Review Materials

1.
The ratio of the number of years, in which the foreign exchange reserves are above the
average reserves, to those in which the reserves are below the average reserves is?
A
2:6
.
B
3:4
.
C
3:5
.
D
4:4
.
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Average foreign exchange reserves over the given period = 3480 million US $.
The country had reserves above 3480 million US $ during the years 1992-93, 1996-97 and
1997-98, i.e., for 3 years and below 3480 million US $ during the years 1991-92, 1993-94,
1994-95, 1995-56 and 1998-99 i.e., for 5 years.
Hence, required ratio = 3 : 5.
View Answer Discuss in Forum Workspace Report
BAR GRAPH
2. The foreign exchange reserves in 1997-98 was how many times that in 1994-95?
A
0.7
.
B
1.2
.
C
1.4
.
D
1.5
.
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
5040
Required ratio = = 1.5.
3360
3. For which year, the percent increase of foreign exchange reserves over the previous year, is
the highest?
A
1992-93
.
B
1993-94
.
C
1994-95
.
D
1996-97
.
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
There is an increase in foreign exchange reserves during the years 1992 - 1993, 1994 -
1995, 1996 - 1997, 1997 - 1998 as compared to previous year (as shown by bar-graph).
The percentage increase in reserves during these years compared to previous year are:
(3720 -
For 1992 - 1993 = 2640) x 100 % = 40.91%.
2640
(3360 -
For 1994 - 1995 = 2520) x 100 % = 33.33%.
2520
(4320 -
For 1996 - 1997 = 3120) x 100 % = 38.46%.
3120
(5040 -
For 1997 - 1998 = 4320) x 100 % = 16.67%.
4320
Clearly, the percentage increase over previous year is highest for 1992 - 1993.
4. The foreign exchange reserves in 1996-97 were approximately what percent of the average
foreign exchange reserves over the period under review?
A
95%
.
B
110%
.
C
115%
.
D
125%
.
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Average foreign exchange reserves over the given period
1 x (2640 + 3720 + 2520 + 3360 + 3120 + 4320 + 5040 +
= million US $
8 3120)
= 3480 million US $.
Foreign exchange reserves in 1996 - 1997 = 4320 million US $.
4320
Required percentage = x 100 % = 124.14% 125%.
3480
5. What was the percentage increase in the foreign exchange reserves in 1997-98 over 1993-
94?
A
100
.
B
150
.
C
200
.
D
620
.
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Increase = (5040 - 2520) = 2520 US $.
252
Percentage Increase = 0 x 100 % = 100%.
LINE GRAPH
2. Two different finance companies declare fixed annual rate of interest on the amounts invested
with them by investors. The rate of interest offered by these companies may differ from year to
year depending on the variation in the economy of the country and the banks rate of interest. The
annual rate of interest offered by the two Companies P and Q over the years are shown by the
line graph provided below.
Annual Rate of Interest Offered by Two Finance Companies Over the Years.
1. A sum of Rs. 4.75 lakhs was invested in Company Q in 1999 for one year. How much more
interest would have been earned if the sum was invested in Company P?
A
Rs. 19,000
.
B
Rs. 14,250
.
C
Rs. 11,750
.
D
Rs. 9500
.
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
= Rs. [(10% of 4.75) - (8% of 4.75)]
Difference
lakhs
= Rs. (2% of 4.75) lakhs
= Rs. 0.095 lakhs
= Rs. 9500.
2. If two different amounts in the ratio 8:9 are invested in Companies P and Q respectively in
2002, then the amounts received after one year as interests from Companies P and Q are
respectively in the ratio?
A
2:3
.
B
3:4
.
C
6:7
.
D
4:3
.
3. In 2000, a part of Rs. 30 lakhs was invested in Company P and the rest was invested in
Company Q for one year. The total interest received was Rs. 2.43 lakhs. What was the
amount invested in Company P?
A
Rs. 9 lakhs
.
B
Rs. 11 lakhs
.
C
Rs. 12 lakhs
.
D
Rs. 18 lakhs
.
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Let Rs. x lakhs be invested in Company P in 2000, the amount invested in Company Q in
2000 = Rs. (30 - x) lakhs.
Total interest received from the two Companies after 1 year
= Rs. [(7.5% of x) + {9% of (30 - x)}] lakhs
1.5
= Rs. 2.7 - x lakhs.
100
1.5
2.7 - x = 2.43 x = 18.
100
4. An investor invested a sum of Rs. 12 lakhs in Company P in 1998. The total amount received
after one year was re-invested in the same Company for one more year. The total
appreciation received by the investor on his investment was?
A
Rs. 2,96,200
.
B
Rs. 2,42,200
.
C
Rs. 2,25,600
.
D
Rs. 2,16,000
.
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Amount received from Company P after one year (i.e., in 199) on investing Rs. 12 lakhs in it
= Rs. [12 + (8% of 12)] lakhs
= Rs. 12.96 lakhs.
Amount received from Company P after one year on investing Rs. 12.96 lakhs in the year
1999
= Rs. [12.96 + (10% of 12.96)] lakhs
= Rs. 14.256.
Appreciation received on investment during the period of two years
= Rs. (14.256 - 12) lakhs
= Rs. 2.256 lakhs
= Rs. 2,25,600.
5. An investor invested Rs. 5 lakhs in Company Q in 1996. After one year, the entire amount
along with the interest was transferred as investment to Company P in 1997 for one year.
What amount will be received from Company P, by the investor?
A
Rs. 5,94,550
.
B
Rs. 5,80,425
.
C
Rs. 5,77,800
.
D
Rs. 5,77,500
.
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Amount received from Company Q after one year on investment of Rs. 5 lakhs in the year
1996
= Rs. [5 + (6.5% of 5)] lakhs
= Rs. 5.325 lakhs.
Amount received from Company P after one year on investment of Rs. 5.325 lakhs in the
year 1997
= Rs. [5.325 + (9% of 5.325)] lakhs
= Rs. 5.80425 lakhs
= Rs. 5,80,425.
TABLE CHARTS
The following table gives the percentage distribution of population of five states, P, Q, R, S and T
on the basis of poverty line and also on the basis of sex.
Proportion of Males and Females

Percentage of Population below the Below Poverty Above Poverty
State
Poverty Line Line Line
M:F M:F
P 35 5:6 6:7
Q 25 3:5 4:5
R 24 1:2 2:3
S 19 3:2 4:3
T 15 5:3 3:2
1. If the male population above poverty line for State R is 1.9 million, then the
total population of State R is?
A
4.5 million
.
B
4.85 million
.
C
5.35 million
.
D
6.25 million
.
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Let the total population of State R be x million.
Then, population of State R above poverty line
= [(100 - 24)% of x] million
76 x
= million
100 x
And so, male population of State R above poverty line

2 76 x
= x million
5 100 x
But, it is given that male population of State R above poverty line = 1.9 million.
2 76 x 5 x 100 x 1.9
x = 1.9 x = = 6.25.
5 100 x 76 x 2
Total population of State R = 6.25 million.
2. What will be the number of females above the poverty line in the State S if it is known that
the population of State S is 7 million?
A
3 million
.
B
2.43 million
.
C
1.33 million
.
D
5.7 million
.
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Total population of State S = 7 million.
Population above poverty line
= [(100 - 19)% of 7] million
= (81% of 7) million
= 5.67 million.
And so, the number of females above poverty line in State S
3
= x 5.67 million
7
= 2.43 million.
3. What will be the male population above poverty line for State P if the female population
below poverty line for State P is 2.1 million?
A
2.1 million
.
B
2.3 million
.
C
2.7 million
.
D
3.3 million
.
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Female population below poverty line for State P = 2.1 million
Let the male population below poverty line for State P be x million.
2.1 x 5
Then, 5 : 6 = x : 21 x = = 1.75.
6
Population below poverty line for State P = (2.1 + 1.75) million = 3.85 million.
Let the population above poverty line for State P by y million.
Since, 35% of the total population of State P is below poverty line, therefore, 65% of the total
population of State P is above poverty line i.e., the ratio of population below poverty line to
that above poverty line for State P is 35 : 65.
65 x
35 : 65 = 3.85 : y y = 3.85 = 7.15.
35
Population above poverty line for State P = 7.15 million and so, male population above
poverty line for State P
6
= 1 x 7.15 million
3
= 3.3 million.
4. If the population of males below poverty line for State Q is 2.4 million and that for State T is 6
million, then the total populations of States Q and T are in the ratio?
A
1:3
.
B
2:5
.
C
3:7
.
D
4:9
.
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
For State Q:
Male population below poverty line = 2.4 million.
Let the female population below poverty line be x million.
Then, 3 : 5 = 2.4 : x x = 5 x 2.4 = 4.
3
Total population below poverty line = (2.4 + 4) = 6.4 million.
If Nq be the total population of State Q, then,
25% of Nq = 6.4 million Nq = 6.4 x million = 25.6 million.
100
25
For State T:
Male population below poverty line = 6 million.
Let the female population below poverty line be y million.
Then, 5 : 3 = 6 : y y = 3 x 6 = 3.6.
5
Total population below poverty line = (6 + 3.6) = 9.6 million.
If Nt be the total population of State T, then,
9.6 x
100 million = 64
15% of Nt = 9.6 million Nt =
million.
15
Thus, Required ratio Nq 25.6 2
= = 0.4 = .
= Nt 64 5
View Answer Discuss in Forum
PIE CHART
Study the following graph and the table and answer the questions given below.
Data of different states regarding population of states in the year 1998
Total population of the given States = 3276000.
Sex and Literacy wise Population Ratio

