Test 4 answer key with extra explanations

Reading and Use of English

Part 1
Questions 1–8

1 The correct answer is C: ‘unbelievably hungry’ means ‘extremely hungry’. A, B and D are
incorrect: none of the adverbs collocate with ‘hungry’.

2 The correct answer is A: ‘dart’ means ‘move quickly or suddenly’. B, C and D are incorrect:
the verbs ‘rush’, ‘tear’ and ‘race’ all mean ‘move quickly’, but none of them are used about eye
movement.

3 The correct answer is B: The idea here is that as you read the menu, you try to plan and
make decisions about your meal. A tactic is a planned way of doing something. A, C and D are
incorrect: none of these words mean ‘plan’.

4 The correct answer is D: The phrasal verb ‘turn out’ is used to express the idea that
something eventually happens. A, B and C are incorrect: none of these phrasal verbs mean
‘eventually happen’.

5 The correct answer is B: The idea here is that there are too many dishes on the menu; that
too many choices have been put into limited space; ‘squeeze in’ expresses this meaning. A, C
and D are incorrect: all three verbs can be used to describe building up large quantities, but
none are appropriate in this context.

6 The correct answer is D: A category is a group of things by type; for example, starters is a
grouping of dishes that you have at the start of a meal. A, B and C are incorrect: while they
have similar meanings to ‘category’, none are appropriate in this context.

7 The correct answer is A: The idea here is that deciding what to eat can become something
that is not enjoyable. A chore is an unpleasant task, so that fits the required meaning here. B
is incorrect: a duty is a responsibility; its meaning is neutral and it doesn’t suggest something
that is unpleasant. C is incorrect: ‘task’ has a neutral meaning. D is incorrect: ‘trouble’ has a
negative meaning, but it’s usually uncountable and doesn’t follow ‘a’; we say ‘too much trouble’,
not ‘too much of a trouble’.

8 The correct answer is C: The idea here is that fortunately there are some restaurants where
you don’t have to make detailed choices from a long menu. ‘Happily’ can be used to mean
‘fortunately’. A, B and D are incorrect: none of them mean ‘fortunately’.

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Part 2
Questions 9–16

9 The correct answer is ‘in / throughout’: ‘They are abundant’ means there are very high
numbers of them. ‘Throughout’ means ‘in every part of’.

10 The correct answer is ‘where’: This relative pronoun refers back to the tropical rainforests
of Central America.

11 The correct answer is ‘far’: The idea here is that these lizards are always close to water.

12 The correct answer is ‘a’: To say how fast something moves, we often say it moves
‘at a speed of’.

13 The correct answer is ‘with’: The idea here is that folds of skin are attached to the
lizard’s toes.

14 The correct answer is ‘If / Provided / When’: The idea here is that the lizards can run
across the water at top speed, but at a slower speed the skin doesn’t stop them sinking.

15 The correct answer is ‘not’: If you read the whole sentence, you will see that it is held
together by the structure ‘not only … but also’.

16 The correct answer is ‘on’: The verb ‘survive’ takes the preposition ‘on’.

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Part 3
Questions 17–24

17 The correct answer is ‘compelling’: ‘the most’ before the gap indicates that an adjective is
needed. ‘Compelling’ means ‘fascinating’.

18 The correct answer is ‘originated’: ‘which’ [the story] before the gap and ‘with the Greek
philosopher’ after the gap indicate that a verb is required for the gap. It also needs to be in the
past form.

19 The correct answer is ‘writings’: ‘These’ before the gap indicate that a plural noun is
needed.

20 The correct answer is ‘controversial’: The verb ‘remain’ before the gap indicates that
an adjective is needed. ‘Remain’ is a state verb – like ‘be’ or ‘seem’ – so it’s followed by an
adjective rather than an adverb.

21 The correct answer is ‘fantasise / fantasize’: The subject ‘people’ before the gap indicates
that a verb is needed. Both spellings (UK and US) are acceptable.

22 The correct answer is ‘existence’: The determiner ‘its’ before the gap indicates that a
noun is needed.

23 The correct answer is ‘seemingly’: The verb before the gap and the adjective ‘endless’
after the gap indicate that an adverb is needed. ‘Seemingly’ means ‘appearing to be a certain
way’; ‘endless’ in this case.

24 The correct answer is ‘mysterious’: ‘this’ before the gap and ‘place’ after the gap indicate
that an adjective is needed.

