AUTO M O BI L E E N G I N EE R I N G

DEVENDRA SINGH
FUEL SUPPLY SYSTEM
The fuel system in a vehicle consists of a combination of
parts, namely the fuel tank, fuel lines, fuel pump, fuel
filters, fuel injectors and carburetor (older cars). These
parts work together to supply the required amount of fuel
to the engine.
FUEL SUPPLY SYSTEM IN DIESEL ENGINE
A carburetor is used in petrol engines to combine the air and fuel
supply system at the right ratio. In diesel engines, however, the
cylinder is pressurised solely by air. The high pressure is
between 35 and 40 bar, while the temperature of the compressed
air is at 600°C. At the end of the compression stroke, fine
atomized fuel is fed via the fuel nozzle at a pressure greater than
that of air.
A fuel injection system for a diesel engine is shown in the diagram. A fuel tank,
fuel feed pump, fuel filter, fuel injection pump, and injector are all part of it. Fuel
is delivered from the fuel tank to the fuel injection pump through a fuel filter. Fuel
is fed to the fuel nozzles or injectors from the fuel injection pump. The fuel is
sprayed into the cylinder in a thin atomized spray by these injectors.
REQUIREMENTS OF FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM
• Both the commencement and conclusion of the injection should be abrupt.
• Throughout the engine's speed range, inject the gasoline at the right point in the cycle.
• Fuel should be injected at the proper pace and in the correct quantity as dictated by the
altering engine load.
• Atomize the fuel to the desired level of atomization.
• For improved mixing, distribute the fuel throughout the combustion chamber.
COMPONENTS FOR FUEL SUPPLY SYSTEM OF DIESEL
ENGINE
Fuel tank
It's a diesel-fuel storage tank. To keep foreign particles out of the tank, a wire gauge strainer is installed underneath the cap.
Fuel lift pump
It is responsible for transporting gasoline from the fuel tank to the fuel injection pump's intake gallery.
Preliminary filter
A gasoline lift pump usually has this filter. It keeps extraneous objects out of the fuel line. It is made composed of a gasket and a glass cup.
Fuel filter
In diesel engines, two-stage filters are commonly utilised.
1. Primary filter
2. Secondary filter
Coarse materials, water, and dust are removed by the main filter. Fine dust particles are removed by a secondary filter.
Fuel injection pump
It's a high-pressure pump that delivers fuel to the injectors in the engine's firing order. It's used to generate pressures ranging from 120 to 300
kilogrammes per square metre. It delivers the right amount of gasoline to each cylinder at the right moment.
Air venting of fuel system
When air enters the fuel lines or the injection pump's suction chamber, adequate venting is required. The priming pump removes air through the
injection pump's bleeding holes.
Fuel injector
It is the component that distributes finely atomized fuel to the engine's combustion chamber under high pressure. Fuel injectors with many holes are used
in modern tractor engines.
METHODS OF FUEL INJECTION
In C.I engines, there are two types of fuel injection:

a) Air injection system.

b) Air-less or solid injection.
AIR INJECTION SYSTEM
The air is first compressed to a very high pressure using a
compressor in this manner. The fuel was measured and pushed
to the nozzle, which was also fed by a high-pressure air source.
The air would whisk the gasoline into the engine when the
nozzle was opened, delivering a well-atomized spray. Because
of the difficult and costly technology, this approach is no longer
employed.
AIRLESS OR SOLID INJECTION
The air injection method has been mostly supplanted by this approach. The atomized fuel is
immediately delivered into the combustion chamber under pressure. It necessitates the use of
a pump to provide high-pressure gasoline (as high as 300bar abs). It may be further divided
into the two most often used systems.

a) Common rail system.

