Chapter 1 Transformer - RG

Lecturer: Assoc. Prof.
DANG QUOC Vuong

Email: vuong.dangquoc@hust.edu.vn
Phone: +84-963286734
Department of electrical Engineering

1
School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
INTRODUCTION
1. Name of subject: Electrical Machines

2. Code: EE3140E
3. Content: 3(3-0-1-6) credits
- Theory: 45 hours
- Exercises: 0
- Experiments: 4 units (equivalent to 15 hours of theory)
4. Participants
Students at the Department of Electrical engineering, Control engineering and Automation
5. Prerequiste course
- Previously studying course : EE2030
- Parallel course
2
INTRODUCTION
1. Objectives:
u By the end of this course, students will have gained:
§ Basic knowledge of electrical machines
§ Structures and operating principles of electrical machines, and
Modeling of mathematics described in physic processes
§ Application scope of electric machines in practice
2. References
[1] Fundamental Electric Machines textbook (compiling); Electrical machines
and transformers
[2] Lecture of electrical machines composed by lecturers at the Department
of electric and electronic equipments)
3
INTRODUCTION
[3] Electric_Machinery_Fundamentals. Stephen_J_Chapma. 2004

[4] Handbook of Small Electric Motors. William H. Yeadon, 2001.
[5] Electric Power Transformer Engineering. James H. Harlow.2004
[6] Handbook of Transformer Design and Applications. William M. Flanagan.
1993
[7] Noise of Polyphase Electric Motors. Jacek F. Gieras, Chong Wang, Joseph
C.S. Lai 2006
[8] Power Transformers Principles and Applications, John J. Winders. 2002.
[9] Synchronous_generators. Ion Boldea. 2006
[10] The J & P Transformer Book . Martin J. Heathcote. 1998.
[11] Transformer and Inductor Design Handbook. Colonel Wm. T. McLyman.
2004
[12] Transformer Engineering - Design and Practice. S.V.Kulkarni
S.A.Khaparde. 2004
[13] Electric_Motor_Handbook. H. Wayne Beaty, James L. Kirtley. 2004
[14] Energy-Efficient Electric Motors, Third Edition. Ali Emadi. 2004
4
INTRODUCTION
2003 2005
- Máy điện 1. Vũ Gia Hanh, Trần Khánh Hà, Phan Tử Thụ,

Nguyễn Văn Sáu. NXBKHKT, 2006.
- Kỹ thuật điện. Đặng Văn Đào, Lê Văn Doanh. NXBKHKT,
2002.
- Đặng Văn Đào. Trần Khánh Hà. Nguyễn Hồng Thanh.
Giáo trình Máy điện. NXB Giáo dục. 2002. 179 trang.
2006
INTRODUCTION
1998 2005
1998 2001 2006
- Máy điện 2. Vũ Gia Hanh, Trần Khánh Hà, Phan Tử Thụ, Nguyễn
Văn Sáu. NXBKHKT, 2006
INTRODUCTION
1998 2005
1998 2001 2006
2007 2007
- Máy điện. Tập 1. Bùi Đức Hùng. Triệu Việt Linh. NXB Giáo dục. Hà nội. 2007. 155 trang
- Máy điện. Tập 2. Bùi Đức Hùng. Triệu Việt Linh NXB Giáo dục. Hà nội. 2007. 215 trang
INTRODUCTION
3. Requirements for students:
§ Participating in lessons of this course

§ Completing 4 units of experiments
4. Evaluation and Assessment: Grading KT/BT(0.3)-T(TL:0.7)
§ 1998
Participation and mid-term exam: 30% 2005
§ Final exam: 70%
1998 2001 2006
§ Achievable total mark:10
INTRODUCTION
Table of contents
Chapter 1. Transformer
Chapter 2. General issues of rotating electrical
machines
Chapter 3. Asynchronous electrical machines
Chapter 4. Synchronous electrical machines
Chapter 5. DC electrical machines
9
Table of contents
I. Overview of the electrical energy system

II. General concept of transformers
III. Electromagnetic relations in transformers
IV. Operating modes of transformers
V. Three-phase transformers
10
Chapter 1 Transformer
Table of contents

