osteoarthritis, gout, rheumatoid arthritis, fracture, fissure, displaced,
cast, metal plate, bone mass, discs, bad posture, sprain, dislocation, gout, prosthesis, shock
absorber, blood vessels, painful, capsule, lining, surface, nourish, lubricate, muscle, ligament,
tendon, closed fracture, open fracture, non-displaced fracture, displaced fracture,
comminuted fracture, skeleton, weaken, risk, weight-bearing exercises, calcium.

GRAMMAR

- Conditionals type 0
- Conditionals type 1

SUMMARY
In this unit you learn about the skeletal system. You will find out about some bone-related
diseases and you will make an infographic on how to keep your bones healthy.

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INGLÉS II SEMESTRE 2020-1

PREPARATION TASK

Read this information about Arthritis and answer the questions.

UNDERSTANDING ARTHRITIS

● Cartilage: Joints have a thin cushioning layer

called cartilage on the surfaces of the ends
of bones. This cartilage is a shock absorber
and provides a smooth surface for joint
movement. Cartilage has no blood vessels
or nerves. However, when it wears down,
bone rubs against bone causing
painful movement.
● Joint capsule: Each joint has a casing
surrounding it called a capsule. 
● Synovium: The joint capsule has a thin
lining on its inner surface called the synovium. This lining makes joint fluid, which
nourishes the cartilage and helps lubricate the joint.  
● Muscles, ligaments and tendons: These structures surround, support and protect the
joints. When muscles tighten, they pull on the joints, causing movement. Ligaments
are the fibrous bands that attach bone to other bones. At the ends of muscles are the
tendons, which attach muscle to bone. 
● Bursa: A bursa is a fluid-filled sack that cushions high-friction areas, such as between
the tendons and bones in the shoulder, hip and knee. 

ARTHRITIS

Arthritis is a general term that refers to over a hundred different types of joint inflammation.
This joint inflammation causes swelling, pain and stiffness. If the disease lasts long or occurs
repeatedly, it can lead to tissue damage. The typical signs of arthritis are swelling of the joint
that is warm to the touch, pain, tenderness, stiffness, redness and loss of function. Arthritis is
not always limited to the joints of the body and can affect soft tissues and internal organs.

  In the joint, inflammation causes damage to the cartilage and synovial lining. When the
cartilage is worn down, the space in the joint becomes smaller and the bones may rub
together. Damage to the synovial lining cause synovial fluid to leak and produce fluid in the
joint lining. This adds to the swelling along with the inflammatory response of the body. If the
joint lining continues to grow, it can permanently damage the bone. All of this causes pain,
swelling and distress for the patient.

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INGLÉS II SEMESTRE 2020-1

   The three most common types of arthritis are:

1. Osteoarthritis. This is the most prevalent. In osteoarthritis, the cartilage of

the bone slowly wears away with age and the bones rub together.
2. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA.) In rheumatoid arthritis, the body’s immune system
begins to attack the joints of the body causing the joint lining to swell.
3. Gout. Gout is a condition where the body cannot effectively remove uric acid
and the uric acid crystallizes in the joints like needles. These crystals cause
swelling and severe pain.

QUESTIONS

1. What type of disease is arthritis?

2. What are some common signs of arthritis?
3. What causes the swelling in arthritis?
4. What are the three most common types of arthritis?
5. What is the difference between osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis?

QUESTIONS

1. What type of disease is arthritis?

The arthritis is joint inflammation

2. What are some common signs of arthritis?

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INGLÉS II SEMESTRE 2020-1

The typical signs of arthritis are swelling of the joint t, pain, tenderness, stiffness, redness and
loss of function. But the Arthritis is not always limited to the joints of the body, can affect soft
tissues and internal organs.

3. What causes the swelling in arthritis?

The causes damage to the cartilage and synovial lining

4. What are the three most common types of arthritis?

The Osteoarthritis, Rheumatoid arthritis and Gout

5. What is the difference between osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis?

In the Osteoarthritis the cartilage of the bone slowly wears away with age and the bones rub
together. In the Rheumatoid arthritis, the body’s immune system begins to attack the joints of
the body causing the joint lining to swell.

