Petrol Engine Fuel Supply System

Function

• To supply air fuel mixture as per the required quantity

and required air fuel ratio to the engine.

Types of Fuel supply systems

1. Gravity System

2. Pressure System

3. Vacuum System

4. Pump System

5. Petrol Injection System

3
 Gravity System

• Fuel tank is mounted above the carburettor

• Fuel flows from the tank to carburettor

• This is due to gravitational force

• It doesn't require fuel pump

• It is used in two wheelers

9A304.49 4
Figures shows Gravity fuel supply system
used in two wheelers

5
 Pressure System

• Pressure sealed tank is used

• Air pressure is created in the tank by air pump

• Air pump runs by cam shaft

• Fuel flows from tank to carburettor

• This is due to air pressure

• The tank may be place above or below the carburettor

6
Vacuum System

• Fuel flows from main tank to auxiliary tank

• This is due to Engine Suction Pressure

• Fuel flows from auxiliary tank to Carburettor

7
Pump System

• Pump is used to supply fuel from tank to Carburettor

• Pump is driven by Mechanically/Electrically

• Fuel tank can be placed at any position

8
Pump System

9
Fuel Injection System

• Fuel injection pump is used instead of carburettor.

• Pump supplies the fuel to the Injectors.

• Injectors delivers the fuel into air stream of the

engine cylinder.

• Separate injectors are used for each cylinder

10
Location of fuel tank
 The location fuel tank incase of a car is under the chassis as a car generally
uses pump feed system.

11
 Materials Used for Fuel Tank
 It is made of steel or aluminum alloy sheet.
 Steel tank is used usually coated inside with a
lead –Tin alloy to protect against the
corrosion.
 Synthetic rubber compounds and flames
resistant fiber reinforced plastics have also
been employed to make fuel tank by
moulding.

12
Fuel Tank
 It is used to store the fuel
 Fuel tank is divided into inter connected compartments by
baffle plates
 This arrangements produces surging of fuel on account of
sudden braking or cornering
 The cap over the fuel filler tube is vented to atmosphere
 So that pressure inside the tank is equal to atmosphere.

13
 Fuel tank

 In present vehicle the fuel tank is vented to a vapour

recovery system.

 This for reducing air pollution caused by evaporation of

fuel from the tank.

 Fuel tank contain float unit of fuel gauge.

9A304.50 14
 Fuel tank
 Copper or steel tubes are used for connecting fuel tank with pump and the

pump with carburetor.

 The tube connecting the fuel tank and pump is fastened rigidly to the frame or

body.

 The first and last portion generally consist of a flexible tube that joints that

rigid line to the fuel tank or pump.

 This flexible tube allows the fuel tank to oscillate with the body and pump,

without breaking or loosing the fuel line.

15
Function of Fuel filter
The function of a fuel filter is to filter the fuel before being supplied to the
carburetor or to the fuel injection system of the engine.

There are several types of filters used for this purpose.

 According to the type of casing the filter uses
1. Plastic inline filters
2. Metallic inline filters
 According to the filtering element
1. Paper filtering element
2. Fabric filters
3. Open cell rubber filters 16
According to the filtering element

• Paper filtering element

• Fabric filters

• Open cell rubber filters

17
 Paper filtering elements

 Out of all these types paper filters are popular and

most commonly used.

 These filtering elements are made of Special micro-

fibre paper impregnated with phenolic resin ensures
high mechanical, thermal and chemical stability of the
filters resulting in high wet strength and stability.

9A304.51 18
Requirements of a fuel filter

 To protect fuel system from contaminants

 Ensure long and trouble-free engine life

 Easy to clean

 Easy to maintain

 Cheap

19
Some filtering elements from MICO

20
Exploded view of a Fuel filter

21
Location of filter in a LCV petrol engine

22
PVC inline petrol filter Petrol filters in a two wheeler
and a light vehicle

23
Types of Paper filter Elements Different types of filtering elements

24
 Fuel lines

 The fuel lines or fuel pipes used carry fuel in the engine
fuel system.