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Part 4
Questions 25–30

The vertical line | shows where the answer is split into two parts for marking purposes.
One mark is available for each part. The word in capital letters is the given word.

25 The correct answer is ‘DESPITE the fact (that) | it’: ‘despite’ is used instead of ‘but’ to
contrast ideas. It must be followed by a noun, a gerund or a pronoun. ‘Despite the fact that’ is
a common pattern.

26 The correct answer is ‘refused to / didn’t / did not ACCEPT | (any/the) responsibility for’
or ‘would not / wouldn’t ACCEPT | (any/the) responsibility for’: ‘accept’ has the opposite
meaning of ‘deny’, so for the idea of ‘denied’ you need a negative auxiliary verb or ‘refused to’
before ‘accept’. ‘Responsibility’ is the noun formed from ‘responsible’.

27 The correct answer is ‘take Rob long / much time | to GET’ or ‘take long for Rob |
to GET’: The idea of ‘soon’ is expressed by ‘didn’t take Rob long’ or ‘didn’t take long for Rob’.
The phrasal verb ‘get over’ means ‘recover from’.

28 The correct answer is ‘have to / need to / are to / are obliged to / are required to ATTEND |
Professor Turner’s’: If something is compulsory, it’s an obligation. ‘Obligation’ can be
expressed by ‘have to / need to / are to / are obliged to / are required to’.

29 The correct answer is ‘been an INCREASE | in the popularity’: You use the preposition
‘in’ after ‘increase’ when you refer to the thing that increases. ‘Popularity’ is the noun formed
from ‘popular’.

30 The correct answer is ‘for a COUPLE of | falls’ or ‘for falling a COUPLE of | times’: ‘But
for’ means ‘if it wasn’t for’. ‘For’ is a preposition, so a verb coming after it must take the -ing
form. ‘A couple of times’ means ‘twice’.

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Part 5
Questions 31–36

31 The correct answer is A: The writer says ‘about 80% [of people] think their current jobs
will either “definitely” or “probably” exist in their current form within the same timeframe.
Somehow, we assume our livelihoods will be safe’. So, most people think that robots won’t
have much impact on their own jobs. B is incorrect: the writer says that ‘robots have been
utilised in the automotive and manufacturing sectors for decades’, but doesn’t mention
whether the public believe this is appropriate. C is incorrect: ‘long overdue’ means that it
should have been introduced a long time ago. The writer doesn’t say whether the public
believes that robots are long overdue in industry. D is incorrect: the writer says that ‘Many
of us recognise robotic automation as an inevitably disruptive force’. So, many people think
robots will disrupt society, but that’s not the same as saying society is badly prepared.

32 The correct answer is B: The writer says that Tally ‘ensures ... that goods are adequately
stocked, placed and priced’. In other words, the robot monitors supplies on shelves. A is
incorrect: The writer says Tally ‘ensures not, as might be expected, that the aisles are free from
grime and rubbish’. So, Tally doesn’t keep the aisles clean. C is incorrect: the writer says that
Tally ‘ensures … that goods are … priced’. So, Tally checks that goods have prices, but we aren’t
told that Tally adjusts prices. D is incorrect: the writer doesn’t say that the robot assesses the
suitability of opening hours.

33 The correct answer is C: The writer says ‘for the most part, robots cannot service or
program themselves – yet’. So, robots can’t maintain themselves, and humans need to
maintain them. A is incorrect: the writer doesn’t mention any sense of fear. B is incorrect: the
writer doesn’t refer to investing in robotics. D is incorrect: the writer says ‘new, highly-skilled
jobs for technicians and programmers and other well-paid roles’ will be created, but doesn’t
say there isn’t a current lack of trained specialists.

34 The correct answer is A: The writer reports Dr Zhang as saying: ‘“the only way for them
to move up or adapt is ... [to] look for ways to retrain themselves. No one can expect to do
the same thing for life”’. So, people will have to take the initiative. B is incorrect: Dr Zhang
is quoted as saying: ‘“the only way for them to move up or adapt is not to hope that the
government will protect their jobs from technology, but …”’. So, Dr Zhang doesn’t think
governments will help much. C is incorrect: Dr Zhang says: ‘“No one can expect to do the
same thing for life”’. D is incorrect: there is no mention of targeting higher salaries.

