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Executive
CH 4 Political Science | Class 11
Notes + Important Questions
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 EXECUTIVE
* There are 3
organs of Government :

tegislature Executive
Judiciary
PaElÑdgi 9144117491 ramming

Powers of all three organs are mentioned in

the constitution .

Together they , perform the functions of the government ,

maintain
law and order and look after the welfare of the people .

•
The Constitution ensures that they work in coordination with
each other and maintain a balance among themselves .

•
In aparliamentary system ,
executive and the legislature are

interdependent the legislature

: controls the executive , and ,
in turn ,

is controlled by the executive .

What is an Executive ?
•
Administration requires a body at the top that will take
decisions the decisions and and coordinate
policy or
big supervise
the routine administrative functioning .

• The word executive means a body of persons that looks after

the implementation of rules and regulations in actual practice .

* Case of Government :

•
Executive is the branch of government responsible for the
implementation of laws and policies adopted by the legislature .

* What are the principal functions of the executive ?

•

Responsible for the implementation of laws and policies adopted by

the legislature .
•
The executive is often involved in framing of policy .

•
The official designations of the executive vary from country to
country .

Prime Minister Chancellors President

•
The executive branch is not just about presidents , prime
ministers and ministers .

•
It also extends to the administrative machinery (civil servants) .

Political Overall responsibility

Executive of government policy
Executive
Permanent Responsible for day to
Executive day administration

What are the different types of Executive ?

Different Countries

Different Composition

Different Constitution

Different Arrangement of Executive

 L

The president appoints the

prime minister as well as the
ministers but cannot dismiss them they to the
as are responsible
parliament .

Emperor as the head of the state and the prime minister

as the head of government .

Executive System

Presidential Semi -
Presidential Parliamentary
system System System
 * Semi -

Presidential Executive in Sri Lanka :

•
In 1978 the constitution of Sri Lanka was amended and
the system of Executive Presidency was introduced .

People directly elect the President .

•
President and the Prime Minister may belong to the same

political party or a different political party .

The President has vast powers under the constitution .

• The President chooses the Prime Minister from the party that
has majority in the Parliament .

•
Though ministers must be members of the Parliament ,
the
President has the power to remove the Prime Minister ,
or

ministers .

•
He is head of State ,
the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed
Forces and head of government .
• Elected for a team of six
years .

• Can only be removed by removed by atleast two -

third of
the total numbers of Parliament .

0
Speaker can send case to SC if more than number
is greater than 112 of the members .

Parliamentary Executive in India

→ When the Constitution of India was written ,
India already had
some experience of running the parliamentary system under the
Acts of 1919 and 1935 .

→
This experience had shown that in the parliamentary system ,
the
executive can be effectively controlled by the representative of the
people .

→ The makers of the Indian Constitution wanted to ensure that the

government would be sensitive to public expectations and would be

responsible and accountable .

The other alternative to the parliamentary executive was the

presidential form of government .

•
Puts much emphasis on the president as the chief executive and
as source of all executive power .

•
There is always the danger of personality cult in presidential
executive .

In the parliamentary form there are many mechanisms that

ensure that the executive will be answerable to and
controlled by the legislature or
people 's representatives .

Presidential System :

4 President is the formal Head of the state of India .

D Prime Minister and the Council Ministers

of run the
Council of Ministers run the government at the national
level .
$ At the state level ,
the executive comprises the Governor
and the Chief Minister and Council of Ministers .

President in India :

• The Constitution of India rests the executive power of the

Union formally in the President .

• In reality ,
the President exercises these powers through the Council
of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister .

0 The President is elected for a period of five years through indirect

elections . ( elected MLAs and MPs vote )

0 Election -

proportional representation with single transferable vote .

Removal of President :

→
The President can be removed from office only by Parliament
by following the procedure for impeachment .

→
This procedure requires a special majority Fts of total membership) .

The only ground for impeachment is violation of the

Constitution .

Power and position of President :

• We have already seen that President is the formal head of

the government .

0 In this formal sense ,

the President has wide ranging executive ,
legislative , judicial and emergency powers .

• The Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers have support

of the majority in the Lok Sabha and they are the
real executive .

In most of the cases ,

the President has to follow
the advice of the Council of Ministers .
 Article 744 ) :

→
There shall be a Council of Ministers with the Prime
Ministers with the Prime Minister at the head to
aid and advise the President who shall in the exercise

of his functions act in ,

accordance with such advice .

