hapten -

3rd
03
ND

ELECTRICITY
Current net
The
charge flowing throughscaler
the area

per unit time . It is a

Quantity .

SI unit (A)
ampere
-
.

Direction of current section

direction
through a cross - is the

of the flow of positive charge on the

direction
opposite to the flow
of negative charge .

section is
If the net
changeit that flows
through a cross -

negative , implies a current in the backward

direction .

☒ current
Iavg Average
= →

Instantaneous Current
Iinst d¥
= →

Electric Current in Conductors

In some materials the electrons will still be bound
,
,
i. e. will not accelerate even if an electric
they field
is
applied .
In other materials , notably metals ,

some
more
of
within
the electrons are

bulk materials practically

and
free
these materials
to

called conductors
are
electric
, develops electric current in
them when an
field is
applied .
• Metal has free electrons ,
ions
Electrolytes has and
•
+ re -
ve
,

•
semiconductor has free electrons and holes
as
charge carriers

Nole :
electric
(1) In the absence
of thermal field , free electrons
this
During
snores due to
energy
.

motion electrons collide such

that
free of electrons
randomly
moving
the no .
in a

particular
electrons
direction will be
equal to the no .
of
there is no
moving net in the
opposite
electric current
direction So
in
.

the
conductor .

(2) When a constant electric

field is applied to the
ends of a conductor the
in the direction
free electrons
experiences
to that
,
a
force of opposite
electric
field and a net electric current is set
up
in the direction of electric
field .

Illustrations
in orbit
: In
hydrogen
a

radius
atom
"
,
an
with
electron
speed of
moves

of find 5×10 a
-

an m

2×106
equivalent current
-1
2. ms .
.

"
Solution 106ms '
-

r 5×10 m v 2.2 ✗
-
-
= =

e = 106 ✗ 10 -19C

Period revolution electrons ,

of of
F- 217h = 21T ✗ 5 ✗ 10
" -

s
it 202 ✗ 106

frequency 202×106
,
V=
÷ =

21T ✗ 5 X 10
-11

✓ = 7- ✗ 1015 s
-1

Current 1.6×10-19 ✗ 7×1015

of
I =
=
er =
g

I = 1.12 ✗ 10-3 A

Problem for Practice

Ques 1.
Fig . shows a
plot of current I
through the
 section time interval
cross
of
wire over a
of
-

10s Find the amount that flows

of charge period
•

through
the wire
during this time .

I (A)

0 5 10 Tls )
Ques 2.25×1020 electrons wire in
2
If
.

pass through
current
a

one minute ,
find the
wire ? magnitude of the
flowing
through the

OHM 'S LAW

Current conductor
throughdifference is
directly proportional
to
potential across ends conductor
of
provided temperature is
kept constant .

Y Y ✗ I

I V = IR

where R is called resistance of conductor

which
depends on
•

•
length of conductor
Area of section
cross

•
•
Temperature
material
SIunit - 0hm ( r )
conductor
Resistance is
defined as
opposition offered by
to flow of charge .

R ✗ l and Rx 1
A-

9¥ is the
resistivity
• '

R where 5 the
•: =
of
material depends on
temp .

11 = is e
A-
Current
unit
Density cross-sectional
density Current
area
is
defined as current
per
.

I
J =

Consider
across it
an

,
11
electric
=
E. L
field E in a conductor ,
then
potential
Ohm 's Law
Then
from
y =

Iast
E.
i. SL
L =

→E=Js of Material
>

resistivity
J→=rE→
>
conductivity - =
}
Current density is a vector
Quantity .

Vector form of current

density
-

Area A

J=÷n= AÉos②
-

→
> > I

I >
> lo
'

A→
>
I = JA Cos ③
>

' I = J→•A→
ñ
-

SI unit :
ampere per square
-

metre ( Am )
"

directed
Note : is
along current and is also
-

parallel to E.

the number of
Illustration discharge
2: tube In a
,

hydrogen ions section

cross
i. protons
per second
-
drifting
is
e.
✗ 1018 while
across a
9- ,

the
the no

direction
of electrons
.

drifting
another across
in
opposite
section is lots cross -
2. 7- ✗

per second 4- the supply voltage is 230

•
what the V is
,
the tube
effective resistance ?
of
Solution I current is total
charge flowing per
second
-

I = he + np e
 =
[2.7×1018+1.0×1018] 1.6×10-19
=
307 ✗ 106 ✗ 10-1
I =
00592 A

Effective Resistance ,

R = 11 = 230
I 0.592

R 388 552 3.9 ✗ 102s

= .
=

Illustration A wire has resistance It is

3
of 16h
:
a .

melted and drawn into a wire

of half its

lengthWhat Calculate the resistance

of
.
the new wire .

