© Environmental chemistry deals with the chemical phenomena occurring in environment. ‘Any undesirable change in our surroundings that has harmful effects on plants, animals and human beings is called environmental pollution ‘Any substance which causes pollution is called pollutant. Pollutants are actually substances which are present in greater concentration than natural abundance either due to human activities or due to natural happenings and cause harmful effects to living beings. Types of pollutants Pollutants can be classified in different ways as follows: 1. Primary and secondary pollutants Primary pollutants are those which remain as such 0. after their formation. For examp! D2, NO CO, hydrocarbons are all primary pollutants Secondary pollutants are formed from the primary pollutants in the atmosphere or hydrosphere. For example, hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen react together photochemically to form certain compounds (eg, PAN ie. peroxyacyl nitrates) which act as secondary pollutants 2. Degradable and non-degradable pollutants * Degradable pollutant degrades after some time either automatically or through action of microorganisms, e.g., sewage. Non-degradable pollutant docs not get degraded or broken down into harmless material, ¢ g., DDT, plastics ‘The medium (c.g. soil) or organism affected by the pollutant or contaminate is called a receptor, whilst a sink is a chemical medium or species that retains and interacts with the pollutant. Air Pollution * Air pollution is the modification of the natural ‘characteristics of the atmosphere by a chemical, Environmental Chemistry — particulate matter, or biological agent. The atmosphere is a complex, dynamic natural gaseous system that essential to support life on planet Earth, Worldwide air pollution is responsible for large number | of deaths and cases of respiratory diseases. While | major stationary sources are often identified with ar pollution, the greatest source of emissions are actualy mobile sources, mainly automobiles. Gases such as carbon dioxide, which contribute to global warming have recently gained recognition as. pollutant in excess by climate scientists, while they also recognize that carbon dioxide is essential for plant lie through photosynthesis, Major atmospheric pollutants Major gaseous and particulate pollutants responsible for tropospheric pollution are as follows: Oxides of sulphur Major source of oxides of sulphur mainly SO is buming Of sulphur containing fossil fuel and roasting of sulphi ores, Sulphur dioxide is converted to more harmful sulpht trioxide in presence of particulate matter (catalyst) «™ NOs or H;03 (promoter). 250, +0, —Patevstematet_, 950, NO} oF H;03 SO, combines with atmospheric water vapours to form 1,80, which comes down in the form of acid ri. S03 + H,0 —> H,SO, 7 | Sulphur dioxide is a corrosive acid gas which produces od || rain that causes damage and destruction of vegetation degradation of soil, building materials and water SO, in ambient air is also associated with asthms chronic bronchitis. t also causes irritation to the eY°> Limestone materials act as sink for SO,- temp the at ‘Oxides of nitrogen Major sources of nitrogen oxides are, high combustion processes, oxidation of nitrogen IM | in fuels respectively, denitrifying bacteria, et aa280% 5 2NO ;2NO +0; YE aNO,; NO+0;——>NO, +0, | spss gases are converted into nitric acid (HINO,) #7 pes down tothe surface of the earth in the form win Here itreats with gases (ammonia, lime, et.) mitates which are washed into the soil where it Mp erlzer. Thus ammonia lime, ec. act asa sink 16h spiratoryiitant, may ageravate asthma and Be incense susceptibility to infections Fede produce Ye imation, injury to liver and as: ngrocarbons = ire majorly produced naturally (e.g. marsh gas) as At if felasdue to incomplete combustion of automobile fuel Dig pmsleararomatichydrocarbons are carcinogenic, cause © Tranon of eyes and mucous membrane and bronchial : ‘onssiction. They give rise to secondary pollutants with | srgen oxides ebane (marsh gas) is produced naturally during ‘suzobic decomposition of organic matter in paddy