_ lim 1 iim e = z—-+@ (+e or e= 7g (14 2))/ e = 2.71828 18285 ... fouzuse ieseediae (du + dv = dw) = feu + fev - few n unt+l wtau = +c, (n ¥ -1) a fort on = fe =inu+cC, ud0. a foran = a +c, a>o ina foran zet+ec ‘feos au = sinu+cC sinudu = - cosu+cC ‘occ? waw =tanu+c 1WW. Jose? uau = - cobusc 12. Jeccutanudn = secu +c 13. ‘esc ucot udu = - cscusc 14. ‘ean uau = - incosu + ¢ = Insecu + ¢ 15. fect au = insinu += -Inesc usc 16. {fore udu = In (secu + tanu) +C - 1In(secu - tanu) +C 17. fese van in (cscu - cotu) +c = In (cscu + cotu) +C du 18. Ss = aresint +c le rat a au 1 u 19. =- a i arctan +c 1 u 20- oe a a Arcsec at © du 1 21. ==> 2 Z f gain DoE ee tw >a?) a2 a du 1 atu 22. => +e. (u2——— + C. t11) aa = = [12] _sin4ax 5 1 cos 4x 4 e + 16 cont 4x a m -4 Sorta sin 4x4 dx) = - 1,cos 44x ,, 1 C = 4g sect 4x +c.(13) {vay £15] 16] 17] (18) {191 £20] 29] (22] [23] (24) sin mx dx v l+cos mx Jcrscos mx)-4 (- sin mx+mdx) Ni + cosmx +C. foam xsec? xdx = 3 tan2x + C. ain Bie Also, fem xsec? xdx = Jecex (sec xtan x dx) 1 =z sec? x+C. foot? ax csc? axdx = - * f cot? ax (- csc? axadx) os 4 qa cottax + C. sec 2x cot 2ndx 3 fo - esc 2x)? (csc 2x cot 2x+2dx) (1-ese 2x)2 22 G-cec2x)l » 1 4 Gy 2 -1 2(1-csc2x) fe sine cos e* dx = fotn eX (cos eX+e* dx) 1 = sin2eX +c. SS a fter = 19-8 (ex ox) =2MVex-14+0c. Vex in x 4x ax 1 jt. fx 5 etrie sa 2 1 1n-3 x (38) Seen 2c +c. ee 1n3 x i 2" * 2in2x Xin (14x?) 5 sf 2 date f => | in(1+x ein? 2 f rae ( ) ty 74 in? (1+x¢) + C. foot o- sinsin@ 40 = fu sino ‘cos 088 sino = $ in? sin@ + C. fore ae)" ax = forex (28%). x . ax ky Sai in (inx ax/x 1 = in(inx ss aoe es J Qnx) Te 72 (inax)™*? 4 9 in? (1nx) + c.(25] [26] {271 {28] [29] pee. fun Cage ee = Ze - binx)3/2 , Jstnn2 xcosh xdx = Fetmn3 x +c. J_sinhxde i ff (242 cosnx)-5 (2 sin x 4x) (1+2 cosh x)5 =-—1__sc. 8(142 cosh x)4 Vivei f I-sin x dx = [iii Shin 4 l+sin x Vi-sin2x 4 sin’ ax Wfissin x oon cezee fostsin x)-¥ cos ax Ai+sinx = 2¥i¢sinx+c. atx gL Narx , Vax ae a-x “* = “Wa-x afar a {RS + (a2 x2)-4x] ax ater =a Arcsin = - a2- x2 +0. Logarithms - Formula 5: f2 = Inu+c. [30] {31] (32] [33] ae a a A) os 6) co ax2 +p ax2 4 b 2a tig 2 (scene) ee fo- 2) ax mae x+2 = 2x - 2in(x +2) +c. ax ax Sa 2) Bz e eaa(a fh) c. Fmirm: JAS ae ax (14 x2) ~ x2 x(1 + x2) x(1 + x2) = inx - Zan (1 + x2) +c.2 sec? xdx _ 1 a sec? x ax 1 (341 a = in (atanx+b) +C. atanx+b @ atanx+b pin (a tans ) cosx ma PEE ae . 135] feotxex= [SEE ax = insinx +c [36] franx dx = - | eee cos x sec x + tanx sec xtanx + sec?x ae sec x + tanx = In (secx + tanx) + C- [38] ars _ ese x (csc x - cot x) 4 csc x - cotx (371 feet Pe ee + tanx) 5 "= esex cot _x + esc? x ox esc x - cotx = In (ese x - cotx) + Ce a Gey Biocon feee mx dx = 2 In (secmx + tanmx) + C. x escmx dx = — = na od Ee mx. - f min (csc mx - cot mx) tay [FEE %ex - J see x + tanx) ax cos x in (secx + tanx) - Incosx + C " secx + tanx = in 22% + $88, ow an (LE 4 SEB Bag Soe cos? x cos2 x B pgletominls 86 ein ee cos2 x 1 -sin?x = in —1—_ : in(1 i yee eas Ta ela Z tz} [2+ BSE RE ax = a f ese max + » [S2eBE ax sinmx Bina " a 2 in(csemx-cot mx) + Bin sinmx + ceaeX +b aeX - b a [43] dx = =x + 2b ax e-X (aeX- b) -x =x+ 2B [ _be* 4, a-be-* =x +2in(a- be*) +c. eX dx 1 aeX dx 1 = ai x 144] is aes J era 7 in (aeX +b) + Ce mx _ e-mx [45] ax = 2 | === (max) oy eMX +e a = gin (eM + em MX) + C. a: ex [46] [eS a Jo -pyexex-masenre. 