→
Provided that the President may require the Council of
Ministers to reconsider such advice . . . .
,
and the President
shall act in accordance with the advice tendered after
such reconsideration .

Discretionary Powers of the President :

→
Constitutionally ,
the President has a right to be informed of all

important matters and deliberations of the Council of Ministers .

→ The Prime Minister is

obliged to furnish all the information that
the President may call for .

→
The President often writes to the Prime Minister and expresses his
views on matters confronting the
country .

There are at least three situations where the President

can exercise the powers using his or her own
discretion .

I
President can send back the advice given by the Council of
Ministers and ask the Council to reconsider the decision .

4 In doing this ,
the President acts on his/her own distraction .

4 When the President thinks that the advice has certain flaws
or legal lacunae ,
or that it is not in the best interests
of the country ,
the President can ask the Council to reconsider
the decision .

4 Although ,
the Council can still send back the same advice and
the President would then be bound by that advice .
 KI
A President also has veto power by which he can withhold or

refuse to give assent to Bills (other than Money Bill ) passed by

the Parliament .

It Every bill passed by the Parliament goes to the President for

his assent before it becomes a law .

11 The President can send the bill back to the Parliament asking
reconsider the bill .

4 This '
limited
'
veto power is

If the Parliament passes the same

bill again and sends it back to
the President then the
, ,
President has
to give assent to that bill .

Allow ever there

,
is mention
no in the Constitution about the
time limit within which the President must send the bill
back for reconsideration .

11 This means that the President can just keep the bill
pending with him without any time limit .

4 This gives the President an informal power to use the veto

in a very effective manner .

4 This is sometimes referred to as

'
pocket veto :

HI
4 The third kind of discretion arises more out of political
circumstances .

A Formally ,
the President appoints the Prime Minister .

I Normally ,
in the parliamentary system ,
a leader who has the
support of the majority in the Lok Sabha would be appointed
as Prime Minister and the question of discretion would not
arise .

A But imagine a situation when after an election ,

no leader has
a clear majority in the Lok Sabha .
4 Imagine further that after attempt to forge alliances , two or
three leaders are claiming that they have the support of the
majority in the house .

4 Now ,
the President has to decide whom to appoint as
the Prime Minister .

4 In such a situation ,
the President has to use his own

discretion in judging who really may have the support of

the majority or who can actually form and run the
government .

4 For the most part ,

the President is a formal power holder
and a ceremonial head of the nation .

11 You may wonder why then do we need a President ?

4in a parliamentary system ,
the Council of Ministers is
dependent on the support of the majority in the legislature .

11 This means that the Council of Ministers may be removed

at any time and a new Council of Ministers will have to
be put in place .

→
Such a situation requires a Head of the state who
has a fixed term ,
who may be empowered to appoint the
Prime Minister and who may symbolically represent the entire

country .

→
This is exactly the role of the President in ordinary
circumstances .
 * The Vice President of India
→
The Vice President is elected for five years .

→
His election method is similar to that of the President ,
the
only difference is that members of state legislatures are not
part of the electoral college .

→
The Vice President may be removed from his office by a
resolution of the Rajya Sabha passed by a simple majority
and agreed to by the Lok Sabha .

* Functions of Vice President :

•
The Vice President acts as the ex-officio Chairman of the
Rajya Sabha .

•
Takes over the office of the President when there is a

vacancy by reasons of death , resignation ,

removal by impeachment or otherwise .

•
The Vice President acts as the President only until a new President
is elected .

* B. D. Tatti acted as President on the death of Fakhruddin

Ali Ahmed until a new President was elected .

* Prime Minister and Council of Ministers

• We have already seen earlier in this chapter that the President
exercises his powers only on the advice of the Council of
Ministers .

• The Council of Ministers is headed by the Prime Ministers .

•
Therefore ,
as head of the Council of Ministers ,
the Prime Minister
becomes the most important functionary of the government in
our
country .

• In the parliamentary form of executive ,

it is essential that the
Prime Minister has the support of the majority in the Lok Sabha .

• This support by the majority also makes the Prime Minister

very powerful .

• The moment this support of the majority is lost ,

the Prime Minister
the
loses
office .