II. General concept of Transformers
III. Electromagnetic relations in Transformers
IV. Operating modes of Transformers
V. Three-Phase Transformers
11
1.1. Electrical energy system
12
1.1. Electrical energy system
13
1.1. Electrical energy system (Cont)
14
1.2. Basic laws used in electrical machines
a. Faraday’s law
§ The voltage induced in a coil by the magnetic flux is directly proportion to

series of number connected- turns in the coil, and to rate of change of
flux to its windows. This relationships, known as Faraday’s Law, is
expressed mathematically as
d d
e= w =
dt dt
e
Where:
-e is the induced voltage (V),
Fig 1.1
-w is the number of connected-turns,
- dF/dt is the rate of change of flux through the window (Wb/s)
Note: the direction of e is defined by corkscrew rule
15
a. Faraday’s law (cont)

u A conductor of length l (Fig 1.2) is moving with a constant velocity v
perpendicular to a magnetic field of flux density B, the electromotive force
e is defined by the right-hand rule
e = Blv,
Where:
B - Magnetic flux density (Wb)
l - length of conductor (m) e
e
l
v
,B Fig 1.2 ,B
16
b. Electromagnetic force law (EMF)

A current-carrying conductor is in direction perpendicular to a magnetic field of flux
density B. The electromagnetic force is defined by the left hand rule, i.e.,
Fdt = Bil,
Where:
B- Magnetic flux density (Wb)
l - length of conductor (m)
i - current-carrying conductor (A) i
l i
Fdt Fdt
,B Fig 1.3
,B
17
c. Ampere’s law
u The integral of the magnetic field along a closed curve of magnetic circuits is
equal to total currents in turns of those circuits, i.e.,
I X
Hl = wi = F
u Applying this equation to Fig 1.4, it gets: i

S
Hl = wi = F w
where:
H - Magnetic field intensity (A/m) l
l - length of magnetic circuit (m)
Iron core
w - number of turns of coil
Fig 1.4
i - excitation current in coil (A)
18
1.3. Materials used in electrical machines

a. Electrical conductive materials: Al, Cu
b. Magnetic conductive materials (ferromagnetic materials): Electrical engineering steel
(0,28-0,35mm), cast steel, wrought steel…
c. Electrical insulation materials:

- High electrical insulation intensity
- Good heat diffusion
- Damp-proof and mechanical strength
- Solid modeling: 4 groups
+ Organic materials: paper, silk,
+ inorganic materials: amiang, mica, fiber glass
+ enamel covered wire, electric vanish
- isolation in gassy and liquid: air and oil ….
Insulation level Y A E B F H C
Working temperature 90 105 120 130 155 180 > 180
7 insulation levels of insulated materials 19

Chapter 1. Transformers
Table of contents

II. General concept of transformers
III. Electromagnetic relations in transformers
IV. Operating modes of transformers
V. Three-phase transformers
20
2.1. Definition of transformers

u Transformer is a static electromagnetic device operated following to the
principle of electromagnetic induction, it can transfer electrical energy from
one voltage level to another with a constant frequency.
u Notations of transformers in electrical systems:
Y
D 21
2.2. Role and application of transformers

u Play an important role in transmission and distribution systems, and to
reduce power and voltage losses…
Consumers
0,4 – 6kV
Generator Step-up 35, 110, 220, Step-down
3 ÷ 21kV transformers 500 kV transformers
S
IL = (IL – line current, UL – line voltage)
3U L
With the same transmission power S, if UL ® IL ¯ ® SL (line cross-sections
area) ¯
® DU = RLIL ¯ (voltage loss (drop))
® DP = RLI2L ¯ (power loss )
22
2.3. Application of transformers
u To transmit and distribute electrical systems

u In special devices (cases), such as:
Ø In furnaces-> furnace transformers
Ø In electric welds -> Welding transformers
Ø In experiments-> experimental transformers
Ø In measures-> measuring transformer (voltage transformers,
current transformers)
23
Pictures of pole mounted transformers
24
25
Power transformer 220KV –
Quang ngai City
Power transformer Power transformer 110KV

500KV – Đa Nang City – Da Nang City
26
27
28
30
31
32
33
2.4. Construction of transformers
They consist of two main parts: an Iron core (for carrying magnetic fields) and
windings (for carrying electric currents). Besides, they also have covers,
insulations, porcelain ceramics and etc ….
2.4.1.Iron core: The iron
core is matched by
laminations to create a
closed-magnetic circuit
used for carrying main
magnetic flux and so on…
34
2.4.1.Iron core (cont):
1
G
Thickness of laminations are often
from 0,27 to 0.35mm and is
T T T covered an electric vanish to
reduce hysteresis and eddy
current losses.
G
2 3
Construction of three phase transformers
1 – Secondary winding; 2 – Primary winding; 3 – Magnetic circuit
35
Arrangements of magnetic circuits of transformers
36
II. General concept of Transformers (16/27)
37
2.4. Construction of transformer (continued)