Resistance
is the %
change in ?
Solution -
In both cases , volm remains same
,

' '
V = A l =
Al

^¥ =
l
l
.
=

£2 = 2

Stina
' '

o ? R
R
=

g
e
=

# Aa ✗
.
=

12×12 =

I
'
4h
¥
R R
¥ 16
=
= ✗ =

"

change in Resistance R R ✗ too

-
=

= 12 ✗ 100
16

= 7-5 %

Problem for Practice

wire is streaked to increase its
Ques 1 . A
cylindricalcalculate the increase
length by resistance 10%
percentage
.

in .

A metallic wire
lengththe ratio of its initial
is streaked to
Ques 2 .

of
calculate
9- m

double its
length
.
 resistances
and
final assuming that there is no
change
in its
density on
stretching
.

resistance used wind

Ques 3° The wire
of as is to
diameter
a

coil of radius 7cm . The wire has a

material
of
1. a mm and the
specificthe resistance
of its is

of in the
t Find number turns
2 X lo rm
-

coil .

Drift Hd )
velocity PYQ 2016,2012

As we know in electrostatic situation the electric

field is within the conductor hence
everywhere
zero
,

there is no current .

Free electron
direction
moves
randomly
in all with
speed
( n 106m / s ) .

If speed of electron is considered

to be U, g Uz , Uz - - -
, Un
,

Then
average speed
is
equal to zero .

U
,
+ Uz -1 Uz -1 - - -
+ Un =
O
n

when an external electric field is applied across

conductor .

In this case
F→=qE→
chargeso particle is
subjected to a
steady)
force the
.

velocity of charge ( electron

changes as

v. u + at . and acct
Em 9÷
=
= =
,

Uz =
Uz -1 Atz
Uz =
Uz + at }
ti , tz +3 tn are time
! , ,
- - -

b/w two successive collision .

In =
Unt atn

so
,
to find average velocity of electron

Vd = the 1- V2 -1 Us -1 - - -
+ Un
n
 =
( Uit at , ) +
flat at a) + - - - - - - -
+ ( Un + atn )
n
=

@ • + Us
n
-1 - - - + Un
) -1 a
Citta -1

n
- - - -
+ tn
)
Vd = 0 +
IMEI where T is the
b/w two successive
averagecollision
time

or relaxation time
Vd = CE T
m-

and directed
Therefore , drift velocity
direction
is a vector
electric
quantity
field
opposite of .

Mean
speed of electron inside the conductor when
electric is called
external
field is
applied across it
drift velocity of electron .

Important Noles : -

•
drift velocity of electron is slow C- 10 mls )
-

very
• .

switch
• When we on a
flashlight eight comes
electric
,

immediately
on . The reason is that the

field is set
up
in the wire with
speed
startapproaching
a

the
speed of lightwire at and electrons to
more all
along the
very nearly
the same time .

As the increases
temperature velocity of each electron
•

increases so time b/w two successive collision decreases

drift decreases
so
velocity .

• Current in the direction of motion of electron is called

electronic current .

• current
called
in the
opposite direction of motion of electron is
conventional current .

Relation between drift velocity and current

Let of free electrons unit volume be n' in

'
no
per a
.

conductor of cross sectional area A.

Assume that all electrons more with velocity inVdthis
for
time interval dt If dQ is the charge .

flown
time •

Total no .

of electrons =
not ( Ud dt )
dQ nAHddt)e
charge =
 ¥ =
not Vd . e

I = ne AND

Relation between current density and electric field PYQ 2016

concentrate of
St we

the area A in time

on amount
At .
charge crossing
QQ = I. At
=
( ne Alld) At
Now
substituting the value of Nd

Idt = ne A
e÷ e ist

nemitz . E

J=⇐I E) E

In vector form
Es
# e)
=

where
÷Ye
is a constant called
conductivity r .

Similarly we know
5=÷=nm÷
= -
E→

Illustration
conduction electrons
4 :( a Estimate the
in average drift
wire
velocity
of a
copper of cross1.5A
sectional
Assume that
area
each
1.0×10-7 m2
atom
carryingcontributes of
,
a current .

copper
conduction electron
roughly
is
one .

Density isof
copper
and its atomic
103kg 's
3
9 ✗ m
-

mass 65 u .

Take
Avogadro number
•
6×1023 Mol
-

-
.

b
Compare the drift velocity obtained aboveatwith
4) thermal
speeds atoms
of copper ordinary
temperatures .
E) speed of carrying the and electrons current
Ciii ) speed
the
of
conductor propagation
which of electric
field
the along
motion .
drift causes

Solution : Mass 9- m3
a
of of Cu

= 9 ✗
103kg =
911106g
As No is 6.0×1023 and atomic is 63.5
Avogadro mass
. u
,

Cw contains 6×1023 atoms

63.5g of
:O .