• For many years after independence ,

the Congress party had the
majority in Lok Sabha .

• Since 1989 ,
there have been many occasions when no party had
majority in Lok Sabha .

• Various political parties have come together and formed a coalition

that has majority in the House .

• In such situations ,
a leader who is acceptable to most partners
of the coalition becomes the Prime Minister .

•
Formally ,
a leader who has the support of the majority is

appointed by the President as Prime Minister .

* Appointment of the Council

4 The Prime Minister then decides who will be the ministers in the
Council of Ministers .

4 The Prime Minister allocates ranks and portfolios to the ministers .

Depending upon the seniority and political importance ,

the ministers are

given the ranks of cabinet minister ,

minister of State or deputy
minister .

4 In the same manner , Chief Ministers of the States choose

ministers from their own party or coalition .

•
The Prime Minister all the ministers have to be members of
the Parliament .

•
If someone becomes a minister or Prime Minister without being
an MP ,
such a
person has to get elected to the Parliament within
 six months .

•
Most important feature of parliamentary executive is that the
executive is that the executive is routinely under the control and
supervision of the legislature .

•
The Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the Lok
Sabha .

•
This provision means that a Ministry which loses confidence of the
Lok Sabha is obliged to resign .

If No confidence even against a single minister passes with

majority ,
it leads to the resignation of the entire Council of
Ministers .

•
It also indicates that if a minister does not agree with a

policy or decision of the cabinet ,

he or she must either accept
the decision or
resign .

* Size of the Council of Ministers :

→
Before the 91st Amendment Act ( 2003) :

• The size of the Council of Minister was determined

according to demand of time and requirements of the situation .

• But this led to very large size of the Council of

Ministers .

•
When no party had a dear majority ,
there was a

temptation to win the

over support of the members of the
Parliament by them ministerial positions as there
giving . was no

restriction on the number of the members of the Council

of Ministers .

• This was happening in many states also .

After the 91st Amendment ( 2003) :

• An amendment was made that the Council of Ministers

shall not exceed 15% of total number of members of the
House of People for Assembly ,
in the case of the States .
* Powers of Prime Minister
→
In India ,
the Prime Minister enjoys a pre-eminent place in
the government .

→ The Council of Ministers cannot exist without the Prime

Minister .

→
The Council comes into existence only after the Prime
Minister has taken the oath of office .

→
The death or resignation of a minister only creates a
ministerial
vacancy .

The Prime Minister acts as a link between the

Council of Ministers on the one hand and the
President .

→
It is also the constitutional obligation of the Prime Minister
to communicate to the President all decisions of the Council
of Ministers relating to the administration of the affairs of
the Union and proposals for legislation .

→
It is this role of the Prime Minister which led Pt Nehru
.

to describe linchpin Government !

'
him as the of
→
Thus ,
the power wielded by the Prime Minister flows from
various sources .

1. Control over the Council of Ministers

2. Leadership of the Lok Sabha

3. Command over the bureaucratic machine

4. Access to media

5. Projection of personalities during elections

6. Projection as national leader during international summitry as

well as
foreign visits .

Is the power of prime minister is absolute , permanent and same ?

→
It depends on the prevailing politics conditions .
 * From Single Party Dominance to Coalition Government :

Growing discretionary role of the President in the selection

of Prime Ministers .

•
Consultation between political partners , leading to erosion of prime
ministered authority .

•
Restrictions on various prerogatives of the Prime Minister like
choosing the ministers and deciding their ranks and portfolios .

•
Even the policies and programmes of the government cannot be
decided by the Prime Minister alone .

•
Policies are framed after a lot of negotiations and
compromises among the allies .

In this entire process ,

the Prime Minister has to act
more as a negotiator than as leader of the
government .
 * Executive at state Level :

• At the state level ,

a similar parliamentary executive exists ,

though with with some variations .

• The most important variations is that there is a Governor

of the state appointed by the President ( on the advice of
the central government) .

Central State
Executive Executive

President
Governor
Prime
Minister
Chief
Minister

•
The Governor has more discretionary powers .

• However the ,
main principles of parliamentary system operate at
the state level too .

* Permanent Executive :
Bureaucracy
who implements the decisions of the ministers ?
•
The Executive organ of the government includes the Prime
Minister ,
the ministers and a large organisation called the
bureaucracy or the administrative machinery .