1+ ex 1 - ex x tay fe fo-2% ee x- aia senec. 1 + ex 1 + eX ax ax a ——= = in (1 , [48] Is ae n(inx) +¢ a: al - x2 [49] ———— Sei NA =X" sn arcsinx + C. eer Arcsinx 1-x* Aresi nx Exponential Functions - Formulas 6 and 7. frm [50] eX ax [51] lees I Voox 4 ox (52i fei + eX dx = +C = a4 logge + C. fetan = etc. fo + eX)¥eX ax = 2 (1 + ex)3/2 4 Gg, eX dx 7 iS 1)2 ye (eke i) e> pce le eX+1 [lex (1 + eX) ax = foe eX) 173 oeay 3 gat ex)4/3 | -2 fox 1) eX dx eo (Bo153] [55] [56] {s7] [58] [59] {61] {62] 1 1 fo2* ax =F fee ax) = 5-22 1ogye + ¢ 2x-1 =2 logge + Ce Ee = -01)* = fro.o1 ax (0.01)" 10g) 9,e + ¢ in ex Je ax = fexax - exec. x x forex = fore ar = fo (ean ssc. 1n 0.01 x x bed dry ay) |S emer arotane*) sce 1 + e2% 12 + (e*)? cos x e (sin x + cosx) 4. esas = sine aie coe xjan ein x cosx - sinx =-e +c. ance x + intanx ax = foee x1 eX tanx dx cosx . esec x Sec x tan x 4x sec x ze +c. Arcsin x e ax Arceinx dx Arcsinx = e (=) = ee +c. 1 - x? Arctan z e Arcta: f Lees fect oe ereucten artes z 1+ 22 1+ eX Xex a%eX ax = [orev ax = paces cleo ice inae ina+il (5x 5x 5\x a 5x faex- [dor ax - sce ec. in= 4% (1n5 - 1n 4) 4 * ‘ qx aie ox = 2 -“S = 2e +c. x 20x 2 2 t' 1 t foe ee 2inanx [66] ftom +e ace ba + i nina x+1n x e eX. x [67] i ax =f % ax - fee secx sec x fp sec xtan x dx = ECs [68] Trigonometric Functions - Formulas 8 to 17. [69] ainda ax [70] [ire oinx ax = [iiveinx: a cos x dx Wy Tsinx +c x 22 fein vx = vi = sinx Ny - sinx - 2cosVx + Cc. ex +c. ax = fo = sinx)-4 (-cos x dx) =-2 1 - sinx +c. my [fae ox [ar si A x forein x)kcos x ax See Ai +sinx 2s 2 1 + sinx (724 Fr + cos x dx = J A208 3 ax + c. Z > eax = a = V2+2 fcos%1 ax = 2 2 sing [73] [qi = cos x dx = Jfzemne® axa Final win 3.4 ox x =~ 24 2cos= . Bae =_sin eX [74] fox tanex ax = - Jf EBS etax = - in comer +e cos eX = insece*™ +c. + ce= J ax. " J éx_ , secx-1 fase ps tr secx +1 secx+l secx -1 sec? x - 1 peeche ely ax = f (sec x - 1) cot? xox ean? ie cot2 x ax - f cov? xdx 2 = + S06 Kax - J (ose? - 1) ax cos x sin* x = Jsin-2 xcosx dx - (- cotx - x) =-cscx + cotx+x+C. ax = ax__issinx _ [1 -sinx 4, (761 retncine 4 + l+sinx l+sinx 1-sin x 1-sin2 x = [= 2tBkax = J (sec? x = sec x tanx) dx cos? x = tanx - secx + C. The integrals in Problems 77 to 82 may be evaluated by using some of the trigonometric identities in the Appendix. 07 fom mx cos nxéx = 5 i [sin (mn)x + sin (m-n)xJéx _— cos(men)x _ cos (mn)x g, ‘ 2(m+n) 2(m-n) [78] feos mxcos nx ax = 3f [cos (min)x + cos (m-n)x] ax sin(m+n)x | sin(m-n)x , 9, * 2 (m+n) 2(m=n) [791 fein mxeinnxdxi= 3 f [cos (m-n)x - cos (m+n)x] ax sin (m-n)x _ sin (m#n)x . 4 2(m-n) 2(m4n) / ({80] fein Tx cos 3x dx = 3 i (sin 10x + sin 4x)dx 1 a cos 10x = gos 4x +c.(81) Joos 7x cos 3x dx =5 J (cos 10x + cos 4x) dx 3p sin 10x +E sin 4x +c. z [82] fein 7x sin 3xéx = 1 f (cos 4x - cos 10 x) dx 1 1 g Sin 4x - 29 Sin lox +c. Inverse Trigonometric Functions - Formulas 18 to 20. [83] rom x ax Va x4 ax vt Sri ee = 2ArcsinVx + C. —__2xdx___ 7” a aresin +c. M22 Vee 2)? ax 1 bax 1 bx cor fed fe Lactett oe a2. 