Stat
Sex Literacy
es
M F Literate Illiterate
A.P 5 3 2 7
M.P 3 1 1 4
Delh
2 3 2 1
i
Goa 3 5 3 2
Biha
3 4 4 1
r
U.P. 3 2 7 2
T.N. 3 4 9 4
1. What will be the percentage of total number of males in
U.P., M.P. and Goa together to the total population of all
the given states?
A
25%
.
B
27.5%
.
C
28.5%
.
D
31.5%
.
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
3 3 15
Number of males in U.P = of (15% of N) = x xN
5 5 100
where N = 3276000.
3 3 20
Number of males in M.P = 4 of (20% of N) = 4 x 10
0
3 3 12
Number of males in Goa
= 8 of (12% of N) = 8 x 100
Total number of males in these three states = (9 + 15 + 4.5) x
N
= 28.5 x
100
28.5 N
x x
Required Percentage = 100 % = 28.5%.
100
N
2. What was the total number of illiterate people in A.P. and M.P. in 1998?
A
876040
.
B
932170
.
C
981550
.
D
1161160
.
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
No. of illiterate people in A.P. 7
of (25% of 3276000) = 637000.
= 9
4
No. of illiterate people in M.P. = of (20% of 3276000) = 524160.
5
Total number = (637000 + 524160) = 1161160.

3. What is the ratio of the number of females in T.N. to the number of females in Delhi?
A
7:5
.
B
9:7
.
C 13 : 11
.
D
15 : 14
.
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
4
of (9% of 3276000)
7
Required ratio =
3
of (8% of 3276000)
5
4
x9
7
=
3
x8
5
4 x9 5 1
= x
7 x 3 8
15
= .
14
4. What was the number of males in U.P. in the year 1998?
A
254650
.
B
294840
.
C
321470
.
D
341200
.
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Number of males in 3
= of (15% of 3276000)
U.P. 5
3 15
= x x 3726000
5 100
= 294840.
5. If in the year 1998, there was an increase of 10% in the population of U.P. and 12% in the
population of M.P. compared to the previous year, then what was the ratio of populations of
U.P. and M.P. in 1997?
A
42 : 55
.
B
48 : 55
.
C
7 : 11
.
D
4:5
.
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Let x be the population of U.P. in 1997. Then,
110
Population of U.P. in 1998 = 110% of x = x x.
100
Also, let y be the population of M.P. in 1997. Then,
Population of M.P. in 1998 = 112% 112
x y.
of y = 100
110 x
110
Ratio of populations of U.P. and M.P. in 1998 100 x x
= .
= 112 x 112
100 y y
From the pie-chart, this ratio 15
.
is 20
110
x 15 x 15 112 42
= = x = .
112 20 y 20 110 55
y
Thus, ratio of populations of U.P. and M.P. in 1997 = x : y = 42 : 55.
Study the following graph carefully and answer the questions given below:
Distribution of candidates who were enrolled for MBA entrance exam and the candidates
(out of those enrolled) who passed the exam in different institutes:
1. What percentage of candidates passed the Exam from institute T out of the total number of
candidates enrolled from the same institute?
A. 50%
B. 62.5%
C
75%
.
D
80%
.
[#]
2. Which institute has the highest percentage of candidates passed to the candidates enrolled?
A. Q
B. R
C
V
.
D
T
.
[#]
3. The number of candidates passed from institutes S and P together exceeds the number of
candidates enrolled from institutes T and R together by:
A. 228
B. 279
C
399
.
D
407
.
[#]
4. What is the percentage of candidates passed to the candidates enrolled for institutes Q and
R together?
A. 68%
B. 80%
C
74%
.
D
65%
.
[#]
5. What is the ratio of candidates passed to the candidates enrolled from institute P?
A. 9 : 11
B. 14 : 17
C
6 : 11
.
D
9 : 17
.
[#]
Direction (for Q.Nos. 6 - 10):
Two different finance companies declare fixed annual rate of interest on the amounts invested
with them by investors. The rate of interest offered by these companies may differ from year to
year depending on the variation in the economy of the country and the banks rate of interest. The
annual rate of interest offered by the two Companies P and Q over the years are shown by the
line graph provided below.
Annual Rate of Interest Offered by Two Finance Companies Over the Years.
6. A sum of Rs. 4.75 lakhs was invested in Company Q in 1999 for one year. How much more
interest would have been earned if the sum was invested in Company P?
A. Rs. 19,000
B. Rs. 14,250
C
Rs. 11,750
.
D
Rs. 9500
.
[#]
7. If two different amounts in the ratio 8:9 are invested in Companies P and Q respectively in
2002, then the amounts received after one year as interests from Companies P and Q are
respectively in the ratio?
A. 2:3
B. 3:4
C
6:7
.
D
4:3
.
[#]
8. In 2000, a part of Rs. 30 lakhs was invested in Company P and the rest was invested in
Company Q for one year. The total interest received was Rs. 2.43 lakhs. What was the
amount invested in Company P?
A. Rs. 9 lakhs
B. Rs. 11 lakhs
C
Rs. 12 lakhs
.
D
Rs. 18 lakhs
.
[#]
9. An investor invested a sum of Rs. 12 lakhs in Company P in 1998. The total amount received
after one year was re-invested in the same Company for one more year. The total
appreciation received by the investor on his investment was?
A. Rs. 2,96,200
B. Rs. 2,42,200
C
Rs. 2,25,600
.
D
Rs. 2,16,000
.
[#]
10. An investor invested Rs. 5 lakhs in Company Q in 1996. After one year, the entire amount
along with the interest was transferred as investment to Company P in 1997 for one year.
What amount will be received from Company P, by the investor?
A. Rs. 5,94,550
B. Rs. 5,80,425
C
Rs. 5,77,800
.
D
Rs. 5,77,500
.
[#]
The following table gives the sales of batteries manufactured by a company over the years.
Number of Different Types of Batteries Sold by a Company Over the Years (Numbers in
Thousands)
Types of Batteries
Year
4AH 7AH 32AH 35AH 55AH Total
1992 75 144 114 102 108 543
1993 90 126 102 84 126 528
1994 96 114 75 105 135 525
1995 105 90 150 90 75 510
1996 90 75 135 75 90 465
1997 105 60 165 45 120 495
1998 115 85 160 100 145 605
11. What was the approximate percentage increase in the sales of 55AH batteries in 1998
compared to that in 1992?
A. 28%
B. 31%
C
33%
.
D 34%
.
[#]
12. The total sales of all the seven years is the maximum for which battery?
A. 4AH
B. 7AH
C
32AH
.
D
35AH
.
[#]
13. What is the difference in the number of 35AH batteries sold in 1993 and 1997?
A. 24000
B. 28000
C
35000
.
D
39000
.
[#]
14. The percentage of 4AH batteries sold to the total number of batteries sold was maximum in
the year?
A. 1994
B. 1995
C
1996
.
D
1997
.
[#]
15. In case of which battery there was a continuous decrease in sales from 1992 to 1997?
A. 4AH
B. 7AH
C
32AH
.
D
35AH
.
[#]
The bar graph given below shows the percentage distribution of the total production of a car
manufacturing company into various models over two years.
Percentage of Six different types of Cars manufactured by a Company over Two Years
16. What was the difference in the number of Q type cars produced in 2000 and that produced in
2001?
A. 35,500
B. 27,000
C
22,500
.
D
17,500
.
[#]
17. Total number of cars of models P, Q and T manufactured in 2000 is?
A. 2,45,000
B. 2,27,500
C
2,10,000
.
D
1,92,500
.
[#]
18. If the percentage production of P type cars in 2001 was the same as that in 2000, then the
number of P type cars produced in 2001 would have been?
A. 1,40,000
B. 1,32,000
C
1,17,000
.
D
1,05,000
.
[#]
19. If 85% of the S type cars produced in each year were sold by the company, how many S type
cars remain unsold?
A. 7650
B. 9350
C
11,850
.
D
12,250
.
[#]
20. For which model the percentage rise/fall in production from 2000 to 2001 was minimum?
A. Q
B. R
C
S
.
D
T
.
LOGICAL ANALYSIS
HomeAptitudeLogicalVerbalCurrent AffairsGKEngineeringInterviewOnline TestsPuzzles
Verbal Reasoning :: Syllogism
Home » Verbal Reasoning » Syllogism » Introduction
Exercise :: Syllogism - Introduction
 Syllogism - Introduction
 Syllogism - Syllogism 1
Introduction:
The questions which are asked in this section contain two or more statements and these
statements are followed by two or more conclusions. You have to find out which of the
conclusions logically follow from the given statements. The statements have to be taken true
even if they seem to be at variance from the commonly known facts.
For such questions, you can take the help of Venn Diagrams. On the basis of the given
statements, you should draw all the possible diagrams, and then derive the solution from each of
these diagrams separately. Finally, the answer common to the all the diagrams is taken.
Example 1:
Statements:
1. All dogs are asses.
2. All asses are bulls.
Conclusions:
1. Some dogs are not bulls.
2. Some bulls are dogs.
3. All bulls are dogs.
4. All dogs are bulls.
Solution:
On the basis of both statements, the following one diagram is possible.
From the diagram it is clear that (2) and (4) conclusions logically follow.
Example 2:
Statements:
1. Some dogs are asses.
2. Some asses are bulls.
Conclusions:
1. Some asses are not dogs.
2. Some dogs are bulls.
Solution:
From these given statements the following diagrams are possible:

