Food and Living Resources

UNIT 4 OBJECTIVES

01 Distinguish the varied food and living resources of man.

02Check and review the ecological condition, state and value of varied food and living resources.
03Suggest ways or actions to promote balanced food and living resources.

SUSTAINABILITY & NATURAL RESOURCES

Principles, Components, Utilization, Issues and Solutions

SUSTAINABILITY
"Organisms already living sustainably even before humans exists."
* developed abilities to use sunlight to make their food.
* recycle all of the nutrients they needed to survive.
* biogeochemical cycle

SUSTAINABILITY
As defined by Miller and Spoolman (2018),
* the capacity of the Earth's natural systems that:
* support life and human social systems
* enable survival and adaptation to changing environmental conditions indefinitely.

PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABILITY
01Dependence on solar energy Utilizing inexhaustible solar energy for most of human activities that
require energy
02Biodiversitypreservation, conservation and protection of all life forms
03Chemical cycling Effective and efficient cycling of matter and energy in the environment despite the
human intervention

KEY COMPONENTS OF SUSTAINABILITY

01NATURAL CAPITAL
* Natural Resources
* Ecosystem Services
02 HUMAN ACTIVITIES
03 CREATING SOLUTIONS
NATURAL CAPITAL
* What is NATURAL RESOURCES
* materials and energy provided by nature
*essential or useful to humans
* Inexhaustible
* Renewable
* Nonrenewable (exhaustible)

NATURAL RESOURCES
INEXHAUSTIBLE
* can last for billions of years, like the sun
RENEWABLE
* replenished by natural processes much faster
* as long as people do not use the resource faster than natural processes can replace it.
* forests, clean air and fresh water.

NONRENEWABLE
* take millions to billions of years to form them again through geological processes
* exist in fixed amount, like metallic minerals such as copper and aluminum

ENERGY RESOURCES
* Oil, gas, coal, wood, wind, sunlight and water waves
* utilized to produce energy
* energy resources

ENERGY RESOURCES
* What is a non-renewable energy resource?
* cannot be easily replaced or replenished
* took millions of years to form or develop
* Using them faster than it can recover or form
* leads to one day running out of sources

What is a renewable energy resource?

* Can be replaced or replenished much faster
* Reliable sources because it will not run out
* Most of the time expensive in building and maintenance

RENEWABLE x NON-RENEWABLE
OIL AND GAS FORMATION
Earth's crude oil and natural gas
* formed from dead marine plants and animals millions of years ago

OIL AND GAS UTILIZATION

Earth's crude oil and natural gas
* converted into jet engine oil, petrol and diesel which are used as a fuel in planes and cars.
COAL FORMATION
* Coal is cheap and abundant in nature

Peat
* Spongy material formed by the partial decay of organic matter like small plants and trees in
wetlands, swamps
* Acts as a carbon store - but burning it is more polluting than natural gas and coal

COAL UTILIZATION
* Burning coal
* Cheaper than burning wood
* Can last longer as it burns at high temperature
* Average energy efficiency of 33% in USA

COAL UTILIZATION
* When burned it releases
* CO₂, SO₂ and NO, into the atmosphere
* Contributes to enhancing global warming and acid rain formation

NUCLEAR ENERGY
* Nuclear fuels do not produce harmful greenhouse gases
* Uranium and plutonium
* Nuclear power is very efficient

NUCLEAR ENERGY
* Nuclear power produces radioactive waste
* dangerous and has to be seal in containers and buried for thousands of years

PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGY
* Utilized energy from sunlight through solar panels
* Can be used to produce heating by filling it with water
* Photovoltaic cells converts sunlight into electricity via electrochemistry
EXPENSIVE!!!

GEOTHERMAL ENER
* Heat energy from the inner parts of the Earth.
* Steam created from water interacting to hot rocks
* can be utilized to power steam turbines to create electricity
* Alternatively, water can be pumped towards hot areas underneath Earth to facilitate steam
formation

HYDROELECTRIC POWER
* Utilizing power of flowing water to move turbines
* Trap water in reservoir or dams
* Released in controlled amount to spin turbines
* Reliably generates electricity more than
solar and wind
* Hydroelectric dams are very expensive and can harm wildlife.
* Can cause habitat loss for animals
* Leads to relocation and resettlement for local settlers

GE 5-PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION

What is intercultural communication?

The way people from different countries and cultures act, communicate and perceive the world
around them, how people from different cultural backgrounds interact.

It involves understanding different cultures, languages and customs.

International & Intercultural Communication

Characteristics of Intercultural Communication

* Dissimilar encoding/decoding practices

* Ambiguity concerning ground rules for communication
* Miscommunication can occur on nonverbal level
* Increased conflict
Barriers to Intercultural Communication

* Ethnocentrism
* Stereotypes
* lnterpretation of time
* Personal space requirements
* Body language
* Translation limitations
* Lack of language training

Reasons for the Increasing Importance of

Intercultural Communication

* The globalization of markets

* Technological advancements
* Global connectivity
* An intercultural workforce

Benefits of Intercultural Communication

* willingness to accept differences;
* personal growth through increased tolerance;
* dialogue;
* cooperation:
* developing a positive attitude towards otherness:
* increased international, national, and local commerce;

Cultural Relativism

Cultural relativism is the view that all beliefs customs and ethics are relative to the individual within his
own social context. In other words rights and wrong are culture specific. What is considered moral in
one society may be considered immoral in another and since no universal standard of morality exists
no one has the right to judge another society’s customs.

LESSON 1: GREAT BOOKS

What would be your wishes?