4%? © J a2 + ines? ab a Ze [86] (x7 + x3) ax _ 4+ x8 et at [87] Waaawaze aa bx 3 fetes ens 4x3 ax By 4+x8 4S 22 4 (x4)? = tin (4 + x8) + Fed mectan 2 Cl 8 4 2 Fun (4 + x8) 4 arctan ™ +c. a Sct. = arcsinet +c. 12 ~ (ety2 dx (s8] [89] +2 x2 + 4x +5 ax dx Iw = (a2+2ax+x2) It (a+ x)? = Arcsin (as x)+c. a ax i ax 1 + (x2+4x+4) 124(x42)2 = Arctan (x+2) + C.a: isa pS - {| ——*—! Ni 2x-4x2-5 Na = (4x2-12%+9) 1 a 2x-3 2 Arcsin ( 2 y+ ec. t sec x tanx [91] fesziaes as = ———, 4x = Arctan secx + C. 1 + sec? x 1+ (sec x)? x x X, eX x [92] ft coseX ax _ fx eXax_ 1 aretan UBS, oc, 4 + sin2ex 22 + (sinex)2 ax [93] can oe eee oe in? x - 1 xinx inx A/(inx)2 — 12 = Arcsec Inx + C. 1-03 ODD AWD EVEN FUNCTIONS Definitions: A function f(x) that remains unchanged when x is replaced by -x, that is, £(-x) = f(x) is called an even function. Geometrically, this means that the curve y = f(x) is symmetric with respect to the y-axis. Examples of even functions are: eee x2, cos x, e* A function that changes sign when x is replaced by -x, that is, £(-x) = - £(x) is called an odd function. Geometrically, this means that the curve is symmetric to the origin. Examples of odd functions are: x’M+1 (n, any integer), sinx, tan x. Two important and useful properties of these functions are: Theorem 1 (On Even Functions): If f(x) is an even function, [ree ax = af,'ea dx.Theorem 2 (On 066 pemctions) If f(x) is an odd function, =~ *) dx = 0. Examples pa Odd and Even Functions: [ 4 2 tla 2 x5 _x3 17. _ 16 Ta] Jy (x4 - 3x2) dx = 2 Jy (x ~ 3x°) dx'= 2 [5 O78 Sr a a [95] LE (a2 + x2)2 ax = 2 if (a4 + 2a2x2 + x4) ax 12 tt /2 S/o “15 [96] p08 ax = 2 cos xdx = 2sinx wr =2. 1 197] fi 80 + x8) ax = 0. =1 4: 198] Li -a Vale x2 1 1 a [99] L (7x8 — x5 - 4x3) ax = 2f, 7x8 ax - I (x5 + x3) ax =0. = 741 is 2 [x7], -O0=2.uy [sin3 x cos? x ax a J cos? x sin?x sinx ex (2) J sin? xcos? xax = Join xcos x)? 4x ff [3] fisina x dx 5 fcos?x (1 - cos? x) sinx dx Jf (cos? x ~ cos? x)sin x dx 1 30089 x + 5 cosyx + C. sin 2x)? 6x 1 = 5 fom? oaax =} fLeses ee, 1 = BJ 1 ~ cos anvex = Lex - Letnany sc. J tein x)2 6x = f (5 (1 = cos 2x) 12 ax i 4 ble aq lw fa - 2cos 2x + cos2 2x)dx 1 1 1 X- qsin2x +7 fda + cos 4x) ax ag 1 1 x - qsin 2x + ox + g5sinax +C a al x - Zsin2x+ 1 asin 2x + J >sin 4x + C. 14(4i (s] (7] (8) {9] fins xax f cos? x dx feos? xax ftans xax frans x dx focot4 xdx Ole AIH BiH Joint xsinxdx = fo - cos? x)2sin xax (1 ~ 2cos? x + cos4x)sin x dx 2 -cosx + Fcos3x - Zcos5 x +c. f (coa2x)? ax = fda + cos 2x)]2 ax if (1 + 2cos 2x + cos2 2x) ax x + 1 1 Gein 2x +5 fio + cos 4x) dx * + 1 1 q8in 2x + 356in 4x +c. - sin? x)3 cos xdx - 3sin2?x + 3sin4x - sin6 x)cosx ax a sinx - sin3x + 2 eindx = 3 sin? x +c. [rand x(sec?x - 1)dx = Feandx . [vant xax # tand x - fran?x (sec? x - 1) ax 1 1 5 tand x - gtandx + Jran?x ax 1 Btandx - 2 tandx + J (sec? x = 1)¢x 1 3 tandx - Stan3x + tanx-x+¢. — tan3 x(sec? - 1)ax = Ftan4 x - f tan? x ox ftandx - Jean x (sec? x - 1) ax F tant x - $ tan? x + fran x dx ; tan4 x - tan? x - Incosx +C. foot? xtose?x - 1)4x = - Leot3x - f (csc? x- 14x 1 ~ zeot3x + cotx+x 4c.{10} ficot8 xax J cot? x (ese? x - 1)dx == deot4 x = J cov? x ox 1 — gcot4x - Joot x(ese2x - 1)dx 1 L — qoot4x + Fcot2x + ficot xax ES i, 1 = — qeot4x + > cot2x + insinx +c. (113 f secs x ax fsect x sec? x dx = fo + tan? x)? sec? xax " fo + 2 tan? x + tan4x) sec? x dx 2 = tanx + Stan? x + Htand x Ca: 12] fcsct xax = fo + cot? x) csc? xdx = ~ cot x— Scot? x +e. Integration of odd powers of sec x and cscx is illustrated in Examples [34] and [35]. 