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fµ ILLUSTRATED By : cqeegea Lou

TOPIC 1 : CELL 1310
PROKARYOTE

"" Wa" 70s ribosome

plasma membrane

¥¥÷É÷÷÷:¥÷:÷÷÷
cytoplasm nucleotide
iiii
plasmid
111
.

EUKARYOTE
Plant cell

mitochondrion

÷÷÷÷÷i¥¥÷÷i;÷?¥÷÷÷
'÷
80s ribosome

.
golgi apparatus

cell

:
membrane

§y° #
cytoplasm
.
 Animal cell

÷÷÷¥¥÷•i¥¥¥÷*
nucleus

÷÷÷÷
On
smooth ER /

cytoplasm
# 80s ribosome

lysosome
#

CELL MEMBRANE

glycol ipid
hydrophilic head peripheral protein t
÷ glycoprotein
t £ * t

qq. i
f•di¥*•q / q fffq pqqqpqqqpqqq.
•1d, ¥ •1d, ¥ = ypqqq
E&dH•di ¥B•di¥¥•¥
qq.iq,

hydrophobic
tail
channtel protein ! integral protein Phospholipid

cholesterol
MITOSIS

1. PROPHASE 2. METAPHASE

:
: I
1
1

/
I

V1
1
1

41
1
I '
l l
l l l
'
.
' '
"
"
'
"
' " ' '
'

' - - -
- -
-
-
• -
- - .• .
.
-

•
DNA supercoils chromosomes condense
,
•
spindle fibers from centrosome attaches to centromere
•
identical sister chromatids joined at centromere of each chromosome

•
nuclear membrane breaks down •
chromosomes move to
align the center of the cell
•
centrosomes move to opposite poles

3. ANAPHASE 4. TELOPHASE

•
-
- -
-

AB
: ,
i

: -
:

jjgj
I \

I 1
' .
I 1

i
-

i : .

.
" "
i
I
" '
' '
'
' - -
- - .
•
-
.
-
-
-

•
spindle fibers contracts and separates identical •

sister chromatids
•
spindle fibers dissolve once chromatids reach
•
sister chromatids move to opposite poles the opposite poles
•
chromosomes de condense

nuclear membrane reforms around chromosomes

•

•
cytokinesis occurs ,
splitting cell in two
CYCLINS

:X
±
↳

÷
u

v. to
62 mitosis
61 S
-
cyclin D -
cyclin A

-
cyclin E -
cyclin B

THE CELL CYCLE

checks for spindle fiber

✓ attachment

§ +
3 s o
e o
✗ s
§
£¥
e s
% d
s
u s checks for :

f.
e s

% % ✗ nutrients
,
checks for : I
-

growth factors
'

cell size DNA damage

'

DNA

replication
-

2nd growth M 1st

growth

'
growth and metabolic
•
normal

preparation for rates

s
division
interphase

DNA
replication

synthesis phase
TOPIC 2 : MOLECULAR
MONOSACCHARIDES BIO
RIBOSE X-D GLUCOSE P -
D GLUCOSE

/
0 +1204

"0 41-1201-1
g
0

YH
o+/
¥0 ¥0
y of
,
on

, ok d.

TYPICAL FATTY ACID -

SATURATED

O H H H H
11 I 1 I 1
1-10 -
C -
C -
C -
C -
C -
H
l l l l l
1-1 H H H 1-1

GENERALIZED AMINO ACID

1-1 1-1 0
1 1 11
H -
N -
C -
C -
OH
amine group / carboxyl group

R
variable
group
CIS FATTY ACID ( unsaturated
)

iii. i '
ii
1-10 -
C -
C -
C=c -
C -
H
l l
1-1 1-1

TRANS FATTY ACID ( unsaturated )