THE FISHERMAN AND THE JINEE

The Arabian Nights: One Thousand and One Nights

The Arabian Nights, also called One Thousand and One Nights, is a collection of stories and folk
tales from West and South Asia that was compiled during the Islamic Golden Age. It took centuries to
collect all of these together, and various translators, authors, and scholars have contributed. These
stories trace back to ancient and medieval Arabic, Persian, Indian, Egyptian, and Mesopotamian
literature. Many of these were originally folk tales from the Caliphate Era, while others are drawn from
the Pahlavi Persian work Hazar Afsān.

BACKGROUND:
"The Fisherman and the Jinnee" is a tale from Muslim folklore. It is a frame story within "The
Thousand and One Nights", which is a collection of folktales from the 14th to the 9th century.

Scheherazade

Scheherazade is the primary storyteller of The Arabian Nights, according to "The Frame Story." The
daughter of Shahrayar's vizier, she marries the king and tells him stories every night to keep him from
killing her or any more of his wives. She is renowned for both her talent and beauty.

SUMMARY

An old, poor fisherman barely catches enough to support his family, but has a rule he refuses to
break: he only casts his nets out four times per day.

One day, the old fisherman catches nothing from his first cast. His second seems to catch something
heavy, but he is disappointed to discover it is only a donkey carcass. His third cast catches a basket
full of trash. His fourth yields a large, heavy yellow pot that is sealed shut.
The old fisherman is delighted, sure that he will be able to sell it. However, when he breaks the seal,
smoke emerges and forms into a jinni (a genie). The jinni initially believes that he has been released
by King Solomon, the jinni king who had imprisoned him in the pot. He fears Solomon means to kill
him, but then learns from the old fisherman that Solomon has been dead for centuries. As a gift, the
pot jinni offers to let the fisherman choose how he wants to die.

The fisherman is naturally confused, so the jinni explains. For the first century that he was trapped
underwater in the pot, the jinni promised himself that he would make whomever rescued him rich.
During his second century imprisoned, he decided he would grant his rescuer all the world's
treasures. For the next century, he planned to grant his rescuer three wishes per day. Finally, after
four hundred years of imprisonment, the resentful jinni swore he would kill whoever rescued him,
offering only to let that person choose the way he wanted to die.

Desperate, the fisherman develops a plan. Aloud, he doubts that the jinni could have fit in the pot,
considering his immense size. To prove it, the jinni dissolved back into smoke and returned to the pot.
The fisherman immediately shut and sealed the lid, trapping the jinni inside once more.

The jinni swears that he will repay the fisherman if the latter frees him, but the fisherman expresses
his doubts. He then tells the jinni a story to explain why he does not believe the spirit - that story is
"The Vizier and the Sage Duban," summarized elsewhere in this ClassicNote.
The Fisherman and the Jinnee

* "The Fisherman and the Jinnee" discusses the importance of appreciating people for their kindness.
* This message is shown in three interlocking stories.
* In the main story, a fisherman frees a jinnee who is trapped in a bottle.
* In return, the Jinnee plans to kill him.
* The Jinnee is angry that he has been trapped in the bottle for two hundred years.

The Jinnee's Story

* The Jinnee was one of several who rebelled
against King Solomon, but was defeated by Solomon's Vizier.

* When the Jinnee refused to pledge Solomon's obedience, Solomon had him imprisoned in a bottle
that was tossed into the sea.
* At first, the Jinnee vowed to bestow riches on whoever released him, but he was imprisoned so
Mong that he grew angry and vowed to kill whoever released him.

CRITICAL ANALYSIS:
The message is to be careful what you wish for and to never trust Jinnees. There is a recurring motif
of hunting/ fishing. The irony of this story is that the "Wise" Jinnee was tricked by a simple fisherman

MST

Food and Living Resources

UNIT 4 LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES

Land & Terrestrial Marine & Aquatic

Mineral & Energy

Land/Terrestrial Resources

TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEM

* Different flora and fauna found in these ecosystems

* Interconnected and are interacting with one another
* Interacts with nonliving components present in these community.
1. Forests
2. Grasslands
3. Nature Parks
4. Nature Reserves

TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEM
* Provides a lot of services to all organisms such as:
* habitat and food
* protection from floods, cyclones and droughts
* producing atmospheric oxygen
* regulating climate

GRASSLANDS
* cover 1/4 of the Earth's land
* except for Antarctica occur in areas where it is too wet for deserts but too dry for forests.
* provide many important ecosystem services:
* soil formation
* erosion control
* chemical cycling
* storage of atmospheric carbon dioxide in biomass
* maintenance of biodiversity.

GRASSLANDS - RANGELANDS
* unfenced grasslands in temperate and tropical climates
* supply forage (source of food/provision)
* vegetation for grazing and browsing animals.
* Grass is a renewable resource:
* can be grazed repeatedly by animals
*as long as only the upper half of its blade is eaten, and the lower half remains.

GRASSLANDS - RANGELANDS
* Rangelands are globally used to:
* raise livestock for food and fiber
* harvest renewable and non-renewable energy and mineral resources
* provide habitat for wildlife
* open space for human enjoyment and recreation.

GRASSLANDS-OVERGRAZING
* 2nd most widely used and altered by human activities
* Overgrazing
* most common major threat to grasslands ecosystems
*when too many animals graze for too long
* damaging the grasses and their roots
* exceeding the biocapacity of a rangeland area

GRASSLANDS-OVERSTOCKING
* Overstocking
* too many animals in a grazing space
* wipe out the vegetation before it can replenish
* Drought
* Lack of precipitation results to crops not being able to grow and replenish.
* If plants are not able to recover, fewer plant species will grow in the area.
* The animals will eventually eat these crops as it may be the only available food option for them.