0131 f tan} xsect xex= J (see? x - 1) tan x sec! xax J (secs x - sec? x) secx tanx dx in 1 = g sechx - qsectx +c. Another Solution: fans xsect xdx = foan? x(1 + tan? x)sec? x dx Jovan x + tan>x)sec? x dx 1 qtan4x + z tanox + C= (14) fran x sec3 x dx =" J (sec? - 1)tan x sec? x sec xdx J (sect - sec? x) secx tanx ax 1 Bsecd x — }sec? x+C. 15] fans xsec4 x dx = front x(1 + tan? x) sec? x dx" 1 1 = gtanSx + >tan7x +c.net n [16] Evatuate Scar eesti hed ax. 1 sink ix rom Formula 7(a) in Table A-02 in the Appendix we have n+1 n sin tly sink x = sinx + sin2x +... + sin nx. sini x z Therefore, sin tx sin Bx —2—— ax = fisinx + sin2x +... + sinnx)éx sinlx 3 1 7 = - cos x - dc0s 2x - ... - Leos nx + C n 2 a = - DB rcosnx +c n+l a a i [17] Evaluate Stir? wine 1 sink x 2 csing Formula 7(b) in Table A-02, we have n+l cos => a x sindx ax = J (cos x + cos 2x + ++. + cos nx)dx sinix ‘ = sinx + Pein 2x tee + Fsinnx +c n 1 = Bi pein nx + Ce. sin? nx [18] Evaluate [atte sinx ng Formula 7(c), we have a aa f tsinx + sin 3x +... + sin(2n-1)x]dx sin x 1 1 = - cosx - 3C083x +... — Foz cos (2n-1) x + C yt = - 3 apez cos(2n-1)x + c. m1sin? nx 9 eens [19] Evaluate a= x Using Formula 7(4), we find in? nx [ome os J teos x + cos 3x +... + cos(2n-1)xJax + sinx + $sin3x +. 1 Parr Sin (2n-1)x.+ ¢ sin(2n-1)x + C. 2-02 INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FRACTIONS Case 1. Denominator Factorable Into Real Distinct Linear Factors. [20} Evaluate eee x3-3x242x Factor the denominator into the real linear factors x(x-1)(x-2). + Assume —**2 ss A x(x=1)(x=2) 7 Clearing of fractions, x+4 A(x-1)(x-2) + Bx(x-2) + Cx(x-1) 2A, Hence, Ler) ax x3_3x242x Case2. Denominator Factorable Into Real Linear Factors Some of Which are Repeated. " 24nx - 5 1n(x-1) + 31n (x-2) +c. [21] Evaluate [2 6x2411 x(x-1)3 Assume 2X3 - 6x? + 1ix-2 _a x(x - 1)3 xg of fractions, 2x3 - 6x2 + 11x - 2 = A(x-1)3 4 Bx(x-1)?+ Cx(x-1) + Dx. tix 20, -2 = -A A=2 2 ile 2-6+11-2 = D, p=5 " ting the coefficients of x? in each member, we obtain 2=A+B, B=0 z ing the coefficients of x2 in each member, we obtain -6 = -3A - 2B+C, C=O - S568 ay [= 6x* + 11x are 2, o qiax x(x - 1)3 * e193 = 2inx --—2— +c. 2(x-1)2 4 3 2 Ss 122] Evaluate sede 2X2 eek eel ZeE EO eae (x + 1)(x + 2)2 "+ the integrand the degree of the numerator is 4 while that of nominator is 3. For cases like this where the degree of numerator is equal to or greater than that of the denomina- the first step should be to divide the numerator by the inator until the degree of the remainder is less tham the e of the denominator. Performing the division, we find x4_+ 2x3 - 8x2 - 17x - 6 -x2 + 3x'+ 6 a x-3+ (x + 1)(x + 2) (x + 1)(x + 2)? ox2 4 3x +6 _ A B ic 4 oe. eee Can +2" (442)2 (x + 1)(e +292 + 3x + 6=A(x+2)2 + B(xt1)(x+2) + C(x+1) -1, -1-3+6 = A, A=2 -2, -4-6+6 = -C, ci " = ing powers of x2, we find erin Bere BE + 2x3 — 8x? -17x yee pee peed mean (x #1) (x +2)2 Ng - 31n(x+2) | ecm es x+2Case 3. The Denominator Contains Factors of the Second Degree, But None Are Repeated. [23] Evaiuate foiziest zen ose (x2 ~ 3x) (x2 +4) Assume 9x3 _+ 13x? + 24x + 36 _ A A cx + D (x2 — 3x) (x2 + 4) an ol + ae3/) x2iela 9x3 + 13x? + 24x +36 = A(x-3)(x244) + Bx(x2+4) + (Cx+D)x(x-3) If x If x 0, 36 = -12A A= -3 3, 2434117472436 = 39B B=12 , Equating the coefficients of x3 in each member, we obtain Q=A+B+C, ceo Equating the coefficients of x2 in each member, we find 13 = -3A + D, D= 9x3 + 13x? + 24x +36 foessmateneeose * Oxteny | (C= 20 aeek eee ae (x2 - 3x) (x24 4) x x-3 x244 = -3 Inx + 12 In(x-3) + 2 arctan ¥ + C. [24] Evaluate [este ag 1 + tan39 Let x = tan @. Then dx = sec? 940. sec?9 +1 = 2+tan20 = 24 x2 (sec? 9+ 1)sec29 4) _ toe (x2 +2) ax 1 + tan3 9 L+x3 (14x) (1ox4x2) Assume aileetiy Mee) a | nex sc (14x) (1-x+x2) 1 + 1-x + x2 x2 +2 = A(1 - x + x2) + (Bx4C)(1 + x) If x =-l, 3 = 3A, A=l. Equating the coefficients of x2 in each member, we have 1=A+B, B=0. Equating the coefficients of x in each member, we obtain O=-A+C, Chm 1.WOTE: Henceforth, to save space and avoid repetition, we shall use the symbol $ to indicate the original integral. (x2 + 2) ax 1 1 eae | alee ( cue oweee lo In(x+1) + aa oretan Rhee. vz 2 x 1 = in(x+1) + arctan 2 Vz iacing x by its value x = tan, the original integral becomes +c. = in (tan@ + 1) + arctan 2tan@- 1 + is 3 N3 ] Evaluate fe sin39 - 2sin409 + 8 cos? - 16) C080 ag sin20 (3 - cos?) t=: x = sin@. Then cos2@ = 1 - x?, and cos@d@ = dx. eae 2 ntegral above becomes ie = 2x" +8(1 ~ x = 16 ax x2 (x2 4 2) e the numerator and the denominator have the same degree, we orm the required division, and obtain 2x4 + 3x3 - 8x2 -8 3x3 ~ 4x? atu Space xt 8 ee) eae x (x22) * 2+ AT (x2 +2) 0% x2(x2 4 2) x x242 3x3 - 4x2 -8 = Ax(x2 + 2) + B(x2+ 2) + (cx + D)x? = 0, = 2B, B -4 truating the coefficients of x? in each member, we obtain ‘ -4=B4+D, D=0 iruating the coefficients of x in each member, we obtain 0 = 2a, A=0 the coefficients of x3, we find 3 A+C, ic " w3x3 - 4x2 ~8 =a Seb nan? ag f (m4 4,3 2 I Dideay % 4 ay) x= 4, Zin (x24 2740 -2x4 + 3x3 - 9x2 8 43 ee Reker xe Cee Ss 2 [ x2 (x24 2) ax aaah nix +2) + C. Hence, substituting the value of x = sind, the original integral $ - - 28ind + 4csc 0 + Zin (sin? +2) +c. Case 4. The Denominator Contains Factors of the Second Degree Some of Which are Repeated. [26] Evaiuate [& = I9 = ax 1 = 2x? +1 2 $- fee Bette = fa - — 4x2 jay x4 + 2x2 41 x442x241 2 (x24 1)2 Let ee on cx + D (x2 41)? x2 41 (x241)? x2 = (ax + B)(x2+1) + cx +D Equating coefficients of x3, we have O=A A=0. For the coefficients of x2, we obtain 1=B Bel If x= 0, O=B+D, If x= 1, 1=2B+C+D, 2 a = po - —t Jax = arctan x - ox (x241) ROHL (x241)2 f (x241)2 It will be solved in Problem[52], that ax 1 x Toscan = pArctanx + Soe 7S (x2ezy2 2 AFCtARX + Day TD 2x 14+x2 g - x - 2Arctanx + +C. Ans.2-03 INTEGRATION BY PARTS - Formula 30: /udv = uv ~ free. To apply Formula 30 the given integrand must be split into two arts, u and dv. In choosing u and dv, always remember that 1. dx is always included in dv. 2. It must be possible to integrate dv directly. 3. It is best usually to choose the most complicate? factor as dv. Integration By Parts may be applied to 1, Integrands involving products of different functions. 2. Integrands, involving logarithms. 3. Integrands involving inverse trigonometric functions. {27] Evaluate fan (x2 + a2) ax. Let ou = In (x2 + a2), dv = dx au = —224x vex x24a2 . 2, Jim (x2 + aan = xin (x? + 02) - f 28s x24a2 xin (x? + a2) - 2 fo-3 dex x24a2 xin (x2+ a2) - 2x + 2a Arctan = +. [28] Evaluate frrcsin x ax. u = Arcsinx dv = dx ax au [arrestin x ax x Arcsin x - [= 1-x x Arcsin x - [rx2)“ x ax = xArcsinx - [29] Evaluate [arctan xax. +c. z a onesie av = éx du vex. a * ae = x Arctanx - f xx 1+x " xArctanx - din (1+x2) +c.