fields, atledung and incomplete combustion. It is a green house ‘svhich is oxidised in the atmosphere to CO>. "arm, Oxides of carbon i & | Tyo major pollutant oxides of carbon are carbon monoxide omit ucarbon dioxide tings () Carbon monoxide : Carbon monoxide (CO) isa toxie 2svhich is emitted into the atmosphere by incomplete combustion of coal and firewood and by oxidation of | Indoors and other organic empournts eit | CO may reduce the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood by combining with haemoglobin to produce sabory haemoglobin. This oxygen deficiency results fusit | ilo headache, weak eyesight, nervousness. and ast cardiovascular disorders aipt | (Carbon dioxide : CO, is released into atmosphere s) | by respintion, burning of fossil fuels, forest fire | Position of limestone in cement industry, ete Itis a greenhouse gas, the concentration of which is | constantly rising gt | Merce t causes headache and nausea. Stone layer aH The ‘ozone layer exists in the stratospheric layer of the Bs farh’s atmosphere where ozone concentrations are in pare thousand times higher than in the troposphere. : Zone is produced by lightning and solar irradiation of °xygen molecules. ohn formed by reactions that start with the spitting 20 form two atomic oxygen (0) atoms. Atomic Xygen, (0) will react with another ‘Oy molecule to form “one (0), Ozone protects life on earth by absorbing most incoming solar ultraviolet radiation. The overall amount of ozone in the stratosphere is determined by a balance between photochemical production and recombination. Ozone depletion or ozone hole In recent years, gradual depletion of this protective ‘ozone layer has been reported. Ozone can be destroyed by anumber of free radical catalysts, the most important ‘of which are the hydroxyl radical (OH’), the nitric oxide radical (NO") and chlorine (CI') and bromine (Br') All of these have both natural and man-made sources; at the present time, most of the OH” and NO in the stratosphere is of natural origin, but human activity tically increased the atomic chlorine and bromine. These elements are found in certain stable organic compounds, especially chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which may find their way to the stratosphere without being destroyed in the troposphere due to their low reactivity. Once in the stratosphere, the Cl and Br atoms are liberated from the parent compounds by the action of ultraviolet light, e.g CECI, + hv > CFCL + Cr The CI’ and Br’ free radicals can then destroy ozone molecules through a variety of catalytic eycles. In the simplest example of such a eycle, a CI” reacts with an ozone molecule, taking an oxygen atom with it (forming C10*) and leaving a normal oxygen molecule. A free oxygen atom then takes away the oxygen from the C1”, and the final result is an oxygen molecule and a chlorine atom, which then re-initiates the cycle. The chemical shorthand for these gas-phase reactions is: C+ 0; ClO" +0, Clo"+0>cr+0, The net reaction is: 0; + O° 205 For this particular mechanism to operate there must be a source of O° atoms, which is primarily the photodissociation of 03, thus this mechanism is only important in the upper stratosphere where such atoms are abundant. More complicated mechanisms have been discovered that lead to ozone destruction in the lower stratosphere as well. A single chlorine atom would keep on destroying, ‘ozone for up to two years. In most parts of the stratosphere, CIO" reacts with nitrogen dioxide (NO) and hydrocarbons. ClO" + "NO, CIONO, Cl" + CHy > CH" + HCI This prevents active chlorine species from reacting with more ozone, slowing down ozone depletion. On a per atom basis, bromine is even more efficient than chlorine at destroying ozone, but there is much~ and methane to form strongly-bound HF, whil molecules which contain iodine react so rapidly in the Toweratmosphere that they do not reach the stratosphere {n significant quantities. Ozone depletion over Antarctica ‘© InAntarctica, the climatic conditions are quite different. In winters, there are special types of clouds called Polar Stratosphere Clouds (PSCs) composed of either