Negara Sbg Subyek Hk Int’l

Prof. Dr. Sigit Riyanto, SH.,LL.M.

P 04 Subyek HI - State 2016 1

 Subyek Hk Internasional

subjects with limited

States legal personality

other subjects / Non

International Organisations State Entities
( UN; ASEAN, EU, WTO,
etc) - Holy See de facto
- ICRC regimes

International non-govern.org. individuals MNC

(NGOs: e.g. WWF, Greenpeace)
 Case Law/ Kptsn Mahkamah Int’l ( ICJ

• Subject of International Law :

– is an entity capable of possesing international rights and duties and
having the capacity to maintain its rights by bringing international
claims. (ICJ, 1949).

P 04 Subyek HI - State 2016 3

 Subject of Int’l Law & Legal Personality

• An entity has international personality if it has rights and

duties under international law.
• characteristics of international personality:
– (1) Rights and obligations under international law;
– (2) Treaty-making capacity;
– (3) Capacity to make international claims; and
– (4) The enjoyment of privileges and immunities from national
jurisdictions.

P 04 Subyek HI - State 2016 4

 Legal Personality dlm Hk Int’l.
• Treaty making power
• Privileges and immunities
• Capacity to espouse international claims
• Functional protection of agents
• Locus standi before international tribunals
• Responsibility
• Administration of territory
• Rights and inviolability of its missions
• Recognition of States

P 04 Subyek HI - State 2016 5

 Negara dlm Hk Int’l
• Definisi:
• Syarat suatu negara dalam HI ( Statehood);
• Hak dan kewajiban dasar Negara dalam HI

P 04 Subyek HI - State 2016 6

 Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States, 1933.
Art. 1

• The state as a person of international law should possess the

following qualifications: a ) a permanent population; b ) a
defined territory; c ) government; and d) capacity to enter into
relations with the other states.

P 04 Subyek HI - State 2016 7

 Territory ( Wilayah & Perbatasan)
• The principle of uti possidetis iuris :
– The doctrine provides that emerging states presumptively inherit
their pre-independence administrative boundaries.
– “actual possession regardless of how it was reached and does not
distinguish between de facto and de jure possession” .
– E.g. Indonesia, Malaysia, Timor Leste,….melanjutkan wilayah negara
pendahulunya.

MIH OI 2016 @ Sigit Riyanto 8

• The Principle of “Ex Factis jus oritur “ : the existence of facts
creates law.
• Dekolonisasi ----- Right of Self-determination – Merdeka dan
berdaulat
– Principle of “Ex injuria jus non oritur” ("law does not arise from
injustice“)
– implies that "unjust acts cannot create law“ .
– Perbuatan

MIH OI 2016 @ Sigit Riyanto 9

• Case :
– Indonesia
– Israel vs Palestine ( UN : a non-member observer State)
– Taiwan

P 04 Subyek HI - State 2016 10

 Hak Negara dlm HI
• Sovereignty;
• Independence;
• Equality;
• Self Determination- Self Preservation – Self Deffence

P 04 Subyek HI - State 2016 11

 Sovereignty ( Kedaulatan Negara)
• Sovereignty = "independence“
– Sovereignty: exclusive control over own affairs
– "right to exercise [within a set national territory], to the exclusion of
any other State, the functions of a State"
• Sovereignty & Jurisdiction
– “Sovereign and independent states should possess jurisdiction over
all persons and things within its territorial limits and in all causes civil
and criminal arising within these limits
– “manifestation/ symbol/attribute of sovereignty “
P 04 Subyek HI - State 2016 12
 Jurisdiction/ Jurisdiksi
 Jurisdiction :
 the power of a state to affect persons, property, and circumstances
within its territory.
 It may be exercised through legislative, executive, or judicial actions.
 E.g. Negara RI . i.c. crimes, visa,, Tax…

P 04 Subyek HI - State 2016 13

 Equality of States ( Kesetaraan Negara dlm HI)
• States are supposed to be equally sovereign
– States "have equal rights and duties ;
– Are equal members of the international community, notwithstanding
differences of an economic, social, political or other nature"
– E.g. “One State One Vote” dlm Majelis Umum PBB.
• Sebaliknya. . . obligation not to interfere in the sovereign affairs
of other states.

P 04 Subyek HI - State 2016 14

 Kewajiban Negara dlm HI
• Larangan Perang/ Penggunaan Kekerasan .
– Diatur dlm Art. 2 (4) Piagam PBB;
• Peaceful settlement of disputes;
• Melaksanakan Perj. Int’l dgn itikad baik ( Pacta sunt servanda)
• Non intervention;
• Non Aggression.
• peaceful coexistence;

P 04 Subyek HI - State 2016 15

Next: Pengakuan Negara

P 04 Subyek HI - State 2016 16