So 9×100 contains
g of Cee

6.0×1023 ✗ 9×106 atoms

63.5

= 8.5×1028 atoms

No .

of conduction electrons ,

number Cu atoms 8.5×1028

n=
of
=

NOW I = 105A A = 10-7 m2 @ = 1.6 ✗ 10 -19C

, ,

•
°

. Ud = I = 105
en A 1. 6×10-19 ✗ 8.5×1028×10-7

Vd
=
15
16 ✗ 85×10

9- 9- ✗ 10 -3ms o
Vd = -
•

b I At temperature -1 the thermal speed of

any atom ,
a

copper mass
of M is
given by
terms = 3. KBT
I M

But
ordinary temperature T 300k
-
,

"
Boltzmann constant ,
KB = 1038×10-23 Jk

Mass atom
of copperM
a
,
6305 -3
63 5 ✗ 10
kg
= =

9
•

6 ✗ 1023
23
6 ✗ 10
 Proms =

/ 3×1038×10 -23×300×6.0×1023
6305 ✗ 10-3
-1
= 342.57 Ms

From part (a) drift velocity of electrons 1.1×10 -3ms

=
-1
,

% Vd ( electrons ) =
I. 9- ✗ 10-3 = 3021×10-6
342.57
Vnmslcuatoms)
in
(F) The maximum KE
Imrie of electron copper
corresponding to a
temp .

To = 105K
KBT
tgmvp
=

Vf = LKBT
\ Mr

Vp =
1. 7- I ✗ 106ms - I

%
Vd (e- ) =
/ •
1×10-3 = 10-9
Vf ( e- ) 1074 ✗ 106

conductor with
Ciii ) An
the
electric
speed of
field propagates
an EM along
Wave
a
i. e. 3×10 8ms -1
,

Val electron ) =
I. 1×10-3
speed of propagation ofE→ 3×108

= 10-11 .

Illustration potential difference 9- oov is

applied to
ends
5 : A
of calculate
the
of copper
wire one
a meter
long
.

the electrons
the
average drift velocity of compare
.

it with
conductivity of copper
the thermal
,
velocity
0=5.81
at 27°C
107rem ✗
"
.

Given
and no .

conduction electrons 1028m -3

density of n = 8.5 ✗ .

Solution Electric
field E
Ie 100=100 Vm
: -1
= =

1m

As J= TE =
enrol
% Vd = TE = 5-81×107 ✗ 100 = 0.43ms
-1

en 106×10-19 ✗ g. 5 ✗ , ozg
 electron at 27°C
Now thermal
velocity of ,

Vqms 3K BT -23
=
= 3 ✗ 1038 ✗ 10 ✗ 300

1 Me I 9.1 ✗ to -31

Vrms =
1017 ✗ 105ms -1

Vd = 0 .
43 = 3067 ✗ 10-6 .

Vhms 1017 ✗ 105

Problem for Practise

Ques 1 .
A
copper
wire has a resistance
of 10s and
section 9- mm2 potential
an area
of cross A
-

exists across the wire calculate

difference of 9- OV
electrons
.

the drift speed of if the number electrons

in is 8×1028 electrons
per cubic meter copper
.

Ques Estimate
2. the
average drift speed of conduction
electrons in a copper
wire cross-sectional area
of current
carrying
-7
m2
of
2. 5 ✗ 10 a 2.7A Assume
.

conduction
the
density of electrons to be 9111028m -3 .

Ques 3. When 5V
potential difference is
applied across a

the drift speed of electrons is 2.5×10-4

wire
of length 0.1m
the electrons is 2.5 ✗ 10 am / the electron
,

m/s If If
-

. s .

calculate
density in the wire is 8×1028 the
resistivity
-3
me
,
material wire
of of
the .

Mobility ( M) PYQ 2019,2014

Mobility
unit
defined
is
electric field
as

.
the
magnitude of drift velocity per

¥dl_
unit
•
: may sa
-
-

M
-

n
:( Eli)¥
u =

Em
Limitations of Ohm's Law

good for material

Ohms Law
and
is not hold whose
graph
of 11 I is not
straight line .
 deviation
The
broadly are one or more
of the
following
types
:

11 ceases to be
(1)
proportional to I .

(2) The relation between 11 and I

depends theon

of 11
signcertain
•
In other words , if I is the current for a

direction
its
11 , then
reversing
fixed does
the of 11
current
keeping
of
magnitude ,
not
produce a
direction
the same
magnitude as I in the
opposite .

Diode
eg
. .

(3) The relation between 11 and I is not

unique i. e. there is
one value of 11 the current
more than
for same .

eg
.
GaAs ( Gallium Arsenide ) .