nitrie acid trihydrate (HNOs-3H;0) (Type I PSO) or ice (Type TIPSC), These clouds convert chlorine nitrate and HCI formed in above reactions into HOC! and Cl, through the following reactions: CIONO; + H,0 1882088, HOC! + HNO; CIONO, + HCI—> Cl + HNOs During spring, the sun shines over Antarctica and HOCL ‘and Cl; formed in above reactions undergo photolysis to form reactive chlorine atoms which destroy the ‘ozone layer. © HOCI+%v—>‘OH + cr Ch + iv — 9 2cr Effects of depletion of ozone layer © Skin cancer © Bye damage such as cataracts ‘© Immune system damage, damage of plants and crops, disturbance of heat balance of earth It will result in Smog Smog is type of outdoor pollution caused by chemical reactions between pollutants derived from various sources, such as automobile exhaust and industrial ‘emissions. Cities are often centers of these types of activities, and many suffer from the effects of smog, especially during the warm months ofthe year ‘The word smog is a combination of smoke and fog. The name was so given because for the first time it was found to be formed due to condensation of some kind of fog on the carbon particles present in the smoke produced due to combustion of domestic and industrial fuels like coal and petroleum. London smog or Sulphurous smog or Classical smog : Its formation is initiated by a mixture of SO>, iculates and high humidity in the atmosphere. ‘of the chemicals present in the particulates @ the conversion of SO, to SO; which then ith H,0 of the humidity forming a fog of ets, These then condense on the formed when the air contains NO, and hydrocarbon and the mixture is exposed to sunlight. As the reaction takes place in the presence of sunlight to form the smog, is called photochemical smog. In the presence of sunlight, NO> undergoes photolysis to form NO and atomic oxygen. Atomic oxygen then combines with the molecular oxygen in the presence ‘of some molecule M (which acts as a source of transfer of energy) to form ozone, O3. The ozone thus formed reacts with NO to regenerate NO; and O>. Thus NO, cycle is completed. The reactions taking place may be represented as follows. NO, 5 NO+O 0+0;— 903 0; + NO—> NO. +0 Thus, NO and O; produced are used up and no extra NO; js added into the atmosphere. But the trouble arises if hydrocarbons are also present inthe atmosphere. These hydrocarbons combine with the oxygen atom produced by the photolysis of NO» to form highly reactive intermediates called free radicals (which are reactive fj, species containing unpaired electrons) which may be represented by the general formula RCO". These fee 7 radicals initiate a variety of reactions some of which 9 may be represented as follows = er RCO" + 07 —> RCO st RCO} + Hydrocarbons —> RCHO, RC = 0 ah) RCO} + NO—> RCO, + NO a RCO} +O; —> 03 + RCO it RCO} + NO —> RCO; NO» oy Peroxyacylaitates (PAN) | As a result, concentration of ozone peroxyacylnitrates i (PAN) and aldehydes (RCHO) and ketones (RCO) =} builds up in the atmosphere. | Greenhouse effect and global warming | + Certain gases in the atmosphere trap heat in the lost atmosphere (troposphere). This phenomenon has been referred to as the greenhouse effect, «Without the natural thermal insulation ofthe mil greenhouse effect, the earth would be covered by and life as we know it would not exist: © The amount of ‘heat trapped in the, toposes depends mainly on the concentrations of heatsapri greenhouse gases and the length of time they stay 8° atmosphere. ar yraNd, Ties if as 0) ie | a ® f ¢ fal Chemistry nhouse gases are: | r, carbon dioxide (CO3), ozone (Os), | (His), nitrous oxide (N20), and ehloro- a earbons (ECS). } fromm) predominant greenhouse gases are water | fe ei ‘carbon dioxide. se apour added t0 the atmosphere by human HF eshas lite effect on the greenhouse effect tration of carbon dioxide is much smaller Fe that of water vapour. As a result, the fairly large | of earbon dioxide from human activities can Beieanly affect the amount of heat trapped inthe her. fobon dioxide Tevels increases due t0 © purming of wood and fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas) Guiting trees for development