b) Individual pump system.
COMMON RAIL SYSTEM
Fig. shows this system in which a multi
cylinder high pressure pump is used to
supply the fuel at a high pressure to a
common rail or header. A metered quantity
of fuel is supplied to each cylinder from the
rail.
INDIVIDUAL PUMP SYSTEM
Each cylinder of the engine has an independent
injection valve, a high-pressure pump, and a
metering device in this system. It is rather
small, but because each pump in this unit must
perfectly match its companions at all
operational loads and speeds, exceptionally
fine tolerances are necessary during
construction. As a result, the costs are greater.
FUEL SUPPLY SYSTEM IN PETROL ENGINE
Before being sucked by the engine, a specified quantity of fuel or gas is mixed with air in a
determined proportion in a S.I engine. Then, with the aid of a spark plug, this combustible charge
containing the proper amount of fuel-air is ignited at the proper moment at the conclusion of the
compression stroke in the engine. With the aid of the ignition system, the action of the spark plug is
timed along with the moment of the crank shaft. Through an ignition switch and contact breaker, low
voltage from the battery is applied to the primary winding of the ignition coil. Through the
distributor, the secondary winding is linked to the spark plugs (in case of multi-cylinder engines).
The contact is broken by a cam on the cam shaft, which causes the electric primary circuit to open
and close. When the main winding circuit is interrupted or current flow is halted, the magnetic field
collapses, creating a high voltage in the secondary winding, resulting in an immediate spark in the
spark plug. The compressed air-fuel combination in the engine cylinder is ignited by this spark.
TYPES OF FUEL SUPPLY SYSTEM IN PETROL ENGINE
In a petrol engine, there are several different types of fuel supply systems. A gasoline tank, fuel lines,
fuel pump, fuel filter, air cleaner, carburetor, and intake manifold make up the basic fuel delivery system
of an automotive petrol engine.
The following fuel feed systems are used to provide fuel from the fuel tank to the engine cylinder:
a) Gravity system
b) Air pressure system
c) Vacuum system (suction and gravity system)
d) Pump feed system
e) Fuel injection system
GRAVITY FUEL FEED SYSTEM
The gasoline tank is placed at the top of the SI
engine in this design. The gasoline falls into
the float chamber of the carburetor under
gravity, making this arrangement very simple
and inexpensive. Because adequate head is not
produced for big engines, it is employed in a
tiny engine with low fuel consumption.
Air Pressure Feed System
An airtight gasoline tank is employed in this technique and is either under the seat or
near the engine. The high-pressure air is supplied to the fuel tank by a hand-operated
or mechanically powered pump, which then provides the gasoline to the carburetor.

Vacuum Feed System (Suction and Gravity System)