•
To underline the difference between this machinery and the
military service ,
it is described as civil service .

•
Trained and skilled officers who work as permanent employees
of the government are assigned the task of assisting the
ministers in formulating policies and implementing these policies .
 * Politically Accountable :

•
Can't act in the violation of laws .

•
Responsibility delegated from political executives .

* Politically Neutral :

•
To work impartially
•

Faithfully and effectively participate in

drafting the policy and
in its implementation .

* Structure of Indian Bureaucracy :

→ The Indian beaureaucracy today is an enormously complex system .

→
It consists of the :

•
All India
-

services

•
State services

Employees of the local governments

•
Technical and managerial staff running public sector
undertakings .

•
Makers of our Constitution were aware of the importance of
the non -

partisan and professional bureaucracy .

 •
They also wanted the members of the civil services or

bureaucracy to be impartially selected on the basis of merit .

•
So the
,
Union Public Service Commission has been entrusted
with the task of conducting the process of recruitment of the
civil services for the government of India .

•
Similar public service commissions are provided for the States
also .

•
Memembers of the Public Service Commissions are appointed for
a fixed term .

•
Their removal or
suspension is subjected to a
thorough
enquiry made by a judge of the Supreme Court .

•
While efficiency and merit are the norms for recruitment ,

the Constitution also ensures that all sections of the

society including the weaker sections have an opportunity to be

part of the public bureaucracy .

•
For this purpose ,
the Constitution has provided for reservation of
jobs for the Dalits and Adivasis .

Subsequently reservations
,
have also been provided for women
and other backward classes .

•
These provisions ensure that the bureaucracy would be more

representire and social inequalities will not come in the way

of recruitment to the civil service .

* Classification of Civil Services

All-India Central Services State Services

Services →
Indian Foreign -
Sales Tax Officers
→
Indian Administrative Service .
Indian
Service Indian Police Revenue Service
Service

•
Persons selected by the UPSC for Indian Administrative Service and
Indian Police Service constitute the backbone of the higher level
bureaucracy in the States .

•
You may know that the collector of a district is the most
important officer of the government at the district level .
→
An IAS or IPS officer is assigned to a particular State ,

where he or she works under the supervision of the State

government .

→
However ,
the IAS or IPS officers are appointed by the central
government .

→
And most importantly , only the central government can take disciplinary
action
against them .

→ This means that the key administrative officers of the States

are under the supervision and control of the central government .

* Challenges in Bureocratie System :

•
People are afraid of approaching a
government officer .

• Too much political interference turns the bureaucracy into an

instrument in the hands of the politician .

•
Enough provisions are not there to ensure the accountability of
the bureaucracy to the citizen .

•
Though the Constitution has created independent machinery for
recruitment , many people think that there is no provision for
protecting the civil servants from political interference in the
performance of their duties .

bit is also felt that enough provisions are not there to

ensure the accountability of the bureaucracy to the citizen .

* RTI / Right to Information) :

→
May make the bureaucracy a little more responsive and
accountable .
 Executive Important Questions

Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What is the principal function of Executive?
Answer:
The executive is the very important organ of the three organs of the government.
Other organs of the government are legislature and judiciary. The executive executes
ie; implements the laws and policies of the government Executive are mainly
responsible, for administration, development and the welfare of the people. The
executive makes an important appointment and is also responsible for the security
of the state and maintained the external relations.

Question 2.
Write types of Executive?
Answer:
There are many types of the executive. It is the political executive which include the
President, Prime-minister and ministers and monarchs also. Another main executive
is the permanent executive which includes administrative machinery like civil
servants who are responsible for making and implementing the governmental
policies and programmes of the country. Sonja effective like President in India are
nominal while others like the Prime-Minister and President of India are real
executives.

Question 3.
Write four features of Parliamentary democracy
Answer:
Four important features of Parliamentary executive are:

1. Two types of executive 1. Nominal 2. Real

2. The leadership of Prime-minister as a real head
3. Class relationship between executive and legislature
4. Executive in individually and collectively responsible for the legislative.
5. Political homogeneity
6. Uncertain Tenure

Question 4.
Write four features of Presidential executive.
Answer:
Following are main for features of Presidential executive

1. Single executive
2. President as the real head.
 3. The separation between Executive and Legislative
4. The executive is not responsible for the legislature
5. Definite Tenure

Question 5.
Explain the composition of Executive in India.
Answer:
India has adopted a parliamentary system of Executive which includes the following
officers

1. President
2. Vice-president
3. Prime-minister
4. Council of Ministry
5. Civil Servants (Bureaucracy)

Question 6.
How the President of India is elected?
Answer:
Indian President is Chief Executive. It is an elected post because India is Republic
President is elected indirectly by the people of India.