i.e, decrease in photosynthesis Buming tropical rainforests to clear land for agriculture — Wild fires Pollution Killing photosynthetic alzae and single- celled organism in the oceans | Acid rain destroying foliage Volcanic outgassing, + Ammospheric levels of carbon dioxide, CFCs, methane, and nitrous oxides have risen significantly in recent decades * Since the late 1800’s, the mean global temperature has tien by about 0.3° - 0.6°C, and over the last 45 years, the temperature has increased by about 0.2 - 0.3°C Recent years have been among the warmest on record. * Possible consequences of global warming include: Increase in ocean volume due to thermal expansion of the water ~ Melting of glacial ice and sea ice ~ Global rise in sea level ~ Flooding of low-lying areas Loss of land for agriculture ~ Migration of coastal populations in land ~ Northward migration of warm climate species of Plants and fish ~ Spread of some tropical diseases ~ New weather patterns ~ Higher frequency and greater intensity of hurricanes due to warmer ocean temperatures > More intense heat waves and droug > Change in distribution of world’s water resources (eduction in flow of some rivers and increased | ling in others) with implications for agriculture and drinking water supplies Water Pollution ‘+ Water pollution is a large set of adverse effects ‘upon water bodies such as lakes, rivers, oceans, and groundwater caused by human activities. + Natural phenomena such as volcanoes, algae blooms, storms, and earthquakes also cause major changes in water quality and the ecological status of water. Water is called polluted only when it cannot be used for what ‘one wants it to be used for. Water pollution has many causes and characteristics. Causes of water pollution Industrial affluents — Water is discharged from the industries after having been used in production processes. This waste water may contain acids, alkalies, salts, poisons, oils and in some cases harmful bacteria. 1g and agricultural wastes — Mines, especially gold and coal mines, are responsible for large quantities of acid water. Agricultural pesticides, fertilizers and herbicides may wash into rivers and stagnant water bodies. # Sewage disposal and domestic wastes — Sewage as well as domestic and farm wastes were often allowed to pollute rivers and dams. — Organic wastes such as sewage impose high oxygen demands on the receiving water leading to oxygen depletion with potentially severe impacts on the whole eco-system, Increase in nutrient loading may lead eutrophication in which nutrient enriched water bodies support a dense plant population which affects the life of aquatic animals by depriving it of oxygen, in to Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) © The amount of oxygen required by bacteria to break down the organic matter present in a certain volume of 4 sample of water is called BOD, It is a measure of the amount of organic material in the water. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) It is the measure of the capacity of water to consume oxygen during the decomposition of organic matter and the oxidation of inorganic chemicals, e.g., ammonia and nitrite. Soil Pollution Soil pollution is defined as the build-up of persistent toxic compounds, chemicals, salts, radioactive materials, or disease causing agents in soil, which have adverse effects | on plant growth and animal healthSources of soil pollution * Pesticides : These are the chemicals, biological agents (Such as virus, bacteria), or antimicrobials that are used to kill or stop the growth of unwanted organisms. However, they adversely affect the health of human beings directly or indirectly. ‘+ Industrial efMuents/Wastes : A lange number of toxic substances are released from manufacturing industries in one or other form including cyanides, chromates, acids, alkalies and metals like mercury, copper, zine, lead, cadmium, ete. © Radioactive pollutants : Dumping of the nuclear ‘wastes from the nuclear power plants into the soil has been one of the greatest source of radioactive pollution of the soil. Green Chemistry + "Green Chemistry", can be defined as the