Fuel from a nearby fuel tank is pulled into the engine using suction from the
induction manifold in this method. The gasoline is delivered to the float of the
carburetor by gravity.
PUMP FEED SYSTEM
A steel pipe transports gasoline to the
fuel pump, which then pumps it into the
carburetor's float chamber through the
pipe. We employ a mechanical,
electrical, or diaphragm pump to supply
gasoline from the fuel tank, which may
be positioned anywhere and vented to
the atmosphere.
Fuel Injection System
Modern automobiles now use a gasoline injection system. An air injector nozzle
atomizes the fuel, which is subsequently fed into an air stream. Separate fuel
injectors for each cylinder may be utilised, or a single fuel injector may be
employed.
COMPONENTS OF FUEL SUPPLY SYSTEM
Fuel tank
The engine's gasoline is stored in the fuel tank. Steel, aluminium, synthetic rubber compounds, and
flame-resistant fibre reinforced polymers are used to construct it. In addition, these tanks are coated
with a lead-tin alloy to protect them against corrosion.
Fuel pump
Fuel is delivered from the fuel tank to the carburetor through the fuel pump.
Fuel lines
These tubes link the gasoline tank to the pump, as well as the pump to the carburetor. These tubes are
usually composed of copper or steel.
Air cleaner
This is critical for an engine to obtain fresh air; otherwise, the dirty air affects the engine chamber in a variety
of ways. Piston, Piston chamber, Piston ring, and Valves, in particular. If dirty air penetrates the crankcase,
where engine oil is stored, lubricating parts such as bearings may be harmed. As a result, we must install an air
filter that cleans the air before it enters the engine cylinder.
Fuel filters
A gasoline filter is required to purify the fuel in a vehicle.
Fuel gauge unit
A fuel gauge is an instrument mounted on the dashboard of a car that allows the driver to see how much petrol
is left in the tank.
Carburetor
For a petrol engine to run, the air-fuel combination must be correct. As a result, we use the usage of a
carburetor. It's a device that regulates the air-fuel mixture.
TYPES OF PETROL INJECTION SYSTEM
INDIRECT INJECTION (MANIFOLD INJECTION)
 In indirect fuel is injected into the air
stream before entering the combustion
chamber (a).
 And in direct injection system fuel is
injected directly inside the combustion
chamber (b).
SINGLE POINT INJECTION SYSTEM
 Single point fuel injection is the simplest and
oldest kind of fuel injection, replacing the
carburetor with one or two fuel injector
nozzles in the throttle body, which is the
engine's air intake manifold's throat.
 A single point injection system is more
accurate than a carburetor in metering fuel
and is also less costly and easier to maintain.
THROTTLE INJECTION
An injector (throttle-body injector) feeds gasoline to
a central place within the intake manifold of an
engine in a fuel-injection system.
PORT INJECTION
Air is sucked via the throttle body in port injection, also known as multi point fuel injection, and fuel is
injected near the inlet valve of each cylinder, as seen in fig.
MULTI POINT FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM (MPFI)
Even by Indian market standards, the Multi-Point
Fuel Injection or MPFI system is not a new
technology. The first mass-market MPFI automobiles
were introduced in the late 1990s, and as pollution
regulations tightened and carmakers focused more on
improving vehicle economy, every car available on
the market began to use this technology. The purpose
of the MPFI is to provide an appropriate A/F ratio to
each of the engine's cylinders. MPFI systems are now
controlled by an Electric Control Module (ECM).
CARBURETOR

In a spark ignition engine, a carburetor is a mechanism that

mixes air and fuel in the proper ratio outside the cylinder.
Carburation is the term for this procedure.
PARTS OF CARBURETOR
1. Float Chamber: The float chamber is a fuel storage tank that ensures a constant flow of fuel.
2. Strainer: A strainer is a device that filters gasoline before it enters the float chamber.
3. Metering System: The metering system regulates the amount of fuel that flows into a nozzle.
4. Idling System: This system consists of a direct connection between the float chamber and the
venturi tube.
5. Throttle Valve: This butterfly valve is located at the venturi tube's outlet. It regulates the vehicle's speed
by supplying a precise amount of mixture. It regulates the amount of air-fuel mixture.
6. Choke Valve: Similar to a throttle valve in structure, but located near the venturi tube's entrance. It is
utilised to offer a particularly rich combination during the cold season's beginning. It regulates the amount
of air that flows through the venturi tube.
 WORKING OF CARBURETOR
We'll take a step-by-step approach to understanding how this carburetor works.
1. A basic carburetor has an open to the environment float chamber, as we all know. It keeps the float chamber at atmospheric pressure.
2. With the aid of the fuel pump, gasoline from the external fuel tank is delivered to the float chamber. The strainer filters the gasoline from the fuel
tank, removing any solid particles from the fuel.
3. The primary nozzle, which is part of the jet tube, now receives fuel from the float chamber. The main fuel jet is in charge of transporting fuel
from the float chamber to the main nozzle.
4. The choke valve allows the engine to draw air from the environment. As the air flows through the venturi, the area of the cross-section at the
venturi's throat is reduced.
5. As a result, the pressure at the main nozzle drops and the air velocity rises.
6. The combination of fuel and incoming ambient air is caused by the pressure differential created between the float chamber and the main nozzle.
7. Increased air velocity following the venturi partially evaporates engine fuel, which is subsequently completely evaporated by heat in the
combustion chamber's intake manifolds and cylinder walls.
8. Carburetors are only used in petrol engines since they are quantity controlled.
9. When we open the throttle valve at the bottom of the jet tube, more air flows through the venturi tube and more air-fuel mixture is given to the
engine, resulting in the engine producing greater power.
10. When we close the throttle valve, reverse action occurs, and the engine's power is reduced.
AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM
A car's interior comfort systems include ventilation, heating, and air conditioning. In many
automobile air conditioners, a heater, cooler, and ventilation system are all housed in one
body. In a cold climate, it acts as a heater, while in a hot temperature, it acts as a cooler.
When the air is humid and cold, the air conditioner may be set up in such a manner that
the cooler can remove moisture and heat as needed.
Ventilation, heating, and air conditioning systems are now critical components for
passenger comfort. All passenger vehicles have ventilation and heating systems, and air
conditioning is standard in some and optional in practically all.
NEED OF AN AUTOMOBILE OR CAR AIR CONDITIONING
SYSTEM
 Passengers in a vehicle travelling through cities such as Delhi, India, are subjected to heavy traffic,
which causes the vehicle to move slowly. As a result, it is critical for a vehicle to be equipped with a
system that can create a comfortable environment for passengers.