From the diagram neither (1) nor (2) conclusions follow.
1. In each of the following questions two statements are given and these statements are
followed by two conclusions numbered (1) and (2). You have to take the given two
statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance from commonly known facts.
Read the conclusions and then decide which of the given conclusions logically follows
from the two given statements, disregarding commonly known facts.
Give answer:
 (A) If only (1) conclusion follows
 (B) If only (2) conclusion follows
 (C) If either (1) or (2) follows
 (D) If neither (1) nor (2) follows and
 (E) If both (1) and (2) follow.
1. Statements: Some actors are singers. All the singers are dancers.
Conclusions:
Some actors are dancers.
No singer is actor.
A
Only (1) conclusion follows
.
B
.
C
Either (1) or (2) follows
.
D
Neither (1) nor (2) follows
.
E. Both (1) and (2) follow

Answer: Option A
Explanation:
2. Statements: All the harmoniums are instruments. All the instruments are flutes.
Conclusions:
All the flutes are instruments.
All the harmoniums are flutes.
A Only (1) conclusion follows
.
B
.
C
.
D
.

Answer: Option B
Explanation:
3. Statements: Some mangoes are yellow. Some tixo are mangoes.

Conclusions:
Some mangoes are green.
Tixo is a yellow.
A
.
B
.
C
.
D
.

Answer: Option D
Explanation:
4. Statements: Some ants are parrots. All the parrots are apples.
Conclusions:
All the apples are parrots.
Some ants are apples.
A
.
B
.
C
.
D
.

Answer: Option B
Explanation:
5. Statements: Some papers are pens. All the pencils are pens.
Conclusions:
Some pens are pencils.
Some pens are papers.
A
.
B
.
C
.
D
.

Answer: Option E
Explanation:
LOGICAL DEDUCTION
HomeAptitudeLogicalVerbalCurrent AffairsGKEngineeringInterviewOnline TestsPuzzles
Logical Reasoning :: Logical Deduction

Home » Logical Reasoning » Logical Deduction » Important Formulas
Exercise :: Logical Deduction - Important Formulas

 Logical Deduction - Introduction
 Logical Deduction - Important Formulas
 Logical Deduction - Section 1
Logical Deduction:
The phenomenon of deriving a conclusion from a single proposition or a set of given
propositions, is known as logical deduction. The given propositions are also referred to as
the premises.
Two Inferential Processes of Deduction :
I. Immediate Deductive Inference :
Here, conclusion is deduced from one of the given propositions, by any of the three ways -
conversion, obversion and contraposition.
1. Conversion: The Conversion proceeds with interchanging the subject term and the predicate
term i.e. the subject term of the premise becomes the predicate term of the conclusion and the
predicate term of the premise becomes the subject of the conclusion. The given proposition is
called convertend, whereas the conclusion drawn from it is called its converse.
Table of Valid Conversions
Convertend Converse
A: All S is P I: Some P is S
Ex. All pins are tops. Some tops are pins.
E: No S is P. E: No P is S.
Ex. No fish is whale. No whale is fish.
I: Some S is P. I: Some P is S.
Ex. Some boys are poets. Some poets are boys.
O: Some S is not P. No valid conversion
Note that in a conversion, the quality remains the same and the quantity may change.
2. Obversion: In obversion, we change the quality of the proposition and replace the predicate
term by its complement.
Table of Valid Obversions
Obvertend Obverse
A: All birds are mammals. E: No birds are non-mammals.
E: No poets are singers. A: All poets are non-singers.
I: Some nurses are doctors. O: Some nurses are not non-doctors.
O: some politicians are not statesmen. I: Some politicians are non-statesmen.
3. Contraposition: To obtain the contrapositive of a statement, we first replace the subject and
predicate terms in the proposition and then exchange both these terms with their complements.
Table of Valid Contrapositions
Proposition Contrapositive
A: All birds are mammals. A: All non-mammals are non-birds.
I: Some birds are mammals. I: Some non-mammals are non-birds.
Note: The valid converse, obverse or contrapositive of a given proposition always logically
follows from the proposition.
II. Mediate Deductive Inference (SYLLOGISM): First introduced by Aristotle, a Syllogism is a
deductive argument in which conclusion has to be drawn from two propositions referred to as the
premises.
Example:
1. All lotus are flowers.
2. All flowers are beautiful.
3. All lotus are beautiful.
Clearly, the propositions 1 and 2 are the premises and the proposition 3, which follows from the
first two propositions, is called the conclusion.
Term : In Logic, a term is a word or a combination of words, which by itself can be used as a
subject or predicate of a proposition.
Syllogism is concerned with three terms :

1. Major Term : It is the predicate of the conclusion and is denoted by P (first letter of
'Predicate').
2. Minor Term: It is the subject of the conclusion and is denoted by S (first letter of 'Subject').
3. Middle Term: It is the term common to both the premises and is denoted by M (first letter of
'Middle').
Example:
Premises:
1. All dogs are animals.
2. All tigers are dogs.

Conclusion :
All tigers are animals.

Here 'animals' is the predicate of the conclusion and so,.it is the major term. P.
'Tigers' is the subject of the conclusion and so, it is the minor term, S.
'Dogs' is the term common to both the premises and so, it is the middle term, M.
Major And Minor Premises : Of the two premises, the major premise is that in which the middle
term is the subject and the minor premise is that in which the middle term is the predicate.
RULES FOR DERIVING CONCLUSION FROM TWO GIVEN PREMISES:
1. The conclusion does not contain the middle term.
Example.
Statements :
1. All men are girls.
2. Some girls are students.

Conclusions :
1. All girls are men.
2. Some girls are not students.
Since both the conclusions 1 and 2 contain the middle term 'girls', so neither of them can follow.
2. No term can be distributed in the conclusion unless it is distributed in the premises.

Example.
Statements :
1. Some dogs are goats.
2. All goats are cows.

Conclusions :
1. All cows are goats.
2. Some dogs are cows.
Statement 1 is an I-type proposition which distributes neither the subject nor the predicate.
Statement 2 is an A type proposition which distributes the subject i.e. 'goats' only.
Conclusion 1 is an A-type proposition which distributes the subject 'cow' only Since the term
'cows' is distributed in conclusion 1 without being distributed in the premises, so conclusion 1
cannot follow.
3. The middle term (M) should he distributed at least once in the premises. Otherwise, the
conclusion cannot follow.
For the middle term to be distributed in a premise.
(i) M must be the subject if premise is an A proposition.
(ii) M must be subject or predicate if premise is an E proposition.
(iii) M must be predicate if premise is an O proposition.
Note that in an I proposition, which distributes neither the subject nor the predicate, the middle
term cannot be distributed.
Example.
Statements :
1. All fans are watches.
2. Some watches are black.

Conclusions :
1. All watches are fans.
2. Some fans are black.
In the premises, the middle term is 'watches'. Clearly, it is not distributed in the first premise
which is an A proposition as it does not form its subject. Also, it is not distributed in the second
premise which is an I proposition. Since the middle term is not distributed even once in the
premises, so no conclusion follows.
4. No conclusion follows
(a) if both the premises are particular
Example.
Statements :
1. Some books are pens.
2. Some pens are erasers.

Conclusions:
1. All books are erasers.
2. Some erasers are books.
Since both the premises are particular, so no definite conclusion follows.

(b) if both the premises are negative.
Example.
Statements :
1. No flower is mango.
2. No mango is cherry.
Conclusions :
1. No flower is cherry.
2. Some cherries are mangoes. Since both the premises are negative, neither conclusion follows.
(c) if the major premise is particular and the minor premise is negative.
Example.
Statements:
1. Some dogs are bulls.
2. No tigers are dogs.