2.4.2. Windings:
u The windings are electrical parts of the transformer, and they are used to
attract energy and to transmit energy
u The windings are required to induce an electromotive force given in
advance, and they allow the rated current to go without overheat
1
G
T T T
G
2 3
1 – Secondary winding; 2 – Primary winding; 3 – Magnetic circuit
38
2.4.2. The windings (continued):
Ø Concentric windings:
- Many layers (using for high voltage windings,
e.g, 35KV)
- Two layers (using for low voltage windings)
Ø Helical windings: this winding is used for the

LV windings, and there are some open slots
in turn-to-turn
Ø Continous helical winding:This type of the

winding is used for HV windings and uses
rectangular wire to wound into galets
arranged side by side.
39
Ø Inter-leaved winding: This is a type of winding

which HV and LV windings are alternately wound.
This winding is wound into galets and used for HV
windings. In order to ensure a insulated distance,
the HV windings usually is located closer to the
magnetic circuit than the HV winding, which is
preferable from an electrical-insulating point of
view.
2.4.3. The shield of transformers
The shell is designed to contain oil, and protect the oil of transformers. On
the top of shield has input porcelains of the HV winding and output porcelain
of the LV winding. In addition, a conservator oil is mounted on the cover
(top) to be sure that the oil level in the tank is always full
40
Cross-sections of transformer
41
Location of windings around the Iron core
High and low voltage windings

High voltage winding 42
43
44
45
2.5. Transformer principles
d𝜙# d𝜙#
Lentz's Law 𝑒! = −N" dt 𝑒$ = −N%
dt
Induced voltage
has opposite
polarity from
source
u When a sinusoidal voltage U1 is applied to the primary winding Np, the current Ip
flowing in the primary winding produces the variable magnetic flux Φ in the core, i.e., Φ
= Φm.sinwt (với w = 2pf)
u The variable magnetic flux Φ will induce electromotive forces ep and es in the primary
winding and secondary winding, respectively. The directions of e and Φ are defined
according to the corkscrew rule. Flowing to the law of electromagnetic induction, it has
46
2.5. Transformer principle (cont)

#$!
𝑒! = −N" #%
=−N". 𝜔. 𝜙&.cos 𝜔t =
' '
N". 𝜔. 𝜙&.sin (𝜔t- )= 2. E"). sin (𝜔t- )
( (
#$!
𝑒* = −N+ =−N+ . 𝜔. 𝜙&.cos 𝜔t =
#%
' '
N+ . 𝜔. 𝜙&.sin (𝜔t- )= 2. E"). sin (𝜔t- )
( (
u Where: E"& and E%& are effective values of electromagnetic forces of the windings
Np and Ns:
," -.$! ('./.," .$!

𝐸!) = = =4.44.𝑓. N". 𝜙&
( (
,# -.$! ('./.,# .$!
𝐸*) = = =4.44.𝑓. N* . 𝜙&
( (
It is worth noting that: 𝐸!& và 𝐸$& have same frequencies and different effective
values.
47
2.5. Transformer principle (cont)

§ For sinusoidal sources Primary Secondary
E¢p = 4.44 × N p × f × f max

E¢s = 4.44 × N s × f × f max
§ Dividing the above equations gives:
E¢p 4.44 × N p × f × f max

= = 𝑘 (transformer ratio)
E¢s 4.44 × N s × f × f max
Where:E’p = voltage induced in the primary (V); E’s = voltage induced in the secondary
(V); Np = turns in the primary coil; Ns = turns in the secondary coil.
§ If the voltage drops in the windings are neglected, we have
," 0$% 1& 1& 1'