GRASSLANDS - LAND USE

* Improper Food Management
* farmers allow their livestock to graze on

* new vegetation new crops will not grow and replenish.

* Irresponsible Use of Land
* If the grassland is home to logging, mining, pollution,
* poor farming practices - crops will eventually fail to grow.

NATURAL PARKS
* are forest reservations essentially of natural wilderness
* withdrawn from settlement, occupancy or any form of exploitation
* except in conformity with approved management plan
* set aside as such exclusively to conserve the area or preserve the scenery.

NATIONAL PARKS IN THE PHILIPPINES

Colourt Safari Park, Palawan
Mount Arayat National Park
Caramoan Peninsula National Park
Biak-na-Batu National Park

NATURAL RESERVES
* An area possessing some outstanding ecosystem
* features species of flora and fauna
* with national scientific importance
* maintained to
protect nature
induce natural processes in an undisturbed state.

NATIONAL RESERVES IN THE PHILIPPINES

Masungi Georeserve

Las Pinas-Paranaque Critical Habitat

Mt. Purro Nature Reserve
La Mesa Nature Reserve

FOREST
* The different bodies of water cover about 70% of the Earth's surface
* the rest are covered with land where 31% of it are occupied by forests.

FOREST
* Old-Growth Forest
* forests that are not disturbed by natural and human activities for more than 200 years.

* Second-Growth Forest
* forests that replaces an old-growth forests that is disturbed or cleared due to human activities and
natural forces.

ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION
* Changes of living species over time in a particular area
* Biological community evolves progressively
* Ecological communities replaces one another
* environmental change

TROPICAL REINFOREST
* biomes found in the warm and humid equatorial regions.
* greatest biodiversity among all the biomes
* lush vegetation and fairly constant climatic patterns
* The Amazon Rainforest in Brazil and the Philippines

TREE PLANTATION
* Tree farms are managed forests with few species of trees on it.
* established for commercial use such as in the production of paper.
TREE PLANTATION
Positive Effects
* a source of income for wood products
* alternative source of tree pulp which is used in papermaking
* Helps protect old-growth and second-growth forests
* provide some raw materials that natural forests have

Negative Effects
* Has less biological diversity
* Less sustainable than old-growth and second-growth forests
* Do not provide enough habitat for terrestrial species
* limited ecosystem services

HAVESTING TREES
Clear-Cutting
* logging or removal of all trees in an area.
* excluding the small ones
* It might cause harm to an ecosystem when replanted trees does not grow successfully.

HAVESTING TREES
Selective Cutting
* harvesting technique where trees are removed or cut individually orby cluster
* certain size, type, and age

HAVESTING TREES
Strip Cutting

* involves logging of strip of trees along the contour of the land

* provides enough narrow space for natural forest regeneration

PROBLEM: DEFORESTATION
permanently remove trees from a forest due to human-induced vegetation removal and not that
caused by natural phenomena. (uprooting of trees during strong typhoon or natural forest fires)

WORLD BANK ESTIMATES:

* Our global forest loss at 10 million square kilometers since the beginning of the 20th century.
* equivalent to 33 Philippine- sized forests gone in the last 200 years!!!

CAUSES OF DEFORESTATION
01 Timber/Lumber Harvesting for construction industry
02 Burning of remaining tree parts for pasturelands
03 or land conversion 03 Forested areas are also cut for pasturelands for cattle (mostly used for beef
production)
04 Conversion to palm oil plantation due to palm oil being economically valuable resource globally

FOREST FIRE
* threat to forest ecosystem can be of natural cause and human cause
* Lightning
* clearing out forests for crops and grazing

FOREST FIRES
Tree Crowns-
Ladder Fuel
Surface Fuel- in a forest where fires rarely happen, fuel builds up: There's surface fuel (grass, logs,
woody debris, brush); ladder fuel (shrubs, small trees, nags), and tree crowns.

1. Surface fires spread quickly through brush and woody debris.

2. Ladder fuels allow the fire to move up toward the forest canopy.
3. Tree crown fires are so intense, they're difficult to control.

TYPES OF FOREST FIRE

Surface Fires
* burn only the surface or the forest floor which kills only small trees and seedlings.
* Benefits
Burning flammable underground material to prevent a huge and destructive forest fires
Kills destructive insects
* Stimulates germination of some tree seeds

TYPES OF FOREST FIRE

Crown Fire
* a destructive fire that may cause extreme damage to forest ecosystem and in species living there.
* occurs to forests that does not experience surface fires.

EFFECTS OF DEFORESTATION
* Reduces carbon sinks
* Increase in greenhouse gas emissions
* 20% of world's emissions

FORESTS
* most biodiverse terrestrial biome
* harbor many of the world's land species.
Problem:
Depriving these organisms of their habitat through deforestation drive them closer to extinction every
day.

EFFECTS OF DEFORESTATION
Clearing of Trees
Hastening of Climate Change
Risks of Forest Fire Occurrences
Dehydration of Topsoil
Habitat Loss for various Species
Difficulty in Establishing New Plants
Decrease in Biodiversity

* Trees are also excellent water purifiers.

* Without them, communities in forested watersheds are deprived of clean water
* for drinking
* for hygiene,
* agriculture, and
* industry

SOIL EROSION
* takes away the trees that hold soil in place areas on the slopes of mountains and hills,
* increasing the risk for natural disasters like landslides and flash floods.

Petrology
* the study of rocks in terms of:
* formation, composition and processes
* Petrologist
* a scientist that specializes in the study of rocks.

SOIL
* part of the regolith that supports the growth of plants.
* Regolith is the layer of rock and mineral fragments that covers most of Earth's land surface.

