MODEL OF FUEL SUPPLY SYSTEM OF

PETROL ENGINE
1.0 OBJECTIVE:

To study the fuel supply system ofa petrol engine of an automobile.

2.0 INTRODUCTION:

In order to supply a proportionate combustible mixture of air and fuel to the

engine, a fuel supply system is used. The system should be such as to supply high
volumetric efficiency fuels with correct ratio and density to the engine cylinders
for good engine operation. For proper engine running, the mixture supplied must
have proportions of air and fuel. To suit the requirements of the engine under
different operating conditions of varying proportions of air and fuel (rich and
leaner), the engine must be supplied with comparatively rich mixture or
comparatively high proportion of fuel when it is cold and is being cranked for
starting. The mixture should also be enriched for acceleration and high speed or
full load or full performance operation. For supplying these varying requirements
of fuels of the engine a fuel system having components like fuel tank, fuel pump,
fuel filter, carburettor with air cleaner, intake manifolds, fuel lines for connecting
the tank etc. is used.

The fuel system of an internal combustion engine is intended to produce a

combustible mixture composed of the fuel stored in the fuel tank and the
atmospheric air, and then deliver both to the cylinders. Petrol Engine use light
grade gasoline fuel.

For the supply of füel from the fuel tank to the engine cylinder, different fuel feed
systems are used viz. (a) Gravity systems, (b) Air pressure system, (c) Suction and
gravity system, (d) Pump system, (e) Petrol injection system () Electronic f
injection system and () Multi point fuel injection system.

The basic supply systems in an automobile with petrol engine consists of a fuel
tank, fuel lines, fuel pump, fuel filter, air cleaner, carburetor, inlet manifold and
supply & returm pipelines.

Now a days only pump system and fuel injection systems are in use. However we
have provided you a model board based on the pump system-using carburetor.

3.0 PUMP SYSTEM:

Amongst all the listed above, the fuel supply by a fuel pump is very common, and
is almost universally adopted on all petrol engine vehicles. In this system a fuel
pump is used to supply petrol from the petrol tank to the carburetor. The fuel
 Now-a-days ncitner
used may be of mechanical or clectrical type.
pump and bellow type of mechanical pumps
mechanical nor electrical but diaphragm
are being used.

Filler plug Hose

Air cleaner

Front

Fuel tank Engine

Fuel pump
Carburetor

Rigid pipeline
AUTOMOBILE
FUEL SUPPLY SYSTEM OF AN
into the
steel the fuel pump, which pumps it
pipe carries petrol to
in this
system, a If the fuel pump is
float chamber of the carburetor through a flexible pipe.
camshaft and hence placed on the
mechanical, it has to be drive from the engine
fuel pump can be placed anywhere,
engine itself. However, electrically operated the tendency of forming
the rear location (away from the hot engine) reducing
vapour lock. When the engine is in to (started),
cranked vacuum is produced inside the
fill the vacuum through the air cleaner.
cylinder. The atmospheric air rushes fuel
also starts sucking the petrol from the
At the same moment, the fuel pump
air and the petrol reaches to the
tank through the rigid pipeline. Thus the
carburetor simultaneously.
the petrol and mixes it
Carburetor is the main device in this system. It vaporizes
the requirements of operating
with air in desired proportions depending upon
conditions. The charge (air + fuel mixture) now flows into the cylinder when the
inlet valve opens. It is ignited by spark that occurs due to an ignition system.

4.0 COMPONENTS OF FUEL SUPPLY SYSTEM:

In a fuel system different components are used to supply fuel

from the fuel tank
fuel
into the engine cylinder. Some of the important components are fuel tank,
intake manifold and fuel lines or tubes connecting
pump, fuel filter, carburettor,
the tank, pumps and carburettor.