𝑘= = = → =
,# 0#% 1' 2$ 2#
48
2.6. Rated parameters of transformers
a. Rated voltages
u Phase voltage (for single-phase transformer)
u Line to line voltage (for three-phase transformers )
u Primary voltage : U1đm (V) or kV
u Secondary voltage: U2đm (V) or kV
b. Rated currents
u Primary current : I1đm (A)
u Secondary current: I2đm (A)
49
2.6. Rated parameters of transformers
a. Rated powers
u For single-phase transformer: S = U1dm I1dm = U 2 dm I 2 dm
u For three-phase transformer: S = 3U1dm I1dm = 3U 2dm I 2dm
50
Table of contents

51
3.1. Electromagnetic balance equations

a. Directions of current and voltage
To be simple, we consider a single-phase
transformer (Fig 3.1). The primary winding
w1 is connected to u1, and the secondary
winding w2 is connected to a load (Z).
Current, voltage and flux directions are
defined as in Fig 3.1
Fig 3.1 current and voltage directions
u The leakage flux Φt1 induces an electromotive force et1 having the
same direction as the electric current i1:
di1
et1 = L1
dt
u The leakage flux Φt2 induces an electromotive force et2 having the same
direction as the electric current i2:
di2
et2 = L2
dt 52
3.1. Electromagnetic balance equations (Cont)

b. Voltage balanced equations
u Applying to the second kirkhoff for both sides of the primary and
secondary magnetic circuits in Fig 3.1, we get:
di1
u 1 = e 1 + R1 i 1 + L 1
dt
di2
u2 = e 2 R2 i 2 L 2
dt
u The voltage balanced equations are written via the complex number, i.e.,
U1 = - E1 + (R1+jωL1)I1 = - E1 + (R1+jX1)I1 = - E1 + Z1I1
U2 = E2 - (R2+jωL2)I2 = - E2 - (R2+jX2)I2 = E2 - Z2I2
R1, R2, L1, L2 – Resistances, leakage inductances of the primary and

secondary windings
Z1 = R1+jX1, Z2 = R2+jX2 – complex impedances of the primary and
secondary windings
53
3.1. Electromagnetic balance equations (cont)

c. MMF balanced equation
u When the secondary winding is not connected to loads (i1 = i0), then the
main magnetic flux is generated by i0w1.
u When the secondary winding is connected to loads, then the main

magnetic flux is generated by both primary and secondary MMFs (i1w1 +
i2w2).
54
c. MMF balanced equation (cont)
Thus, if the applied voltage is a constant, the magnetic flux is also a constant.
This means that the general magnetomotive force (mmf) is a constant in any
states of the loads. From that, MMF balanced equation is defined as
w2 i
i0w1 = i1w1 + i2w2 or i0 = i1 + i2 = i1 + 2 = i1 + i,2
w1 k
The MMF balanced equation is rewritten flowing to the current blanced
equation, i.e.,
i2 w
i1 = i0 + (- i’2 ), with i , = Where k is the transformer ratio ( k= 1 )
2
k w2
55
c. MMF balanced equation (cont)

u The current balanced equation is written via the complex number, i.e.,
!I 0 = !I1 + !I¢2 « !I1 = !I 0 + (-!I¢2 )
è The set of three balanced equations is rewritten as
ì! ! 1 + I Z! = - E! 1 + !I r + j !I X
ï 1 U = - E 1 1 1 1 1 1
ïï
íU ! = E! 2 - !I Z = E! 2 + ( - !I r ) + ( - j !I X )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
ï
ï!I1 = !I 0 + ( - !I '2 )
ïî
56
3.2. Referred transformer
u As mentioned, two windings are insulated together. Hence, the

consideration of energy process will become difficult
u In order to be convenient for studying, we should assume that two windings

are connected together. This means that we must reduce parameters of
this winding to another one. Referred values are noted with the exponent
comma, e.g., U’2, I’2
57
3.2. Referred transformer (continued)

a. The referred secondary EMF and voltage:
In order to refer, then two windings should have the same voltage level or
EMF, i.e.,
E ¢2 = 4,44.f .w ¢2 .F m = 4,44.f .w 1 .F m ü w1
¢
ý ® E2 = E 2 = k.E 2
E 2 = 4,44.f .w 2 .F m þ w2
b. The referred secondary current:

With no change of transmission power, we get
I2
E 2 .I 2 = E ¢2 .I¢2 ® I¢2 =
k
58
c. Referred primary resistance and inductance:
With no change of power losses, we get