Soil composition:
* Minerals = 45%
* Organic matter = 5%
* Water = 25%
* Air = 25%
SOIL LAYERS
* Vermicomposting
* aiding the growth and development of the plants
* introducing worms as manufacturer of natural fertilizer.

SOIL EROSION
Residual soil develops on bedrock
Unconsolidated deposits
Transported soil develops on unconsolidated deposits

SOIL EROSION
* Residual Soil
* deposition of parent material on bedrock.
* Transported Soil
* parent material has been carried from elsewhere and deposited.

LOSS OF TOPSOIL
* When the soil is overly eroded, nutrients on its topmost layer may be shed off along with the
displaced soil.
* When this happens, plants and other organisms relying on the soil for nutrients may die off.
* This could be particularly devastating for agricultural lands.

INCREASED RISK FOR WILDFIRES

* As soil erodes and less nutrients and water are held in place, plants become drier and more
susceptible to wildfires.

HABITAT LOSS
* Land pollution may displace native species and drive them out in search of new habitats with more
favorable conditions.
* Some species are not able to adapt or migrate to other locations, increasing their risk for species
extinction.

EUTROPHICATION
* A consequence of fertilizer runoff to water bodies that lead to mass death of organisms in those
habitats.
* Often results to algal bloom.
* Alters oxygen concentration inbodies of water resulting to suffocation or death of fishes.

GARBAGE PROBLEM
A major contributing factor to human- caused land pollution is improper waste disposal.

GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION
* chemicals from the garbage make their way to our groundwater,
* our drinking water supply may become contaminated and toxic when consumed.

Long-term and collective littering may cause:

* harm and physical injuries
* spread of diseases
* pollution
* high clean-up costs
* may affect and kill wildlife
* negative impact on aesthetics and local tourism

LAND POLLUTION
* deterioration of Earth's land features caused by human activities and the misuse of land resources

LAND POLLUTION
01could lead to undesirable changes in the land, like soil erosion
02changes may be reversible and can be remedied, but others are not
03adverse effects of land pollution usually appear after long-term destruction due to human activities

HEALTH ISSUES FOR MANY ORGANISMS

* Garbage and other land pollutants pose health risks not only to humans but for many other
organisms as well.
* fumes from kaingin and forest fires may irritate the respiratory organs of the animals in the forests

UNIT 4 LESSON 2 OBJECTIVES

WHAT'S WITH THE WATER

* 70% of our planet is covered with water
* 97.5% of it is saltwater
* 2.5% is freshwater
* the most abundant compound on the planet's surface
* renewable but limited
* Bathing
* Cooking Cleaning
* Drinking
* farming and many others

FRESHWATER
* starts to deplete faster as more of the population will use compared to the slower replenishment
done by nature.
* Lentic-standing water (lakes)
* Lotic-running water (streams)

SOURCES OF FRESHWATER
Groundwater
* are water that infiltrates the soil in effect of gravity.
* Percolation - towards the land surface (springs), streams or rivers
* Aquifers
can be acquired through water wells because it is held within rocks and soil.

SOURCES OF FRESHWATER
* Rainfall
* precipitation process and fall directly on bodies of water and land surface.
* mostly flows directly to streams, rivers or estuaries.
* Annual rainfall
- Keeps the ecosystem healthy especially on areas that are not yet affected by human activities.

SOURCES OF FRESHWATER
Run-off
* water sources not absorbed by the vegetation flowing downhill.
* undergo nutrient loading as it passes through vegetation
- received by streams and rivers.
* nutrients suspended to this mix in on waters of rivers, basins or lakes

SOURCES OF FRESHWATER
* Rivers and Stream flow
* dynamic surface water continuously renewed and are often dependent on rainfall.
* stored on basins and watersheds or towards larger bodies of water, naturally,

SOURCES OF FRESHWATER
Water shed
* areas where run-off water are directed and pools.
* Inland watersheds
- like lakes and ponds discharge point where
instream flow drains.
- water on inland watersheds to return to the water cycle
* Evaporation and infiltration
* also happen on coastal watersheds as this water flows to streams and rivers connected to the
oceans or seas for discharging.

FACTORS AFFECTING WATER SUPPLY

INCREASE IN POPULATION
* As the population increases in a community
- more and more of the limited and slow-replenishing water resources will be extracted and used.
- distribution of these water resources become unequal and often causes scarcity and health
problems.

FACTORS AFFECTING WATER SUPPLY

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
* Most of the contributors of the economy are users of water.
* Industrialization = high demand of water
* mainly for manufacturing, processing and waste management.
more EDC = more water usage
* natural flow of freshwater are altered to supply the high demand, directly tapped towards highly
urbanized regions
* In some cases, it leads to disputes about breach of territory among countries

FACTORS AFFECTING WATER SUPPLY

INCREASED WATER FOOTPRINT
* Whenever we consumed and pollute water
- its volume and the effects associated to it will contribute to our water footprint.
* Water Footprints
- are products coming from industries that manufactures and processes goods and services and how
it is being consumed.
more EDC* = more waste products on water resources
* results to scarcity of clean and usable water supply

Cuyahoga River, Ohio, Cleveland, USA

Bridge in Nile River, Cairo, Egypt
Clearing in Pasig River, Manila, Philippines

FACTORS AFFECTING WATER SUPPLY

DIFFERENCES IN CLIMATE
* Temperature variation contributes to rate of evaporation on an area
High temperature = high rate of evaporation
- less water are available for use.

Water deficits
- often experiences by countries that has:
* low level of rainfalls and high temperatures.
Water surpluses
- often observed on countries that has:
* high rainfall levels and temperatures are either high or lower.