(1) for
conduction
good (2) for Diode (3) for GaAs

Resistivity of various Materials

9- •

Alloy PYQ 2017,2015

constantan
Alloyused
like
to make wiremanganin
,
nichrome
bound resistor
,
etc are

i. e. their
resistive ties does not
changes with
change in
temperature
.

Resistivity of NICHROME Sn as a

function of temperature .
2. Carbon Resistor
made
Resistors
in the
higher
range
are
mostly from
carbon Carbon resistors
.
are compact inexpensive and ,

thus find extensive use in electronic circuit Carbon resistors .

small in size and hence their values are

are

a colour code .
given using

The resistors have a set of co-axial colored rings .

The first two bands from the end indicate the first
two significant figures of the resistance in ohms . The
third band represents the decimal multiplier sometimes .

we even have a fourth band which represents the

tolerance / calculation of resistance
percentage error in the .

MNEMONIC to
remember the
colors

¥ R = 4- I ✗ 101-1=5-1 .

,
go
5 %
Temperature dependence of resistivity
•
Metals
increases with
For metals ,
the
resistivity temperature .

Change in resistance depends on temperature difference

( AT) and initial resistance ( Ro ) .

DR ✗ Ro
DR ✗ AT
AR ✗ Ro AT
•

• .

DR = ✗ Rob -1

Rt Ro - - ✗ Ro AT
Rf = Roll 1- ✗ AT )

]
Similarly So -11
5, = + ✗ DA

where is called as the ✗

temperature coff ident of resistivity .

For some metal ,

✗ is positive .

•
Semiconductor
For semiconductor
with increase
,
resistivitythis
decreases
is
in temperature
because Sis directly proportional to no .

of free electrons per unit volume Cn )

and with the increase in
temperature ,

for a semiconductor n increases

,

greatly with increase in temperature and

more than compensate for the decrease in E .

remains almost constant with

But for metals
in temperature
,
n

increases with
the
change
decrease in
therefore the
resistivity
the T
,
when temperature increases .

Illustration 6 : The resistance

of the wire
of is platinum
a

ice and
resistance thermometer at the
point 5 r
is
at steam point is 5023s .
When the thermometer
inserted in hot bath , the resistance the platinum
is
a

Calculate the
of the bath
wire 5079552
temp of
.
. .

Solution -

Ro = 5 r
,
R too
= 5.2352
,
Rt =
5 •
795s
As Rt = Roll + ✗ DT )

Rt -
Ro = Ro ✗ DT
 Roo -
Ro = Rot 100

on
dividing 41
by 1. we
get
Rt-Ro_ =
t

Roo -

Ro 100

t =
Rt -
Ro ✗ 100
Rico -

Ro

= 5.795 -5 ✗ 100
5- 23 -5

= 00795 ✗ 100
0.23

t =
345.65°C

Illustration 7 : A potential difference of GV is

applied
across conductor
of lengthif 0.12m calculate the
a .

electrons
drift
is
velocity of
5. 6
electrons
✗ 10 -6
m2
,
V - l
s -1
.
the
mobility
Solution -
As we know ,
u= Vd
E

U 506 10-6 ✗ 6 '

Vy
✗
Vd ms
-

=
= U .
=

E 0012

-4
Vd
-1
= 2.8 ✗ 10 ms

Problem for Practice

Ques 1. A POD .

of 200 Vis applied to a coil at a

temperature
of 15°C and the current is 10A . What will be the
current was
mean temperature of the coil when the

fallen to 5A ,
the applied voltage being same as

before Given at 0°C

•
? ✗ 1 '
=
c- .

234
Quesz . The
temp uefficient
Find the
of
resistance
resistivity
.

of copper
is
0.004°C
of long copper
'
.

5m a

diameter 0.2mm
resistivity of
wire at 100°C if the
of at 0°C is 107×10-8 rm ,

copper
.
 Electrical And Power
Energy
external conductor force and more
In
But
an
electrons do
field
not
,

accelerate
experiences with
a .

they as

the collide
more a

steady velocity This

other
•
is because
and with
when
,
ions
theyatoms
move
,

with each
fined As
,
.
a

result
they
shared with the
fined atoms and the atoms start
conductor
vibrating more
vigorously i. the
e. heats so
heat upthe
.

a
part of the
energy
is dissipated as in conductor
during the time interval At is -

AKI = Ill At

The
energy dissipated per
unit time is the
power dissipated
P
/
AW At
=

Also we have

P = IV

using 0hm 's Law ,

11 =
IR ,
we
get
P = IZR = v2
R

Combination Of Resistors
(1) Series combination
Ra Ra
mm mm
consider two resistor Ra and Ra
connected in Series . Current in
y,
< > < ×, > series remains same from both the
I. ^ resistors and the potential difference
across R is 11 and P D across Rz is V2
, ,
. . .