 There are two types of pipes used namely

• Metal pipes
• Flexible rubber pipes

 These pipes are provided with suitable end connections

according to the attention needed during maintenance.

9A304.51 25
Fuel lines used in a fuel system Flexible Fuel lines used in a fuel system

26
Fuel Pump

 It is used to pump the fuel from the tank to

the carburetor .

Types of fuel pumps

Mechanical fuel pump

Electrical fuel pump

27
Mechanical Fuel Pump

28
 Mechanical Fuel Pump
 The diaphragm is made up of high grade
cotton impregnated with synthetic rubber.
 The valves are made up of bakelite which
being lighter keeps the inertia stress
minimum.
 The drive for the pump is taken from
camshaft means of eccentric.
 The eccentric operates the rocker arm
which in turn diaphragm return spring
pushes the diaphragm up and down.

29
 Downward movement of the diaphragm
causes vacuum in the chamber.

 It causes the inlet valve to open and the fuel

enters into the fuel pump chamber

 Upward movement of the diaphragm causes

the inlet valve to close while the outlet valve
opens.

 Then the fuel goes out to the carburetor

float chamber.
30
Electrical Fuel Pump

Fig. 3

31
 Electrical Fuel Pump

 In this type also diaphragm is

used.

 Alternate vacuum and pressure

are produced.

 This is due to the moment of

the diaphragm which is caused
electrically.

 Closing the ignition switch

energizes the solenoid winding. 32
 Electrical Fuel Pump
• In turn magnetic flux is generated which pulls the
armature to which the diaphragm is attached.

• Diaphragm moves to cause suction in the pump chamber

and fuel is drawn into the chamber.

• As soon as the armature moves it interrupts the electric

supply by disconnecting the break points.

• Then the solenoid is de-energized and the armature falls

back.

• Which causing the diaphragm to moves to create

pressure in the pump chamber.

33
Electrical fuel pump

 In turn outlet valves opens and the fuel goes out to

the carburetor float chambers.

 This movement of the armature completes the

circuit again and the solenoid again gets energized
 Whole cycle is again repeated and the fuel continues
to be pumped.

 Electrical pump need not wait for the engine to

start.

 It start operating immediately as the ignition is

switched on.
34
Factors Effect The Process of Carburetion

 Time available for preparation of mixture

 Temperature of the incoming air into the carburetor

 Quality of the fuel is supplied

 Design of the carburetor and intake manifold

 Design of the combustion chamber of engine

cylinder and head.

35
Carburetor

 It is a device used in petrol fuel supply system.

 It keeps a small reserve of petrol at a constant head.

 It atomizes and vaporizes the petrol.

 It mixes the vaporized petrol with air to the engine

cylinder.

36
 Carburetor
 It is a device used in petrol fuel supply system.

 It keeps a small reserve of petrol at a constant head.

 It atomizes and vaporizes the petrol.
 It mixes the vaporized petrol with air to the engine cylinder.
 It supplies the air petrol mixture in different ratios as per engine
requirement.
 During the suction stroke vacuum is created in the cylinder.
 It causes the air to flow to the carburetor and the fuel to be spray
from the fuel jets. 37
 Air Fuel Ratios for different Operating
Conditions of the Engine

Idling : 12.5 A\f

Normal power : 16.5 A\f

Maximum power : 13 A\f

9A304.54 38
Diagram of a Simple Carburetor

Fig 1.Simple carburettor

39
Carburetor

40
Simple carburetor

41
Working of a Simple Carburetor

It consists of a
• Float chamber

• Nozzle with metering orifice

• Venturi

• Throttle valve

• Float and needle valve

42
Working of a Simple Carburetor

 It maintains a constant height of petrol in the float chamber.

