Failures, Maintenance, and Rehabilitation of I.

Road surface maintenance - Unlike

Transportation Infrastructure construction involving high volume of work,
TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE maintenance operation, deals with small amount of
It is the underlying system of public works work at separate locations. Road
designed to facilitate movement. maintenance requires speed performance to
Common Types of Transportation cause the least possible disruption and danger
Infrastructures: to traffic.
1. Roads 4. Ship Canals Maintenance operation requires:
2. Railways 5. Ports 1. For Gravel Roads - blading and periodic
3. Bridges and Tunnels 6. Airports Runways re-shaping or resurfacing is a routine
HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE periodic maintenance activity.
Highway maintenance begins just after the 2. For Surface Treatment - of low type
construction, reconstruction or rehabilitation of the bituminous pavement, maintenance could be
roadway facilities. patching, seal coating, remixing and relaying.
As defined by AASHTO: “Maintenance 3. For Slick Asphalt Surface - roughening,
is the preservation and keeping of each burning or non-skid seal is required.
type of roadway, roadside, structures and 4. For Concrete Road - maintenance could
facilities as nearly as possible in its be removal and replacement or filling of
original condition as constructed or as damage areas. Sometimes joint sealing or
subsequently improved the operation of highway mid-jacking or undersealing is relatively common
facilities and service to provide satisfactory and safe maintenance work.
transportation.” II. Shoulder and approach maintenance -
Objective of Highway Maintenance Maintenance of the shoulder and approaches of the
1. Highway programs and activities are measured highway is governed by the surface characteristics
by the amount of expenditures for construction of in the area.
new facilities and reconstruction of new existing 1. Sod shoulders should be removed and
structure with the aim of keeping up with the traffic periodically bladed down to the roadway
demand. elevation to avoid entrapment of water in the
2. Maintenance has its own role: by giving priority traveled way.
to local, rural and urban facilities particularly the 2. Grass prevents shoulder erosion. If necessary,
paving and rehabilitation after the construction has fertilized, re-seeded, or treated to keep them in
been completed. good conditions.
3. Maintenance is focus on the do betterment 3. Grave and earth shoulder should be maintained
projects. It includes grading and paving for short by blading under favorable weather conditions.
alignment changes, to correct steep grades 4. Rutting or setting of the shoulder should be
or sharp curves, re-surfacing and mulching, corrected at once by reconstruction or re-surfacing.
planting, flood and erosion control.
Maintenance is categorized into:
 Other maintenance included under this 4. Re-surfacing of rough or slicky deck surface.
5. Correct serious scour around the pier and
category:
abutments.
6. Most bridges maintenance is considered
A. Maintenance of Roadside
specialized work. Traveling crews exclusively for
The type and kind of roadside maintenance depends
bridges work alone is a function of the maintenance
upon the following conditions:
operations.
1. If the roadside is full of grass, mowing closer to
7. Concrete bridge decks normally
the shoulder is the answer. If necessary, grass at
deteriorate due to deicing salts. The
the roadside be fertilized or treated with lime. In
problem starts when the sat penetrates and
some areas, re-seeding maybe required.
corrodes the reinforcing steel that spall-off the
2. If the roadside has dry grass considered as fire
overlaying concrete.
hazard, burning or plowing is the solution.
8. Correction is to remove the concrete, clean the
3. If brushes cover the black-slope, trimming is
steal and apply new material such as polymer
necessary to maintain clearance and sight distance.
concrete.
A. Maintenance of Roadside
9. Sometimes seal-out or overlay of asphalt
The Indigenous Machine used for Roadside
materials are used as protective covering.
Maintenance a.Mechanical sod cutter
10. Check the bridge deck deterioration by:
b.Combined seed and fertilizer spreader.
a) Applying waterproof membranes.
c.Power mowers
b) Applying latex modified concrete.
d.Portable grass cutter
c) Impregnating the deck with polymers.
e.Bush mower
d) Passing electric current through reinforcing steel.
f.Bush chopper
11. If decks are dismantled, an epoxy coated
B.Drainage Maintenance
reinforcing steel may be used.
1. Cleaning of ditches, culvert, drop inlets and catch
IV. Traffic services
basins to accommodate free flow of water.
Maintenance operations of highway includes the
2. Removal of sediments, branches and
traffic services like:
other debris gathered at trash racks,
1. Stripping is a continuing function
culvert and structures entrances.
2. Repair of road signs
3. Repair of eroded channels and dikes.
3. Maintenance of street and highway light and
4. Riprap and bank protection to prevent
signals. (sometimes the functions of the
recurrence.
government)
III. Bridge maintenance
4. Coping up with emergencies. Personnel on
1. For steel bridge structure, the routine
patrol to keep the road open and rescue stranded
maintenance calls for cleaning by sandblasting,
vehicles.
flame or other means of re-painting.
REHABILITATION - Pavement rehabilitation is an
2. Cleaning and re-sealing of deck joints that are
activity primarily to provide god riding and skid
extruded or filled with dirt.
resistance or to improve the structural effectiveness
3. Repair of drainage handrails.
of the pavement. The FHWA defined
rehabilitation as:
“Resurfacing, restoration and rehabilitation work,
restoring to the original safe usable condition
without addition to the original capacity.”
According to AASHTO, the primary objectives
of pavement rehabilitations are:
1. To improve the smoothness of the road surface.
2. To extend the pavement life.
3. To improve the skid resistance to the road.
4. To construct the sections with poor foundations.
5. To improve the drainage facilities.
Restoration and rehabilitation work include:
1. Replacement of defective joints.
2. Repair of spalled joints
3. Substantial pavement work.
4. Reworking or strengthening of sub-base.
5. Recycling existing materials to improve their
structural integrity.
6. Adding under drains.
7. Improving shoulders
8. Removing and replacing deteriorated materials.
GEOMETRIC DESIGN FORHIGHWAYS
I. Design speed - is defined by the AASHTO
Green Book as: The maximum safe speed that
can be maintained over a specified section of
highway when conditions are so favorable that
the design features of the highway govern.
Design Speed Considerations
 Functional classification of the highway
 Character of the terrain
 Density and character of adjacent land uses
 Traffic volumes expected to use the highway
 Economic and environmental considerations
Design Speed(suggested minimum design
speed)
Rural Arterials
 60 –120 kph (40-75 mph)
 Depends on …
 Terrain
 Driver expectancy
 Alignment (reconstruction)
Urban
 Locals 20-30 mph
 Collectors 30 mph+
 Arterials 30-60 mph
II. HORIZONTAL Alignment - A horizontal road
alignment is a usually series of straights
(tangents) and circular curves. Transition
curves are often used to join straight sections
smoothly into circular curve sections.
Horizontal tangents - are described in terms of
their lenghts (as expressed in the stationing of the
job) and their direction.
Horizontal Curves - are one of the two important
transition elements in geometric design for
highways (along with Vertical Curves). A horizontal
curve provides a transition between two tangent
strips of roadway, allowing a vehicle to negotiate a
turn at a gradual rate rather than a sharp cut.
Transition curves - are traditionally used as a
geometric elements between the straight and the
circular arc or between two circular arcs with
different radii.
III. Superelevation is the transverse slope provided
to counteract the effect of centrifugal force and
reduce the tendency of vehicle to overturn and
to skid laterally outwards by raising the
pavement outer edge with respect to inner
edge. Superelevation is represented by“e”.