FACTORS AFFECTING WATER SUPPLY

OVER-ABSTRACTION OF WATER RESOURCES
* Extracting water from aquifers reduces the
groundwater level.
- naturally replenished by rainfall but at slower rate.
- deficits in supply can be experienced
Rate of acquiring water rate it can replenish
* leads to ground subsidence
- since less is filling the extracted water underground creating hollow caves or sinkholes.

Sink hole-Winter Park, Florida

Sink hole Formation

FACTORS AFFECTING WATER SUPPLY

LACK OF INFRASTRUCTURES FOR TREATMENT, MANAGEMENT AND RECYCLING OF WATER
* Effective transfer of water from one place to another is necessary
- avoid losses brought leakage,
- excessive evaporation
- Pollution
* limited infrastructures are built
- high cost of construction and maintenance
- more losses are observed with regards to the supply of usable water.

FACTORS AFFECTING WATER SUPPLY

WATER CONTAMINANTS
* These are called water contaminants:
* Physical
- contaminants that affects physical appearance or other physical properties of water
* Chemical
- harmful elements or compounds that are either naturally occurring or man-made.

EFFECTS OF WATERBORNE CONTAMINANTS

* Consuming water with contaminants may result to:
* Acute effects or chronic effects depending on exposure
* Chronic effects
* occur after consuming contaminant at levels over safety standards through the course of many
years.
* Common causes of chronic effects are chemical agents.
* cancer, liver or kidney problems, or reproductive difficulties.

FACTORS AFFECTING WATER SUPPLY

GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION
* Sources of Contamination
* Storage Tanks
- tanks may develop cracks or leaks over time and contaminating ground water with its content like:
* gasoline, oil, chemicals, or other liquids above and below ground.
* Septic Systems
- designed to slowly drain away human waste underground at a harmless rate.
- if it leaks to groundwater, mixes amount of biological contaminants to water.

FACTORS AFFECTING WATER SUPPLY

GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION
* Sources of Contamination
* Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste
- may come from radioactive wastes from industrial sources
- usually explosive, corrosive, toxic, or radioactive.

* Landfills
- if there is no protective bottom layer in these landfills or if the layer is cracked.
* Chemicals
- from products used in homes and business, or those used in farms.
- find their way to our groundwater reservoirs.

FACTORS AFFECTING WATER SUPPLY

OCEAN ACIDIFICATION
* CO₂ accumulates in the atmosphere,
* the oceans amounts of CO2 in order to maintain equilibrium.
* Over time, carbonic acid builds up in the bodies of water
* overall increase in the acidity of the oceans
* Current studies show that shelled animals are unable to build their shell properly in more acidic
oceans.

OCEAN ACIDIFICATION
HOW WILL CHANGES IN OCEAN CHEMETST AFFECT MARINE LIFE!
CO, absorbed from the atmosphere
carbon dioxide
water
carbonate ion
2 bicarbonate ions
consumption of carbonate ions impedes calcification

WATER POLLUTION
The destruction of water resources
affecting the volume of water supply and
clean water for many purposes.

WATER POLLUTION
* The availability of ample water supply is different from one place to another.
* Some may have plenty, some may not have enough.
* Supply is threatened by pollution of water resources

Nonpoint Sources
* runoff from cropland, livestock feedlots, logged forests, urban streets, parking lots, lawns, and golf
courses
* Broad and diffuse areas where rainfall or snowmelt washes pollutants off the land into bodies of
surface water.
Point Sources
* factories, sewage treatment plants, underground mines, oil tankers
* Discharge pollutants into bodies of surface or underground water at specific locations
through drainpipes, ditches, or sewer lines.

Point Sources of Water Pollution

SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION

AGRICULTURE
* 70% of all freshwater
* Fertilizers, pesticides, and animal wastes wash nutrients and pathogens into our waterways
* Nutrient pollution that results to cultural eutrophication
- excess nitrogen and phosphorus from fertilizers that mixes in to water bodies
- leads to the death of aquatic organisms in these habitats

SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION

SEWAGE AND WASTEWATER
* Used water from sinks, showers, and toilets
* Used water from commercial, industrial, and agricultural activities
* Stormwater runoff
* More than 80% flows back to the environment untreated,
* rises to 95% for less developed countries

SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION

OIL POLLUTION
* Oil is also naturally released from under the ocean floor through fractures known as seeps.
- Oil and gasoline dripping from cars and trucks
- From big oil spills
- Tanker spills in the ocean and regular operations of the shipping industry through both legal and
illegal discharges

SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION

RADIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES
* substances that emit radiation beyond what is naturally released by the environment.
- from uranium mining
- nuclear power plants
- production and testing of military weapons
- released by universities and hospitals that uses it for research and medicine

SOLUTIONS: WATER SUPPLY

Solutions to depleting water supply

SOLUTIONS ON DEPLETING WATER RESOURCE

TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER
* Important for any civilization, especially in the modern world.
All of society's used water from households, businesses, industries, and farmlands has to go
somewhere, right?
* However, disposing used water by dumping them right back to our water bodies is not a good
solution.
* Wastewater has to go through several processes before it can be released back to nature.
SOLUTIONS ON DEPLETING WATER RESOURCE
Treatment of wastewater

PRETREATMENT
* Use bar screens/grid screens to filter bigger objects from the wastewater
* Most of the collected objects are sent to landfills:

GRIT CHAMBERS
* Filters sand and rock from the now viscous wastewater
* Sand and rock might clog or destroy machinery

PRIMARY TREATMENT
* Filters out any remaining solid larger than 10 micrometers
* Slightly treated wastewater is now called effluent.