Conclusions:
1. No dogs are tigers.
2. Some bulls are tigers.
Here, the first premise containing the middle term 'dogs' as the subject is the major premise and
the second premise containing the middle term 'dogs' as the predicate is the minor premise.
Since the major premise is particular and the minor premise is negative, so no conclusion
follows.
5. If the middle term is distributed twice, the conclusion cannot be universal.

Example.
Statements :
1. All fans are chairs.
2. No tables are fans.

Conclusions:
1. No tables are chairs.
2. Some tables are chairs.
Here, the first premise is an A proposition and so, the middle term 'fans' forming the subject is
distributed. The second premise is an E proposition and so, the middle term 'fans' forming the
predicate is distributed. Since the middle term is distributed twice, so the conclusion cannot be
universal.
6. If one premise is negative, the conclusion must be negative.

Example.
Statements:
1. All grasses are trees.
2. No tree is shrub.
Conclusions:
1. No grasses are shrubs.
2. Some shrubs are grasses.
Since one premise is negative, the conclusion must be negative. So, conclusion 2 cannot follow.
7. If one premise is particular, the conclusion must be particular.

Example.
Statements:
1. Some boys are thieves.
2. All thieves are dacoits.

Conclusions :
1. Some boys are dacoits.
2. All dacoits are boys.
Since one premise is particular, the conclusion must be particular. So, conclusion 2 cannot
follow.
8. If both the premises are affirmative, the conclusion must be affirmative.

Example.
Statements :
1. All women are mothers.
2. All mothers are sisters.

Conclusions :
1. All women are sisters.
2. Some women are not sisters.
Since both the premises are affirmative, the conclusion must be affirmative. So, conclusion 2
cannot follow.
9. If both the premises are universal, the conclusion must be universal.

Complementary pair:
A pair of contradictory statements i.e. a pair of statements such that if one is true, the other is
false and when no definite conclusion can be drawn, either of them is bound to follow, is called a
complementary pair. E and I-type propositions together form a complementary pair and usually
either of them follows, in a case where we cannot arrive at a definite conclusion, using the rules
of syllogism.
Let us study the various possible cases and draw all possible inferences in each case, along with
verification through Venn diagrams.
Case 1: All men are boys. All boys are students.
Immediate Deductive Inferences:
The converse of first premise i.e. 'Some boys are men' and the converse of second premise i.e.
'Some students are boys' both hold.
Mediate Deductive Inferences:
Since both the premises are universal and affirmative, the conclusion must be universal
affirmative. Also, the conclusion should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that 'All men
are students'. The converse of this conclusion i.e. 'Some students are men' also holds.
Case 2: All birds are animals. All fishes are animals.

The converse of first premise i.e. 'Some animals are birds' and the converse of second premise
i.e. 'Some animals are fishes' both hold.
Both, being A-type propositions, distribute subject only. Thus, the middle term 'animals' is not
distributed even once in the premises. So, no definite conclusion follows.
Case 3: All puppets are dolls. Some dolls are rattles.

The converse of the first premise i.e. 'Some dolls are puppets' and the converse of the second
premise i.e. 'Some rattles are dolls', both hold.
First premise, being an A-type proposition, distributes the subject only while the second
premise, being an I-type proposition, distributes neither subject nor predicate. Since the
middle term 'dolls' is not distributed even once in the premises, so no definite conclusion
can be drawn.
Case 4: Some writers are players. All players are musicians.

Immediate Deductive Inferences :
The converse of the first premise i.e. 'Some players are writers' and the converse of the second
premise i.e. 'Some musicians are players', both hold.
Since one premise is particular, the conclusion must be particular and should not contain the
middle term. So, it follows that 'Some writers are musicians'. The converse of this conclusion i.e.
'Some musicians are writers' also holds.
Case 5: All boxes are toys. Some boxes are clips.

The converse of the first premise i.e. 'Some toys are boxes' and the converse of the second
premise i.e. 'Some clips are boxes', both hold.
Since one premise is particular, the conclusion must be particular and should not contain the
middle term. So, it follows that 'Some toys are clips'. The converse of this conclusion i.e. 'Some
clips are toys' also holds.
Case 6: All buses are vans. Some cycles are vans.

The converse of the first premise i.e. 'Some vans are buses' and the converse of the second
premise i.e. 'Some vans are cycles', both hold.
First premise, being an A-type proposition, distributes subject only and the second premise,
being an I-type proposition, distributes neither subject nor predicate. So, the middle term 'vans' is
not distributed even once in the premises. Hence, no definite conclusion can be drawn.
Case 7: Some radios are cameras. Some cameras are statues.

The converse of the first premise i.e. 'Some cameras are radios' and the converse of the second
premise i.e. 'Some statues are cameras', both hold.
Mediate Deductive Inferences :
Since both premises are particular, no definite conclusion follows.
Case 8: All cakes are candies. No candy is pastry.

The converse of the first premise i.e. 'Some candies are cakes' and the converse of the second
premise i.e. 'No pastry is candy', both hold.
Since both premises are universal, the conclusion must be universal. Since one premise is
negative, the conclusion must be negative. So, it follows that 'No cake is pastry'. The converse of
this conclusion i.e. 'No pastry is cake' also holds.
Case 9: No coin is ring. All rings are bangles.
The converse of the first premise i.e. 'No ring is coin' and the converse of the second premise
i.e.'Some bangles are rings', both hold.
First premise, being an E-type proposition, distributes both the subject and the predicate.
Second premise, being an A-type proposition, distributes the subject. Thus, the middle term 'ring'
is distributed twice in the premises. So, the conclusion cannot be universal. Also, since one
premise is negative, the conclusion must be negative. Thus, the conclusion must be particular
negative i.e. O-type. So, it follows that 'some bangles are not coins'.
Case 10: Some lamps are candles. No candle is bulb.

The converse of the first premise i.e. 'Some candles are lamps' and the converse of the second
premise i.e. 'No bulb is candle', both hold.
Since one premise is particular and the other negative, the conclusion must be particular
negative i.e. O-type, So, it follows that 'Some lamps are not bulbs'.
Important Points To Remember:
While deriving logical conclusions, always remember that the following conclusions hold :
1. The converse of each of the given premises;
2. The conclusion that directly follows from the given premises in accordance with the rules of
syllogism;
3. The converse of the derived conclusions.
In Logic, any categorical statement is termed as the Proposition.

A Proposition (or a categorical statement) is a statement that asserts that either a part of, or the
whole of, one set of objects - the set identified by the subject term in the sentence expressing
that statement - either is included in, or is excluded from, another set - the set identified by the
predicate term in that sentence.
The standard form of a proposition is :

Quantifier + Subject + Copula + Predicate
Thus, the proposition consists of four parts :

1. Quantifier: The words 'all', 'no' and 'some' are called quantifiers because they specify a
quantity 'All' and 'no' are universal quantifiers because they refer to every object in a certain set,
while the quantifier 'some' is a particular quantifier because it refers to at least one existing object
in a certain set.
2. Subject (denoted by 'S'): The subject is that about which something is said.
3. Predicate (denoted by 'P'): The predicate is the part of the proposition denoting that which is
affirmed or denied about the subject.
4. Copula : The copula is that part of the proposition which denotes the relation between the
subject and the predicate.
Examples:
Four-Fold Classification of Propositions:
A proposition is said to have a universal quantity if it begins with a universal quantifier, and a
particular quantity if it begins with a particular quantifier. Besides, propositions which assert
something about the inclusion of the whole or a part of one set in the other are said to have
affirmative quality, while those which deny the inclusion of the whole or a part of one set in the
other are said to have a negative quality. Also, a term is distributed in a proposition if it refers to
all members of the set of objects denoted by that term. Otherwise, it is said to be undistributed.
Based on the above facts, propositions can be classified into four types:
1. Universal Affirmative Proposition (denoted by A): It distributes only the subject i.e. the
predicate is not interchangeable with the subject while maintaining the validity of the proposition.
e.g., All snakes are reptiles. This is proposition A since we cannot say 'All reptiles are snakes'.
2. Universal Negative Proposition (denoted by E): It distributes both the subject and the
predicate i.e. an entire class of predicate term is denied to the entire class of the subject term, as
in the proposition.
e.g., No boy is intelligent.