35 The correct answer is D: We are told that Zhang thinks the introduction of robotics
‘represents an unparalleled opportunity for companies positioned to take advantage of this shift’.
In other words, it’s a remarkable change. ‘Unparalleled’ means ‘never seen before’. A, B and C
are incorrect: none of these words convey the sense that something remarkable is occurring.

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36 The correct answer is D: The writer’s main focus is on how robotics will affect the general
population. In the first paragraph, the writer says ‘every commercial sector will be affected by
robotic automation in the next several years’. In the third paragraph, the writer says ‘society is
not prepared for the upheaval that the downgrading of the human touch will bring’. Most of the
fourth paragraph is about Dr Zhang’s report on how ‘robotics is shaping tomorrow’s working
population’. In the final paragraph, the writer refers to ‘millions of jobs at risk and a worldwide
employment crisis looming’. A is incorrect: a number of different jobs are referred to, but
there’s no mention of managers. B is incorrect: in the final paragraph, the writer says that more
science, technology, engineering and maths graduates are needed, but there is no analysis
of the way technology is used in education. C is incorrect: the article refers to the work that
robots in different sectors can do, but besides productivity, the benefits aren’t discussed.

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Part 6
Questions 37–40
37 The correct answer is B: A says ‘a university-educated populace is of great value to any
state and its benefits far outweigh the disadvantages’. C says university helps ‘to give form to the
relationship between citizen and state on a deepened level. This development provides citizens
with the ability to take meaningful part in the democratic process. A state can only be considered
truly legitimate when an educated electorate approves it’. D says ‘one cannot or should not
underestimate the value of universities when it comes to raising the level of awareness of the
population in general’. So, A, C and D think that university education is very important for society
as a whole. B, however, says ‘A highly-educated society does not necessarily provide …
great economic bounties … the idea that everyone having a degree would benefit society is
unfounded’. So, B is a lot less impressed by the value of university education for society.

38 The correct answer is A: C says ‘A life without the critical thinking tools provided by
university is less full because those without them lack the facility by which to unlock all the
doors of perception and knowledge laid before them’. A says university provides an opportunity
that exists at no other time in an individual’s life for ‘questioning norms and conventions’.
Questioning norms and conventions is similar to critical thinking. So, both C and A value this
aspect of university education. B and D are incorrect: neither B nor D mention critical thinking.

39 The correct answer is B: C says ‘all the tiers of formal education – primary, secondary
and tertiary – are equally important in my view’. B says ‘Many countries provide free primary
and secondary education ... I’m all for that too, but that’s where the obligations end as far
as I’m concerned’. So, while A thinks all three levels of education are equally important, B
thinks primary and secondary education for all is important, but university education is less
important. B says ‘Self-knowledge and genuine wisdom come from study and reflection’ but
that this ‘can be done in the “university of life”’. A and D are incorrect: neither of them refer to
primary school, and they don’t give their views on the three levels of education.

40 The correct answer is A: D says it’s ‘ludicrous to expect that individuals should be
automatically entitled to take three or four years, free of charge … individuals who want more
[university education] should be fully prepared to fund it themselves’. So, D thinks students
should pay for university education. A, however, says ‘I think that such a privilege hardly
needs to come at a price’. In other words, A thinks university should be free. B and C are
incorrect: neither of them give an opinion about whether students should pay for university.

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Part 7
Questions 41–46

41 The correct answer is E: ‘With that in mind, it has worked hard to help current Games
organisers, as well as applicant cities …’, at the start of E, links back to the last sentence in the
first paragraph. In ‘it has worked hard’, the ‘it’ refers to the IOC. Also, ‘It does this by asking
them to provide comprehensive information’, at the end of E, links forward to ‘This includes
an outline of their own objectives, long-term strategies and vision’ just after gap 41. B is
incorrect: the start of B fits in gap 41, but the last sentence in B doesn’t link forward to the first
sentence in the paragraph after the gap.

42 The correct answer is C: ‘This information is gathered by asking applicant cities to

complete questionnaires about what they want the Games to create as a legacy’, at the start of
C, links back to the point that ‘cities are encouraged to look at how the Games can be a catalyst
for their development’ just before gap 42. B is incorrect: the start of B fits in gap 42, but the last
sentence in B doesn’t link forward to the first sentence in the paragraph after the gap.

