CH (4) Ohm's Law Power and Energy

Electric Circuit & Electronics
Chapter-4-Ohm’s-Law-Power-and-Energy-
Jawdat Abu Taha
Electric Circuit and Applied Electronics Islamic University of Gaza Dr. Jawdat Abu Taha
(EMEC 4313) Electrical and Smart Systems Engineering Department 2022-1
OBJECTIVES
• Understand the importance of Ohm ’ s law

and how to apply it to a variety of situations.
• Be able to plot Ohm’s law and understand

how to “ read ” a graphical plot of voltage
versus current.
• Become aware of the differences between

power and energy levels and how to solve
for each.
(EMEC 4313)
2
Electrical and Smart Systems Engineering Department 2022-1
4.2 OHM’S LAW
• The first equation to be described is without
question one of the most important to be
learned in this field.
• It is applicable to dc circuits, ac circuits,

digital and microwave circuits, and, in fact,
any type of applied signal.
• In addition, it can be applied over a period

of time or for instantaneous responses.
(EMEC 4313)
3
4.2 OHM’S LAW
Eq. (4.2) is known as Ohm’s law in honor of Georg

Simon Ohm.
The law states that for a fixed resistance, the greater
the volt-age (or pressure) across a resistor, the
greater is the current; and the greater the resistance
for the same voltage, the lower is the current. In other
words, the current is proportional to the applied
voltage and inversely proportional to the resistance.
(EMEC 4313)
4
4.2 OHM’S LAW
By simple mathematical manipulations, the

voltage and resistance can be found in
terms of the other two quantities:
(EMEC 4313)
5
4.2 OHM’S LAW
Defining polarities.
Basic circuit.
Example
Electric Circuit and Applied Electronics Islamic University of Gaza Example Dr. Jawdat Abu Taha
4.2 OHM’S LAW
All the quantities of Eq. (4.2) appear in the

simple electrical circuit in Fig. 4.2. A resistor
has been connected directly across a battery
to establish a current through the resistor
and supply.
(EMEC 4313)
7
4.2 OHM’S LAW
EXAMPLE 4.1 Determine the current

resulting from the application of a 9 V
battery across a network with a
resistance of 2.2 Ω.
Solution:
(EMEC 4313)
8
4.2 OHM’S LAW
EXAMPLE 4.3 Calculate the current

through the 2 kΩ resistor in Fig. 4.4 if the
voltage drop across it is 16 V.
Solution:
(EMEC 4313)
9
4.2 OHM’S LAW
EXAMPLE 4.4 Calculate the voltage that must

be applied across the soldering iron in Fig.
4.5 to establish a current of 1.5 A through
the iron if its internal resistance is 80 Ω.
Solution:
Electric Circuit and Applied Electronics Islamic University of Gaza Dr. Jawdat Abu 10
Taha
PLOTTING OHM’S LAW
• Graphs, characteristics, plots, and the
like play an important role in every
technical field as modes through which
the broad picture of the behavior or
response of a system can be conveniently
displayed.
• It is therefore critical to develop the skills

necessary both to read data and to plot
them in such a manner that they can be
interpreted easily.
Taha
4.3 PLOTTING OHM’S LAW
FIG.4.6 Demonstrating
the impact of defined
voltage and current on a
plot point.
Taha
4.3 PLOTTING OHM’S LAW
FIG. 4.8 Demonstrating

on an I-V plot that the
lower the resistance, the
steeper is the slope.
4.4 POWER
• In general, the term power is applied to provide

an indication of how much work (energy
conversion) can be accomplished in a specified
amount of time; that is, power is a rate of doing
work.
• Since energy is measured in joules (J) and time
in seconds (s), power is measured in
joules/second (J/s).
Taha
4.4 POWER
Defining the power to

a resistive element.
Example
4.4 POWER
By direct substitution of Ohm’s law, the equation for

power can be obtained in two other forms:
Taha
4.4 POWER
EXAMPLE 4.6 Find the power delivered to

the dc motor of Fig. 4.14.
Solution:
Taha
4.4 POWER
EXAMPLE 4.8 The I-V characteristics of a light bulb are
provided in Fig. 4.15. Note the nonlinearity of the
curve, indicating a wide range in resistance of the bulb
with applied voltage. If the rated voltage is 120 V, find
the wattage rating of the bulb. Also calculate the
resistance of the bulb under rated conditions.
Solution: At 120 V,
Taha
4.5 ENERGY
• To develop some sense for the kilowatt

