LOBJECTIVE: 2.APPARATUS: 3.THEORY: ‘To study the hydraulic brake system and it’s principle and operation as it is commonly being used in most of the vel Model of hydraulic brake system and it's circuit diagram. The function ofa vehicle’s brake is to stop or slow it down when ‘moving oF to prevent it from moving when it is stationary. All brake system depend upon the force of friction for their operation as it always acts opposite to the force producing the motion. To wicontrol the speed of the vehicle or to lock it? brake shoe is made to rub against the wheel rim by a system of levers between the operating handles and the shoe. This serves to increase the effectiveness of the brake action, Brake lining is fastened to the outside surface of each shoes to increase the coefficient of the friction and to prevent the ‘wearing away of the material. Friction between the drum surface and the shoe lining serves to stop or to slow down the drum. A retracting spring draws the shoes away from the cam is moved to release the piston. Most of the vehicles has two independent brake system: (i) Asservice brake operated by the foot pedal ; (ii) A parking or emergency brake operated by a hand ora foot lever, Brakes are classified according to the method of applying brake shoe to the revolving brake drum as (i) internal expanding and (ii) external contracting. They are also classified as (i) mechanical and (ii) hydraulic brakes, according to whether the breaking force is transferred to the brake shoe by the means of mechanical linkage or by hydraulic pressure. 3.1 HYDRAULIC BRAKE: In hydraulic brake the pedal force is transmitted to the brake shoe by means of a confined liquid called "brake fluid” .The force applied to the pedal is multiplied and transmitted to the brake shoe by a system of force transmission based on Pascal’s principle . The principle states that ‘confined liquid transmit pressure without any Joss equally in all direction”. 3.1(a) COMPONENT OF HYDRAULIC BRAKING SYSTEM: 2 (i) Master cylinder and wheel eylinder: This consists essentially of a master cylinder and piston, which is connected by tubing usually stee! to hydraulic wheel cylinders at each of the four wheels as shown in the figure-Gi) Gi) Gi) 3.1(b) ‘The pistons of these cylinders move out to apply the pressure to the wheel brakes. ‘The system is fitted under light pressure when the brakes are not in operation. The liquid is usually a mixture of glycerin and alcohol and some additives. BRAKE DRUMS Each wheel brake comprises a cylindrical brake drum which is mounted to the inner side of the wheel and revolves with it. Brake drums are cylindrical members, the outside end of which are closed and the inside open to admit the brake shoe. The brake drums are made of cast iron, cast iron and steel, steel chrome nickel. They generally included ribs or fins on the outside of the braking surface to aid the surface heat. BRAKE SHOES: Brake shoes are mounted inside the brake drum and do not rotate the shoes are fitted with a heat and wear resistant brake lining on the outer surface. Brake usually contains two shoes—(a) a primary shoe on the left (b) and the secondary shoe on the right side. These shoes are semicircular segments of steel with a lining of specially treated asbestos riveted or cemented on the outer side of the bearing surface. Some brake shoes have molded brake lining. BRAKE PEDAL: ‘The service brake pedal is linked to the master cylinder by the means of the piston rod. OPERATION OF HYDRAULIC BRAKES: ‘When the driver presses the pedal the master cylinder piston is forced into the cylinder. Thus increasing the pressure on the eylinder and pressing the entire hydraulic system under considerable pressure. This pressure is conducted instantaneously to the whee! eylinder in each,of the Prot wheel brakes. The fluid pressure in the wheel cylinder forces their piston outwards. These pistons inura forces the brake shoes out again to the brake drum. Since the mechanical advantage of their cylinder is high . tne] force against the pedal will produce relatively a large force agsinst the brake shoes, resulting ina very little movement ‘of the wheel cylinder piston and shoes.When the driver releases the brake pedal, the pressure in the hydraulic system immediately drops to its original low value. This pressure drop permits a return spring in the master cylinder to return this piston and brake pedel to their original position and allows retracting springs on the wheel brakes to pull the brake shoes out of contact with the brakes drums into their original psitions. At the same time these retracting sprinngs on the whee! brakes help to force the wheel pistons back to their original inward positions. The movement of the wheel piston returns fluid to the master cylinder. All the modern hydraulic wheel brakes of the drum type have a “self energizing” or servo features in which the force of the rotating drum is utilized to increase the brake pressure. This results that both shoes are forced into tighter contact with the drum and braking pressure is more. 4.,BRAKE REQUIREMENTS Brakes act to convert the kinetic or speed energy of the vehicle to heat energy by means of the brake contact surfaces. The braking power must be proportional to the weight and speed of the veichle. This power depends upon the coefficient of friction between the friction brake members , th pressure that forces them together, the total area of contact surfaces and the resistance of the time of sliding on the road. 5.BRAKE OPERATION EFFICIENCY Brake operates most efficiently when they are applied so that the wheels do not quite lock but continue to turn without slipping on the road. This is because more energy can be absorbed when the wheels are turning than when the brake lock the wheel so that the times slide on the road in addition locked brakes cause excessive wear.FRONT BRAKES. J Fig.” ~ . Hydraulic broke system. REAR BnaKes Fier Fane By ~ Pro Poy feta Sri, nl Fir — F we 7A Ui Lines: E ze ol fc vo cool Piston Frimary Cup ROU Chacy Set Secon ap fit hc Schematic view’ of master cylinder operating: parts. 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