Some Population Definitions Some Population Definitions

• Total Fertility Rate

• Crude Birth Rates
– The annual number of
live births per 1000
population
– It is “crude”
because it relates
births to total
population without
regard to the age or
sex composition of
the population
Human Geography 11e
– The average number of
children that would be
born to each woman if,
during her childbearing
Insert figure 4.2 years, she bore
children at the current Insert figure 4.6
year’s rate for women
that age
– A more refined
statement than the
crude birth rate for
© Photodisc/Getty RF
showing the rate and
probability of
reproduction among
fertile females
Human Geography 11e

Some Population Definitions Some Population Definitions

• Crude Death Rate • Infant Mortality Rate
– Also called mortality rate – The ratio of deaths of
– The annual number of deaths per 1000 population infants aged 1 year or
– In the past, a valid generalization was that death rate under per 1000 live
varied with national levels of development births.
Insert figure 4.8
– Characteristically, highest rates were found in the less – Infant mortality rates
developed countries are significant
– Nowadays, countries with a high proportion of elderly because it is at these
people, such as Denmark and Sweden, would be ages that the greatest
expected to have higher death rates than those with a declines in mortality
high proportion of young people have occurred, largely
as a result of the
increased availability
of health services
Human Geography 11e
Human Geography 11e

Some Population Definitions Population Pyramids

• Maternal Mortality
Ratio • A graphic device that represents a
– Maternal deaths population’s age and sex composition
per 100,000 live
births Insert figure TA 4.2 Insert figure 4.9
– Maternal mortality
is the single
greatest health
disparity between
developed and
developing
countries
Human Geography 11e Human Geography 11e
 Population Pyramids Population Growth
• A rapidly growing country has most
• Rate of Natural Increase
people in the lowest age cohorts; the
percentage in older age groups declines • Doubling Times
successively, yielding a pyramid with – The time it takes for a population to double
if the present growth rate remains constant
markedly sloping sides.
• Rate of Natural Increase of a
Population Insert figure 4.14
– Derived by subtracting the crude death rate
from the crude birth rate
– Natural means that increases or decreases
due to migration are not included
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The Demographic Transition

The Demographic Transition • An attempt to summarize an
• The Western
observed voluntary relationship
Experience between population change and
economic development
• A Divided Insert figure 4.16
– Traces the changing levels of human
World
fertility and mortality presumably
Converging associated with industrialization and
urbanization
– High birth and death rates will gradually
be replaced by low rates
Human Geography 11e
Human Geography 11e

The Demographic Transition

The Demographic Transition
• First Stage • Second Stage
– High birth and – Industrialization
high but – Falling death rates
fluctuating due to advances in
death rates medical and sanitation
– Wars, famine, practices; improved
and disasters foodstuff storage;
took heavy urbanization
tolls – High birth rates
because large families
are still considered
advantageous
Human Geography 11e
• Third Stage • Fourth Stage
– Birth rates decline – Characterized by
– People begin to very low birth and
control family size death rates
– The advantages of
having many
children in an
agrarian society
are not so evident
in urbanized,
industrialized
cultures
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 The Demographic Equation
• Natural change (births – deaths) +
net migration (in-migration – out-
migration)
• Population Relocation
• Immigration Impacts
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Population Density
• Density Measures • The figure can be
– Arithmetic
– Physiological
– Agricultural
• Overpopulation
– Carrying Capacity
• Urbanization
• Arithmetic Density
– The calculation of the
number of people per
unit area of land,
usually within the
boundaries of a political
entity
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• Carrying Capacity
– The number of people an area can
support on a sustained basis given the
prevailing technology
• Population Data and Projections
– Population Data
– Population Projections
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World Population
Distribution
• Pattern of • Nonecumene
Unevenness – The uninhabited or
very sparsely
• Ecumene occupied zone, does
– Permanently
include the
permanent ice caps
inhabited and large segments
of the tundra and
areas of the coniferous forest of
earth’s surface northern Asia and
North America
Human Geography 11e
Population Density
• Physiological • Agricultural Density
misleading since it is a Density – The ratio between the
national average – The ratio between number of
density that does not agriculturalists
reveal any information the total population
and the amount of (farmers) per unit of
about type of territory
– some sparsely land under farmable land in a
populated areas are cultivation in a give specific area
largely undevelopable
unit of area
– An expression of
population pressure
exerted on
agricultural land
Human Geography 11e
Population Controls
• Malthus
– A British economist – Population increases
– In 1798 he published at what he called a
geometric rate
“An Essay on the
Principle of Population – The means of
and It Affects in the subsistence growth
at an arithmetic rate
Future Improvement of
Society” – Population growth
– The world’s population might be checked by
was increasing faster hunger or other
than the food supplies tragic events
needed to sustain it
Human Geography 11e
Population Prospects
• Demographic Momentum
– When a high proportion of the
population is young, the product of past
high fertility rates, larger and larger
numbers enter the childbearing age
each year
• Aging
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 Population Growth
Human Geography
• Implications of the Numbers
Chapter 4
Population: World Patterns, Regional
Trends

Insert figure CO4

Human Geography 11e

Source: Library of Congress

© Goodshoot/Fotosearch

Population Geography
• Provides the background tools and
understanding of population data such as:
– Numbers of people
– Age of people
– Sex distribution of people
– Patterns of fertility and mortality
– Density

Human Geography 11e

• Helps us understand how the people • Differs from demography, the

in a given area live, how they may statistical study of human
interact with one another, how they
population, in its concern with spatial
use the land, what pressure on
resources exists, and what the future analysis – the relationship of
may bring numbers to area.

Human Geography 9eHuman

Geography 10e Human Geography 9eHuman
Geography 10e

Some Population Definitions Some Population Definitions

• Rates
• Birth Rates
• Cohort – Crude Birth Rate
• Fertility Rates
– Total Fertility Rate
– Replacement Level Fertility
• Death Rates
– Crude Death Rate
– Infant Mortality Rate

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