1.

Composite use
Advance air crafting is a famous case for both defense and civil applications. In the absence of
composite materials, the airframes would be significantly less productive. In essence, the
sector's quest for materials that are lightweight and robust has proven to be the primary driver of
composites production. Wings and rear portions, rotors, and propeller blades, as well as most of
the interior surface and attachments, are increasingly typically manufactured of sophisticated
composites (Javaid et al., 2021). The aircraft of certain smaller planes, as well as the wings, tails,
and side portions of major civilian flights, are completely built of composite

1.1. Fixed wing in civil applications

Composite materials in civilian aircraft are appealing since they minimize aircraft complexity,
which leads to higher fuel efficiency and cheaper operational expenses. Airbus made the first
important applications of composite material in a civilian flight in 1983. In this scenario, the
metallic fin's 2,000 pieces were reduced to less than 100 for the composites wing, lowering its
heaviness and manufacturing expense. The staircase of the A310 had eventually built with a
“honeycomb core and CFRP covers”. Regarding these accomplishments, composite “fuel tank
bottom cover, fixed-wing- and lateral bottom access panels and deflectors, trailing-edge flaps
and, spoilers, control surfaces, wheel doors, main gear leg fairing doors, and engine components”
were used for the entire tail structure of the A320 (Kandala and Kumar, 2022). The flooring
plates, too, are being constructed of GFRP. Composite materials account for 28% of the load of
the A320 aircraft. The A380 is made up of around 20% to 22% composite by mass, with GLARE
used extensively in the forward shielding, top wing casings, crowning and wing paneling, and
top portions of the front and backward top body. Almost four layers of “thickness 0.38mm
aluminum alloy and fiberglass epoxy adhesive make up GLARE” composite material for fixed
wing (Montoya et al., 2020). GLARE provides lightweight advantages of 15 to 30% above
aluminum alloy, as well as excellent tensile durability. CFRP has utilized for the aircraft's upper
lower surfaces, as well as the forward, middle, and back parts. The Boeing 777, which made its
first flying ten years earlier, is made up of roughly 20% composites by mass, with composite
materials utilized for the aircraft's fixed wing.