design, development and implementation of chemical products and processes to reduce or eliminate the use and generation of substances hazardous to human health and the environment. ‘* Chemical products should be designed to affect their desired function while minimising theit toxicity. © The use of auxiliary substances (eg. separation agents, etc.) should be reduced. + Araw material or feedstock should be renewable, ‘© Catalytic agents as selective as possible should be used. solvents, Examples of green chemistry © Halons are greenhouse gas compounds, used in fire fighting and other applications. Pyrocool Technol have synthesized a halon substitute Wb Chapterwise WB Jee Pong + Substintes to CEC's such a5 HEC= 1344 (cay have been discovered which are considere / friendly to environment. ‘ ‘he 2H | + Switching from air (78% nitrogen) to eliminates NO production and also saves fe] = Bs efficient burning yr iy The current commercial method of producin it isa suing aplication of green chemistry, 4) Control of environmental pollution o + Waste management : Environmental pation gy, Po) controlled to a certain extent by mana; ede ie + Recycli large amount of disposed waste may can be reused by recycling the waste Thus it rede the land fill and converts waste into usable forms ( ‘+ Sewage treatment :Itcan be done by following metho = Incineration : Incineration is a waste treatmy 4 technology that involves the combustion ofominie | materials and/or substances. Incineration of wage materials converts the waste into ash, flue pase, | particulates, and heat, which can in tur be used generate electri Incinerators reduce the volume of the original wase by almost 95%, Digestion : The sewage sludge can undergo anaemic digestion when microorganisms degrade wastes in absence of oxygen. 2(CH,0) —> C02 + CHy ping : Dumping of sewage sludge into lands because it contains compounds of N and P which act as fertilizers for sol ANI. CATEGORY 1 : Single Option Correct Type (1 Mark) 1. Which of the following is the uppermost region of the atmosphere? (a) Stratosphere (b) Troposphere (©) Exosphere (d) lonosphere 2. Which of the following is the coldest region ? (a) Troposphere (b) Mesosphere (c) Stratosphere (d) Thermosphere 3. Which of the following is a secondary pollutant? (@) CO; (b) NO (©) SO,_— (A) PAN 4. Which of the following is not considered to be a pollutant? {a) NO, (b) CO? (0) (a) CH, S. Which of the following has greatest affinity for haemoglobin? {a) CO (b) NO,_— (¢) Op (d) CO) 6. The most abundant hydrocarbon pollutant is (a) methane (b) ethane (c) propane (4) butane 7. Which of the following is not involved in formations! photochemical smog? (a) NO (b) 05 (©) GH, (a) S02 8. Green chemistry deals with the production and (a) plastics (b) environmental friendly materials seal (©) cheap materials (@) non-biodegradable materials, 9, The aromatic compounds present as particutis ° (a) benzene (b) toluene (6) nitrobenzene (d) polycyclic hydrocarbons.Chemistry can lead to (a) combines with oxygen present in the body to form coding of fow lying areas carbon dioxide fw weather patterns (b) increases the blood pressure ite © Tas of land for agriculture (©) combines with haemoglobin of blood making it aly 2 (patotthese incapable of absorbing oxygen Me Todor sor is found in (@) reduces the organic matter of tissues. " Jef sumer during day time 23. ‘The greenhouse effect is caused by . {p sanmer during moming time (a) CO (b) NO; (@) CO») NO. ip winter during morning time 24. Use of chlorofluorocarbons is not encouraged because | @ winter during 1 ‘tune. (a) they are harmful to the eyes of people who use it Faiocterical smog is formed in (b) they damage the refrigerators and air conditioners (a) summer during moming time (c) they eat away the ozone in the atmosphere 3) summer during day time (@) they destroy the oxygen layer. {9 winter during moming time 25, ‘The main agent for polluting the environment is @ winter during day time: (a) was (b) plant (¢) animal _(d) man ‘which ofthe following statements is false? 