3.Particular Affirmative Proposition (denoted by I): It distributes neither the subject nor the
predicate.
e.g.,Some men are foolish. Here, the subject term 'men' is used not for all but only for some men
and similarly the predicate term 'foolish' is affirmed for a part of subject class. So, both are
undistributed.
4. Particular Negative Proposition (denoted by O): It distributes only the predicate. e.g., Some
animals are not wild. Here, the subject term 'animals' is used only for a part of its class and
hence is undistributed while the predicate term 'wild' is denied in entirety to the subject term and
hence is distributed. These facts can be summarized as follows :
Statement Form Quantity Quality Distributed

Affirmativ
(A): All S is P. Universal S only
e
(E): No S is P. Universal Negative Both S and P
Particula Affirmativ
(I): Some S is P. Neither S nor P
r e
Particula
(O): Some S is not P Negative P only
r
In each question below are given two statements followed by two conclusions numbered I and II.
You have to take the given two statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance from
commonly known facts. Read the conclusion and then decide which of the given conclusions
logically follows from the two given statements, disregarding commonly known facts.
Give answer:
 (A) If only conclusion I follows
 (B) If only conclusion II follows
 (C) If either I or II follows
 (D) If neither I nor II follows and
 (E) If both I and II follow.
1. Statements: No women teacher can play. Some women teachers are athletes.
Conclusions:
Male athletes can play.
Some athletes can play.
A
Only conclusion I follows
.
B
Only conclusion II follows
.
C
Either I or II follows
.
D
Neither I nor II follows
.
E. Both I and II follow

Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Since one premise is negative, the conclusion must be negative. So, neither conclusion
follows.
Read: Important Rules and Formulas for Logical Deduction.
2. Statements: All bags are cakes. All lamps are cakes.

Conclusions:
Some lamps are bags.
No lamp is bag.
A
.
B
.
C
.
D
.

Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Since the middle term 'cakes' is not distributed even once in the premises, no definite
conclusion follows. However, I and II involve only the extreme terms and form a
complementary pair. So, either I or II follows.
3. Statements: All mangoes are golden in colour. No golden-coloured things are cheap.
Conclusions:
All mangoes are cheap.
Golden-coloured mangoes are not cheap.
A
.
B
.
C
.
D
.

Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Clearly, the conclusion must be universal negative and should not contain the middle term.
So, it follows that 'No mango is cheap'. Since all mangoes are golden in colour, we may
substitute 'mangoes' with 'golden-coloured mangoes'. Thus, II follows.
4. Statements: Some kings are queens. All queens are beautiful.

Conclusions:
All kings are beautiful.
All queens are kings.
A
.
B
.
C
.
D
.

Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Since one premise is particular, the conclusion must be particular. So, neither I nor II follows.
5. Statements: Some doctors are fools. Some fools are rich.

Conclusions:
Some doctors are rich
Some rich are doctors.
A
.
B
.
C
.
D
.

Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Since both the premises are particular, no definite conclusion follows.
What is the difference between

assumption and conclusion?
Premises + Assumptions = Conclusions. Premise, Assumption and Conclusion,
together form a part of a typical argument. A premise is a stated reason or evidence that
supports the conclusion. An assumption is an unstated premise that supports
the conclusion.
Premises + Assumptions = Conclusions - MBA Rendezvous
https://www.mbarendezvous.com › di-lr › premises-assumptions-conclusions
Search for: What is the difference between assumption and conclusion?

How do you identify an assumption?
Identifying Assumptions and Conclusions Test
1. An assumption is an information not stated in the argument that must be true for the
argument's conclusion to hold true. ...
2. The conclusion must be based on the given premise/s. ...
3. Eliminate off-topic arguments. ...
4. Eliminate too broad answers. ...
5. The correct assumption must connect the evidence to the conclusion.
More items...
The identifying assumptions and conclusions part is often tricky and

considered the hardest in the Civil Service Examination. Assumptions are the
unstated information needed to be valid for the conclusion to hold true. On
the other hand, conclusions are made based on the assumptions given, so
conclusion needs to agree with the given assumptions.
Here are some quick tips in finding assumptions and conclusions:
1. An assumption is an information not stated in the argument that must

be true for the argument’s conclusion to hold true. Look for the
missing or unstated premise to that that makes the conclusion valid.
2. The conclusion must be based on the given premise/s. Check if the
answer has a connection with the given assumption.
3. Eliminate off-topic arguments. If the given choices are not in any way
connected with the given statement, eliminate these unrelated
answers.
4. Eliminate too broad answers. Check for answers which are opposite
with the given statement,
5. The correct assumption must connect the evidence to the conclusion.
Try to come up with one or several assumptions that underpin the
argument. Show that the evidence given is relevant to the conclusion
offered.
6. Try to analyze the cause and effect relationship and see if the
conclusion resulted because of the circumstances given in the
assumption.
Without much further ado, here is a practice test to hone your skills in
identifying assumptions and conclusions. Just press the START QUIZ button
at the bottom of this article.
Determine the best assumption and conclusion based on the given passage. Choose
the correct answer from the given choices. Good luck!
To be considered for this year's merit scholarship

award, students need to have perfect attendance
and a 4.0 GPA. Alex is the only person in the class
who has a 4.0 but he has had 5 absences.
The claims above, if true, most strongly support

which of the following conclusions?
No student at this school qualifies for the award this year.
Some students at this school who did not have a 4.0 also did not have perfect
attendance.
No student at this school has perfect attendance for the year.
Alex is the only student who could be considered for the award.
Many students have achieved perfect attendance but never 4.0 GPAs.
Wrong
There's no way you'll get the job. The job ad says

you need a high school diploma to apply."
ASSUMPTION:
You don’t have a high school diploma.

The job requires a high school diploma.
The job needs a college graduate.
You shouldn’t bother applying for the job.
Correct
Statement: "If you trouble me, I will slap you." -

A mother warns her child.
Assumptions:
I. With the warning, the child may stop troubling

her.
III. All children are basically naughty.
An increase in blood flow and a reduction in the

resting heart rate lower the occurrence of
hypertension, also known as high blood pressure,
a medical condition in which blood pressure is
chronically elevated. Persistent hypertension is
one of the risk factors for strokes and heart
attacks. A regimen of regular walking can assist
some people in greatly increasing their blood
flow and significantly decreasing their resting
heart rate.
Which of the following is a correct conclusion

that can be drawn from the information
provided?
Only regular walking is necessary to lower the risk of heart attacks.
Individuals who walk on a regular basis do not run any risk of developing
hypertension.
Walking is the most effective method for increasing blood flow and decreasing a
resting heart rate.
Individuals who do not walk on a regular basis run a high risk of developing
hypertension.
A program of regular walking for some people can lower a risk factor for
strokes.
Wrong
Increases in levels of mercury in the human heart
increase toxicity by decreasing the body’s natural
ability to purge those extra toxins. Levels of
mercury in the hearts of some individuals may
rise as a result of eating an excessive amount of
mercury-rich fish such as swordfish.
Which of the following is a correct conclusion

that can be drawn from the information
provided?
Individuals who do not eat mercury-rich fish regularly will have a lower risk of
developing increased toxicity in their bloodstreams as they age.
Only abstaining from mercury-rich fish is necessary to lower toxicity levels in the
bloodstreams of individuals of average weight.
Individuals who avoid eating mercury-rich fish face no risk of increasing toxins in
the bloodstream.
Abstaining from mercury-rich fish altogether is the most effective method of

lowering toxicity.
An abundance of mercury-rich fish will increase toxins in the bloodstreams of
some people.
Correct
In order to improve our admission process and

get better students, we have decided to include
an interview of the applicants as a criterion.
ASSUMPTION:
An interview of the applicants will help draw better students.
Current admission criteria need to be updated.
An interview of the applicants will be too time consuming.
Current admission procedures are greatly inadequate.
An interview of the applicants will ensure the students success in school.
Correct
If we increase the price, sales will slump.If we
decrease the quality, sales will slump. Either we
increase the price or we decrease the quality.
What can be concluded?
The price will increase.
The sales will slump.

The quality will decrease.
The price will increase or the sales will slump.
Wrong
Statement: 'Double your money in five months.' - An
advertisement.
Assumptions:
I. The assurance is not genuine.
II. People want their money to grow.
Only assumption I is implicit
Only assumption II is implicit
Both I and II are implicit
Neither I nor II is implicit

Either I or II is implicit
Correct
Statements: The nation of Balamb faced growing

international opposition for its decision to
explode eight nuclear weapons at its test site.
Conclusions:
I. The citizens of the nation favoured the

decision.
II. Some powerful countries do not want other

nations to become as powerful as they are.

Both I and II follow
Wrong
Neither the citizens response to the decision nor the reason for opposition by other
nations can be deduced from the statement. So, neither I nor II follows.
Political scientist across the globe have come to

the conclusion that, when dealing with public
outrage, the government has no choice but to
resort to populist politics and pacify the general
population by yielding to its demands. Since a
public outrage is brewing over the proposed
foreign policy change, the government is
expected to control the situation in this tried and
tested manner.
Which one of the following statements can be

concluded from the passage?
The proposed foreign policy change is not good for the country.
The government cannot convince the people about the benefits of the proposed
foreign policy change.
The government responds only when the public outrage is brewing.
The government is unlikely to implement the proposed foreign policy change.
The public’s choice in the matter of foreign policy change is not in the best
political interest of the country.
Wrong
Although many doubts have been raised as to the

accuracy of age estimation for a recently found
artifact, all this criticism has no grounds. To
estimate the age of the artifact, archaeologists
used a radiocarbon dating method known to be
highly accurate is estimating the age of organic
materials.
ASSUMPTION:
The recently uncovered artifact is made of organic material.
Radiocarbon dating cannot accurately estimate the age of objects and materials
that are more than 60,000 years old.
Modern dating methods are generally more accurate than older dating methods.
Written records report that artifacts similar to the one recently found were being
used at the time indicated by radiocarbon dating method.
Some of the scientists who doubt the accuracy of the age estimations are very
young.
Wrong
Statements: The manager humiliated Andrew in

the presence of his colleagues.
Conclusions:
I. The manager did not like Andrew.
II. Andrew was not popular with his colleagues.