SOLUTIONS ON DEPLETING WATER RESOURCE

Treatment of wastewater
SECONDARY TREATMENT
* Starts with aeration basins that pump oxygen into the wastewater
* Bacteria are used to digest the organic matter using excess oxygen
* Final removal of solids and larger biological matter

DISINFECTION
* Can be done using chlorine, ozone, or ultraviolet radiation
* Chlorine is a poisonous gas, must be removed before discharging the treated sewage water

EFFLUENT RELEASE
* The treated water is now discharged into a stream, water, or lake.
* The final treated water is clean enough to be drank.

WASTEWATER TREATMENT
SOLUTION TO DEPLETING WATER SUPPLY

Water transfers
* Surplus water supply are directed to areas that has necessity and low water resources.
* construction of pipelines, aqueducts, canals or just simply water tankers that delivers water from
one place to another.
* usually connected to dams and reservoirs that stores water from rainfall and run-offs.
SOLUTION TO DEPLETING WATER SUPPLY
Rainfall harvesting
* An alternative process of increasing water supply by collection of rainwater.
* requires a harvesting system that is place on areas were rain falls greatly and stored for later uses
* Harvested rainwater needs a filtrating and treatment system to become useful for cooking, bathing
and drinking.
* Rainfall harvesting is also used in forecasting amount of precipitation and predicting flooding

RAINWATER HARVESTING
SOLUTION TO DEPLETING WATER SUPPLY

Desalination plants
* Removes and filters dissolve salts from seawater or brackish water to produce a drinkable water.

Distillation
- saltwater is heated until water is evaporated
- leaving the salt crystals on one container
- condenses on another container as freshwater.

Reverse osmosis or microfiltration

- saltwater passes through a membrane filter on high pressure to force it in.
- The membrane is has pores that are enough to filter salt.

REVERSE OSMOSIS DESALINATION

A separation process used to reduce the dissolved salt content of saline water to a usable level.

Cavite Mutiny 1872 Document 301

Kaligirang Kasaysayan Spanish Version of the Cavite Mutiny of 1872
PAGBUBUKAS NG SUEZ CANAL Jose Montero y Vidal

Kaligirang Kasaysayan
LIBERALISMO SA PILIPINAS
Gob. Hen. Carlos Maria de la Torre
Gob. Hen. Rafael de Izquierdo
Kaligirang Kasaysayan
SEKULARISASYON
Ang Awtor
• Espanyol manunulat at politiko
• ipinanganak sa Gérgal, Almeria noong1851
• Sa Madrid naging mag-aaral ng
batas,empleyado ng Ministry of Public Works
• 1868 naging lingkod sibil ng mga kolonya ng
Espanya (Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Santa Clara
sa Cuba
Ang Awtor
• El Archipelago Filipino y las Islas Marianas, Carolinas y Palaos su Historia, geografica y estadistica
(1896)
• Historia General de Filipinas desde el descubrimiento de dichas islas hasta nuesimes dias (1877
1895)
• namatay sa panahon ng unang kalahati ng ikadalawampu siglo

Nilalaman
• Pagtatanggal ng pribilehiyo ng mga manggagawa ng arsenal ng Cavite sa di pagbabayad ng tributo
• Ang pagtatangka ay nagpapatuloy sa panahon pa lamang ni Gob. Hen. de la Torre sa pangunguna
ng Guias de la Torre
• Pinakamalaking impluwensya si Padre Mariano Gomez

Nilalaman
• Patayin lahat ng opisyales, tagapaglingkod at Gob. Hen sa Malacañang pagkatapos ang mga prayle
at iba pang espanyol
• Hudyat ang pagpapaputok mula sa Maynila
• Naipagkamali sa pista ng Virgen ng Loreto sa Sampaloc sa pangunguna ni Sarhento La Madrid

Nilalaman
• Kaagad ipinagbigay-alam ni Fernando Rojas ang balita sa Maynila subalit napatay ang kanyang
dalawang tauhan ng mga katutubo
• Kinabukasan ay nagpadala ng tulong sa pangunguna ni Felipe Ginoves
• Nagbibigay ng babala para sa pagsuko ng mga rebelde si Ginoves subalit hindi ito naganap kung
kaya’t nagsimula na ito ng pagsugod

Nilalaman
• Hinuli ang mga sumusunod: Don Jose Burgos at Jacinto Zamora – kura ng Katedral
Don Mariano Gomez – kura ng Bacoor
Don Antonio Maria Regidor – abogado at regidor ng Ayuntamiento
Don Joaquin Pardo de Tavera – Consejero de Administracion
Pedro Carillo, Gervasio Sanchez at Jose
Mauricio de Leon
Enrique Paraiso, Jose at Pio Basa
Crisanto Reyes, Maximo Paterno

Nilalaman
• Enero 27 ginamit ng gobernador- heneral ang kanyang“cumplase”
• Pebrero 6, 11 pa ang nadagdag sa parusang kamatayan
• Pebrero 8, pinatawan ng kamatayan si Camerino at 10 taon na pagkakabilanggo sa 11 miyembro
ng Guias de la Torre
• Pebrero 15, pinatawan ng kamatayan sa pamamagitan ngstragulation ang GOMBURZA kasama si
Padre FranciscoSaldua
Nilalaman
• Abril 3, sinuspinde ng Audiencia sa pagkaabogado sina Basa, Pardo de Tavera, Regidor, Carillo,
Gervacio at Mauricio de Leon
Resulta : Abril 24, tinanggal ang mga katutubo sa arsenal at pagtatatag ng bagong hukbong bubuuin
lamang ng mga Peninsulares batay sa kahilingan ni Izquierdo