hour energy level, consider that 1 kWh is
the energy dissipated by a 100 W bulb in
10 h.
• The kilowatt hour meter is an instrument

for measuring the energy supplied to the
residential or commercial user of
electricity.
Taha
mally connected directly to the lines at a point just prior to entering the
family and can be exchanged
her. In 1841 introduced Joule’ s power distribution panel of the building. A typical set of dials is shown
the heat developed by electric in Fig. 4.17, along with a photograph of an analog kilowatthour meter.
oportional to the product of the
e resistance of the wire (I 2 R).
ed that the heat emitted was
ENERGY
As indicated, each power of ten below a dial is in kilowatthours. The
more rapidly the aluminum disc rotates, the greater is the energy demand.
The dials are connected through a set of gears to the rotation of this disc.
er absorbed, and therefore heat
A solid-state digital meter with an extended range of capabilities also
appears in Fig. 4.17.
(a) (b)
FIG. 4.17
FIG. 4.17 Kilowatthour meters:
Kilowatthour meters: (a) analog;(a) analog; (b) digital.
(b) digital.
[(a) Larry Roberg/Fotolia; (b) Pi-Lens/Shutterstock]
(Courtesy of ABB Electric Metering Systems.)
In recent years there has been growing interest in the smart meter of
Electric Circuit and Applied Electronics Islamic University
(EMEC 4313)
Fig. 4.18that permits the real-time transfer of
of Gaza Dr. Jawdat Abu Taha
information to the power
company on an individual’ s power usage. The information can be trans-
4.5 ENERGY
EXAMPLE 4.10 For the dial positions in Fig.

4.17(a), calculate the electricity bill if the previous
reading was 4650 kWh and the average cost in
your area is 12¢ per kilowatt-hour.
Taha
4.5 ENERGY
Solution
Taha
4.5 ENERGY
EXAMPLE 4.12 How long can a 340 W plasma TV
be on before it uses more than 4 kWh of energy?
Solution:
EXAMPLE 4.13 What is the cost of using a 5 hp

motor for 2 h if the rate is 12¢ per kilowatt-hour?
Solution:
Taha
4.5 ENERGY
EXAMPLE 4.14 What is the total cost of using all of
the following at 12¢ per kilowatt-hour?
• A 1200 W toaster for 30 min
• Six 50 W bulbs for 4 h
• A 500 W washing machine for 45 min
• A 4300 W electric clothes dryer for 20 min
• An 80 W PC for 6 h
Solution:
Taha
4.5 ENERGY
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4.6 EFFICIENCY
• The output energy level must always be

less than the applied energy due to losses
and storage within the system.
• The best one can hope for is that Wout

and Win are relatively close in magnitude.
Taha
4.6 EFFICIENCY
• Conservation of energy requires that

▪ Energy input = energy output + energy lost
or stored by the system
FIG. 4.20 Energy flow through a system.
4.6 EFFICIENCY
The efficiency (ɳ) of the system is then determined by the

following equation:
Taha
4.6 EFFICIENCY
Taha
4.6 EFFICIENCY
The maximum possible efficiency is 100%,

which occurs when Po = Pi, or when the
power lost or stored in the system is zero.
Obviously, the greater the internal losses of
the system in generating the necessary
out-put power or energy, the lower is the
net efficiency
Taha
4.6 EFFICIENCY
EXAMPLE 4.15 A 2 hp motor operates at

an efficiency of 75%. What is the power
input in watts? If the applied voltage is
220 V, what is the input current?
Solution:
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4.6 EFFICIENCY
EXAMPLE 4.16 What is the output in
horsepower of a motor with an efficiency of
80% and an input current of 8 A at 120 V?
Solution:
Taha
4.6 EFFICIENCY
FIG. 4.21 Basic components of a generating system.