Wrong
The manager might have humiliated Andrew not because of his dislike but on
account of certain negligence or mistake on his part. So, I does not follow. Also,
nothing about Andrew's rapport with his colleagues can be deduced from the
statement. So, II also does not follow.
Gigi is probably a pianist. She can really stretch her hands and
fingers.
ASSUMPTION:
Only people with big hands and long fingers can be pianists.
Playing the piano helps Gigi stretch her hands and fingers.
A long stretch enables pianists to reach more keys on the piano.
Stretching helps pianist perform better.
Pianists can really stretch their hands and fingers.
Wrong
CONTINUE
To decrease the number of crimes in Manila, the

Manila Police District (MPD) chief proposed
taking some police officers from low-crime
districts of the city and moving them to high-
crime districts of the city. His proposal is based
on MPD’s crime data that show that the number
of crimes in any district of the city decreases
when additional police officers are moved into
that district.
The chief’s proposal depends on which of the

following assumptions?
The severity of crimes committed in any district of the city decreases when
additional police officers are moved into that district.
Pasay City experienced a drastic reduction in crime after implementing a

proposal similar to that proposed by the Manila Police District chief.
There are more low-crime districts than high-crime districts in the city of Manila.
The number of crimes committed in all high-crime districts of Manila is more

than triple the number of crimes committed in all low-crime districts of the city.
Districts of the city from which police officers are removed do not experience
significant crime increases shortly after the removal of those officers.
Wrong
Statement: Unemployment allowance should be

given to all unemployed Filipino youth above 18
years of age.
Assumptions:
I. There are unemployed youth in the Philippines

who needs monetary support.
II. The government has sufficient funds to

provide allowance to all unemployed youth.

Wrong
I directly follows from the statement and so is implicit. Also, the statement is a
suggestion and does not tell about a government policy or its position of funds. So,
II is not implicit.
Statement: "You are hereby appointed as a

programmer with a probation period of one year
and your performance will be reviewed at the end
of the period for confirmation." - A line in an
appointment letter.
Assumptions:
I. The performance of an individual generally is

not known at the time of appointment offer.
II. Generally an individual tries to prove his

worth in the probation period.
Wrong
The performance of the individual has to be tested over a span of time as the
statement mentions. So, I is implicit. The statement mentions that the individual's
worth shall be reviewed (during probation period) before confirmation. So, II is also
implicit.
Although parapsychology is often considered a

pseudoscience, it is in fact a genuine scientific
enterprise, for it uses scientific methods such as
controlled experiments and statistical tests of
clearly stated hypotheses to examine the
questions it raises.
Which of the following is an assumption that
supports drawing the conclusion above?
If a field of study can conclusively answer the questions it raises, then it is a

genuine science.
Since parapsychology raises clearly statable questions, they can be tested in

controlled experiments.
Since parapsychology uses scientific methods, it will produce credible results.
Any field of study that employs scientific methods is a genuine scientific

enterprise.
Any enterprise that does not use controlled experiments and statistical tests is
not genuine science.
Wrong
The present administration helps poor people

acquire basic necessities for living that is why it
helps quarter dwellers like Aling Rosie.
ASSUMPTION:
Squatter dwellers are considered poor people.
Squatter dwellers pretended to be poor.
The present administration hates rich people.
Squatter dwellers compete with poor people for the present administration’s
attention.
Aling Rosie asked the present administration to help her.
Wrong
Statements: The old order changed yielding place
to new.
Conclusions:
I. Change is the law of nature.
II. Discard old ideas because they are old.
Correct
Clearly, I directly follows from the given statement. Also, it is mentioned that old
ideas are replaced by new ones, as thinking changes with the progressing time. So,
II does not follow.
In the past the country of Siduria has relied

heavily on imported oil. Siduria recently
implemented a program to convert heating
systems from oil to natural gas. Siduria already
produces more natural gas each year than it
burns, and oil production in Sidurian oil fields is
increasing at a steady pace. If these trends in
fuel production and usage continue, therefore,
Sidurian reliance on foreign sources for fuel
should decline soon.
Which of the following is an assumption on which

the argument depends?
No fuel other than natural gas is expected to be used as a replacement for oil in
Siduria.
Buildings cannot be heated by solar energy rather than by oil or natural gas.
Domestic production of natural gas is rising faster than is domestic production of

oil in Siduria.
In Siduria the rate of fuel consumption is rising no more quickly than the rate of
fuel production.
All new homes that are being built will have natural-gas-burning heating
systems.
Wrong
Some managers are not analytical. All managers

are ruthless. Vicente is ruthless.
CONCLUSION:
Some ruthless managers are not analytical.
Vicente is a manager but not analytical.
All ruthless people are analytical.

Not all analytical managers are ruthless.
Vicente is analytical but is not a manager.
Wrong
Arlene should not be part of the basketball team

because she does not trust her teammates.
ASSUMPTION:
The Basketball team needs Arlene even if she can has no faith in them.
Team mates should have faith in each other.
Arlene is better than her team mates.
Arlene’s team mates do not have faith in the teams.
Arlene’s team mates are not trustworthy.
Wrong
The principal at Northridge High School noticed
that scores on math tests were lower this year
than in previous years. This year, all students
took math courses during the first period of the
school day; in years past, they had taken math
during the final period of the day. Reasoning that
the students perform better on math tests when
they are fully awake, the headmaster concluded
that test scores would be higher if math classes
were moved to the end of the day.
The principal’s reasoning depends upon which of

the following assumptions?
Several schools similar to Northridge High School hold math classes in the
afternoon.
The quality of the teaching has little bearing on test scores.
It would be possible to reconfigure the school’s schedule to accommodate

having math classes in the afternoon.
This year the math department started using new, unfamiliar curricular
materials.
Students are more likely to be fully awake during the final period of the day than
they are during the first period of the day.
Wrong
Diamond Enterprises is a store in Apisville that

sells specialty luxury items. For several years,
Diamond reaped substantial profits and was
considering building branch stores in nearby
counties. Stibium Industries, for several years
the single largest employer in Apisville and the
surrounding region, abruptly closed its plant last
year, causing widespread unemployment. Only a
fraction of the former Stibium workers have
found new jobs, and many of these at much
lower wages. Early this year, Diamond
Enterprises has filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy,
citing the closure of Stibium as one of the
primary causes.
Which of the following conclusion is best

supported by the passage?
Stibium’s management team had a corporate account with Diamond Enterprises,

and ordered several luxury items used in business meetings and to entertain
prospective clients.
Diamond Enterprises would have avoided bankruptcy if it had followed through

with the plan to build branch stores during its more prosperous years.
After Stibium Industry closed, Diamond Enterprises was the single largest
employer in Apisville.
Diamond’s direct competitors, in Apisville and in the surrounding region, are

much larger than Diamond, and therefore benefitted substantially from the
conditions that arose after Stibium closed.
The closure of Stibium resulted in a loss of revenue for Diamond Enterprises.
Wrong
There are fewer juvenile delinquents in

communities where the youth participate actively
indifferent socio-civic and religious clubs.
Barangay X has a number of youth clubs.
CONCLUSION:
Barangay X has fewer juvenile delinquents than other barangays.
All young people in Barangay X are member of at least two youth clubs.
Parents in Barangay X exert great efforts to prevent juvenile delinquency.
Community development workers in Barangay X give training in organizing youth

clubs.
Municipal officials encourage the organization of youth clubs.
Correct
All of my friends believe in marriage. Geraldine is

a new friend. She lives with an officemate in an
apartment downtown.
CONCLUSION:
Geraldine believes in marriage.
She needs a companion in the city.
Her housemate is most likely a good friend.
Geraldine is not married yet.
She is living-in with her boyfriend.
Wrong
XCB Cycling Solutions has two divisions, both of
which performed consistently over the last five
years. The Mountain Bike Products Division
accounted for approximately 30% of the
corporation’s transactions and 50% of the
corporation’s profits; the Road Bike Products
Division accounts for the balance.
The statements above support which of the

following conclusions about XCB Cycling
Solutions over the last five years?
Mountain Bike parts is an increasingly competitive field, while Road Bike