11 = 11 ,
+ V2
Using get
11 ohm's law we
,

IR = I , Ri t Iz R2

Rnet = R, + Rz
121 Parallel combination
Rr
I.
mm
consider two resistors R . and Ra
connected in parallel In parallel
y←
.

mm potential remains the same and current

I Iz
in both the branches
dividing
n
Rz is .

I I, t Iz
I
=

11 Using get
Ohm's Law ,
we

¥net= VI. ¥ Eet

I + I
+ =

Ri Ra

cells ,
EMF ,
Internal Resistance PYQ 2020,18 16,15 13,12 , ,

device to maintain a current

A
simple
electric circuit is the
electrolytic
steady cell .
in an

a T

The sketch
of an
electrolyte
cell with positiveterminal P

and
negative terminal N .

electrodes
EMF (E) The
when
potential difference across the
of a cell no is
current drawn from it is called
the EMF (E) Of the cell .

Also ,
EMF is the work done in complete circulation of a
unit positive charge .

SI Unit : -

volt (4) Or JC
- •

Internal Resistance electrolyte which current

flows has
The
through the internal
a
finite resistance which is called
resistance
of cellar) .
 potential difference across
VoltagecellThewhen the terminals of
a current is drawn from it called the
terminal
voltage .

Relation between r
,
E ,
V : consider a cell
of emf E
and internal resistance or connected to an external resistance
constant current
R as shown .
Suppose a
I. flows
through
mm
this circuit .

By definition of emf
R
,
I ^ ' I

- - - - - -

:B
E- work done
-

by the cell in
carrying
the closed
, Mi
unit
a
circuit
charge along
tell
1- E ? !
unit
e. w.is in
carrying
chargeresistance
a
.

from against
A to B
unit
external
R iii. + in
carrying
D. a

from B to A against internal

chargeResistance r
'

E = 11 + Y

Ohm's Law 11=1 R and V. In

By ,
=

• : E = IR + In = I CR tr )

I = E
Rt r

The terminal P.D.

of the cell that sends current I
the external resistance R is
through given by -

=(RE+n)R
11 = IR

'
Also I = E -
V
,
V =
E -
In

• : a = E- 4
I
= E- "
VIR
=(E; )R "

Cells in Series And Parallel

•
In Series ( current remains same )
 consider
internal
a cell
resistance
of different emf E.
,
Ea
,
Es ,
Ea and
connected in
ri , na ,
r
z ,
ng resp
. are

series .

Mr Mt Mr M

<
E, R'

> a
Ez
th

> C
Ers 93
7C
E ?}
V V3 ✓
, V2 y

< >
y

Now If the equivalent cell

of these
four cell has emf and
resistance as Es and us .

: .
11 , = E, -
In , Also ,

V2 =
Ez -
In , Y = V ,
+ V2 + V3 + Vq
Ez I E In , +
Ez In + Es Ihs
V3
=
93
- -

=
- -

, z

Va =
Ey -
I try + Ey -
I Ry

Es -
Ins =
(E ,
+ Eat Estey ) -
I ( r , that

rz try ) .

Es = E ,
+ Eat Est Ey
kg = hi +
hat rz try

parallel ( remains same )

In
voltage
•

consider two cells of emf E. and E ,

and internal
resistance r, and rz
E'
unh F-'
1
Here ,
11 = E, -
Ii he

Ii rn = E, - V
< 11 > <

I
⑤
=Ei
win <
Is -

Ez 92 Iz

similarly Ia =

Ez÷ ②
-

Emf and internal resistance

is Ep and
of equivalent parallel circuit
hp respectively .

11 =
Ep -
I
rp

Ip=EPn_÷ dap Fy
OR = -
In the circuit ,
we can write

Ip= I, t Iz

:p :-p ÷ ¥ :-. ÷
-
-
- - -1 -

, , .

:p Ip % % ( d. d.)
- = + - " +

.
,

comparing both sides ,

and
E÷p= ¥ ¥ ,
+

, ;p-
=

÷ ,
+
÷
Illustration 8 : find the value
of current I in the
circuit shown •

>
I A

30N 3 Or
2V

°
B
zor

Solution -

RAB =
Rac +
RCB
=
30 -130 = 605L

RAB = 605L

Illustration 9 20cm and section

area Zmmz is
: A
copper
joined
rod
length similar
of with aluminium
a
cross

rod shown Find resistance the combination

as the
of
.

✓
Sue = to 7- ✗ 10 -8dm
a
& AL = 2.6 ✗ 10 -852m
Find the resistance the combination between the
ends .
of

Solution : following
The
figure
parallel combination
represents two -
rods in

Rnet = RAL Rae

RAL + Rca

we will calculate Rae and Ren

respectively ,

RAL =
SAL l AL And Rae =
Scu low
Aa , Acu

provided length and Area same .