26, The compound which affects the ozone layer is, epsios stave 1s oxidising in nature, (@) chloro compounds (b) cyano compound o eet cramete we one (©) iodo compounds _(d) none of these c) London smog is formed in winter. Fp Tenton temo ruts 2 Ta ee ea a ens of the following is true about photochemical Nb) HO ©.CO (0; e Bee f 28, Ionosphere is eel {@) above ozone layer _(bybelow ozone layer malwase _(¢) Itisamixture of smoke and fog fo) below | inher {@) causes irritation in eyes. ‘ ree ae an mete oe ). The ozone layer forms naturally by mee | vicina bY Uichis weer, Pres ener (b) the interaction of UV radiation with oxygen (c) the interaction of IR radiation with oxygen ee jvetntyeay Pai alae (@) the interaction of oxygen and water vapour. ii Re 30, Which of the following in not part of green chemistry? ca. (@) Photochemistry _(b) Sono chemistry ee cS ae (c) Nuclear chemistry (4) Biochemistry (©) skin cancer (d) breast cancer CATEGORY 2 : Single Option Correct Type (2 Marks) arene ese 31, BODsis MRS (a) waste decomposed in 5 days (9 evelopment of chemical products and e eS oS iy ae all Meee eae re a DOO (c) microorganisms killed in 5 days tonof Se humans (d) dissolved oxygen left after 5 days istry of greenhouse effect. ERs csincaby 32. The smog is essentially caused by the pre alec, ee (a) O> and Os (b) Op and Np © Ga a m ous (c) Oxides of sulphur and nitrogen eee __ (6) Coe : (d) Op and Hy J faith one of the following, is responsible for 33, pick up the core statement. pletion of the ozone layer in the upper strata of the atmosphere? {@) Polyhalogens (b) Ferrocene (©) Fullerenes (a) Freons (a) CO which is a major pollutant resulting from the combustion of fuels in automobiles plays a major role in photochemical smog. (b) Classical smog has an oxidising character while the photochemical smog is reducing in character. (©) Photochemical smog occurs in day time where as the classical smog occurs in the morning hours. (d) During formation of smog the level of ozone in the atmosphere goes down. a aerolein (b) peroxy acetyl nitrate ©) SO) and SO; (d) chlorine nitrate. an dies in an atmosphere of carbon monoxide use it i y Ja g? | !nAntarctica, ozone depletion is due to the formatieee WEG Chapterwise WB JEE Extoy, R 34, Which of the following compounds is used in | 39 Which of the following is not formed at Anta antiknock compositions to prevent the deposition of (@ cl-o—NZ a oxides of lead on spark plug, combustion chamber and ° ee exhaust pipe? iL (@) Benzene (b) Glycol Ce oy ores al (©) Type-t clouds (@) Polar vortex 40, Acid rains are produced by (a), excess NO, and SO, from burning fossil fies (b) excess production of NH by industry ani g al gas (6) excess release of carbon monoxide by incony combustion ue (@) excess formation of CO: by combustion ang animal respiration (©) 1,2-Dibromoethane (d) Glycerol 35. About 20 km above the earth there is an ozone lay Which one of the following statements about ozone and ozone layer is true? (a) Ozone layer is beneficial to tis because ozone cuts out the ultraviolet radiation of the sun. (b) The conversion of ozone to oxygen is an endothermic reaction. (©) Ozone has a triatomic linear molecule. (4) Ozone layer is harmful to us because it cuts out the radiation useful for photosynthesis. CATEGORY 3 Ona'er MATRON 36, Incomplete combustion of petrol or diesel oil in Correct Type (2 Marks) oes automobile engines can be best detected by testing the fuel gases for the presence of 41. Peeling of ozone umbrella is due to (@) carbon dioxide and water vapour (b) freons (b) carbon monoxide (¢) nitrogen dioxide (a) NO eee (d) sulphur dioxide. 