[30] Evaiuate fx sec? x dx. Let usx av = sec? xdx du = dx v tan x. [x sec? x ax = xtanx - foanxex = x tanx + Incos x +. [31] Evaluate fe sin? mx dx. fx sin? mx dx = feta - cos 2mx)ax = $ fix - xcos 2mx)dx L 1 =e 4%? - 5 | xcos 2mx dx To integrate |x cos 2mx dx, let u = x, dv = cos 2mx dx. Then du = dx, and v = gmein 2mx. [xcos 2mx ax = sin 2mx - + fein 2mx ax =X = Pm Sin 2mx + > cos 2mx + Cy 1 $ = 4x? - £sin amx - Socos 2mx +c. 4m am2 [32] Evaluate J cos xX-In sinx dx. Let u = Insinx dv = cos xdx du = £08 X0x vy = sinx. sinx g = sinx+Insinx - Jcosx dx = sinx-Insinx - sinx + ¢ = sinx(Insinx‘- 1) + ¢. [33] Evaluate [= in nx dx. Let u = innx av = xMax ndx _ ax xmel du = = & ve nx x m+ xt] m+1 m+1 in nx - fF ee fox m+1 m+1'x ~ mad =a xmt1 xm+l = In nx = +c m+1 (m+1)2[94] Evaluate foec3 xdx. Let sec x av = sec? x dx du = secx tanx ax v = tanx. | : foec? xex = sec xtanx - fsecx tan? x ax = secxtanx - /secx (sec?x - 1)dx = secxtanx + /secxdx - |sec?xdx + C! 2 f sec3 xax = sec xtanx + In (sec x + tanx) + C! frecd xdx = } secx tanx + $1n (sec x + tanx) + Cc. [35] Evaluate f csc? x dx. ret u = csex dv = csc? x dx du = - csc xcot xdx v= - cotx [csc3 xax = - csc xcot x - ficotxcsex cot x ax = - ese xcot x - fesex (csc? x - 1) ax = - ese xcot x + fesex ax - focec?x ox +c 2 [cect xax = -esexcotx + In (cscx - cot x) +c! focsc3 xax = - F escxcot x + $ in (ese x - cotx) +c. 136] Evaiuate farctan fx ax. “st Wxk=z or x= 22. dx = 2zdz frretan xdx = 2 f= Arctan z dz u = Arctanz av = zdz fe arctan z dz, = $22 arctan 2 - i [es 1 1 1 = Z22arctanz - 5 | (1 - 1) a 1+ 22 1 = 7 {z2arctanz - z + arctanz] +c!Jfrrctan Vx dx = xArctandx - VX + Arctan Vx + = (x +1) aArctanvx = Wx+c. [37] Bvaiuate fe Arcsin x dx. Let u = Arcsin x av = x2 dx ax 1 au = = 1,3 ae vane x fe Aresinx ax = £ x3arcsin x - 4 f It will be shown in Problem [42] that x3 ax 1 3/2 exer, +=(1 - x2) +c M1 - x2 3 fx Arcsinx dx = 333 Arcsin x + zai x2 - (1-x2)3/2 4 c. [38] Evaluate foi (inx) ax. Let u = sin (1nx) dv = dx au = cos (inx) S$ x. fein ax) dx = xsin (inx) - fics (inx) 6x (1) Consider next [cos (1n x) dx. Let u = cos (1nx) dv = dx du = - sin (inx) & vzx. foes (nx) dx = xcos (1nx) +f sin (1nx) 6x Substituting in Eq- (1), we have fon (in x) ax = x sin (in x) - xcos (1nx) - fein (nx) ax fon (inx) dx = 3x [sin (1nx) - cos (inx)] + ¢. [39] Evaluate fx in? xdx. Let us in?x av = x2 ax du = 21nx 1 v= =x3 gx.3 = 3 (91n? x - 6inx +2) +c. Evaluate fn sinbxdx. [See also page 39 for another of integrating this.] aeereaxs dv = sin bx dx du = ae@% dx 1 V = - $cos bx ax ¢ | Je sin vx ax = - S cospx + 2 [ 22% cos bx ox Tinsider next fe cos bx dx. u = eax dv = cos bx dx du = ae@% ax are V = 5 Sin bx J b J —p Sinbx -= | e in bx dx s ax 2 eax sinvx ax = - cos bx + es e8X sin bx - a e8% sin bx dx 2 ax a e ~ p2? [em sin bx dx = yD (a sinbx - b cos bx) + Cc! eax fem sinbx dx = (asin bx - bcos bx) +c. a24p2[41] Derive the reduction formula foie Sk = Bee pints AcosiA + aol fctnr-2 nan Let uu = sint-lq dy = sina én du = (n-1) sin?-2 cosa dA v= - cosa fsinr aca = - sin®-lacos A + (n-1) J sinn-2 Acos? AdA = - sint-lacosa + (n-1) [sinm-2 a(.