 % Rnet =
SAL Scalf
AK

)¥f
act Scu

Rnet = Sac Sue l -

AL t Sue)A

= 107×10 -8×2.6×10-8 ✗ 0.21×10-1

to
-8
(1.7+2.6) ✗ ✗ 10-6

Rnet =
7- 7- ✗ 10-352
•

Illustration A network resistors is connected to a 1611

10 :
of battery
with internal resistance (a)
compute the
1.rs as shown
(b) obtain the current in
of .

equivalent resistance the network

ofObtain .

each resistor
voltage drop VAB HBC and
.
(c) the
,
• ~ 122
V. CD
B
.

A C D
> • •

12
As 62

In
1611

solution : (a) Rnet = RAB + RBC + Rcb

= 4×4 + 9- + 12×6

41-4 12-16

= 2 + I + A

Rnet = 7- r

(b) Total current I = E =

16
g
Rtr 7+1
I = 2A
It I3
yr 122

A > B >
C D
> • • >
I I
> 12 >
Iz Is It 62
e > c > < >
v, ✓z V3
V4 ,
c

In
§
1611
 Potential Across both resistance btw A and B is same .

:O I, 4 =
Iz 4
I, = I z

At
point A ,
I = I, + Iz
:O Ii = Iz = 9- A

Similarly potential drop across 122 and 6 recession

are same ,

12 Iz = 6 Iq
2I 3
= I4

and I 2
z t Iy =

Iz 1- 2
Iz = 2

Iz and Ia
3- A IgA
= =

(c) The
voltage drop Across AB is

UAB =
Ip ✗ 4 = I ✗ 4 = 44

Also the
UBC =
voltage drop
2A 1.2 ✗ =
across
211
BC is -

CD is
Finally the
drop
voltage Iz across .

Yep = 12 ✗
12 811
2-3
= ✗ =

My Vq 1×2 211
•
= = .

Problem for Practice

Ques 1 . Three resistors 2s ,

4s and 5h are connected to a

battery of emf and resistance determine the

negligiblebranch
20 ✓
,

each
current
through
.

Ques 2 Three resistors 12,2 R

.
and 3h combined in
are

series what is the

.

potential drop across each resistor if a

connected circuit
battery RV are
of
in the .

Calculate the
Ques 3 .

35h
effective resistance between A and B .

E W D
3N R
M Gr
m3
f N GR C
q6r& W
8
3. r
3h M
A B
3s
 KRICHOFP 'S LAW PYQ 2019 , 18,15 ,
14,13 12,11 ,

krichoff's first Junction Law PYQ201#

-

1. Law or

At junctionis
anyjunction
the sum
of the currents
entering
leaving
,
the
equal to the sum of the currents
the
junction This . is based on the law
of conservation
of
because when
chargeaccumulation current is
steady ,
there is no

wire
of charges at junction
anycurrent
or at
any
point in the . Thus total ,

total current
flowingout
in
mint be
equal to the
flowing
.

I'
→ L I
,
+
Iz + Iz -

In + Is =
O
Ir

TIED CHEY)
Z N

junction
•
m , me .

How 3
' ' Ii + Is -1 Is =
It 1- Is
g.

second Law
2.
Kiriakoff 's or
loop rule PYQ 2014

The
algebric
closed
sum
changes of
in potential
resistors and
around any

the
loop
loop is involving
zero This. is based on
the
the
cells
Law
in
of
energy
.

convection
sign
Potential in direction
•
across a resistor is -
ve the
of
current .

I
VB -

VA = -
IR

• •

B A

• Potential across a resistor is + ve in the direction opposite

to current .

V13 -
VA = IR

B
%
I

Illustration 11 :
If R ,
= 2h
,
Rz = Ar ,
R 3=652 ,
determine
the electric current flows in the circuit below .
 Ri R2
Solution : First , choose the

E
direction of the current - You

can choose the

opposite
current or direction in the
Rz
clockwise direction .

Second when the current

throughpotential Ea
,
= 311
the resistor ( R ) there is a

negative
that ✓
difference so =
IR .

Third , if the current moves

foam how to
high voltage
to
of emf E then the
signed source
positive
+
source
-

because
of the
charging of energy
from high
at the
emf .

If the current moves to low

voltage
emf (E) signed
+ to then the source
of negative
-

because the
emptying of
the
of energy
at
emf
source .

In this solution the direction the current is the same

the direction
,

clockwise of rotation
as
of
.