42, Man made sources of air pollution are 10:02 37. Which of the following statements is false? (a) population increase (b) deforestation ae post (a) The lower the concentration of D.O., the more Ac), war (d) pollen grains. % polluted is the water sample 43. Phosphate containing fertilisers cause water polstn. () The tolerable limit of lead in drinking water is Addition of such compounds in water bodies causes 50 ppm (a) enhanced growth of Op + (©) Water is considered pure if it has BOD less than (b) decrease in amount of dissolved oxygenin waite 5 ppm. (©) deposition of ealcium phosphate aya (a) In COD determination, the pollutants resistant to (a) inerease in fish population a microbial oxidation are not oxidised by oxidising 44. Which of the following are proper methods 104398" thas agent like K>Cr,0- slud 38. When rain is accompanied by a thunderstorm, the (a) Incineration (b) Dum (c), Anaerobic digestion by microbes it conta collected rain water will have a pH val (a) uninfluenced by occurrence of thunderstorm (4) Filtration (b) which depends on the amount of dust in air 45, The consequences of global warming may be (©) slightly lower than that of rain water without (2) increase in average temperature of the eat thunderstorm (b) melting of Himalayan glaciers ; (4) slightly higher than that when the thunderstorm is (c) increased biochemical oxygen demand not there (@) eutrophication. 1 © 11, (¢) s London smog is usually formed during 2, (b): The lowest temperature of -92°C is observed in Season in the early morning hours. ‘mesosphere. 12. ) 3. @) (b) 13. (a) : London smog is also called reducing 8 5. (@):CO combines readily with haemoglobin and | 14. (d) 15. @) oo forms carboxyhaemoglobin, 16. (): Dueto presence of ozone layer, thisT#800™ OTN called ozonosphere, 7. (d): SOp is involved in formation of classical smog. © 18. (©) | 8. (bt) 9% (d) 10. (a) 19. (a) : Ozone is depleted by chlorofluoroest®™4 Bigg set chemistry "Ata, 21. @) 4 @ ’ i" baton monoxide is highly poisonous. Itis easily blood and it forms carboxy-haemoglabin py boo Be ee) by combising wih aemolsbin hte 2G This makes haemoelobin incapable as an oxygen yet a) ong 4) Calorouorocnbons ar sed in airconditioning MSY anda |p domenie eigeratons for cooling purposes. but Oe eye quite harmful for the environment as they are "incom, | Leonie for ozone depletion 26. (a) mus, 5 @ PME 5 9) The beating ofthe carth due to rapped radiations sailed greenhouse effect. The gases which ean trap infra NEOptagyp —circiation given by the sun to produce 7) faingtoheating up the environmen 186; 68.2, H:0 (water vapour), and ozone (Os). 2. @):lonosphere is part of atmosphere that is ionized slr radiation. Ozone layer is in stratosphere below the compere tian B, (0):Oz0ne is formed in the atmosphere by the 2 ‘composition ofoxygen by ultra-violet radiation from the terpolia i diescaxs | tv, +0, 0, inwe ¥. () ML ):BOD, measures the quantity of biodegradable nic maiter contained in water. It is expressed as the dstodign | nilizams of oxygen needed to break down the organic ‘iter contained in a litre of water over five days. 2013-2019) SAEGORY 1 single Option Correct Type (1 Mark) mong the followings, the one which is not a | “Breenhouse gas”, is N:0 (CO, (© CH; (@) 0 2014) HINTS & SOLUTIONS E ‘a pera lure of the earth. WB JEE Previous Years Questions © is not a gas responsible for the rise in 32. (0) 3. © 34. (0): 1, 2 dibromoethane compound is used in aantiknock compositions to prevent lead from being ‘deposited in the cylinder head, It is sufficiently volatile and ‘can be removed with the exhaust gas from the exhaust pipe, + (a) : Ozone layer protects us from harmful ultrav 3 let radiations of Sun 36. (b): Carbon monoxide is produc incomplete combustion of fossil fuel 37. (@):In COD determination, both organic and inorganic pollutants are oxidised by oxidising agent like K3Cr.0; 38. (©) :During thunderstorm oxides of nitrogen are formed by combination of 0, and N3 which dissolve in rain Water to produce nitric acid. Thus rain water has slightly lower pH than that of rain water without thunderstorm, 39. (b): 40. (a) : Acid rain from burnin as a result of are produced by excess NO, and SO, fossil fuels 41. (bd) 2. (a,b, 0) 43. (a,b) : Phosphate containing fertilisers support dense growth of plants and al re and decrease thi nount of dissolved oxyger 44. (@, bo): and anaerobic igestion by microbes are the three proper methods used for the disposal of sludge. 45. (a, b) : Global warming may result in increase in ‘average temperature of earth causing melting of Himalayan Incineration, dumpi 2, Which of the following is present in maximum amount in acid rain? (@) HNO; (b) H)SO, () HCL (a) HCO, (2018) . (bd) + HyS0, is found to be maximum in acid rain, OOO