Analisis
• Perspektiba ng isang Espanyol ang dokumento
• Hindi pabor ang awtor sa pamamalakad ni Gob. Hen. De la Torre – “senseless governor”
• Naglalaman ng sunod-sunod na pangyayari lamang
• Halaga ng paggamit ng mga termino / salin – nagamit ang mga salitang “mutiny”, “uprising” at
“revolt sa iisang dokumento

Document 302
Filipino Version of the Cavite Mutiny of 1872
Dr. Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera

Ang Awtor
• April 13, 1857
• Escolta, Manila
• Mula sa mayamang angkan ng mga

Filipino na mula sa lahing Espanyol-

Portuges
• Pamangkin ni Joaquin Pardo de Tavera

Ang Awtor
• Isang manggagamot, historyador at politiko
• Hinikayat ng pamahalaang Amerikano si Trinidad Pardo de Tavera na gumawa ng katalogo ng lahat
ng kanyang koleksyong Filipiniana
• Mula sa mayamang angkan ng mga Filipino na mula sa lahing Espanyol-Portuges
• Pamangkin ni Joaquin Pardo de Tavera

Ang Awtor
• Nag-aral sa Ateneo Municipal; Colegio de San Juan de Letran ; Unibersidad ng Santo Tomas at
nagpatuloy sa Unibersidad ng Paris
• March 26, 1925 (aged 67) sa Paris, France

Nilalaman
• Pagbabawal ni Izquierdo sa pagtatag ng paaralang may kinalaman sa sining at kalakalan
• Tunggaliang politikal sa pagitan ng mga tagasunod ng liberal at konserbatibong pamamahala
• Magkapareho ng detalye ng mga pangyayari kay Montero y Vidal maliban sa pagbanggit sa
pinagsimulan (San Felipe Fort)
Nilalaman
• Naging hudyat ang pag-aalsa upang sisihin ang liberalismong nanaig sa Madrid sa lumalaganap na
masamang epekto nito partikular ng mga prayle
• Paglakas ng kapangyarihan ng mga prayle bilang implikasyon ng pangyayari

Analisis
• Punto-de-vista ng isang Filipino
• Bawat bahagi ng kaganapan ay may kaakibat na pagpapaliwanag sa naging sanhi
• Premonisyon ang pangyayari ng maaaring maging epekto ng pananaig ng ideyang liberal sa
Espanya

Document 303
Official report of Governor Izquierdo on the Cavite
Mutiny of 1872

Ang Awtor
• Rafael Gerónimo Cayetano Izquierdo y Gutiérrez
• September 30, 1820
• Santander, Spain
• Naging gobernador-heneral ng Puerto Rico noong Marso, 1862- Abril, 1862
• Nagkamit ng posisyong militar sa edad na 17

Ang Awtor
• Naging lieutenant –general sa Puerto Rico bago naging interim Governor-General nang mabakante
ang posisyon ni Rafael Echagüe y Bermingham noong 1862
• Died November 9, 1883 sa edad na 63

Nilalaman
• Binanggit na ang naganap ay isang “insurection”, an “uprising, and a “revolution”
• Ang pag-aalsa ay inihanda ng katutubong pari, mga mestizos, katutubong abogado (abogadillas),
mga residente ng Cavite, Maynila at karatig-bayan
• Kawalan ng hustisya sa pagbubuwis
• Pamahiin – “Ang rebelyon ay magwawagi dahil kasama nila ang Diyos”

Nilalaman
• Pagtatag ng isang pamahalaan subalit hindi malinaw kung monarkiya o republika
• Ang pinuno ay isang pari (Padre Jose Burgos o Padre Jacinto Zamora)
• Kasabwat ang mga tauhan ng arsenal, ilang mamamayan, malaking bilang ng mga mestizos at
ilustrados
• Ang lahat ay magsisimula sa Tondo subalit nabigo dahil sa pagiging alerto ng hukbong Espanyol
Nilalaman
• Natagpuan ang kura ng Bacoor na armado
• Simula 1869 ay mayroon nang pagtatangka subalit hindi nagtagumpay dahil sa naganap na lindol
noong 1862
• Ang lahat ay buhat sa inspirasyong nakuha sa kaganapan sa Madrid bunga ng mga
pahayagan (El Eco Filipino)
• Patuloy pa rin ang pagtanggap ng gobernador- heneral ng mga pagbabanta subalit nakahanda
ang hukbong Espanyol

Analisis
• Ang pagkiling ay para sa katungkulan
• Mas mautak pa rin ang hukbong Espanyol kesa mga katutubo at lagi itong nakahanda sa anumang
pagsalakay
• Paggamit sa kaugaliang Pilipino bilang kahinaan

Document 304
Court Martial Decision on Gom-Bur-Za
Manila, February 15, 1872

Nilalaman
• Naglalaman lamang ng opisyal na pagpapataw ng hatol na kamatayan sa tatlong paring martir
• Isang malinaw na dokumentong opisyal mula sa pamahalaan

Kahalagahan ng Dokumento sa Pag-unawa ng Kasaysayan ng Pilipinas

• Mga batayang tala ng mga iba’t ibang punto-de-vista ng mga taong may kaugnayan sa Cavite
Mutiny
• Naglalahad ng matibay na posisyon kung ano ang kalagayan ng mga Indio sa kamay ng mga
mananakop

Ambag sa Kasalukuyang Panahon

• Mga batayang tala ng mga iba’t ibang punto-de-vista ng mga taong may kaugnayan sa Cavite
Mutiny
• Naglalahad ng matibay na posisyon kung ano ang kalagayan ng mga Indio sa kamay ng mga
mananakop
 UNIT 3:“ONE PAST BUT MANY HISTORIES” CONTROVERSIES AND
CONFLICTING VIEWS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

CAVITE MUTINY OF 1872

ABOUT THE CAVITE MUTINY

THE GOMBURZA
Father Jose Burgos
Father Jacinto Zamora
Father Mariano Gomez

VARYING POINTS OF VIEW

Spanish Version
• Jose Montero y Vidal
• Gov. Gen. Rafael Izquierdo

Filipino Version
• Dr. T.H. Pardo de Tavera
• Edmund Plauchut

What is the “real” cause and/or objective of the Mutiny?