Fuel Tank:

A fuel tank may be located at the rear, in the middle, or on the front of a 4-
wheeler. In any case it must be located away from the engine. The location of fuel
tank deserves careful considerations so as to protect it from fire hazard, collisions
 and spilling of fuel. They are fabricated from sheet metal of steel or alum1nium
alloy.
Fuel Filters:

The fuel is filtered at different stages in a fuel supply system. Therefore, many
fuel filters are used in the fuel circuit. The fuel filters serve the purpose of
filtration in the fuel delivery system by preventing foreign particles from entering
into the uel pump and the carburettor. The modern filtration particle employs a
combination of coarse and fine filters. The filter is either fitted inside the fuel tank
or operates as a separate unit connected between the fuel tank and pump or
between pump and carburettor into the fuel lines.

The fuel filter used is generally a sediment bowl made of glass or, metal and a
strainer screen. When the fuel drawn from the tank passes through the Tilter
(through the bowl and strainer screen), particles of dirt and water settle in the
bottom of bowl.

Fuel Piping and Hoses:

The rigid tubing's are made of copper or aluminium. Copper tubing's with brass
end-fittings are more common. These pipelines connect those parts, which are to
be attached to the chassis frame and the vehicle's structure. Small metal clips,
lined with rubber, support the fuel pipes. These protect the pipes against vibration,
and isolate the pump noise from being transmitted to the interior of the vehicle.

Different types of hoses alongwith their end connections

(a) Constructional details of A.C. mechanical fuel pump, and (b) lower motion of the
diaphragm initialtes suction stroke when the rocker arm is lifted up by the eccentric
 g E I

i
 In its operation, a mechanical pump receives motion from an eccentric on the
camshaft. The eccentric imparts oscillating motion to the rocker arm. A spring
connected to this am helps in quieter operation. The oscillation of rocker arm is
transmitted to the diaphragm via push pull rod. In operation, the diaphragm
depresses-down and creates vacuum inside the pump chamber. The atmospheric
air present in the fuel tank rushes to fill in this vacuum as vacuum pressure is less
than the atmospheric pressure. In doing so, the air causes flow of fuel into the
pump from the tank. The lower motion of the diaphragm forms suction (or intake)
stroke and causes the inlet valve to open.

At the end of suction stroke the inlet valve closes, and the outlet valve now opens
when the diaphragm executes delivery stroke. The delivery is performed under the
influence of diaphragm return spring, the loading of which thus determines the
delivery pressure of fuel supply to the carburettor.

Air Cleaner:

In order to prevent the rapid wear and tear of engine operating component causing
reduced performance air cleaner is fitted to the carburettor air intake. It is
mounted on the carburetor, air horm for trapping dirt. Before entering the
carburetor, the air must pass through it. To reduce the nose produced by the air
rushing into the carburetor, silencing chamber is built into the air cleaner. In case
the engine misfires back through the carburetor, it acts as the flame arrestor.

There are in general three types of the aircleaners used in modern automobiles as
(a) oil bath air cleaner, (b) oil wetted mesh air cleaner and (c) dry type air cleaner.
The first two are also known as heavy duty air cleaner while third is light duty air
cleaner.

Carburettor:

Carburettor is a mixing device to supply the engine, with the air fuel mixtures. It
atomizes and vaporizes the fuel and mixes it with air in varying proportions to
meet the changing operating conditions of automotive
engines. It has to perform
the following operations under different operation conditions:
(a) To measure and supply the proper quantity and proportion of air and fuel at
correct strength under all conditions load and
specd of the engine of car and
fuel for (i) starting it easily from cold (ii)
providing a rich mixture for slow
idling (iti) providing a rich mixture for acceleration (iv) providing a rich
mixture for high specd (v) providing a rich mixture for low
speed, hill work
(6) To operate satisfactorily when cold
(c) To operate satisfactorily when hot
(d) To operate satisfactorily both on level and hills
(c) To overcome air cleaner restrictions
() To withstand vibrations and road jorks
 (8) To maintain a small reserve of fuel ata constant head
(h) To vaporize the fuel for preparing a homogenous air fuel mixture.

or an
ASimple carburetor is unable to meet the widely varying requirements
engine, therefore commercial carburetors are employed to serve the purposes.