I 22 .r2 = I¢22 .r2¢ ® r2¢ = k 2 .r2
In the same way: x ¢2 = k 2 .x 2 ® Z¢2 = k 2 .Z 2
Z¢t = k 2 .Z t
d. Set of referred equations:
ì! ! 1+ I Z ! = -E ! 1 + !I r + j !I X
ï U 1 = - E 1 1 1 1 1 1
ï
ïU !' = E ! ' - !I ' Z = E ! ' + ( - !I ' r ) + ( - j !I ' X )
í 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
ï! ! !I ' )
ï I1 = I 0 + ( - 2
ïE!' = E !
î 2 1
59
3.3. Equivalent magnetic circuit and vector diagram of the transformer

a. Equivalent magnetic circuit (diagram)
u Based on the set of basic equations of transformer, Fig (a) can be changed
into Fig 1
Where: U.. = - E 1 = - kE 2 = I 0(Rth + jXth)

- Rth , Xth are respectively resistance and inductance of magnetized branch
60
b. Vector diagram of transformer

u The loads of transformers are inductive (RL) and capacitive (RC)
loads. Thus, we consider two cases:
Inductive load capacitive load 61

c. Equivalent magnetic circuit (continued)

u Normally, the impedances of magnetized branch (Rth, Xth) are very high
in comparision with the others, this means that the magnetized current
I0 is very low. Thus, the magnetized branch can be neglected. The
equivalent diagram is represented as
where: Rn = R1+R’2, Xn = X1+X’2 – short circuit resistance, short circuit

inductance of transformer.
Note that: for the rated load zt =zt.đm, the currents flowing in the windings of
transformers are: I1 = I1đm; I2 = I2đm.
62
c. Equivalent magnetic circuit (continued)
63
d. Basic parameters of transformer
64
3.4. Experiments of transformers

The experiments are to determine parameters of transformers. There are here
two experiments., i.e, open-circuit (no-load) and short-circuit test
a. Open-circuit test
x 1 r 1 r' x'
2 2
A W
I1 = I0 I0 I2 = 0
V1 V2 U1 -E1 r m
x
m
From results of experiments, we can define the resistance, inductance,

impedance and ratio of transformer, namely:
w 1 U1đm
u The transformation ratio : k= =
w2 U 20
u The no-load current %:
65
3.4. Experiments of transformers (continued)
u The no-load power loss and resistance:
P0
P0 = I 02 .(r1 + rm ) = I 02 .r0 ® r0 = 2 = r1 + rm
I0
u The no-load impedance and inductance:
U1đm
Z0 = x0 = Z 02 - r02 = x 1 + x m
I0
u The no-load power factor:
Po
cos j 0 =
U1dm .I o
66
b. Short-circuit test
x1 r 1 r' x'
2 2
A1 W
Boä
ñieàu In = I1ñm = I'2ñm
U1 chænh Un V A2 Un
ñieän
aùp
From results of short experiments (In, Un, Pn), we can define the short circuit
resistance, inductance and impedance values of the transformer, i.e.,:
Un Pn
Zn =
2
¢ 2
Pn = I n .(r1 + r2 ) = I n .rn ® rn = 2 xn = Z 2n - rn2
In In
ì ¢
xn
ï x1 » x 2 =
ï 2
and í
ïr » r ¢ = rn
ï
î
1 2
2
67
b. The short-circuit test (cont.)
u Short-circuit voltage test %

Zn I1dm
Un % = ⇥ 100%
U1dm
u Short-circuit voltage test for active component %
rn I1dm Unr
Unr % = ⇥ 100% = ⇥ 100%
U1dm U1dm
u Short-circuit voltage test for quadrature component %
xn I1dm Unx
Unx % = ⇥ 100% = ⇥ 100%
U1dm U1dm
u Short circuit power factor %
Pn rn
cos' = =
I1dm U1dm Zn
68
Table of contents

69
4.1. Operating conditions with balance loads
4.1.1. Energy diagram of transformer
F P2 + jQ2
Pđt + jQđt cosjt (cosj2)
P1 + jQ1
cosj1
pCu2 + jq2
pFe + jqth
pCu1 + jq1
u If the load is an inductive load, j2 > 0 → Q2 > 0, then Q1 > 0 ® the reactive
power is transfered from the primary winding to the secondary winding.
u If the load is a capacitive load, j2 < 0 → Q2 < 0
ü Q1 < 0: the reactive power is transfered from the secondary side to the
primary side
ü Q1 > 0: the transformer will take reactive powers from both side to
magnetize the iron core.
70
4.1.2. Voltage variations and regulations

a. Voltage variations
u As mentioned above, the primary voltage U2 depends on the values of load
currents (inductive load or capacitive load)
u The voltage variation is denoted as DU,. i.e.,
DU = U20 – U2
U 20 - U 2
ΔU% = * 100
U 20
71
a. Voltage variations (continued)