Products are a largely untapped market.
The Road Bike Products Division yields a lower average profit per transaction
than does the Mountain Bike Products Division.
The Road Bike Products line has remained consistent over the past five years.
Measured in dollars, the total profits for XCB Cycling Solutions have remained
stable over the last five years.
Most bike riders will, over a given five-year period, spend more money on
mountain bike products than on road bike products.
Wrong
Artists are never ham-handed. All artists are

inquisitive. Peter is not ham-handed. Florence is
not inquisitive.
CONCLUSION:
Peter is not an artist.
Florence is not an artists.
Peter is an artist.
Inquisitive people are not ham-handed.
Florence is not an artists.
Wrong
Correct
The mother warns her child with the expectation that he would stop troubling her.
So, I is implicit. The general nature of children cannot be derived from the
statement. So, II is not implicit.
DRAWING ASSUMPTIONS
In each question below is given a statement followed by two assumptions numbered I and II. You
have to consider the statement and the following assumptions and decide which of the
assumptions is implicit in the statement.
Give answer
 (A) If only assumption I is implicit
 (B) If only assumption II is implicit
 (C) If either I or II is implicit
 (D) If neither I nor II is implicit
 (E) If both I and II are implicit.
1. Statement: "You are hereby appointed as a programmer with a probation period of one year
and your performance will be reviewed at the end of the period for confirmation." - A line in
an appointment letter.
Assumptions:
The performance of an individual generally is not known at the time of appointment offer.
Generally an individual tries to prove his worth in the probation period.
A
.
B
.
C
.
D
.
E. Both I and II are implicit

Answer: Option E
Explanation:
The performance of the individual has to be tested over a span of time as the statement
mentions. So, I is implicit. The statement mentions that the individual's worth shall be
reviewed (during probation period) before confirmation. So, II is also implicit.
2. Statement: It is desirable to put the child in school at the age of 5 or so.
Assumptions:
At that age the child reaches appropriate level of development and is ready to learn.
The schools do not admit children after six years of age.
A
.
B
.
C
.
D
.

Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Since the statement talks of putting the child in school at the age of 5, it means that the child
is mentally prepared for the same at this age. So, I is implicit. But nothing about admission
after 6 years of age is mentioned in the statement. So, II is not implicit.
3. Statement: "In order to bring punctuality in our office, we must provide conveyance
allowance to our employees." - In charge of a company tells Personnel Manager.
Assumptions:
Conveyance allowance will not help in bringing punctuality.
Discipline and reward should always go hand in hand.
A
.
B
.
C
.
D
.

Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Assumption I goes against the statement. So, it is not implicit. The allowance will serve as a
reward to the employees and shall provoke them to come on time. So, II is implicit.
4. Statement: Unemployment allowance should be given to all unemployed Indian youth above
18 years of age.
Assumptions:
There are unemployed youth in India who needs monetary support.
The government has sufficient funds to provide allowance to all unemployed youth.
A
.
B
.
C
.
D
.

Answer: Option A
Explanation:
I directly follows from the statement and so is implicit. Also, the statement is a suggestion
and does not tell about a government policy or its position of funds. So, II is not implicit.
5. Statement: "If you trouble me, I will slap you." - A mother warns her child.
Assumptions:
With the warning, the child may stop troubling her.
All children are basically naughty.
A
.
B
.
C
.
D
.

Answer: Option A
Explanation:
The mother warns her child with the expectation that he would stop troubling her. So, I is
implicit. The general nature of children cannot be derived from the statement. So, II is not
implicit.
1. Statement: In order to reduce the gap between income and expenditure, the company has
decided to increase the price of its product from next month.
Assumptions:
The rate will remain more or less same after the increase.
The expenditure will more or less remain the same in near future.
The rival companies will also increase the price of the similar product.
A
Only I and II are implicit
.
B
Only II and III are implicit
.
C
Only III is implicit
.
D
All are implicit
.
E. None of these
Answer: Option E
Explanation:
Clearly, the company intends to reduce the gap between income and expenditure by
increasing the price of its product i.e. by keeping the expenditure unaltered and increasing
the income only. So, II is implicit while I is not. However, the rival companies may or may not
follow the same pursuit. So, III is not implicit.
2. Statement: 'Several labour and industrial courts in this State have no proper premises.
Vacancies of judges and stenos are kept pending.' - A statement of a retired judge of State
X.
Assumptions:
Adequate number of staff and judges helps in the smooth functioning of the industrial and
labour courts.
The State is not bothered about the condition of the labour and industrial courts.
Physical facilities of an office help in increasing efficiency of its employees.
A
Only I and III are implicit
.
B
Only II is implicit
.
C
.
D
All I, II and III are implicit
.
E. None of these
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
The statement expresses grave concern over the lack of proper premises and inadequate
staff in labour and industrial courts. This implies that adequate staff is a must to serve the
purpose of these courts and a proper office only can ensure their smooth functioning. So,
both I and III are implicit. The lack of facilities to the courts also indicates the state's negligent
attitude to the condition of the courts. So, II is also implicit.
3. Statement: "A rare opportunity to be a professional while you are at home." - An
advertisement for computer literate housewives by a computer company.
Assumptions:
Some housewives simultaneously desire to become professional.
Computer industry is growing at a fast pace.
It is possible to be a professional as well as a housewife.
A
.
B
.
C
.
D
Only II is implicit
.
E. None of these
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Clearly, a company would highlight only that feature in its advertisement which people crave
for and which it can make possible. So, both I and III are implicit. Nothing can be deduced
about the growth of computer industry. So, II is not implicit.
4. Statement: Pramod decided to get the railway reservation in May, for the journey he wants
to make in July, to Madras.
Assumptions:
The railways issues reservations two months in advance.
There are more than one trains to Madras.
There will be vacancy in the desired class.
A
Only I is implicit
.
B
.
C
.
D
All are implicit
.
E. None of these
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Clearly, since Pramod decides to get the reservation in May for the journey in July, so I is
implicit. The number of trains to Madras or the position of vacancies in different classes
cannot be deduced from the given statement. So, neither II nor III is implicit.
5. Statement: "To make the company commercially viable, there is an urgent need to prune the
staff strength and borrow money from the financial institutions." - Opinion of a consultant.
Assumptions:
The financial institutions lend money for such proposals.
The product of the company has a potential market.
The employees of the company are inefficient.
A
None is implicit
.
B
All are implicit
.
C
.
D
.
E. Only I and III are implicit

Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Since the consultant talks of borrowing money from financial institutions, so I is implicit. That
the owners wish to make the company 'commercially viable' makes II implicit. Also, it is
mentioned that staff strength is to be reduced to make the company 'commercially viable'.
So, III is not implicit.
DRAWING CONCLUSION
In each question below is given a statement followed by two conclusions numbered I and II. You
have to assume everything in the statement to be true, then consider the two conclusions
together and decide which of them logically follows beyond a reasonable doubt from the
information given in the statement.
Give answer:
1. Statements: In a one day cricket match, the total runs made by a team were 200. Out of
these 160 runs were made by spinners.
Conclusions:
80% of the team consists of spinners.
The opening batsmen were spinners.
A
.
B
.
C
.
D
.

Answer: Option D
Explanation:
According to the statement, 80% of the total runs were made by spinners. So, I does not
follow. Nothing about the opening batsmen is mentioned in the statement. So, II also does
not follow.
2. Statements: The old order changed yielding place to new.

Conclusions:
Change is the law of nature.
Discard old ideas because they are old.
A
.
B
.
C
.
D
.

Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Clearly, I directly follows from the given statement. Also, it is mentioned that old ideas are
replaced by new ones, as thinking changes with the progressing time. So, II does not follow.
3. Statements: Government has spoiled many top ranking financial institutions by appointing
bureaucrats as Directors of these institutions.
Conclusions:
Government should appoint Directors of the financial institutes taking into consideration the
expertise of the person in the area of finance.
The Director of the financial institute should have expertise commensurate with the financial
work carried out by the institute.
A
.
B
.
C
.
D
.

Answer: Option E
Explanation:
According to the statement, Government has spoiled financial institutions by appointing
bureaucrats as Directors. This means that only those persons should be appointed as
Directors who are experts in finance and are acquainted with the financial work of the
institute. So, both I and II follow.
4. Statements: Population increase coupled with depleting resources is going to be the

scenario of many developing countries in days to come.
Conclusions:
The population of developing countries will not continue to increase in future.
It will be very difficult for the governments of developing countries to provide its people
decent quality of life.
A
.
B
.
C
.
D
.

Answer: Option B
Explanation:
The fact given in I is quite contrary to the given statement. So, I does not follow. II mentions
the direct implications of the state discussed in the statement. Thus, II follows.
5. Statements: Prime age school-going children in urban India have now become avid as well
as more regular viewers of television, even in households without a TV. As a result there has
been an alarming decline in the extent of readership of newspapers.
Conclusions:
Method of increasing the readership of newspapers should be devised.
A team of experts should be sent to other countries to study the impact of TV. on the
readership of newspapers.
A
.
B
.
C
.
D
.