0 H H H
11 I 1 I
1-10 -
C -
C -
C __
C- C- H
l l l
H H 1-1

PEPTIDE BOND

H H
1-1 o

H -

N
l
-
c
l
-
11
c -
N -
C
1
-
C
"°t 1-120
I 1

/
1 '
R H R
OH

peFtide bond
ENZYME ACTIVITY

temperature

A
É
I

"""
pH

¥
É
I

É
pH

¥
÷
.at
¥
§

substrate con .
WATER MOLECULE

f- hbjsndrogen

⇐
"
0¥81
i

@o¥•÷
"
' ,

DNA
nucleotide
f

"Pn÷%µµfµ→am=☒m#%HtM!É• •
sugar
on

deoxyribose ] •

÷•%Ñ →am=*-%M!•
!¥•
FYJ@iG-roaaaaEae-qpppppMF.f
•

•
⑥µgjpz☒=☒oaa-$••g g
TOPIC 3 : GENETICS
CHROMOSOME
telomeres
tb

arm→☒µ=
snort

@@ ← centromere
long arm
→
•§
it
sister
chromatids

MEIOSIS

meiosis I meiosis I

: : :

:÷H÷÷÷¥÷÷
'

:÷H÷
.

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'

t f
end products

• •

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.
.
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÷:
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MII • •

iff@ iff@!
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n
i '

;
n

i.
-
.
.

,
,

t t t

÷qii%8É;
i
.

÷o ! 8É÷÷oi¥F*
i. . .
.
it ' •

TI
TII
TOPIC 4 : ECOLOGY
ENERGY PYRAMID

tertiary
consumer

secondary
consumer

primary
consumer

producer

sunlight

CARBON CYCLE

Coz
in
atmosphere

/ respiration

ANIMALS - PLANTS
y v
yPh0t
COMBUSTION S OCEAN
^

/
FUELS
" traction

decomposition
sedimentation

CACO
|
V

/
limestone and

←
fossilization
shells
in
FOSSILS
TO PIC 6 : HUMAN PHYS I 0

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

say →

§
mouth
sus

"

'qq! q q§
µ⑧@@O@h@IÉfMzMh f¥
"

Yale
☐
(↳Ñ pancreas

large
?¥e stine
intestine -

¥- rectum/anus
RESPITORY SYSTEM

trachea

ribs

µf#

µB;*§
wB
-

""

""

""
.

diapnram

ALVEOLAR STRUCTURE
duct
blood flow leading to

bronchiole

red blood tf q type 1 lymphocytes

cell
#⑥ 4 alveoli 4 wall of

p % air space 1 ← alveoli

⑤ 1
•
toµ 1
⇐Pulmonary
type 2 surfactant
☒ ✗
lymphocytes
, @*
a
⇐
•
-
of
-
-
- - wall
capillary
-
-
• a
-
 HEART
superior

vengcaraqq@Booo.t

÷ ¥.:I¥M÷?#ti÷?÷÷÷¥¥A÷:¥¥::÷
µ¥Mggfg§ ←
pulmonary
artery

"

:
÷:*

inferior
vena cava

CARDIAC CYCLE

120 -

opens
ñ

:-.
left

µÉ
60 -
ventricle

"
"
30 left atrium ✗
-

o Io
opened closed opened AV valve

close opened closed Aortic valve

MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

÷→•oɵ÷
"

:
pubic

seminal

urethra ,
prostate gland
§
" deferens

+ es
paid , "

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

A
÷÷¥¥¥÷•
f
fallopian tube 0Ñary

C-
vagina
NERVE IMPULSES

action potential

i
+ 50 -

+ 30 -

I
+ 10 -

÷
-
30 -

µ . .. .