 During the summers in India, there is a lot of hot and humid air in the atmosphere, which makes it
difficult for a driver to drive and also for passengers to travel, so a car with a good air conditioning
system that can provide a cool and humid-free environment inside the passenger compartment is
required.

 Air conditioning not only cools the environment within a passenger's cabin, but it also delivers
filtered air, which is critical in places like Delhi where the air pollution is extremely dangerous and
can create health problems for passengers.
 Fog or vapour development over a front mirror creates visual issues and
makes it difficult for a driver to operate a car in the winter, thus it is critical
that a vehicle be equipped with a system that can combat this problem.

 There is a lot of climatic change in countries like India during lengthy vehicle
journeys, which can create health problems for passengers, thus a vehicle
should be fitted with a technology that can maintain a human comfort zone in
the passenger cabin during the voyage.
COMPONENTS OF CAR AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM
1. Compressor

The compressor of the automotive air conditioning system is powered by the crankshaft of the engine
through the belt drive. It provides pressure increase to the refrigerant to convert the vapour
refrigerant into liquid refrigerant, which in turn allows the refrigerant to flow through the condenser.

2. Condenser

It's a compact radiator-like device that's used after the compressor to offer condensing, or lowering
the temperature, of the high-pressure, high-temperature liquid refrigerant delivered by the
compressor via forced convection produced by a radiator fan or a separate fan used with the
condenser.

3. Expansion valve

It's a mechanism in a car air conditioning system that expands the high-pressure, low-temperature liquid
refrigerant provided by the condenser to relieve pressure before transferring it to the evaporator for the next
step.
4. Evaporator

An evaporator is a device that looks like another heat exchanger and is located just behind the AC
vent over the dash board of a car. It takes heat from the passenger compartment and converts the
liquid refrigerant sent by the expansion valve into vapour, which provides cooling through the fan
inside the passenger compartment.

5. Receiver-Dryer

The receiver dryer is used in between the evaporator and the compressor to convert any
residual liquid into vapours before transferring it to the compressor for compression.

6. Refrigerant

It is a heat-sensitive fluid with a very low boiling point that is utilised as a heat-exchanging medium
in air conditioning.
WORKING OF AN AUTOMOBILE OR CAR AC
1. The evaporator, which is another heat exchanger used in air conditioning, absorbs heat from the
passenger compartment and turns liquid refrigerant running through it into vapours, which are then
cooled by the blower fan.
2. This high-temperature, low-pressure vapour is then delivered to a compressor, which raises the
pressure over the vapours and turns the vapour refrigerant into a liquid refrigerant. The refrigerant is
now in a high-pressure, high-temperature liquid form.
3. This high-pressure, high-temperature liquid refrigerant is then sent to the condenser, which uses
forced convection provided by the radiator fan or a separate fan to lower the temperature of the
refrigerant. Now the refrigerant has a low temperature, but the pressure of the liquid is nearly the same.
4. The high-pressure, low-temperature refrigerant is then transferred to the expansion valve, which
relieves the pressure and restores the refrigerant to its natural state.
5. The refrigerant is then returned to the evaporator to complete the cycle.