S.I.

Engine: Fuel supply systems

Mechanical and electrical fuel pumps

Carburettor – types

Air filters
UNIT -II Petrol injection

C.I. Engines: Requirements of diesel injection systems,

types of injection systems

fuel pump, nozzle

Alternative fuels for Automobiles

1
UNIT – II injection, Classification,

Cont… Properties

Hybrid vehicles injection timing,

Testing of fuel, pumps.

2
 Alternative Fuels for Automobiles

1. Compressed natural Gas ( CNG)

2. Liquefied natural Gas ( LNG)

3. Liquefied Petrol gas ( LPG)

4. Alcohol

5. Electricity ( Including solar energy)

6. Hydrogen

7. Bio-Fuels
 Classification of Properties

1. Volatility

2. Specific Gravity

3. Calorific Value

4. Specific Heat

5. Octane number

6. Cetane number

7. Sulpher content 8. Pour point

 Fuel System in S.I engines
The basic fuel system in automobile with petrol engine consists of

1.Fuel tank

2. Fuel lines

3. Fuel pump

4. fuel filter

5. Air cleaner

6. Carburettor

7. Inlet manifold

8. Supply& return pipe lines

 Types of Fuel System in S.I engines

Types of fuel system used for the supply of fuel from the fuel tank to the engine cylinder.

1.Gravity system

2. Pressure system

3. Vacuum system

4. Pump system

5. Fuel injection system

 Fuel System in S.I engines contd…
1.Gravity system: In this fuel tank is mounted at the highest position from where the fuel drops
into the carburetor float chamber by gravity.

This very low cost but the constraint in this system is fuel tank should be top of the carburetor.

2. Pressure system: This system is completely sealed to avoid air leakage from the fuel tank
with the use of separate air pump due to this pressure oil will move towards the carburetor.

Leakage of the air will fail the system, advantage is that can be placed any where in the vehicle.

3. Vacuum system: This system is based upon the simple fact that the engine suction can be
used for sucking fuel from the main tank to the auxiliary fuel tank from where it flows by gravity
to the carburettor float chamber.
 Fuel System in S.I engines contd…
4. Pump system: In this system, a steel pipe carries petrol to the fuel pump which pumps it into
the float chamber of the carburettor through a flexible pipe, If the fuel pump is mechanical, it has
to be driven from the engine camshaft and hence placed on the engine itself.

However , electrically operated fuel pump can be placed anywhere, the rear location reducing
the tendency of forming vapour lock. This system is used most commonly in the present day cars.

5. Fuel injection system: This system is using some of the modern cars.

The fuel is atomized by means of an injector nozzle and then delivered into an air stream.

Separate fuel injectors are used for each cylinder while the mixture under different load and
speed conditions is controlled either mechanically or electrically.
 Fuel Pumps

Two main types of pumps most generally used are :

1. Mechanical pump

2. Electrical pump.
 Fuel Pumps
1. Mechanical pump

Disadvantage:
 Should be place nearer
to the engine and its
causes a problem of
vapour locking in the fuel
supply system.

 Operate only after the

engine has started
 Fuel Pumps
1. Electrical pump
 AIR CLEANERS
It is important to prevent dirt and dust from being cared into the engine through the carburetor.

If the air cleaner is operating improperly dirt will enter the combustion chamber, causing
excessive wear of the rings, cylinder walls and other moving parts.

 Other functions of air cleaners:

1. Acts as a silencer.

2. Acts as a flame arrestor in the case of back fire.

Changing of the air cleaner for every 20,000 km is required to maintain better
performance of the engine.
 AIR CLEANERS Contd…
There are cleaners generally used are :

1. Heavy duty type 2.Light duty type.

 CARBURETORS
Carburetors: The process of formation of a combustible fuel –air mixture by mixing the proper
amount of fuel with air before admission to engine cylinder is called carburetion and device
which does this job is called a carburetor.

FUNCTIONS OF A CARBURETOR :

1. To keep a small reserve of fuel at a constant head.

2. To vaporize the fuel to prepare a homogeneous air fuel mixture.

3. To supply correct amount of the air fuel mixture at the correct strength under all the
conditions of load and speed of the engine.
 CARBURETORS Contd..
FACTORS AFFECTING CARBURETTION :

The process of carburetion is influenced by

1. The engine speed

2. The vaporization characteristics of the fuel.

3. The temperature of the incoming air

4. The design of the carburetor.

 CARBURETORS Contd..
AIR – FUEL MIXTURES:

An engine is generally operated at different loads and speeds. For this, proper air – fuel mixture
should be supplied to the engine cylinder.

Fuel and air mixture to form three different types of mixture.

1)Chemically correct mixture

2) Rich mixture

3) Lean mixture
 CARBURETORS Contd..
AUTOMOTIVE ENGINE AIR- FUEL MIXTURE REQUIREMTNTS :

An automobile carburetor must be able to supply the required air-fuel ratio to satisfy the below
demands.

i) Idling ( mixture must be enriched)

ii) Cursing ( mixture must be leaned)

iii) High power (mixture must be enriched)

18
 CARBURETORS Contd..
SIMPLE CARBURETOR:
 CARBURETORS Contd..
A float chamber with float to store fuel and to adjust its level.

