2017

THE 43EM

Mohammed Mustafa
+255624643959
5/7/2017
DUO (CLEANWATER-ELECTRICITY)
GENERATION.

THE SCIENCE UNIVERSE

PROJECT NAME: THE 43EM

PROJECT NUMBER: 01
VERSION: SECOND VERSION
LAST UPDATED: MAY 2017

Mohammed Mustafa
+255624643959
 Executive summary
The 43EM design is a general overview on how a large
supply of water in cities and villages can be employed at
a lower cost by using the oceanic water and
simultaneously generating electricity supply to the
particular areas. This idea employs the use of electric
field to desalination oceanic water leaving it pure and
treating to make it safe for domestic uses.

The general overview of the design was to boost the

provision of welfare to the society in order to ensure a
better livelihood of the people,

Mohammed Mustafa
+255624643959
 OBJECTIVE:
As a speculative observation this project was designed
aimed to eradicate and alleviate water problems and
enhance provision of electricity in Tanzania.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
I am delighted to pronounce great thanks to all the
supporters including my fellow students and family at
large and all the references.

Mohammed Mustafa
+255624643959
Table of content:
1. Introduction to THE 43EM
2. History of the water chips and modifications.
3. Generating pure water from water chips
4. Usage of Brine to generate electricity
5. Advantages of THE 43EM over the membrane
method of purifying water
6. General overview

Mohammed Mustafa
+255624643959
INTRODUCTION
THE 43EM this is an embedded plan integrating an
improvised nano-waterchip plan with a REAP
process plan together with turbines to generate both
pure potable water and hydro electric power.

Thus, as for this three to four electrical

diversifications the plan is called THE 43EM (which is
4 to 3 electrical manipulation).

THE 43EM employs segmented water chips that use

electric field to remove the unwanted salts. A very
low voltage can be used to generate the field to
perform this operation

On the other hand the remaining salt mainly brine is

later injected in pipes that uses it to generate
electricity before returning it into the ocean for
recycle.

Mohammed Mustafa
+255624643959
Thus, above is the expected plan on how THE 43EM
works

Basically it is a duo system since both pure water

and electricity are generated.

This project is an improvisation of a previous

prototype waterchip project in USA.

Mohammed Mustafa
+255624643959
HISTORY OF THE WATERCHIPS
Water chip is a small nanotube device that uses
simple electric field to generate desalinized
water it was invented in the university of Texas
USA.
It works on a very low voltage almost 3volts
making a large cost reduction from using the
membrane method to desalinate water.

But the initial prototype was made to produce 1

nanolitre of water per minute which is very low
if the project is going to be implemented on a
nation scale.

Mohammed Mustafa
+255624643959
Thus above is the initial original made prototype in USA
as it portrays its portability and affordability in the
picture
Thus speculative thoughts of modification on that tech
piece are genuinely sensitive and may produce a great
change to our country Tanzania as follows on the next
page.

Mohammed Mustafa
+255624643959
 Modifications
Thus the modifications I made on that apparent
piece of technology were
1. After passing through the initial original version
I realized that an increase in voltage supply to
the water chips and the decrease in distance
between the chips will yield to a higher electric
field referring to the basic formula
E=V/D
Where E is the electric field
V is the voltage supply
D is the distance between the chips
Thus this increase in the electric field will render
an increase in the isolation of mineral salts thus
more pure water will be produced per minute
thus by pumping more oceanic water into the
system and more supply voltages up to
thousands litres could be produced for supply

Mohammed Mustafa
+255624643959
Thus the above picture is the general overview on on
how the modification would change the ouput of the
original invention.
2. Thus later I realized that the same tech can be used
in multiple manners to ensure a more higher desired
efficiency the brine produced as a byproduct instead
of just returning it into the ocean it could be passed
through certain segments which could produce
electricity varying on the amount of brine collected
which mainly depends on the amount of water
injected into the system from the ocean

Mohammed Mustafa
+255624643959
Usage of Brine to generate electricity

Brine is basically a concentrated solution of salt

(NaCl) in water.

Thus brine being a byproduct of a water cycle such

as this one of THE 43EM it can be used to generate
electricity in order to ensure maximum efficiency

The reap(reverse electrodialysis power) process is

employed to perform this as shown below

In the REAPower project we focused on reverse

electrodialysis, where cation and anion conductive
membranes are placed in an alternating way in order
to produce diluate and concentrate compartments.
The concentrate compartment (HIGH) is then filled
with the high concentration salt solution while the
diluate compartment (LOW) is filled with the low
concentration salt solution. The salt concentration
difference (salt gradient) between both
compartments in the cell pair invokes a Nernst 2

Mohammed Mustafa
+255624643959
potential across the cell pair which causes an
electrical current to flow through the electrical load
connected to the electrodes. As showed by the
schematics below

Mohammed Mustafa
+255624643959
Up to recently research focused mainly on the
combination of fresh water as the low concentration
solution (LOW) and seawater as the high concentration
solution (HIGH)2. However this approach has an
important limitation: The electrical resistance within the
LOW compartment filled with the fresh water (typical
conductivity < 0.05 Sm-1) is very high when compared to
the HIGH compartment filled with seawater (typical
conductivity of 4.8 Sm-1). As a result the LOW
compartment with the fresh water completely dictates
the overall resistance of the cell pair. The LOW
compartment resistance cannot be minimised by
reducing its width, because of practical restrictions. This
high resistance limits the power that can be extracted by
the reverse electrodialysis method.

This restriction has led to the REAPower project and

the idea of using sea or brackish water as the “low
concentration” salt solution in combination with
brine, a salt solution with a very high salt
concentration. This offers a tremendous potential for
2
the improvement of the electrical performance.
Mohammed Mustafa
+255624643959
Firstly, the conductivity in the “low salt
concentration” compartment can be up to two
orders of magnitude higher. As a result, the cell pair
is no longer restricted by the resistance in its
compartments and an optimization of the
membrane and other elements with respect to their
effect on the total resistance becomes of
importance. It is shown for example by model
calculations that decreasing the thickness of the
membranes could result in very low total cell pair
internal resistance, which allows producing much
higher power outputs (W/m²) compared to the
combination of seawater with fresh water. Other
factors that can help to increase further the power
output are: (a) to decrease the seawater
compartment width and (b) to increase the feed
water temperature. The effects of each parameter as
calculated by Brauns [2009] are illustrated as follows

Mohammed Mustafa
+255624643959
Thus addition of turbines are added in the brine
compartment so that to ensure maximum
generation of electricity using both turbines and
reap process. Even though the brine might corrode
the turbines a genuine insulation measure will be
kept before setting the turbines up

Mohammed Mustafa
+255624643959
 ADVANTAGES OF THE 43EM

1. Duo process the 43EM unlike other plans it is

designed to supply both electricity and potable
water to the society
2.It is a cheap plan compared to the membrane
desalinization used currently which is really
expensive to set up
3. The ocean water is not seasonal it is present all
the time thus this ensures continuous
availability of both power and water

Mohammed Mustafa
+255624643959
 GENERAL OVERVIEW
Thus THE 43EM is likely to be a change in water and
electricity supply in Tanzania since it’s a plan set up to
solve the deficit the country is facing so far.

Mohammed Mustafa
+255624643959