Question 7.
What is the required qualification of President?
Answer:
Following are the required qualifications to become Indian President.

1. He/She should be a citizen of India

2. He should be of “the age of 35 or above
3. He should not be a member of Parliament
4. He should not hold any office of profit

Question 8.
How the Prime-minister of India is appointed?
Answer:
Prime-minister is the real head in India. He is a leader of ministers. He is appointed
by the President of India. The person who is elected leader of the majority party in
the- .election is appointed as Prime-Minister by the President of India.

Question 9.
How the council of ministers is-constituted?
Answer:
The ministers are also appointed by the President of India on’ the advice of Prime-
minister. In fact, it is the prerogative of the Prime-minister to include any member in
his council of ministers or not. He submits his selected list to the President who
administer& them the oath of secrecy. To become minister one should be a member
of either house ie; Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.
Question 10.
Name the services in India?
Answer:
Followings are three types of services in India

1. All India Government Service

2. Central Services
3. State Services

Question 11.
What are the functions of President of India?
Answer:
President performs a number of functions in the following areas.

1. Legislative functions
2. Executive functions
3. Financial functions
4. Judicial functions

President has Emergency power Which an explained in art. 352, Art 356 and Art -360
of the Indian Constitution.

Question 12.
Explain the functions of the Vice-President of India?
Answer:
Vice President of India is given two responsibilities. Firstly he acts’ as ex-office
Chairman of Rajya Sabha. In this capacity, he conducts the proceedings of Rajya
Sabha.

Secondary he acts as President in the absence of the President due to leave,

resignation or death.

Question 13.
What is UPSC?
Answer:
UPSC stands for Union Public Service Commission which is a statutory body and
makes a recommendation for the appointment for different posts in the central
services and all India services. For this, it conducts examinations and interviews and
sets different educational and other conditions.

Question 14.
What is the State Public Service Commission?
Answer:
Almost every state is given a state public service commission like that of UPSC at
the centre. The members of Public Service Commissions are appointed for a fixed
period. PSCS conduct recruitment for the state Service. PSCS also conducts
interviews and exams and set all conditions related to services.

Question 15.
What are the main functions of Bureaucracy?
Answer:
Bureaucracy means civil services. Bureaucracy includes all the civil servants in
different departments. Bureaucracy includes from peon to Chief Secretary. In a
modern state, the functions of the bureaucracy are increasing in the following areas.

1. Policymaking
2. Policy implementation
3. Developmental functions
4. Welfare Functions
5. Appointments

Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Differentiate between parliamentary Executive and Presidential Executives.
Answer:
Parliamentary executive and Presidential executive are two different types of the
executive which are found in most of the countries of the world suiting their
conditions. Differences between Parliamentary executive and President executive
are as under

Parliamentary Executive Presidential Executive

1. Two types of Executive-one is real arid other

1. One executive and that is the real executive
is nominal

2. Leadership of Prime-minister 2. Leadership of President

3. Based on the close relationship between 3. There is a separation between the executive

executive and legislative. and the legislative.

4. Executive is not responsible’ to the

4. Executive is responsible to the legislature
legislative.

5. Individual and collective responsibility of 5. Ministers are not responsible for the

ministers legislative.

6. Political Homogeneity 6. No political Homogeneity

Question 2.
Why India adopted a Parliamentary system?
Answer:
There was a debate in Constituent Assembly whether to adopt a Parliamentary
system of government or Presidential system. Some members were in favour of the
Parliamentary system and others were for the Presidential system. ‘But ultimate
constitution-makers took the decision in favour of Parliamentary system as we had
already experience of running a Parliamentary system under the Government of India
Act 1919 and 1935.

This experience had shown that in the Parliamentary system executive is effectively
controlled by the legislature. Constitution makers wanted a responsible and
responsive Government for India which can be answerable to the people and could
serve the need of the people. The parliamentary system provides an effective
mechanism to check the executives by the people in the Parliamentary system.