A round cylinder with venture for atomization of fuel.

A fuel nozzle to atomize and produce a spray of fuel.

A throttle valve to supply varying quantity of the mixture at different load conditions.

A choke valve to control the air supply in order to provide a rich or lean mixture.
IMPORTANT REQUIREMENTS OF AUTOMOBILE CARBURETORS
i) Ease of starting the engine, particularly under low ambient conditions.

ii) Ability to give full power quickly after starting the engine.

iii) Equally good smooth engine operation at various loads.

iv) Good and quick acceleration of the engine.

v) Developing sufficient power at high engine speeds.

vi) Simple and compact in construction.

vii) Good fuel economy.

 AUTOMOBILE CARBURETORS:
Some of the popular brands of carburetors in use are:

i) Solex

ii) Carter

iii) S.U Carburetor

 AUTOMOBILE CARBURETORS:
Solex Carburetors:

Famous for staring , good performance and reliability.

It consists of various circuits such as starting, idling, low speed, normal running and
acceleration circuit.
 AUTOMOBILE CARBURETORS:
Solex Carburetors:
Main functions:

Starting

Idling and slow

condition

Normal running

Acceleration
 AUTOMOBILE CARBURETORS:
Carter Carburetor:

Mainly used in jeeps.

Multiple jet, plain tube carburetor.

 AUTOMOBILE CARBURETORS:
Carter Carburetors:

Main functions:

a) Starting circuit

b) Idle and low speed

c) Accelerating pump
 AUTOMOBILE CARBURETORS:
SU Carburetor:

Constant vacuum constant depression type with automatic variable choke type carburetor.

It does not have any separate circuits for slow running and accelerating circuits
 AUTOMOBILE CARBURETORS:
SU Carburetors:
 PETROL INJECTION:
Objectives of the Injection System:

Meter the appropriate quantity of fuel, as demanded by the speed of, and the load on,
the engine at the given time.

Distribute the metered fuel equally among cylinders in a multi-cylinder engine.

Inject the fuel at the correct time (with respect to crank angle) in the cycle.

The Function of fuel injection equipment:

 To supply the engine with fuel in qualities exactly metered in proportion to the
power required and timed with utmost accuracy.
 TYPES OF FUEL INJECTION
According to the location of Injector:

1. Throttle body injection

2. Direct Injection

3. Port injection
 Requirements of Diesel Injection systems

1. Accurate metering of the fuel injected per cycle.

2. Timing the injection of the fuel correctly in the cycle.

3. Proper atomization of fuel into very fine droplets.

4. Uniform Distribution of fuel droplets.

5. Supply same quantity of fuel in case of multiple cylinder engines.

6. No lagging during beginning and end of injection.

 Types of Diesel Injection systems

1. Air Injection system: Fuel is forced into the cylinder by means of compressed air.

Required multi-stage compressor.

Advantage: Good mixing of the air-fuel mixture.

2. Solid Injection system: Liquid fuel is injected directly into the combustion chamber without
aid of compressed air.

i) Individual pump & nozzle system ii) Unit injector system

ii) Common rail system

Individual pump injection system
Unit injection system
Common rail fuel injection system
Fuel feed pump
 INJECTION PUMP
The main objective of fuel- injection pump is to deliver accurately metered quantity of
fuel under high pressure at the correct instant to the injector fitted on each cylinder.

Injection pumps are generally two types.

1) Jerk type pumps

2) Distributor type pumps

 INJECTION PUMPS

1) Jerk type pump:

 INJECTION PUMPS

2) Distributor type pump:

 NOZZLE ( a part of Fuel Injector)
Functions of Fuel Injector:

1. Atomization.

2. Distribution of fuel
a) Injection pressure

b) Density of air in the cylinder

c) Physical properties.

3.Prevention of impingement on walls.

4. Mixing.
CONVENTIONAL INJECTION NOZZLE
 Nozzle ( Fuel Injector)
Types of Nozzle:

Open Nozzle Closed nozzle

Pintle nozzle

Single hole nozzle

Multi- hole nozzle

Pintaux nozzle
 Types of Nozzles

Factors to be considered:

1. Injection pressure
2. Density of the air in the cylinder
3. Physical qualities of the fuel.
4. Nozzle design
 NOZZLE ( Fuel Injector)
Types of Nozzle with Angle and Pressure:
 Testing of Fuel Pumps in Petrol Engines
Pressure test

Volume test

Vaccum test
 Testing of Fuel Pumps in C.I Engines
Pump element output calibration

Phase angle checking

Governor test.
SPARK ADVANCE

Ignition advance is the condition when ignition of fuel occurs earlier than the correct
ignition timing.

RETARD MECHANISM.

Ignition retard means the condition when ignition occurs after the correct ignition
timing.