-
IR ,
+ E, -

IRZ -
I Rz -
E 2=0
-
2 I +9 -

4 I - 6 I -3 = 0

-
12 I 1- 6 =
0
I =
-
6
-
12

I = 0.5

The electric current positive means that the direction

of the
electric current is the direction
same as the
of
clockwise rotation .

Illustration 11 : Determine the current in each branch

the network
of
.

Solution -
Each branch has
with unknown current
assigned
.

In loop ADCA ,

0=10 -
4 I ,
-
Iz +2 Iz -1 Iz -
I, -

In
1

7- I -
6 Iz -
21--3 = 9-0 1
,

In ABCA
loop ,

10 -
4 Iz -
2 Iz + Iz
-

I, = 0

In + 6 Iz +2 Iz = 10 2
 In
loop BCDEB ,

5- 2 Iz +
Iz -
2 Iz + Iz -
I, = 0

2 I 1
-
4 Iz -
4
Iz =
-

5 3

Soloing all these eqn we

get
15g
205 A Iz
5g Iz
I, = = =

The current in various branches

of the network are

AB
IgA
CA
52 A DEB
÷ A
- = =

CD
A
52A
AD = =
0A Bc =

Problem
for Practice

Ques 1 . In the ctrluit below ,

er = 2011 • Vr ,
= 511 and
find the and
ez to v.
voltages Vrz Vrz
= .

>

E,
um
R
11 >
iz
r
iz n e z

e, = RzZ § R3

Find the each

Ques 2 . current
through battery .

18s
Mr

^ 1=2^36 r n
911 -1 33 r
,
Iz
-

311 -

Wheatstone
Bridge PYQ2015,2
It is of four resistance used to determine
arrangement
one of these
an
resistance in terms of
remaining
three
resistance .

consists of resistance P , Q , R and S

A wheat stone
connected to
bridge
form the arms of a quadrilateral ABCD .

A sensitive
galvanometer
between B and D .
 •B Ig
§ Kirchoff 's
Applying in
-

,
Law
P '
Q
W Ig by
loop ABDA
I>
,
I
>
A. 7 It h I
I• P
IgG + IZR 0
-
-
=
✓
I2
2h
S NOR I, P +
IGR
= Iz R -
9-

• Ñ I 2-1 Ig

loop BCDB

( I, Ig ) Q + (Iz +
Ig ) s +
IgG = 0
-
-

( I , Ig )Q
- =
( Iz + I
g) s +
IgG 2

balanced condition
In
Ig = 0

Putting Ig -0 in a- and a

I P Iz R
3g
= -

,
I
, Q =
Iz S

Dividing by it
get
3 we
,

F- Is =

Meteor
Bridge ( slide wire bridge ) PYQ 2020 , 19,17 , 13,11

It is an
based on the
arrangement
principle
of balanced Wheatstone

bridge
contain
. This
two
arrangement
R
resistance
and in which R is
S

unknown resistance and

s is known resistance .

A one meter wire made

of or
magnin constantan must ,

be of uniform cross section so that -

resistance per
unit ri remains constant in the
'

wire .
length everywhere
 RAD = l, r

Risc =
( 100 -
l,
)h
bridge condition
Using Wheatstone balance

R = RAD_
g- Rpc
l
Rs =

1100
.

-
r

e.) r

e,
Rs =

100 -
e,

R = s .
l .

100 -
l,

Illustration 12 : find out the

in the circuit , when no magnitude of resistancethe ✗

resistor
current
flows through
5 r
11
.

611
✗ 18 r
m m

z5r
my N
2s
Gr

solution resistor
As No current
flows through 5s
-

• : The circuit
✗ =
2
represents balanced a Wheatstone
bridge .

18 6
✗ = 6s

Illustration
bridge arrangement
13 : In a Wheatstone the
, ,

ratio arms P and Q are

nearly equal The
P andbridge
.

balanced when R
interchanging Q
is = 500s . On
,

the value R
of the for ratio
balancing
is 505 r .
Find the value
of
and
Ig
✗ .

for balanced Wheatstone

Solution -

p =
R bridge ,

g X
P 500
= g-
9
In the
first case R soon a

interchanged
=
,

In the second case

,
P and Q are

Op =
505
✗
2
 equation and
Multiplying a- a
,

I = 500 ✗ 505
2
✗

✗ = 50205

Problem Practice
for
clues Calculate the current drawn
from
1 . the
battery by
the network
9- R
of resistors Shawn .

fig ⑨I
?
un por 10h
B W
•^I , G
og

•r
€7 60k¥ ;D
I

Fig 2
11 (1)
g
Fig
44

Ques 2 . Calculate the ratio heat

of shown produced in four arms of
the Wheatstone
bridge (2)
Fig
.

In meter
bridge point
the null is
Ques 3 .

, found at a

5 r is
distance
of 60cm
from A- Sf now a resistance
of
connected in series with S ,
the null point occurs at 50cm .