-
50 -

resting potential
-
70 -

-
90 -

÷;''t"
1. axon membrane at -70mV Cresting potential
rises to threshold potential -
50mV
due to binding of neurotransmitter at a synapse

2. membrane depolarizes due to voltage gated Nat

channels Nations diffuse
opening and in

3. membrane re polarizes due to voltage gated Kt

channels opening and Kt ions dict uses out

4. membrane returns to resting potential due to

pumping Nations out and Kt in to the axon

this rebuilds concentration gradients of both
ions so another action potential can occur
NEURON
nucleus
50mA

.¥&÷¥ E
a

I
↳onierminal

TOPIC 7 : NUCLEIC ACIDS

NUCLEOSOME

nucleosome core ☐ NA linker

( 8 histone proteins ,
"

↳•④⑤•)
DNA wrapped

⑥⑥⑥⑧⑥@
-808084
around histories
twice

protein
Inner
holding

DNA linker continues ]

towards next nucleosome
 DNA REPLICATION

DNA gyrase
moves in advance of
'
3 helicase to relieve DNA strands
"
"
" " "" " DNA
"" "" polymerase II
"" '
"" " ' "
' '
adds nucleotides in 5 to 3 direction
'
" "'' "

,µ
' '
1111 , , in , , , , ,
, ,, ,, ,
, ,, ,,
,, ,
, ,,, ,,
, ,,
DNA polymerase III , ,, ,, ,
, ,, ,
,, ,,, ,

,q÷°
starts replication ,, ,
on
lagging , ,, , , , , , ,,,
strand , forms Okazaki
DNA ligase fragments " " " " " " "" "
"

f
"""
seals up nick """ " ""
" ""

""
nil'
"
''
"'
""
"
f
" i' '
\ \\ \
""
,, ,
, ,,
,
f DNA helicase

1111111^11, ,,,
,f
,,
, ,, DNA Primase uncoils DNA double helix
,
, ,,
,,
z
, ,,, ,,, adds RNA strands to
, ,,
, , ,,
,, ,, DNA strand
g
, , DNA polymerase allows DNA polymerase to bind
removes RNA primers
and begin replication
and replaces it with DNA

TRANSFER RNA

site for

binding amino acid

loop of 8
'
nucleotides i
( just . loop of 7
pretend
← "" " " "" "
"' "" '

- ,
1
-

=-

.
-
.
-

;
.

←
extra loop

. anticodon
loop

anticodon
RI BO S O ME

÷÷÷'qqz↳@k÷÷÷.
large

÷÷÷÷hM↳g
'

:* .

"

' '

5 3

T O P I C 8 : MET A BO LI S M
M 1 TO CH O N D R I 0 N

÷:÷
t
" ""

outer
me% rane

matrix
GLYCOLYSIS

End GLUCOSE
products :

µ(
2 ATP ZATP
ZNADH -11-1
2
phosphorylation
pyruvate > ZADP
✓

hexose triphosphate

lysis

Ztriose
/
✓

phosphate
molecules

" " "°

" " ""

> 2 NADH + 1-1

↳ ADP

ATP formation
( > 4 ATP

2
pyruvate
molecules

LINK REACTION

End products
coz
Acetyl
NADHTH
CoA
} ✗2

CoA
oxidation
pyruvate l > Acetyl CoA
y n .
coz NAD NAD 1-1+1-1
KREBS CYCLE

End products :

40A
Acetyl

%
1 ATP

} "

'
* + +,

I FADHZ 6C 0 Éoooo
""

Oxidation
4C > NADH
oooo +
coz

" "" "

00%00
)
sc
reduction

NAD
NAD
oxidation

reduction Apt +
CO2
?
FADHZ
h

FAD 4C oooo
f
ATP

ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

End products :
32 ATP high Ht concentration
1-120
Ht
I P

%•¥•¥É④9H@µj• i¥.%•Bi•É.D•-a.FI?i: .Ii:QHooH-f MtM@ieai gjE:•. i:i÷⑨••Maai•i!• a•÷•F£0G*

11 11 11 11 11 11
i9MiB :*:3:*
1111 1111
ATP
Iv

'

e-
••q
¥
¥+
* , low 1-it concentration

oxidised
LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTION
End products :

ATP

NADPH
Strom
Oxygen
light Tight reduction yATP
%p p ⑧
at

I NADP NADPH ⑧⑥

qq.MQ.fi#.F-qiEiGF9qggqq .la#o.d⑧qj.IeHi•o¥o1eHoo1*Hodi
1•i¥••••••i•H•d•H•••
•*

¥
qµj%•*•ñ§&•Hµµdigjqµ1*1,1*11*1
\ - at
1-120 0% "
+

thylakoid lumen

LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTION

End products :

cozy
glucose • rubisco

'÷
¢8•&OOOO⑤
RUBP carbon fixation

too•OOOO☒

"