DU% D U%
4
Cosj2 =0.7
4
3 3
2
j >0 Cosj2 = 1 2
2
1 1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0
b
0
-1 j <0 j< 0 -1 j> 0
2 2
Cosj2 =0.7
2 -2
-2
3
4
D U = f(b) khi cosj2=const U = f(cos j2) khi b =const
It gets ΔU=f(β,cosj2), this means that U2 depends on β (load factor) and

cosj2. Hence, what do we have to do to keep U2 = const with variable
loads ®? 72
b. Voltage regulations
u In general, there are some regulation windings in transformer, with

different levels, i.e., 2,5% 5%
u Voltage regulations are usually located in the primary winding. Purpose
of regulations is to change the ratio of transformer to get a stabilized
output voltage.
73
4.1.3. Transformer loss and efficiency

a. Transformer loss
u The power loss pFe caused by the hysteresis and eddy current is defined
as
é 2 f f ù
pFe = p1/ 50 ê BT ( )GT + BG ( )GG ú
2
ë 50 50 û
- p1/50 dissipated power loss at the frequency 50Hz and B = 1Tesla
- BT, BG, GT, GG – Magnetic flux density and weight of the core yoke.
u Power loss in the primary winding is denoted: pcu1

u Power loss in the secondary winding is denoted: pcu2
å p = p cu1 + p cu 2 + p Fe - Called total losses
74
a. Transformer efficiency
P2 P1 - å p
h % = *100 = *100
P1 P1
pFe » P0 - no-load loss
pCu1 + pCu 2 = Pn - short-circuit power losses
I2
pCu = r I = b pn
2
n 2
2
b= - Load factor
I 2 dm
The transformer obtains a maximum efficiency when the power loss of the iron
core is equal to the copper loss, i.e., P0 = Pn
75
4.2. Operating conditions with unbalance loads
Note that: This part will be presented in the “advanced electrical machine ”
76
Table of contents

77
5.1. Introduction
u In order to create the three-phase voltage system, we can use three
single-phase transformers (Fig-a) or one three-phase transformer (Fig
5.1c).
u Fig-b shows that we can change three single-phase transformers into one three-
phase transformer. It is worth noting that the magnetic flux in the core MN is
presented Φ = ΦA + ΦB + ΦC (Φ = 0 for the symmetric magnetic circuit). This means
that the core (MN) can be neglected. The rest of three cores is presented in the
same plane as shown in Fig-c.
78
5.1. Introduction (continued)

To transform three-phase AC voltage
n Two choices
Three single-phase transformers Three-phase transformer

5.1. Introduction (continued)
u Fig 5.2 is a dry transformer used in the distribution line, with 150kVA –
6/0,4kV – Δ/Y0.
Fig 5.2: Iron core of three-phase transformers

80
5.2. Three-phase transformer connections

a. Connected winding symbols
head of windings End of windings Neutral
High voltage winding : A B C X Y Z N O

Medium voltage winding: Am Bm Cm Xm Ym Zm Nm Om
Low voltage winding : a b c x y z n o
81
5.2. Connection of transformer windings
b. Different connected winding groups
u Each of the primary and secondary windings can be connected in either

star (Y) or delta (Δ or D). This gives four basic connections, i.e.,
Ø Both the primary and secondary sides are connected in star: Y/Y, Yy
Ø Both the primary and secondary sides are connected in delta: Δ/Δ, Dd
Ø The primary winding is connected in star, and in delta for the secondary
winding: Y/Δ, Yd
Ø The primary winding is connected in delta, and in star for the secondary
winding: Δ/Y, Dy
82
b. Different connected winding groups (continued)
In order to determine connected winding groups/vector groups, we need to
define a phase displacement angle between the line-to-line EMF of primary
winding and the line-to-line EMF of secondary winding
83
c. Connected winding groups Primary winding EMF

Secondary winding EMF
Minute-hand
A A
Primary (12)
X a
a 3600 Hour hand
Secondary x
(1...12)
x X
F
Single-phase
transformer I/I - 12
c. Connected winding groups (continued)
A
A A
X X
a x x X 1800
x a
a
F F I/I - 6
C. Connected winding groups (cont.)