43 The correct answer is G: ‘Cities which have made successful bids can then use these
to draw on the lessons that previous host cities have learned’, at the start of G, links back to
the text just before gap 43. In particular ‘these’ in G refers back to the studies and technical
reports mentioned just before gap 43. Also, the ‘improvements’ at the end of G links forwards
to ‘these benefits’ immediately after gap 43. C is incorrect: the start of C is about gathering
information from applicant cities to help with planning, whereas the text just before gap 43 is
about the IOC supplying studies and reports to the applicant cities.

44 The correct answer is B: The beginning of B is a fresh start in gap 44; there is no tight link
back to the text before the gap. However, the end of B links forward to the paragraph after gap
44. In B we are told about ‘positive legacies that host cities have created through staging the
Games and leveraging them as a catalyst. This is particularly the case in recent years’. Then
immediately after gap 44, we have an example: ‘Take Rio de Janeiro, for instance, where the
2016 Games were held’. C is incorrect: the end of C could link forward to the text after gap 44,
but the start of C doesn’t follow on logically from the text before gap 44.

45 The correct answer is F: ‘A further legacy, as far as getting around the city is concerned’,
at the start of F, links back to the details about public transport developments in the paragraph
before gap 45. Then ‘The Olympic legacy in Rio is not limited to investments in transport’ from
the text just after gap 45 links back to the details about road and traffic improvements in F.
A is incorrect: the beginning of A works in gap 45 as a fresh start, but the start of the
paragraph after gap 45 doesn’t follow on logically from the end of A.

46 The correct answer is D: ‘This welcome initiative’, at the start of D, links back to the
details about the Porto Maravilha Project in the text before gap 46. Also, ‘the residential
impact is huge’, at the end of D, links forward to the details about the number of residents in
the central Rio area in the text just after gap 46. A is incorrect: the beginning of A works in
gap 46 as a fresh start, but the start of the paragraph after gap 46 doesn’t follow on logically
from the end of A.

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Part 8
Questions 47–56

47 The correct answer is C: The writer says ‘stopping in the middle of an activity to take a
photo is likely to become burdensome’. ‘Burdensome’ means ‘annoying’.

48 The correct answer is B: The writer describes a study which found that people taking
photographs of objects in a museum remembered the objects less well than another group
who didn’t take photographs. Some of the people taking photos were asked to zoom in on a
specific part of an object and this helped them remember the objects better. The writer then
adds a warning: ‘that’s not to say you should zoom in on a singer’s eyebrows so as to better
remember the concert as a whole’. That would be taking the findings of the study too literally.

49 The correct answer is A: The writer says ‘While not every audience member defaults to
this mode [taking photos with your phone], a sizable portion will. Phones and concerts – in
fact, phones and practically all experiences – now go hand in hand’. In other words, lots of
people take photos at concerts.

50 The correct answer is C: The writer refers to a study of people taking photos of groups
of people dancing. One of the findings was that among the people watching the dancing,
those who took photos enjoyed themselves more than those who didn’t. The writer says
this suggests that ‘if the activity centres around observing rather than doing, documenting
can increase enjoyment levels’. So, the pleasure from taking photos comes from a particular
situation which involves observation.

51 The correct answer is B: The writer says that ‘Henkel’s experiment involved a relatively
quiet atmosphere photographing static objects. Concerts offer up a much more physically
stimulating situation, which probably changes the outcome’. In other words, Henkel’s study
may have had different results if it had been at a concert rather than a museum.

52 The correct answer is A: The writer says ‘Music critics and fans alike’ have begged fellow
audience members to stop taking photos at concerts ‘because at best it’s slightly tiresome
and at worst it can distract to the point of ruining a show’. ‘Tiresome’ means ‘irritating’.

53 The correct answer is D: The writer refers to the idea that ‘technology has rewired our
brains in a way that may not, ultimately, make us happier’.

54 The correct answer is B: The writer refers to Henkel’s study of people in a museum to
support the idea that taking photos in a concert may negatively affect the ability to recall the
concert. ‘Simply put, using a camera at a concert could mean that you won’t remember it very
well’.

55 The correct answer is D: The writer says ‘no matter how many musicians set no-phone
policies, the habit will continue’.

56 The correct answer is A: Having suggested that people stop taking photos at concerts,
the writer says ‘I’ve been guilty of it – we’ve all been guilty of it. A picture or video I captured
on my phone was something I could carry with me and recall at any moment’.

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