PICTURE DICTIONARY
Go to this link to get a copy of a picture dictionary: Disorders of the skeletal system
https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/
1vNKMjCvvdM8q0Urpy9i8jzQoHyUStUfrFqg7Oej5KGE/copy

VOCABULARY
TYPES OF FRACTURES
A fracture occurs when a bone receives severe pressure or shock. It may result from various
reasons as to why a patient may have a fracture. It could be a sports injury or a disease such as
osteoporosis. There are several types of fractures, If the bone is broken but the skin is intact, it
is a closed fracture. If the bone breaks through the skin, an open fracture happens. Displaced,
comminuted or non-displaced, describe how the bone is broken. In a displaced fracture, the
bone is broken into two or more parts, and it is moved so the bone is no longer straight. If the
bone is broken into many pieces, then it is called a comminuted fracture. In a non-displaced
fracture, the bone is broken into one or more parts, but does not move and remains straight.

CROSSWORD PUZZLE: DISORDERS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

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INGLÉS II SEMESTRE 2020-1

Look back at the information and the picture dictionary in your PREPARATION TASK and fill in
the following crossword puzzle.

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INGLÉS II SEMESTRE 2020-1

GRAMMAR: CONDITIONAL TYPE 1

Conditionals type 0

The zero conditional is used to make
statements about the real world, and
often refers to general truths, such as
scientific facts. In these sentences, the
time is now or always, and the situation
is real and possible.
If the bone is broken but the skin is intact, it is a
closed fracture. If the bone breaks through the
skin, an open fracture happens
If the bone is broken into many pieces, then it is
called a comminuted fracture

We use conditionals type 1, when we If the disease lasts long or occurs repeatedly, it
want to associate, a cause with a can lead to tissue damage.
consequence, that varies in degree of
probability. You need to use a modal
verb (will ,can, may)

Conditionals type 1

We use conditionals type 1, to talk about If the disease lasts long or occurs repeatedly, it
things which might happen in the future. can lead to tissue damage.
You need to use a modal verb (will, can,
may)

Complete these ideas:

1. If you want healthy bones,
2. If you can see the bone
3. If you have unhealthy eating habits
4. If you heat ice
5. If you want to be healthy
6. If you want to stop coughing,

a. Exercise regularly
b. You should exercise regularly
c. It melts
d. It is an open fracture
e. You can develop weak bones
f. you should stop smoking

Answer these questions: What do you do…

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INGLÉS II SEMESTRE 2020-1

1. If you get the flu?

If I get the flu, i will rest on bed all day.

2. When you have a headache?

If I have a headache I sleep, avoid noisy places and visit the doctor.
3. When you have a fever?
If I have a fever, I should go to the doctor
4. If you have a terrible cold?
If I have a terrible cold, i will not drink iced drinks and take some rest.
5. If you have backacke?
I you have a backache I could use a ointment
ZERO CONDITIONAL-

If I´M A late for class, my dad punishes me

People get hungry if they don't eat for a long time

When he stays up very late, he is very tired the next morning.

When she watches a movie, she likes to eat popcorn

I can´t do my homework if it´s noisy

He always smiles, if he recieves a message from her girlfriend

If I miss the bus, I am late

when you make lots of noise, you can't focus on your homework

FIRST CONDITIONAL

They won´t buy a new car, if the car is not damaged

I will laugh if you fall

We will be hungry, if we don't eat something

If our exam isn't tomorrow, we will go to the cinema to watch spiderman

if he gets up at 5 o' clock, he will train in the park

I will give you ten dollars, If you go out with my friend

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INGLÉS II SEMESTRE 2020-1

TASK: HEALTHY BONES INFOGRAPHICS

Read this information about human bones. With this and everything you have learned
today, prepare your infographics with this information:

● Why are bones important?

● What are some diseases that affect our bones?
● When can you have a fracture?
● What types of fractures are there?
● What are some things you can do to keep your bones healthy?
● What bone diseases are associated to age?
● How can you prevent these age-related diseases?

The skeleton is made up of joints and bones. Most adults have 206 different bones that
make up their skeleton; infants are actually born with about 300 bones, and some fuse
together as you grow. Our bones have many pretty important jobs to play, they allow us to
move ─ by working together with our muscles, and they also protect our organs ─ such as
our stomach, brain and heart. Because our bones are so important, we need to work hard
to keep them strong and healthy.