'

ATP

ATP
(>
ADP
Reduction

☐ pp,

g) ••••°
,,,,
,
NVADP
for glucose
(
recycled)
CHLOROPLAST
stoma

thalakoid

inner

membrane → • ribosome
•←

i. ÷. . ..
space
→ @

TOPIC 9 : PLANT BIO

XYLEM 31 PHLOEM

xylem phloem
, , ,
,

114

E 1¥
I
I "
tot
I 114 €00

pit
"
f
spiral
.
annÑar\%! .
lignin lignin
"
sipetafe
FLOWER

petals sti9M\ style

_)
anther

• ←
filament

o.ae#Eq.qzf
"""

← sepal

SEED

epicotyl

testy /

→%**B'
"" "
" "" ""

micropyle
TOPIC 10 : GENETICS
CROSSING OVER

☒ 1¥44 ""
☒*AM
4¥
homologous pairs crossing over
recombinants

TYPES OF SELECTION

normal distribution

☒ ☒ LA
stabilizing selection
directional selection disruptive selection
TOPIC 11 : HUMAN PHYSIO
THE KIDNEY

cortex
renal

\
artery
1

d-IFMYFY-mea.
Érenalua
'
.

renal Fein

ureter pelvis

NEPHRON

: ÷E÷•:D F÷
proximal distal
convoluted → ← convoluted
tube "

÷
capsule

?
•

glomerulus

Yuasa
Re

Collecting

✗
duct
henie
SPERMATOGENESIS

> Heo > 08*2

$0B NoHo
qq.ge#V@f@gs~wth2@hf@G
7 >
mitosis >

meiosis I meiosis II differentiation

spermatogonia >
nooo 88*2
µf@g
s >
i. gpermacyte

20spermacytetnO@odgqJVspermati.d sperm

SEMINIFEROUS TUBULE

basement membrane
t -
¥3" cell

g-o
-
-

⑥
@ ⑥
a-
spermatogonia

⑥p ⑧ ⑥⑥⑧ c-
ispermacyte

⑥ ⑧ ⑨
• ⑥o - zospermacyte
⑧④
@ @ ⑥ ↳ c- spermatid
 OOGENESIS

"
" " "

mitosis
" "
"
•

µ③É&¥
' "

'

zg@pqiimeiosisI.l
grtowtn
'

.
meiosis II

20ft > :
fertilization , ;
.

prenatal
'

. Puberty
'

.? µ
. , ,
.
.

:÷÷
' ,
. ' ,

::
,
: -
.
, ,
. . .
.
. .
.
.

oogonium to 2° oocyte ovum

oocyte

OVARY

primordial
secondary Primary follicles

÷¥÷Hg
÷,÷!:tq
follicle ""

i.
mature
follicle Y
\ ,
I

@@gy@
corpus

@@@@A- ← albicans

MR.q.info#-.O3B..or. u
\ ,
←
.

Intern

••
condary oocyte
EGG $ SPERM

"
' •
' '
cytoplasm .
Corona radiata

.µ••⑥⑧☒AgfM.qq•:i÷÷*mi
4 l
,

.
m

:-. .
'

.
'

'
' .

.
.
. .

head

tailyflagellum
acrosome

:É€•÷÷i¥
t centriole
"

MUSCLE FIBER

myosin acting
- line

¥
"
"
dark strand
,
 iÉ¥☒q•⇐•zaggz
ELBOW JOINT

¥Ñ¥o. a •i ÷
"

÷
"
Y
a

cartilage

ANTAGONISTIC MUSCLE PAIRS

insures

:¥e¥
re

,BBAµµ÷÷¥
←
Is

I
extend or

•!¥¥÷i¥÷
contracts