Question 3.
Explain the process of Presidential Election.
Answer:
The President of India is the highest executive in India. His election is indirect. He is
sleeted by an elected college which consists of elected members of Lok Sabha and
Rajya Sabha and elected members of all the state Assembly. This election is
conducted by a single transferable vote system which every vote can express as
many preferences as there are candidates in the election. The person who gets the
desired quota on the basis of counting of the first preference is elected the
President. The formula for getting the desired quota is

To become the President of India one should attain the age of 35 years and should
not hold any office of profit under the Central Government or State Government.

Question 4.
How the President can be removed.
Answer:
The President of India has the tenure of five years but he can be removed by the
method of impeachment in which changes are levelled is one house of the
Parliament and are examined in the second house of the Parliament. President is
given 14 days notice to explain his position.

If changes are proved by 2/3 majority the present and voting members the President
stands impeached and he has to vacate the office.

Question 5.
Write the legislative Functions of Indian President.
Answer:
Followings are the legislative functions of President of India:

1. President is part of the Indian Parliament

2. He summons prorogues and dissolves the Parliament.
3. He gives an asset to the bills passed by Parliament to make the laws.
4. He gives assent for the introduction of the budget and finance bill and
gives final approval.
5. He nominates two members to Lok Sabha and 12 members to Rajya
Sabha.
6. He can send message ho the Parliament.
7. He issues ordinances when the Parliament is not in session.

Question 6.
Write the Executive functions of Indian President.
Answer:
Indian President is Chief Executive. All the executives’ powers are vested in his
name. His powers can be studied as under:

1. He appoints Prime ministers and ministers.

2. He makes all. important appointments like Governors and Chairman.
3. He implements laws and policies.
4. He appoints high commissions, ambassadors and receives the
credentials of foreign dignitaries. He represents India abroad.
 5. He is Supreme Commander of Indian Army.
6. He declares war and peace.
7. He has the right to be informed and to be consulted.

Question 7.
How the Prime-minister of India is appointed?
Answer:
The Prime-minister is appointed by the President. After the election to the Lok
Sabha, the leader of the political party or group of parties is invited to form the
Government by the President. If he agrees, the President administers them the
secrecy and oath of the office of Prime Minister. In case no party gets the majority in
the Lok Sabha the discretion is used by the President is choosing the Prime-Minister.
It is his satisfaction in whom leader or party he considers his faith to give a stable
and efficient government. But when any party gets a clear out majority in Lok Sabha,
he has no choice except to invade the leader of such majority party to form the
Government.

Question 8.
Write the main functions of Indian Prime-minister.
Answer:
Indian Prime-minister is a very powerful post and has a free hand in a number of
areas as. We Can understand his functions in the following points

1. Formation of cabinet
2. Distribution of Portfolio among different ministers.
3. To preside over the meetings of the cabinet.
4. To coordinate among different ministries and departments.
5. To act as an advisor to the President
6. To act as the link between cabinet and President
7. To act as the architect of foreign policy
8. He acts as the leader of the house
9. He acts as the important leader of the party
10. He leads the country

Question 9.
How the council of ministers is constituted?
Answer:
Council of the minister is a real political executive who works under the leadership
and guidance of the Prime-minister. They are appointed by the President of India in
the advice of the Prime-minister. They remain in the office at the pleasure of
President. However it the prerogative of Prime-minister to includes any member of
his party in his council of ministers or not. Prime Minister submits the selected list to
the President who administers the oath of secrecy to the members of the list. The
ministers can be removed from the council of ministers on the advice of Prime-
minister. To become the minister one should be a member of either house of the
Parliament.
Question 10.
Compare the powers and position of Prime-minister of India with the powers and
position of US president.
Answer:
India has a Parliamentary system where Prime-minister is a real executive who
discharges all powers and responsibilities written in the name of Indian President in
the Indian Constitution. While in USA President is the real head who uses the powers
which are written in his name in the US Constitution. Both offices have their own
strong and weak areas. Both posts are powerful parts of the world. We can compare
them in the following points.