Some of the important carburetors used in modern automobiles carburetors. Solex,

are: Zenith,
S..and H.S., Carter, Mikuni, Stromberg, Spaco and Jetex Solex
carburetor is the one which is shown the model.

XSolex Carburettor:
It is a down draught tYpe or
OIex carburetor is used in Fiat cars and willys jeep. when the engin has reached
carburetor. In order to supply richer fuel for starting
s normal operating conditions necessitating its gradual weakening a special

provision for a progressive starter is used with it.

Emulsion tube Alr comectionjet
Alr
Starting
|Pedal Pilot alr bleed
Starter
alr Jet Acceleration
Slarting cirauit
clraull Acceleratlon

AA Vent hole
pump

ARAR
eEk=-= Cerburottor float
Pump e

Spraying kdling circuit Mein et

ortioe
Spraying Pump
nozzle Inlel valve
Normal
Running dircult Pump lever
Starting
valve Slow running hole
disc
Throlile valve
AAAAAAA

Acceleralion pedal

dling
Starting
pasg
passage

ldling volume control

Alr fuel Screw

mixturo_

Solex Carburettor
main jet carrier screwed or integral with the body. The float
of
It consists a

chamber supplies the petrol passing through a metering jet. The petrol supply
to
the horizontal disposed channel leading to the main jet and the spraying
assemblies is metered by it. From the main jet, the metered petrol passes into the
calibrated
emulsion tube. Here the petrol meets the air drawn downward via the
annulus
air correcting jet. Now it passes out through the small holes into the
forming emulsion with the petrol. The resulting mixture rising to four or five large
 spraying orifices makes the emulsion to catch up in tne ma1n sucan w
along the throttle. po

The petrol drawn from the main jet results in the

and passing through idling jet, it goes into a vertically
effect. Turning
idlingdisposed channel upwards
where it
meets a measured volume of air entering through the air blecd. Now the resultant
emulsion descends to the screw controlled idling effect.
The duct or by pass acts as an air bleed upon the idling petrol and air supply when
the throttle is in the idling position. It also presents over richness when actually
idling. However when the orifice resulting in both orifices to function as delivery
orifice. The output from the main jet and venturi in the transfer position between
idling and main supplies is enriched proportionally by it. The lean portion in air
fuel ratio graph is also prevented by it.

To ensure maximum take up, an acceleration pump is carried in the carburetor as

shown in the side view. A lean mixture is resulted due to faster increase of airflow
than the supply of petrol through the main jet when the throttle is rapidly opened.
During the short period of opening the throttle, a pump is provided to give an
extrainjection of petrol through
it to increase the strength. The pump 1s
mixture
either engaged by change in vacuum or through a mechanical link with throttle.

A starting jet metered by the metering jet to fill the well around the jet is provided
with Solex carburetor. The well should always remain filled up to the level of the
float chamber. During the closed throttle starting, a disc is turned in the shown
position. It also.connects the well and the air jet through a space with the inlet
manifold. A
tremendous rich mixture is provided during the first revolution due to
heavy suction in the inlet manifold resulting in sucking out of jet, the petrol and
air through the air jet. As soon as more petrol flows out of the well in comparison
to the supply from the metering jet, the well will become empty. Therefore, the
petrol supply should be restricted toth amount being supplied by the metering et.
In this way the mixture strength which is about 1:1 in the initial revolutions will
be reduced to about 1:8 by this restriction avoiding the flooding of the cylinders.

Both main jet and the starting jet should remain in action to reduce the mixture
strength to 1:10 or 1:11 when the throttle is opened. By rotating the disc. The
starter should be completely closed for 1 or 2 minutes. Now the carburetor with a
mixture strength of 1:13 and 1:16 works on the main jet supply.

5.0 RESULT:

of petrol engine of an automobile have been

Model of fuel supply system
visualized and studied.