-sin2ayan = + sin™-lacosa + (n-1) [einn-2 AGA - (n-1) feinracn (n-141) [ sinna 6a = - sin®-lacosa + (n-1) fsinr-2nan 2-04 TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION- This section deals with integrals involving the three radicals: Va2ou2;, Varad, Vu2- a2 where a is a constant, and u is any algebraic function. The substitution consists of changing the variable or function as follows: When a? - u? is involved, let u = asinA. when Va2 4 u2 is involved, let u = atana. when u2 - a2 is involved, let u = asecA If these substitutions are used, the radical signs disappear. For Va2-u2=aW1- sin2a = acosa War +u2= av + tan2a NV u2 - a2 av sec2a - 1 For other substitutions, see Problems [51]. and [57]. " " asecA atana.3 [42] Evaluate te let x= sinA, dx = cosAdA, and x cosa. in3A cosa da cosA - foind Ada = f-cos?aysin Ada = - cosA + dcos3 a +c ae Vira s ber - 2299? oo, [43] Evaluate ax Va2-x2 a asinA&, dx = acosAda, Va ax acosAdA_ _1 ga 1 asinaracosA a J sina a J SCA 0A 1 1 a == = +C= = a in(csc A - cotA) +C a nly ret x a -WVa2 _ x2 a x [44] Evaluate fal a2 ~ x? ax, let x= asinA, dx = acosada, V x2 = acos A. [fa - x? dx = Ja cosa-a cos AGA = a2 f cos? aaa a? f (1+ cos 2ayan = 2a2(n + dein2ay +c +c a2(A + sin A cosA) +C " Ie Nie le o v > 5 a a a ' + a aad x2 + a2 arcsink + ¢ 2 aac = 2 [45] pvatuate f(a? - x2)9/? ax, 2 et x =asina, dx =acosada, Ya? - x? = acosa foe ~ x2)9/2 ax = fe2cos3 Aracos ada = a4 f[costnan a4 a4 = =f (1+cos 2a)2 4a = 5 f (1+2c082a+cos?2a)aa3/2 4 - Jo2-2) ax = F(a + sinaay + df (1 + cos aayan r a4 a4 = 7 (A + sin2a) + FA + Fosin 4a +c = 24a i 1 = G(ZA + sin2a + > sina) +c 2xV a2 2 sin 2A = 2sinAcosA = sin 4A = 2sin 2Acos 2A = 4sinAcos A(cos2A - sin? a) = Varin? x 4x (a2 - 2x2) Va2— x? a a2 a2 a ‘ 4 Valen? NVa2-n?. f (22-12)9?ax = =a Aresin# 2s 2 x2 x(a?-2x*) a2 =) ae a 2a ives) = qlgza4 Arcsin? + 2a2xVa 1 oF: x(a2-2x2)VYWa2-x2] +c. (a2 ~ x2) Let x = a sina. ax = acosada, “a2— x2 ax acosA GA 1 aa ale adcosin 2? cos2A 1 tana +c = +c = tana +c = —See ee. a2 S2Vazenz ee (47] Evaluate fal a2 + x2 ax. Let x = atana. dx = asec2?ada, Wa2+x2 = aseca. r [lz + x? dx = J a secarasec? Ada = a? J sec3a an From Problem [34], ax [46] Evaluate PaSynsns yo 4 foec? aan = seca tana + $n (sec A + tana) +" Sato ox = oft ate? 1 yy et Nat te = + dan AD 2 5 1+ q 1 2 2 = yWarax2 + Sin (x +Va2sx2) - Fina+ cy 1 = 5 UxVa2ex? + a2in(x+ ¥ a2+x2] 4c. 2FURTHER METHODS OF INTEGRATION CE 31 2 3 [48] Evaluate fx Vatsx? ax. 7 tet x = atana dx = asec2aaa, Var + asec a. ” fe tan? ara sec Asa sec? A dA " a4 J can?a sec3A dA franda seckA aa = f (sec?a- 1)sec3 Ada Jisecd n~ sec? ayaa (1) Tonsider foec’ AGA. tet ou = sec3a dv = sec2a da du = 3sec3 atana 4A, v = tana. frees AGA = tanAsec?aA - af tan? asec AdA From Problem [34], free AGA = Fseca tana + Fain (seca + tana) +c? Substituting values in Eq. (1), we obtain fran? Asec3A 4A = tana sec3a - a fran? Asec? ada > (F seca tana + $ In (secA + tarA)+C'] Thus, 1 1 1 feranta sec3a dA = G7 tanAsec3a - § secAtanA - gin(secA+ tanA) +C Feplacing the functions by their values from the triangle, we have ¥ 3/2 2 Valen? [xeta2 ax = afl x(a2sx?) 1 xVa2ex? _ 1, (xe a2ex? a T+ef : qar+ x2 2 asec’ ASR _ foecaan = In(secA + tana) +C aseca. +c.{so} & x= IE valuate a tan A. [51] Evaluate Let x ax a= 7 dx = asec2a da, a2 + x2 = aseca. pe aa tan2 4 escAcotA da asecZa 4a a2tan? Asa seca , gos2a i a2 sin2,q Cosa 1 Sia > CaCARLCEnI = 2 me f ax 2 N2ax + x2 Nia = 2atan2a, dx = 4atanAsec? Ada. ¥ 2ax+x? = 2atanAseca ax J A 2ax.4x2 in 4a tana sec2a da 23 fae da 2atan?a+2atanAsecA 7 tan2a 2 ae (pe an = 2 fescacot aan 2 J sin2, cosa a 1 N =-tescasc = - 22%, 5 a avx Nos 2 Pax + x2 a 6&2] Evaluate (3d PTZ + era e Let x = tana. = sec?A da, ul poe (x2 4 1)2 sec2 AGA 1 (eae ae aa = afi + cos 2A)aa sect a z 2 1 (a +2 sinaa) +c=2 arctanx + 1.2 ag 2 2 ae = 3 Arctanx + ——*_—_ 4c. ! 