1. The tenure of Indian PM is uncertain while the president of the USA

enjoys fixed tenure.
2. The Prime-minister his fewer powers over his ministers in comparison
to the ministers of USA
3. Prime-minister can dissolve Parliament but USA President cannot
dissolve Parliament.
4. The PM can implement his decision more effectively if he has the
majority in the Lok Sabha but US president cannot as he is more
dependent on all the consent of the US Senate.
5. Our Rajya Sabha has no control over Prime-minister. In USA senate has
control over the execution of the policies by the President.

Question 11.
What are the functions of the council of ministers?
Answer:
The cabinet is the real political executive who has vast powers and is responsible for
the total administration in all the spheres of national life. The functions and powers
can be explained in the following points.

1. Policymaking
2. Policy implementation
3. Legislative function ie; making bills and getting them passed in the
parliament.
4. Financial functions (Making a budget and getting it passed).
5. Developmental functions
6. Welfare functions.
7. To act as the political executive

Question 12.
How the Governor is appointed? What are its functions?
Answer:
Since the state has also Parliamentary system of Government they also need a
nominal head. He is appointed as the nominal head of state by the President of
India. As head of State, Governor performs a formal function in the legislative field,
executive and judicial fields. Governor also acts as an agent of the centre and as this
capacity, he acts as a watchdog of the national and central interest in the states.
Governor is also given some discretionary powers which he uses himself without the
aid and advice of council ministers and chief minister. He sends the report to the
centre under Art 356 for the imposition of President rule as the situation demands
so.

Question 13.
How the Chief Minister is appointed and what are his main functions?
Answer:
Chief Minister is the real executive head at the state level. He is the leader of the
Council of ministers. He is appointed by the’ Governor in the same manner in which
Prime-minister is appointed in the centre by the President of India. The leader of the
majority party in the state assembly is appointed as chief minister by the Governor. If
no party gets a clear majority in the election then he can use his discretion and may
use the number of options before him but he has to explore all the possible
probabilities to formal state Government.

Chief minister performs the following functions:

1. Formation of cabinet and distribution of portfolios among the ministers.

2. To preside over the meetings of the cabinet.
3. To act as an advisor to the Governor
4. To act as the leader of the house
5. To act as a link between the cabinet and Governor
6. To act as leader of the party
7. To act as leader of the state.

Question 14.
Discuss the composition and functions of UPSC and SPSCS. (State Public Service
Commission).
Answer:
The Constitution has provided for UPSC (Union Service Commission) at the central
level and PSCS (Public Service Commission) at State level. They have been entrusted
with the task of conducting the process of recruitment of the civil servants for the
Government of India and State respectively. The Chairman and members of UPSC
are appointed by the President and the Chairman and member of State Public
Service Commissions are appointed by the concerned state. They can be removed
from the office through an enquiry made by a judge of the Supreme Court and High
Court respectively. The UPSC conducts the exams and interviews for different all
India and Central Services. Similarly, State PSCs make necessary arrangements for
the appointment of State Services.

Question 15.
Discuss the role of civil services in India.
Answer:
India has established professionally qualified administrative machinery when is
supposed to be politically neutral. They are expert in their areas to play a decisive
role in the policymaking, policy implementation areas. The success of the
Government depends upon the active and faithful role of the civil servants who
manage every’ department from top to bottom. Bureaucracy is an instrument
through which welfare and development policies should reach the people.
Bureaucracy is the advisor of the political executives. Civil servants are known as the
servants of the people.

Long Answer Type

Question 1.
Discuss the increasing role of Executive in the modern state.
Answer:
The executive is one of the main organs of the Government. The executive has
entrusted the task of policymaking, policy implementation and law implementation
and making an appointment. There are many types of the executive. They may be
civil or military, they may be hereditary (Monarchy) or they may be elected
(Republican) They may be political executive (Cabinet) or they may be permanent
and expert executive (Civil Service) They may be Parliamentary executive or they
may be Presidential executive.

Whatever may be the nature of executive, due to the welfare nature of the modern
State the executive’s role has increased much fold. There is no area of national life
where the executive has no interference and role.

Every society is in a transitional stage where the urges and demands challenges and
problems of the people are increasing which are supposed to be looked after the
executive. The executive has guidelines not only in exclusive areas like
implementation of policies and programmes but also have a significant role in
legislative financial and judicial areas. For the development and welfare of the
people, everybody looks after the executive. With a new dimension of change and
development and increasing globalisation and internationalism the role of executive
increases.