What do you think happens when we do not take good care of our bones? We get big holes
in them! This is called osteoporosis, and it weakens the bones. If your bones get weak, you
will be at a much higher risk for breaking one of them, and that can really hurt.

What should you do to take care of your bones? The two most important things are to eat a
healthy diet and get plenty of exercise. Kids should try to exercise for at least one hour
every single day. As you grow, your bones need to make new bone, and the best way to do
this is through weight-bearing exercise. Weight-bearing just means that your bones have to
carry some weight, even simply the weight of the rest of your body. So, soccer, basketball,
dance, jogging or even jumping rope are all weight-bearing exercises, but swimming and
bike riding are not. If you work hard to develop super-strong bones now, you will have a lot
less problems with your bones when you are older!

Kids also need to eat a lot of calcium  ─ found in green, leafy vegetables, and in dairy
products like milk, cheese and yogurt. If you do not eat enough calcium, your bones will not
be very strong. Your body also needs Vitamin D in order to absorb the calcium. Vitamin D is
very easy to get: if you are outside in the sunshine, the sun will cause your skin to start
making Vitamin D for you!

Joints are the points where one bone connects to another. They work to hold bones in the
skeleton together, and they help the bones in the skeleton move. Bones combine with
joints and muscles to allow for all sorts of movement. There are many types of joints in our
bodies. Put your arm straight out in front of you. Now touch your finger to your nose. Your
elbow is a hinge joint, it moves like a hinge on a door, allowing you to bend your arm to
touch your nose. Now, move your arm all the way around in a big circle. Your shoulder is
a ball and socket joint. It can move in all directions. Lastly, move your wrist around. Some of
the joints in your wrist are plane joints, and they move in small sliding motions. There are
other joints in our necks, skull and backbone as well.

When people on Earth get older, they can develop osteoporosis  (weakening of the bones).
But, the same thing can happen to astronauts in the microgravity environment of space.

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INGLÉS II SEMESTRE 2020-1

Astronauts have a real problem with their bones when they travel into outer space, as they
actually lose a lot of their bone mass and density. Their bones literally shrink!

Here are four tips to help build and maintain strong bones:

1. Choose calcium-rich foods

Milk and milk products such as cheese, kefir and yogurt are naturally rich sources of
calcium and can be enjoyed as part of a nutritious diet. Other sources of calcium, such as
canned salmon with bones, leafy green vegetables, beans, nuts and calcium-fortified foods,
can be incorporated into the diet. Although some plant-based foods contain lots of
calcium, the body does not absorb calcium as well from these sources. 

2. Get enough vitamin D

Vitamin D, sometimes called the sunshine vitamin, helps you absorb calcium from foods. In
addition to being produced when the skin is exposed to the sun’s ultraviolet rays, vitamin D
is also found naturally in a few foods: fatty fish like salmon, trout, sardines and mackerel;
fish-liver oil; and egg yolks.

In Canada, milk is the main source of vitamin D in our diet- it is required to be fortified with
vitamin D. Fortified plant-based beverages as well as some yogurts also provide vitamin D. 
Because only a limited number of foods contain vitamin D, you may wish to consult a
dietitian to determine whether you may need a supplement.

3. Get enough bone-building nutrients

In addition to vitamin D and calcium, potassium, vitamin K and magnesium also play
important roles in bone health and are found in foods such as vegetables, fruits, lentils and
whole grains.  Protein is very important- it’s a major component of bones and muscle.
Choose protein-rich foods such as dairy foods, meat, poultry, eggs, fish, beans, nuts and
seeds.

4. Get moving!

Children and youth should aim for 60 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical
activity daily. This should include activities that increase the heart rate and activities that
build muscle and bone. More daily physical activity provides greater health benefit!   

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INGLÉS II SEMESTRE 2020-1

INFOGRAPHICS SAMPLES

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INGLÉS II SEMESTRE 2020-1

FOLLOW-UP
If you are interested in knowing more about bones, visit the following web page:

https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/skeletal/tissue.html

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