2(1 + x2)ax [53] Evaluate Peo) . x = tana. ax = sec?A da. dx sec2a dA J uf . 72a rae! 4 => 2 le +1)3 f sec® a COIN GEN of] Wat SICCE -$fa + 2cos 2A + cos? 2A)aa stas+teinzasi fia anya =] qsin2a + 5 J (1 + cos 4a)@n 3 1 1 = gA + q sin2a + 35 sin4a +c sin 2a = 2sinAcosa = —% 1 + x2 = x2. 4x (1 = x2 sin4A © 2ein2Acoe2a = 2.22.1 == . 4x (1 = xo) 1+x2 14x? (1 + x2)2 2 — 2. = Farctanx + —*— yes Glexe) aes (x2 + 173 2(1+x2) (1 +x2)2 Wx2_22 [54] Evaluate a x = aseca. dx = asecAtanA dA, ¥ x2 - a2 = atana, aoe tan2a [SE oes fated a secn tam ons [atta a2sec2 a seca 2 eae = cemeee sec A - sinA + In (secA + tanA) + Cc" - we se eh wt Lf " Dect - So +n (x + x? - a?) + ce * x ax [55] Evaluate =. - xaf 9x2 -4 ie 2 = aa let 3x = 2secA. ax = ZsecA tana 4A, 9x2 _ 4 = 2tana. XV 9: = secA 2tanA a 3x, = ZArcsec > + C. 2 ax it pecs slven ENE ee ec x2 4 s 12x Vax2_ [56] Evaluate f Sx : Z| rae 4x2 - 25 Sane 5 Let 2x = 5secA. Ox = ZsecAtanA dA, 4x2-25 = 25 tan2a. I ox Zsec Atana da eeclA 4x2 - 25 25tan2a tof tan cos A 1 = : aa = 1 10 [Sina een 10 J co aa 1 2x - 8 = 7p In(escA - cotA) + C = ~1n (—=———) + G 79 19 Vax? 25 ax [57] Evaluate . xV x2 -2ax Let x = 2asec2a. ax = 4asec?a tanada, V x2-2ax = 2a secA tana. ax 4asec? atana dA _ af oa x Vx2- 2ax 2asec?a-2asecAtanA “J seca =f ae a cos A dA = ZsinA + C a 2 ~i Vaz ,, . Vox, a. vz ax 2-05 ALGEBRAIC SUBSTITUTION. . Many integrals may be evaluated using a new variable, say z, in place of the original variable. The following examples illustrate the concept. [58] Evaluate if ax x+2+%xe2- Let Vx+2=2. x+2= 22, ax = 22 dz. dz Z+1 ax 2zdz —H -J/z - e2in(z+1)+c le an 2in(¥x+2+1) +c.dx [59] Evaluate — xin2x 1+ ink V1+inx = 2. Inx = 22-1, ox 2z az on p= |[——““_ _2 2 2 xin?x 4/1 + inx (22 - 1)2z (2 uy Tinsider f daz (22 ~ 1)2 z= seca. dz = secA tanA 4A, 22-1 = tan? feroatennce iffeccantneenton tan4 a 2 = [SOSA an = froera csc a dA sin3a = J (ese2a - 1) csca dA = f (ese3s - ese ayaa 1 = - 3 csc AcotA + din (escA - cot A) ~ In(csc A - cot A) +c! 1 1 = - 3 csc Acot A - 51n (cscA - cot A) +c’ 1 -zin a 2 a 2 160] Evaluate Eevee ax. x=1- 22, dx = - 2z dz. = f=) z (-2zdz) = - 2 Ja 22)2 22 ae a 2 f (22-204 +2842 2-12-25, dar) +0 3/2_ = -203(1-x) Fa??? + Ly?) 4 0,[61] Evaluate fix + b)Mx ax. = ei ae Let ax + bez. x= 5(z-b), ax = 5 az. fn mele 1 1 Jtoxs vymxax f a (eb) Daz = ff (om pam ae =m? _ pet a2 m42 m+ «i, (ax+b)™+2 — » (ax+b)m+l Moe a2 m+2 m+1 i [62] Evaluate = eax: x Let x1 x= 22-1, dx = 22 dz. Vx ‘ aeons eege ee a f+ paz = 22 + f(t - ye, zany zai = 1) ~ in(ze+ 1) +c T+ in TRH -4 x: 2 — SS Vee i+i Sie ta ce can: z+1 [63] Evaluate far + VX ax. wee Mit Wea Vee? 5, § = AP? dx = 2(z2 - 1) 22dz = 4z (22 - 1) az. Ih Ravan few (22-1)az = 4 J (24-22)02 a 4G 25-423) at 4 4 gl +e? - 501 4 fey/? 4c. 164] Fvaluate J arcsin Let x =a sina. dx = 2asinA cosA dA. i z J avcsin [2 ax = J arceing joists + 2a sinA cosA dA = 2a f Arcsin cosA+sinAcos A dA2 = Arcsin cosA, dv = sinAcosA dA ; 1 = —7sina da ae 2 dia ea ee aa. Woop cine a i ~ cos? a aresin, = 2a [5 sin2ararcein cosa + el sin? aaa] = asin2ararcsincos A + 3 if (1-cos 2a) 6A = a sin? aearcsincosA +2, - 3 cinva ac z x e = a2 arcsin fr-% + 3 arcsing/= y= x fee -% a a fa Pe ik = xaresin,/* + = § Arcsings - 5 Vax - x2 4c. Ni+x+ Vi-x Evaluate U aia Too Tig + Vie ge {fix Ai + VTE les Were dre fe ee — fas aV tux? (vir = os ae ae 3 ax 6x vis aly