5.3. Parallel operation of transformers

u The conditions for transformer to operate in parallel:
Ø The same vector groups
Ø The same voltage levels and ratios
Ø The same short-circuit voltages
u The load factor of transformers is inversely proportional to their short-circuit

voltages, i.e.,
1 1 1 1
b1 : b 2 : b3 : ...b n = : : : ...
un1 un 2 un 3 unn
87
5.3. Parallel operation of transformers (continued)
u The load factors b of transformers can be also determined as follows :
S1 S S S
b1 = = b2 = b3 =
S dm1 u S dmi S dmi S dmi
n1 å un 2 å un 3 å
uni % uni % uni %
S – Total load powers; S®mi - Rated power of transformer i

uni% - Percentage short-circuit voltage of transformer i
88
Note that:
u Transformers should not operate:

u No-load
u Low load operation
u Transformer should be located near or at the center of loads to reduce the voltage
drop
u Transformer should be periodically maintained

u The oil in the tank of transformer need to be periodically checked
u Parallel operation transformers must be satisfied conditions as mentioned. The
short-circuit voltages Un of transformers should not be differ from 10%.
89

Chapter 1 Transformer - RG

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Chapter 1 Transformer - RG

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Lecturer: Assoc. Prof.

DANG QUOC Vuong

Department of electrical Engineering

1. Name of subject: Electrical Machines

[3] Electric_Machinery_Fundamentals. Stephen_J_Chapma. 2004

- Máy điện 1. Vũ Gia Hanh, Trần Khánh Hà, Phan Tử Thụ,

3. Requirements for students:

§ Participating in lessons of this course

4. Evaluation and Assessment: Grading KT/BT(0.3)-T(TL:0.7)

I. Overview of the electrical energy system

I. Overview of the electrical energy system

§ The voltage induced in a coil by the magnetic flux is directly proportion to

Note: the direction of e is defined by corkscrew rule

a. Faraday’s law (cont)

b. Electromagnetic force law (EMF)

u Applying this equation to Fig 1.4, it gets: i

1.3. Materials used in electrical machines

c. Electrical insulation materials:

7 insulation levels of insulated materials 19

I. Overview of the electrical energy system

2.1. Definition of transformers

u Notations of transformers in electrical systems:

2.2. Role and application of transformers

2.3. Application of transformers

u To transmit and distribute electrical systems

Power transformer Power transformer 110KV

2.4.1.Iron core (cont):

1 – Secondary winding; 2 – Primary winding; 3 – Magnetic circuit

2.4. Construction of transformer (continued)

1 – Secondary winding; 2 – Primary winding; 3 – Magnetic circuit

2.4.2. The windings (continued):

Ø Helical windings: this winding is used for the

Ø Continous helical winding:This type of the

Ø Inter-leaved winding: This is a type of winding

2.4.3. The shield of transformers

High and low voltage windings

2.5. Transformer principle (cont)

," -.$! ('./.," .$!

2.5. Transformer principle (cont)

E¢p = 4.44 × N p × f × f max

E¢p 4.44 × N p × f × f max

," 0$% 1& 1& 1'

2.6. Rated parameters of transformers

2.6. Rated parameters of transformers

u For three-phase transformer: S = 3U1dm I1dm = 3U 2dm I 2dm

I. Overview of the electrical energy system

3.1. Electromagnetic balance equations

3.1. Electromagnetic balance equations (Cont)

R1, R2, L1, L2 – Resistances, leakage inductances of the primary and

3.1. Electromagnetic balance equations (cont)

u When the secondary winding is connected to loads, then the main

c. MMF balanced equation (cont)

c. MMF balanced equation (cont)

!I 0 = !I1 + !I¢2 « !I1 = !I 0 + (-!I¢2 )

è The set of three balanced equations is rewritten as

3.2. Referred transformer

u As mentioned, two windings are insulated together. Hence, the

u In order to be convenient for studying, we should assume that two windings

3.2. Referred transformer (continued)

b. The referred secondary current:

c. Referred primary resistance and inductance:

With no change of power losses, we get

3.3. Equivalent magnetic circuit and vector diagram of the transformer