Answer: Option D
Explanation:
The statement concentrates on the increasing viewership of TV. and does not stress either
on increasing the readership of newspapers or making studies regarding the same. So,
neither I nor II follows.
In each question below is given a statement followed by two conclusions numbered I and II. You
have to assume everything in the statement to be true, then consider the two conclusions
together and decide which of them logically follows beyond a reasonable doubt from the
information given in the statement.
Give answer:
1. Statements: The best evidence of India's glorious past is the growing popularity of
Ayurvedic medicines in the West.
Conclusions:
Ayurvedic medicines are not popular in India.
Allopathic medicines are more popular in India.
A
.
B
.
C
.
D
.

Answer: Option D
Explanation:
The popularity of Ayurvedic or allopathic medicines in India is not being talked about in the
statement. So, neither I nor II follows.
2. Statements: Death keeps no calendar.

Conclusions:
Man must die one day.
Death can come at any time.
A
.
B
.
C
.
D
.

Answer: Option E
Explanation:
Both I and II directly follow from the statement.
3. Statements: Wind is an inexhaustible source of energy and an aerogenerator can convert it

into electricity. Though not much has been done in this field, the survey shows that there is
vast potential for developing wind as alternative source of energy.
Conclusions:
Energy by wind is comparatively newly emerging field.
The energy crisis can be dealt by exploring more in the field of aero-generation.
A
.
B
.
C
.
D
.

Answer: Option E
Explanation:
The phrase 'not much has been done in this field' indicates that wind energy is a
comparatively newly emerging field. So, I follows. The expression 'there is vast potential for
developing wind as alternative source of energy' proves II to be true.
4. Statements: The average number of persons per household is 5 in urban areas whereas it is
7 in rural areas. The national average is 6.
Conclusions:
The population per unit area in the rural areas is higher than in the urban areas.
More persons live in the same household in the rural areas as compared to those in the
urban areas.
A
.
B
.
C
.
D
.

Answer: Option B
Explanation:
The population per household and not the population per unit area is being talked about in
the statement. So, only II follows while I does not.
5. Statements: The best way to escape from a problem is to solve it.

Conclusions:
Your life will be dull if you don't face a problem.
To escape from problems, you should always have some solutions with you.
A
.
B
.
C
.
D
.

Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Clearly, both I and II do not follow from the given statement.
Choose the statement that is best supported by the information given in the question passage.
1. Yoga has become a very popular type of exercise, but it may not be for everyone. Before you
sign yourself up for a yoga class, you need to examine what it is you want from your fitness
routine. If you're looking for a high-energy, fast-paced aerobic workout, a yoga class might
not be your best choice.
This paragraph best supports the statement that
A
yoga is more popular than high-impact aerobics.
.
B before embarking on a new exercise regimen, you should think about your needs and
. desires.
C
yoga is changing the world of fitness in major ways
.
D
yoga benefits your body and mind
.
E. most people think that yoga isn't a rigorous form of exercise.

Answer: Option B
Explanation:
The second sentence points out that people should examine what they want from a fitness
routine before signing up for a new exercise class. There is no evidence to support choice a.
Choice c might sound reasonable due to the fact that the paragraph tells us that yoga has
become very popular, but this statement is not supported by the information provided in the
paragraph. Choices d and e are also not supported since the paragraph doesn't tell us
whether yoga is good for both body and mind or what people think about it.
2. Human technology developed from the first stone tools about two and a half million years
ago. At the beginning, the rate of development was slow. Hundreds of thousands of years
passed without much change. Today, new technologies are reported daily on television and
in newspapers.
A
stone tools were not really technology.
.
B
stone tools were in use for two and a half million years
.
C
there is no way to know when stone tools first came into use.
.
D
In today's world, new technologies are constantly being developed
.
E. none of the latest technologies is as significant as the development of stone tools.

Answer: Option D
Explanation:
The last sentence states that new technologies are reported daily, and this implies that new
technologies are being constantly developed. There is no support for choice a.With regard to
choice b, stone tools were first used two and a half million years ago, but they were not
neessarily in use all that time. Choice c is clearly wrong since the paragraph states when
stone tools first came into use. Although some may agree that choice e is true, the author of
the paragraph does not give support for this opinion.
3. Mathematics allows us to expand our consciousness. Mathematics tells us about economic
trends, patterns of disease, and the growth of populations. Math is good at exposing the
truth, but it can also perpetuate misunderstandings and untruths. Figures have the power to
mislead people.
A
the study of mathematics is dangerous.
.
B
words are more truthful than figures.
.
C
the study of mathematics is more important than other disciplines.
.
D
the power of numbers is that they cannot lie.
.
E. figures are sometimes used to deceive people.

Answer: Option E
Explanation:
This answer is clearly stated in the last sentence of the paragraph. Choice a can be ruled out
because there is no support to show that studying math is dangerous. Words are not
mentioned in the passage, which rules out choice b. Choice d is a contradiction to the
information in the passage. There is no support for choice c.
4. In the 1966 Supreme Court decision Miranda v. Arizona, the court held that before the police
can obtain statements from a person subjected to an interrogation, the person must be given
a Miranda warning. This warning means that a person must be told that he or she has the
right to remain silent during the police interrogation. Violation of this right means that any
statement that the person makes is not admissible in a court hearing.
A
police who do not warn persons of their Miranda rights are guilty of a crime.
.
B
a Miranda warning must be given before a police interrogation can begin.
.
C the police may no longer interrogate persons suspected of a crime unless a lawyer is
. present.
D
the 1966 Supreme Court decision in Miranda should be reversed
.
persons who are interrogated by police should always remain silent until their lawyer
E.
comes
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
This answer is clearly supported in the second sentence. Nothing in the paragraph suggests
that it is a crime not to give a Miranda warning, so choice a is incorrect. Choice c is also
wrong because police may interrogate as long as a warning is given. There is no support
given for either choice d or e.
5. During colonial times in America, juries were encouraged to ask questions of the parties in
the courtroom. The jurors were, in fact, expected to investigate the facts of the case
themselves. If jurors conducted an investigation today, we would throw out the case.
A
juries are less important today than they were in colonial times.
.
B
jurors today are less interested in court cases than they were in colonial times.
.
C
courtrooms today are more efficient than they were in colonial times.
.
D
jurors in colonial times were more informed than jurors today.
.
E. the jury system in America has changed since colonial times.

Answer: Option E
Explanation:
The paragraph focuses on the idea that the jury system is different from what it was in
colonial times. There is no support given for choices a, b, and c. Choice d is incorrect
because, even though jurors in colonial times were expected to investigate and ask
questions, this does not necessarily mean that they were more informed than today's jurors.

Review Materials

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Review Materials

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

1.

= Rs. (2% of 4.75) lakhs

= Rs. 0.095 lakhs

View Answer Discuss in Forum Workspace Report

Proportion of Males and Females

And so, male population of State R above poverty line

Total population of State R = 6.25 million.

View Answer Discuss in Forum Workspace Report

Total population of the given States = 3276000.

Sex and Literacy wise Population Ratio

Total number of males in these three states = (9 + 15 + 4.5) x

Total number = (637000 + 524160) = 1161160.

View Answer Discuss in Forum Workspace Report

View Answer Discuss in Forum Workspace Report

On the basis of both statements, the following one diagram is possible.

From these given statements the following diagrams are possible:

E. Both (1) and (2) follow

View Answer Discuss in Forum Workspace Report

E. Both (1) and (2) follow

View Answer Discuss in Forum Workspace Report

3. Statements: Some mangoes are yellow. Some tixo are mangoes.

E. Both (1) and (2) follow

View Answer Discuss in Forum Workspace Report

E. Both (1) and (2) follow

View Answer Discuss in Forum Workspace Report

E. Both (1) and (2) follow

Logical Reasoning :: Logical Deduction

Exercise :: Logical Deduction - Important Formulas

A: All birds are mammals. E: No birds are non-mammals.

E: No poets are singers. A: All poets are non-singers.

I: Some nurses are doctors. O: Some nurses are not non-doctors.

O: some politicians are not statesmen. I: Some politicians are non-statesmen.

A: All birds are mammals. A: All non-mammals are non-birds.

I: Some birds are mammals. I: Some non-mammals are non-birds.

1. All lotus are flowers.

2. All flowers are beautiful.

3. All lotus are beautiful.

Syllogism is concerned with three terms :

1. All dogs are animals.

2. All tigers are dogs.

All tigers are animals.

1. All men are girls.

2. Some girls are students.

1. All girls are men.

2. Some girls are not students.

2. No term can be distributed in the conclusion unless it is distributed in the premises.

1. Some dogs are goats.

2. All goats are cows.

1. All cows are goats.

2. Some dogs are cows.

For the middle term to be distributed in a premise.

(i) M must be the subject if premise is an A proposition.

(ii) M must be subject or predicate if premise is an E proposition.

(iii) M must be predicate if premise is an O proposition.

1. All fans are watches.

2. Some watches are black.

1. All watches are fans.

2. Some fans are black.

1. Some books are pens.

2. Some pens are erasers.

1. All books are erasers.

2. Some erasers are books.

Since both the premises are particular, so no definite conclusion follows.

1. Some dogs are bulls.