Determine values R and

of Fig
the S .
(1)

(1)
Fig Fig 12

Clues to
Figure
When the two
(2) shows experimental setup of
resistances ✗
a metre

bridge
. unknown and Y
☐ is obtained
are

end A. when
inserted ,the null point is connected
Aocm
from
in
the resistance 1- or
of
a

series with ✗ ,
the null point shifts by 10cm . Find the
position
instead of the null
connected
point
in
when the
series with
lo r resistance is
resistance Y ' Determine
•
.

the value resistance

of the ✗ and Y .
 Potentiometer PYQ 2020,16 , 14,13 ,
12,10

Potentiometer is a device used to measure an

unknown emf or is
potential difference
accurately . It
also used to
find internal resistance of cell .

constant current flows

Principle : When a a
through
wire of uniform cross section area , the potential
-
difference
across
any length of
wire is directly proportional to that
length
.

If a constant current I is maintained in a wire .

Potential difference across

length 't is ii. when wire
has uniform cross section area A.

11 = RI
11 =

5¥ .
I where S is
resistivity
11 ✗ I

p plication of Potentiometer
(1) To
compare emf of two
primary cell .

(2) To find internal resistance of cell .

(1) To
compare emf of two given cells .

A constant current is maintained in the potentiometer wire .

Consider two cells of emf Er and Ea

cells
The
positive terminals .

of these are connected to end A

of potentiometer
terminal
wire and
negative to the
galvanometer and
Jockey .

When 1 and 3 are connected

and is sliced on
wire
Jockey
galvanometer reads zero
from wire end A
at
length
l , ,

E, ✗ l,

E, = Kl , where K is
potential
I
gradient
 when 2 and 3 are connected
Ez
,

la
found
✗
the null
point is at

length from Ez Kla 2

lz end A. =

from equation 1 and a

compare emf of
This two cells
E÷= ¥ way
and
we

even
can
calculate the emf of one

cell if emf of the other is known .

(2)
Calculating internal resistance of a cell PYQ 2010

A rheostat crh )
battery B ,
a

is
and
connected
a
key
across
K
the end A
and B of the potentiometer
wire such that positive terminal
is connected to
of battery point
A.

Now
key ka is left open and
the
position of null
deflection
is obtained at
lengthen from A.

Ea e,
E = K lo 9-

sliding wire
'
K' is closed
Now
key and Jockey is over
and null
deflection is obtained across
length la
11 ✗ la
11 = K lz 2

from 1 and 2

G- ¥ =
- 3

from definition
11 E- = In

Ir = E - V

r =
E -
V =
E -
V
I YR
 (9 1)
a- -

R
,

di I R
n = -

12

dvantage :
of potentiometer
Advantagevalue .
~ it
gives
draws
the
actual
of potential as it no

current
from the
measured
voltage
.
source that is
being
Voltmeter and Potentiometer

voltmeter
measured
using
When emf is These be some

other mayhand
.

error in
reading the
deflection On the .

for
measuring the emf by potentiometer only
a ,
null point is to
be read which involve less error .

Thus
potentiometer is better instrument than voltmeter .

Senslivity of Potentiometer

To increase the
sensitivity of Potentiometer the value

of Potential
gradient K is kept least possible .

be increased
senetioity can
by :

increasing length of Potentiometer wire .

by decreasing current
using
Rheostat
• .

Illustration figure
14 : In
long ,uniform potentiometer
a

is
having
wire AB a constant

potential gradient along its

length The null

points for
.

two cells
emfs
connected of in
the
and
primary
Ez
E. the
manner shown are obtained at a

distance 120cm
of A. and 300cm from
the end Find 1 E, and
E-
iiposition of null point for the
cell Er .

How is the senstivity of a

potentiometer increased ?
 I
solution
Then
-
let K be the potential gradient in volt
/ cm .

1
E ,
+ Ez =
300K

Ep
-

Ez =
120k 2

solving 1

E, =
and 2.
210k
we
get
Ez =
90K

En 7-
Hence , =

Ez 3

ii As E, = 210K
%
Balancing length for cell Er is

la = Es = 210cm
K

The sensitivity of potentiometer a wire can be increased

by
decreasing potential gradient either
through
increasing
length of the potentiometer wire or
through increasing
resistance series with main cell
put in the .

Problem for Practice

Ques section of
long of uniform
1 . A 10 meter wire cross -

is used
20 A resistance as
potentiometer wire .

This connected
wire is in series with battery ofa
54
,

with an external resistance

along of
aseor .
If an

emf E is balanced of this

unknown at 600cm wire
,

calculate 4)
and lii)
the
potential
value
gradient potentiometer
of unknown the
wire the
of the
emf E.