UNRAVELING THE TRUTH

• There was dissatisfaction among the workers of the arsenal as well as the members of the native
army after their privileges were drawn back by Gen. Izquierdo.
• Gen. Izquierdo introduced rigid and strict rules that made Filipinos move and turn away from
Spanish government out of disgust.
• The Central Government failed to conduct an investigation on what truly transpired
but relied on the reports of Izquierdo and the friars.
• The Friars knew that their influential days to intervene in government affairs are already numbered.
• The Filipino clergy who participated in the Secularization Movement became an easy prey to the
rage of Spanish friars.
• The execution of the GOMBURZA was a blunder on the part of the Spanish government, and
served as an inspiration for Filipino patriots to call for reforms and independence.

1896 PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION

THE FIRST “CRY” OF THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION
• What happened in the First Cry of Revolutionby the Katipuneros?
• Date
• Place
• Witnesses/ Source of Information
 Source Date Place
Dr. Pio Valenzuela 1st version: Balintawak 1st version: August 26, 1896
2nd version: Pugad Lawin 2nd version: August 23, 1896
Gregoria de Jesus August 25, 1896
Near Caloocan
Santiago Alvarez Sampalukan, Barrio Bahay Toro August 24, 1896

Capt. Olegario Diaz Balintanac/ Balintawak August 25, 1896

Guillermo Masangkay Barrio Balintawak August 26, 1896

Don Vicente Samson Balintawak August 26, 1896

In historiography, the date and the place are of certain value, but what counts most is the significance
of the historical episode.
– Gabriel Cevallos Garcia

RETRACTION OF RIZAL
THE RETRACTION CONTROVERSY

• What is the controversy about? Why is it a controversial issue?

• Whether Rizal, on the eve of his death, re-embraced the Catholic faith and disassociated himself
from Masonry
• There were parties on both sides which are affiliated with an organization that promotes moral
values and the pursuit of truth.
• Pro-retraction camp vs. Anti-retraction camp

“IN THE LAST 24 HOURS OF RIZAL’S LIFE...”

Varying Sources/Accounts came from:
• The Jesuit Version
• The Opposing Camp
(Freemasons)

PRO-RETRACTION SAYS...
• Significant persons
• Manila Archbishop Bernardino Nozaleda
• Fr. Pio Pi (Superior of the Jesuits)
• Frs. Vicente Balaguer, Jose Vilaclara, Estanislao March, Luis Visa, Federico Faura, Miguel Saderra

• Account by Father V. Balaguer says..

• Of all that has been narrated, I am positive by personal knowledge. I have personally intervened and
witnessed it myself; and I subscribed and confirmed it with an oath. And lest, perhaps, someone may
think that I could not remember it with so many details, after twenty years. I testify that on the very
day of Rizal’s death, I wrote a very detailed account of everything. The original of this account I have
preserved, and from it I have taken all the data of the present narration. (Cavanna 1956, 10)
THE OPPOSITIONS AND SUSPICIONS
• Significant persons mentioned: Friedrich Stahl, Jose Alejandrino, Trinidad Rizal, Manuel Artigas y
Cuera, Filipino Masons who sustained campaign against the claims (Don Juan Utor y Fernandez,
Herminigildo Cruz, Rafael Palma, Dr. Ricardo Pascual
• Arguments and Assumptions
• Claims and narratives by the Church is doubtful
• Existence of the alleged documents of retraction
• Identified the character of Rizal as “strong-willed man of deep conviction and would not easily
swayed in critical times

Counter-arguments by the Church

- Fr. Manuel Gracia, C.M. and the alleged “original” document of retraction (1935)

THE CUERPO DE VIGILANCIA COLLECTION

• El Movimiento de Independencia de Filipinas/ The Movement for Independence in the Philippines

• Significant persons mentioned: Federico Moreno, Senor Taviel Andrade, Senor Eloy Moure, Frs.
Vilaclara and March, Senor Juan del Fresno, mother and sisters of Jose Rizal, Josephine Bracken
• Significant Realizations:
• Discrepancy on information between Fr. Balaguer’s narrative and Moreno’s account
• Circumstances/ events leading to the confirmation of the Retraction from an independent
eyewitness

Precautions about the positive and negative usage of the Cuerpo:

- As objective sources of information
- On historical inaccuracies

• “Nevertheless, it behooves scholars to use spy reports cautiously and critically. They should not be
taken as gospel truth and therefore must be validated and subjected to further verification. There is
always a possibility that because of their excitement and their commitment to submitting dispatches
on time, agents end up submitting reports that were historically inaccurate.”
– Postscript by Rene Escalante

...Kaya naman sa liwanag ng dala ng mga bagong labas na dokumento at mga bagong
interpretasyon, maaari ngang si Jose Rizal ay nag-retract. Maaari ngang totoo ang retraksyon. May
dahilan kung bakit niya isinulat ang dokumento.

Ngunit mahalaga pa ba talaga kung totoo ito? Mababago ba ang paninidigan at nagawa ng isang tao
sa kanyang buong buhay ng pagtindig at katapangan ng isang papel na pinirmahan niya sa araw ng
kanyang kamatayan? Hindi. Hindi.

– Prof. Michael Charleston “Xiao” Briones Chua