4.6 EFFICIENCY
The very basic components of a generating

(voltage) system are depicted in Fig. 4.21. The
source of mechanical power is a structure such as
a paddlewheel that is turned by water rushing over
the dam. The gear train ensures that the rotating
member of the generator is turning at rated
speed. The output voltage must then be fed
through a transmission system to the load. For
each component of the system, an input and
output power have been indicated. The efficiency
of each system is given by:
Taha
4.6 EFFICIENCY
If we form the product of these three efficiencies,
and substitute the fact that Pi2 = Po1 and Pi3=Po2 ties
indicated above will cancel, resulting in Po3 / Pi1, which is
a measure of the efficiency of the entire system. In
general, for the representative cascaded system in Fig.
4.22,
Taha
4.6 EFFICIENCY
EXAMPLE 4.18 Find the overall efficiency of

the system in Fig. 4.21 if ɳ 1 = 90%, ɳ 2 =
85%, and ɳ 3 = 95%.
Solution:
Taha
4.7 CIRCUIT BREAKERS, GFCIs, AND FUSES
• The incoming power to any large industrial

plant, heavy equipment, simple circuit in the
home, or meters used in the laboratory must
be limited to ensure that the current through
the lines is not above the rated value.
• To limit the current level, fuses or circuit
breakers are installed where the power enters
the installation, such as in the panel in the
basement of most homes at the point where
the outside feeder lines enter the dwelling.
Taha
FIG. 4.23 Fuses: (a) CC-TRON® (0–10 A); (b) Semitron (0–600 A);
(c) subminiature surface-mount chip fuses.
• In homes built in recent years, fuses have

been replaced by circuit breakers.
• When the current exceeds rated conditions,

an electromagnet in the device will have
sufficient strength to draw the connecting
metallic link in the breaker out of the circuit
and open the current path.
Taha
FIG. 4.24 Circuit breakers.
• The most recent National

Electrical Code requires that
outlets in the bathroom and
other sensitive areas be of
the ground fault circuit
interrupt variety; designed
to trip more quickly than the
standard circuit breaker. FIG. 4.23 Ground fault
circuit interrupter
(GFCI): 125 V ac, 60
Hz, 15 A outlet.
4.8 APPLICATIONS
Fluorescent versus Incandescent
FIG. 4.26 CFL bulb.
(Pearson Education)
4.8 APPLICATIONS
Microwave Oven
FIG. 4.28
Microwave oven.
4.8 APPLICATIONS Household Wiring
• The one specification that defines the

overall system is the maximum current
that can be drawn from the power lines
since the voltage is fixed at 120 V or 240
V (sometimes 208 V).
• For most older homes with a heating

system other than electric, a 100 A
service is the norm.
Taha
4.8 APPLICATIONS
Household Wiring
FIG. 4.29 200 A service conductors: (a) 4/0 aluminum and

2/0 copper; (b) three-wire 4/0 aluminum service.

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Electric Circuit & Electronics

• Understand the importance of Ohm ’ s law

• Be able to plot Ohm’s law and understand

• Become aware of the differences between

• It is applicable to dc circuits, ac circuits,

• In addition, it can be applied over a period

Eq. (4.2) is known as Ohm’s law in honor of Georg

By simple mathematical manipulations, the

All the quantities of Eq. (4.2) appear in the

EXAMPLE 4.1 Determine the current

EXAMPLE 4.3 Calculate the current

EXAMPLE 4.4 Calculate the voltage that must

• It is therefore critical to develop the skills

FIG. 4.8 Demonstrating

• In general, the term power is applied to provide

Defining the power to

By direct substitution of Ohm’s law, the equation for

EXAMPLE 4.6 Find the power delivered to

• To develop some sense for the kilowatt

• The kilowatt hour meter is an instrument

EXAMPLE 4.10 For the dial positions in Fig.

EXAMPLE 4.13 What is the cost of using a 5 hp

• The output energy level must always be

• The best one can hope for is that Wout

• Conservation of energy requires that

FIG. 4.20 Energy flow through a system.

The efficiency (ɳ) of the system is then determined by the

The maximum possible efficiency is 100%,

EXAMPLE 4.15 A 2 hp motor operates at

FIG. 4.21 Basic components of a generating system.

The very basic components of a generating

EXAMPLE 4.18 Find the overall efficiency of

• The incoming power to any large industrial

• In homes built in recent years, fuses have

• When the current exceeds rated conditions,

FIG. 4.24 Circuit breakers.

• The most recent National

• The one specification that defines the

• For most older homes with a heating

FIG. 4.29 200 A service conductors: (a) 4/0 aluminum and

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