 Float chamber is vented to the atmosphere.
 During suction stroke air is drawn through the venturi tube.
 Venturi has a minimum cross section at the throat.
 Tip of the discharge jet is located in the throat of the venturi tube.
 Due to pressure difference fuel discharges in to air stream.
 Rate of flow is metered by the size of smallest section in fuel
passage.
43
 Carburetor

Animated figure
44
 Engine induction and Exhaust systems in a gas
engine

Animated figure
9A304.54 45
Defects in Simple Carburetor

 Starting difficulty

 Idling difficulty

 Acceleration difficulty

 Running difficulty

 Weather difficulty

 Altitude difficulty

 Icing difficulty
46
A complete Carburetor

47
Arrangement of Carburetors

 According to the direction in which the mixture is supplied by them

 There are three types of arrangements :

 Up draught

 Down draught

 Side draught

48
Down Draught Arrangement
 In this the gravity assists the flour of mixture. It is
therefore, found that the engine pulls better at
lower speeds under load.

 Higher volumetric efficiency of the engine is

achieved

 Carburetor position is rendered more accessible

Advantages of Down Draught

 In this the gravity assist the flow of mixture

 Engine pulls better at lower speed under load

 Higher volumetric efficiency of the engine

49
 Carburetor position is rendered more accessible
 Disadvantages of Down Draught

 Possibility of fuel leakage from jet goes directly into the inlet

manifold.

 If the float is defective and the jet is over flowing results flooding of

carburetor.

9A304.55 50
Up Draught Arrangement

In up drought type, mixture enters at the bottom and leaves at the

top.
51
 Side Draught Arrangement

 In side drought type, mixture enters at the top the carburetor and leaves
from the sides
52
 Types of Carburetors
Open choke or constant choke type carburetors:
 The main orifice known as the choke tube or Venturi
 It is of fixed dimensions
 Metering is effected by varying the pressure drop across it.

 Examples:

1. Zenith carburettor
2. Solex carburettor and
3. Carter carburetor

Characteristics of Constant vacuum or variable venturi type carburetors

 In these the area of the air passage is varied automatically while the pressure drop is kept
constant
 Examples:

1. S.U. (Suction utilization) carburetor 53

 Zenith Carburetor
 Zenith carburetor is one of the most popular
carburetor.
 It is found in many models such as Zenith VE,, DSV,
New Zenith, NV, W, WIA and CDSE emission type
carburetors.
 The current model of Zenith carburetor contains
economy device and accelerating pump.
54
Diagram of Zenith Carburetor

55
 Working of Zenith Carburettor

 It contains float chamber

 There are three jets:

1. Main jet

2. Compensating jet

3. Idling jet

56
Working of Zenith Carburettor
 The main jet has an outer cover
 The annular passage between main jet outer cover forms a delivery tube
 For starting choke is used
 For idling throttle valve is closed
 The engine suction is applied to idling jet
 The air for idling enters through the passage provided.
 A separate knob is provided for idle adjustment.
 As the throttle is opened a little, some air flows through the venturi.
 In this condition main jet and slow running jet are supplying the mixture.

 With further throttle opening, the whole of the suction being applied at the main jet and
compensating jet.

 The compensating jet takes care that correct air fuel ratio is maintained at different speeds.
57
 Solex Carburetor

 This is famous for easy starting , good performance

and reliable.

 It is used in Fiat cars, Standard car, Willys jeep.

 This is a down draught type carburetor.

9A304.57 to 58 58
 Various Circuits of Solex Carburetor

1. Starting

2. Idling or slow speed

3. Normal running

4. Acceleration

59
Solex Carburetor

60
Solex Carburetor

61
 Working of Solex Carburetor
 Starting: The starter valve is in the form of a flat disc with
holes of different sizes.

 Depending upon the position of the starter lever, witch can

be adjusted by the driver on dash board.

 Initially for starting richer mixture is required.

 After the engine starts the richness required decreases.

62
 Working of Solex Carburetor
Idling or slow speed:

 An idle port controlled by idle adjusting screw

 It is provided in the engine side of throttle valve

 As the throttle is almost closed the engine suction is

applied at the pilot jet

 The jet itself draws petrol from the main jet circuit

 The air is drawn in from the pilot air jet

63
Working of Solex Carburetor

Normal running:

 The throttle is held partly open

 So that the engine suction is now applied at the main jet,

which now supplies fuel

 The air enters directly through the venturi

 The quantity of mixture being governed with the throttle

valve

64
 Working of Solex Carburetor
Acceleration:

 A separate pump is provided which delivers extra fuel for acceleration.

 Pump lever is connected to the accelerator pedal, when it is pressed, the lever
moves towards left.
 This presses the pump membrane towards left and forcing petrol in to main jet.

 When the pedal is left free, the lever moves the membrane back.

 It creates vacuum towards left which opens the ball valve provided and admits petrol
in to pump. 65
S.U. (Suction utilization) carburetor.

66
Constant Vacuum Carburetor

 It consists of a spring loaded piston which controls air

passage.

 The piston is fixed a tapering needle

 When piston moves up and down, needle also moves

up and down.

 The lower end of the needle is inside the main jet

 S.U. Carburetor is an example of this type.

67
Constant Vacuum type Carburetor

Fig.2
68
Constant Vacuum type Carburetor

69
Constant Vacuum type Carburetor

Fig.2
70
S. U. Carburetor Diagram

Fig.2
71
 S.U. Carburetor
 The up and down movement of the tapering needle causes the annular area for fuel flow
to increase or decrease.

 At bottom there is a jet adjusting lever for adjusting mixture strength throughout the
operating range.

 The lever is operated from the dash board in the car

 The throttle valve is of ordinary butterfly type

 The air passage is of constant width and changeable height.

 There is no separate idling or slow running device and no acceleration pump.

 The upper side of the suction disk is connected to throttle passage through a slot cut in
the piston.
72
 The cover side is exposed to atmospheric pressure
 S.U. Carburetor
 Being a constant vacuum type, air and fuel passages are

varied with different engine speeds.

 The size of air passage depends upon the position of the

piston, witch further depends upon the suction applied.

73
 Objectives

On completion of this session, you would be able

to know :

• Petrol injection system

• MPFI (Multipoint fuel injection)

A402.61 to 62 74
  Have you ever heard petrol injection?

 What is MPFI associated with cars?

A402.61 to 62 75
Petrol Injection

 Supplying petrol by injection in petrol engines is Petrol

Injection.

 It eliminates the Carburetor from conventional petrol

engine fuel system.

 It ensures unrestricted fuel supply and controls all

times of engine operation.
76
Petrol Injection

 In petrol injection, every cylinder is provided with an

injection nozzle.

 Nozzle receives petrol from a pump.

 The petrol may be injected directly in to the cylinder.

 It is used in member of modern cars like Jaguar, Benz

250 S.E.
77
Petrol Injection

78
Advantages Of Petrol Injection

 Higher power

 Low specific fuel consumption

 Increased volumetric efficiency

 Better starting and acceleration

 Lower mixture temperatures

79
 Disadvantages Of Petrol Injection System

 Higher initial cost

 Higher maintenance cost

 Complicated design

 More weight

 More noise

A402.61 to 62 80
Petrol Injection Used with CNG

81
 Location of Injector :

There are three Locations of the Injector

 Cylinder

 Port

 Manifold

A402.61 to 62 82
 Petrol Injection

 Injector located in

cylinder head and injecting

directly into the combustion

chamber as in DI diesel

engine.

83
 Petrol Injection

 Injector located in

Inlet Manifold.

A402.61 to 62 84
Multi Port Fuel Injection System:

 In this system there is a separate Injector for each

cylinder mounted in the inlet manifold.

 The Injectors direct fuel onto the back of the inlet valves.

 Air metering is controlled by a throttle body

 Butterfly valve fitted in the Intake system

85
Multi Point Fuel Injection System

86
Multi Point Fuel Injection System

87
Multi Point Fuel Injection System

88
Multi Point Fuel Injection System

89